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Hudson J, Kaeberlein T, Mahal A, Wong N, Ghorbanifarajzadeh M, Radella F, Isman A, Nyquist A, Zalzala S, Haddad G, Kaeberlein M, An JY. Evaluation of off-label rapamycin use on oral health. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01221-0. [PMID: 38839644 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin (sirolimus) is an FDA approved drug with immune modulating properties that is being prescribed off-label in adults as a preventative therapy to maintain healthspan. We recently published one of the first reports on 333 adults with a history of off-label rapamycin use. Along with presenting evidence that rapamycin can be used safely in adults of normal health status, we discovered that about 26% of rapamycin users also reported oral health changes. Given the recent evidence highlighting the potential benefits of rapamycin and its derivatives in enhancing oral health, we conducted a secondary data analysis to profile the oral health of off-label rapamycin users, the true incidence of mouth sores, and present specific case studies of periodontal bone loss quantification using an FDA-approved artificial intelligence platform. Contrary to expected findings and previous literature, dimensions of rapamycin usage (such as length of use, dosage, and interval) were not found to be related to the incidence of mouth ulcers in rapamycin users. Notably, among rapamycin users, the most deleterious forms of ulcers were found to be infrequent and not statistically linked to rapamycin usage, with most rapamycin users having a common transient form of mouth ulcers. Additionally, we describe the general oral health outcomes of off-label rapamycin users and provide recommendations for individuals engaging in off-label rapamycin to be regularly checked by a dentist or an oral health care provider. This report was limited by being a secondary data analysis taken from survey data that focused on a more holistic health model. Future studies will use a focused survey that collects data on more dimensions of oral health outcomes while including questions on oral health for non-rapamycin-using participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Hudson
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tammi Kaeberlein
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Akashdeep Mahal
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nelson Wong
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Frank Radella
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan Y An
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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2
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Sarmento DJDS, Caliento R, Maciel RF, Braz-Silva PH, Pestana JOMDA, Lockhart PB, Gallottini M. Poor oral health status and short-term outcome of kidney transplantation. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2020; 40:549-554. [PMID: 32822518 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to know whether poor oral health increases the risk of acute rejection and hospitalization in kidney allograft recipients. METHODS AND RESULTS This is a prospective cohort study. The same dentist followed participants for 2 months after renal transplant for monitoring oral health (clinical evaluation, DTMF index, and CPITN index), signs of graft rejection, infection, and hospitalization. We compiled rates and reasons for hospital readmission or extended hospital stay. The CPITN had a mean score of 0.38 ± 0.71, increasing to 0.90 ± 0.84, 60 days after transplant (P < .001). No one rejected the graft in the period of study. Patients with older age (P = .009; OR: 1.07; CI 95% 1.01-1.12) were at higher risk of hospitalization at each year of age and patients presenting pretransplant dental focus (P = .001; OR: 7.23; CI 95% 2.13-24.56) had 7.23 times more chance to be hospitalized in the first 2 months after the transplant. One participant was hospitalized due to acute foci of dental infection. CONCLUSION There was an association between dental focus and hospital readmission/stay. However, our methods do not provide conclusive proof of causality. Hospitalization due to acute dental infection was rare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubens Caliento
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Fábio Maciel
- Division of Renal Transplant, Social Institute of Health Care, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | - Peter B Lockhart
- Department of Oral Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Marina Gallottini
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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3
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Messer JG, Castillo EJ, Abraham AM, Jiron JM, Israel R, Yarrow JF, Thomas S, Reynolds MC, Wnek RD, Jorgensen M, Wanionok N, Van Poznak C, Bhattacharyya I, Kimmel DB, Aguirre JI. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody monotherapy causes destructive advanced periodontitis in rice rats (Oryzomys palustris). Bone 2020; 130:115141. [PMID: 31707108 PMCID: PMC6941430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiogenesis inhibitors (AgI) are commonly used in combination chemotherapy protocols to treat cancer, and have been linked to osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). However, it is unknown if AgI therapy alone is sufficient to induce ONJ. We have previously established an ONJ model in rice rats with localized periodontitis that receive zoledronic acid (ZOL). The purpose of this study was to use this model to determine the role of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor A (anti-VEGF) antibody treatment of rice rats with localized maxillary periodontitis. We hypothesized that rice rats with localized maxillary periodontitis given anti-VEGF monotherapy will develop oral lesions that resemble ONJ, defined by exposed, necrotic alveolar bone. METHODS At age 4 weeks, 45 male rice rats were randomized into three groups (n = 15): 1) VEH (saline), 2) ZOL (80 μg/kg body weight, intravenously once monthly), and 3) anti-VEGF (5 mg B20-4.1.1/kg body weight, subcutaneously twice weekly). After 24 weeks, rats were euthanized, jaws were excised and a high-resolution photograph of each quadrant was taken to assign a severity grade based on gross appearance. Jaws were then fixed, scanned by MicroCT, decalcified and sectioned for histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS 40-80% of the rats in the three groups developed gross oral lesions. 50% of ZOL rats developed ONJ. In contrast, 80% of the anti-VEGF rats developed destructive advanced periodontitis that was characterized by extreme alveolar bone loss and fibrosis. Anti-VEGF rats never developed exposed, necrotic bone. Furthermore, only anti-VEGF rats developed mild to severe mandibular periodontitis. Compared to VEH rats, more T-cells were found in periodontal lesions of anti-VEGF rats and more cells of the monocyte lineage were found in ONJ lesions of ZOL rats. CONCLUSIONS Anti-VEGF monotherapy administered to a validated rodent model of ONJ caused a destructive advanced form of periodontitis that differed significantly from ONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Messer
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - E J Castillo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - A M Abraham
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - J M Jiron
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - R Israel
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - J F Yarrow
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States of America; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - S Thomas
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - M C Reynolds
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - R D Wnek
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - M Jorgensen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, UF, United States of America.
| | - N Wanionok
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - C Van Poznak
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
| | - I Bhattacharyya
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, UF, United States of America.
| | - D B Kimmel
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - J I Aguirre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
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Kitamura M, Mochizuki Y, Miyata Y, Obata Y, Mitsunari K, Matsuo T, Ohba K, Mukae H, Yoshimura A, Nishino T, Sakai H. Pathological Characteristics of Periodontal Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143413. [PMID: 31336777 PMCID: PMC6678374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is recognized as an irreversible reduction of functional nephrons and leads to an increased risk of various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular disease and neurological disorders, such as coronary artery calcification, hypertension, and stroke. In addition, CKD patients have impaired immunity against bacteria and viruses. Conversely, kidney transplantation (KT) is performed for patients with end-stage renal disease as a renal replacement therapy. Although kidney function is almost normalized by KT, immunosuppressive therapy is essential to maintain kidney allograft function and to prevent rejection. However, these patients are more susceptible to infection due to the immunosuppressive therapy required to maintain kidney allograft function. Thus, both CKD and KT present disadvantages in terms of suppression of immune function. Periodontal disease is defined as a chronic infection and inflammation of oral and periodontal tissues. Periodontal disease is characterized by the destruction of connective tissues of the periodontium and alveolar bone, which may lead to not only local symptoms but also systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, liver disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and several types of cancer. In addition, the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease are significantly associated with mortality. Many researchers pay special attention to the pathological roles and clinical impact of periodontal disease in patients with CKD or KT. In this review, we provide information regarding important modulators of periodontal disease to better understand the relationship between periodontal disease and CKD and/or KT. Furthermore; we evaluate the impact of periodontal disease on various pathological conditions in patients with CKD and KT. Moreover, pathogens of periodontal disease common to CKD and KT are also discussed. Finally, we examine the importance of periodontal care in these patients. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathological roles and clinical significance of periodontal disease in patients with CKD and KT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineaki Kitamura
- Department of Nephrology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
- Division of Blood Purification, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Mochizuki
- Division of Blood Purification, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan.
| | - Yoko Obata
- Department of Nephrology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Mitsunari
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuo
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kojiro Ohba
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nishino
- Department of Nephrology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Division of Blood Purification, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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Schmalz G, Wendorff H, Berisha L, Meisel A, Widmer F, Marcinkowski A, Teschler H, Sommerwerck U, Haak R, Kollmar O, Ziebolz D. Association between the time after transplantation and different immunosuppressive medications with dental and periodontal treatment need in patients after solid organ transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2018; 20:e12832. [PMID: 29359871 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Horst Wendorff
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Lisa Berisha
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Anja Meisel
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Florian Widmer
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Anna Marcinkowski
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Helmut Teschler
- Department of Pneumology; West German Lung Center; Ruhrlandklinik; University Hospital Essen; University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Urte Sommerwerck
- Department of Pneumology; West German Lung Center; Ruhrlandklinik; University Hospital Essen; University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Rainer Haak
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Otto Kollmar
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery; HELIOS Dr. Horst Schmidt-Kliniken; Wiesbaden Germany
| | - Dirk Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Rio R, Simões-Silva L, Garro S, Silva MJ, Azevedo Á, Sampaio-Maia B. Oral yeast colonization throughout pregnancy. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2017; 22:e144-e148. [PMID: 28160578 PMCID: PMC5359706 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.21413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies suggest that placenta may harbour a unique microbiome that may have origin in maternal oral microbiome. Although the major physiological and hormonal adjustments observed in pregnant women lead to biochemical and microbiological modifications of the oral environment, very few studies evaluated the changes suffered by the oral microbiota throughout pregnancy. So, the aim of our study was to evaluate oral yeast colonization throughout pregnancy and to compare it with non-pregnant women. Material and Methods The oral yeast colonization was assessed in saliva of 30 pregnant and non-pregnant women longitudinally over a 6-months period. Demographic information was collected, a non-invasive intra-oral examination was performed and saliva flow and pH were determined. Results Pregnant and non-pregnant groups were similar regarding age and level of education. Saliva flow rate did not differ, but saliva pH was lower in pregnant than in non-pregnant women. Oral yeast prevalence was higher in pregnant than in non-pregnant women, either in the first or in the third trimester, but did not attain statistical significance. In individuals colonized with yeast, the total yeast quantification (Log10CFU/mL) increase from the 1st to the 3rd trimester in pregnant women, but not in non-pregnant women. Conclusions Pregnancy may favour oral yeast growth that may be associated with an acidic oral environment. Key words:Oral yeast, fungi, pregnancy, saliva pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rio
- Faculdade de Medicina, Dentária da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal,
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Marcinkowski A, Ziebolz D, Kleibrink BE, Weinreich G, Kamler M, Teschler H, Sommerwerck U. Deficits in oral health behavior and oral health status in patients after lung transplantation. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2016; 12:721-730. [PMID: 27860358 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marcinkowski
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Dirk Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Bjoern E. Kleibrink
- Department of Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center; University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Gerhard Weinreich
- Department of Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center; University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Markus Kamler
- Department of Thoracic Transplantation; University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Helmut Teschler
- Department of Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center; University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Urte Sommerwerck
- Department of Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center; University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
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Sampaio-Maia B, Caldas IM, Pereira ML, Pérez-Mongiovi D, Araujo R. The Oral Microbiome in Health and Its Implication in Oral and Systemic Diseases. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 97:171-210. [PMID: 27926431 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The oral microbiome can alter the balance between health and disease, locally and systemically. Within the oral cavity, bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses may all be found, each having a particular role, but strongly interacting with each other and with the host, in sickness or in health. A description on how colonization occurs and how the oral microbiome dynamically evolves throughout the host's life is given. In this chapter the authors also address oral and nonoral conditions in which oral microorganisms may play a role in the etiology and progression, presenting the up-to-date knowledge on oral dysbiosis as well as the known underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms involving oral microorganisms in each condition. In oral pathology, oral microorganisms are associated with several diseases, namely dental caries, periodontal diseases, endodontic infections, and also oral cancer. In systemic diseases, nonoral infections, adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes are among the most prevalent pathologies linked with oral cavity microorganisms. The knowledge on how colonization occurs, how oral microbiome coevolves with the host, and how oral microorganisms interact with each other may be a key factor to understand diseases etiology and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I M Caldas
- Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal; Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - D Pérez-Mongiovi
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - R Araujo
- Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Schmalz G, Kauffels A, Kollmar O, Slotta JE, Vasko R, Müller GA, Haak R, Ziebolz D. Oral behavior, dental, periodontal and microbiological findings in patients undergoing hemodialysis and after kidney transplantation. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:72. [PMID: 27531498 PMCID: PMC4988025 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aim of this single center cross-sectional study was to investigate oral behavior, dental, periodontal and microbiological findings in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and after kidney transplantation (KT). METHODS Patients undergoing HD for end-stage renal failure and after KT were investigated. Oral health behavior was recorded using a standardized questionnaire, e.g. dental behavior, tooth brushing, oral hygiene aids. Oral investigation included screening of oral mucosa, dental findings (DMF-T) and periodontal situation (Papilla bleeding index [PBI] periodontal probing depth [PPD] and clinical attachment loss [CAL]). Additionally, microbiological analysis of subgingival biofilm samples (PCR) was performed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney-U-test, Fisher's exact test (α = 5 %). RESULTS A total of 70 patients (HD: n = 35, KT: n = 35) with a mean age of 56.4 ± 11.1 (HD) and 55.8 ± 10.9 (KT) years were included. Lack in use of additional oral hygiene (dental floss, inter-dental brush) was found. KT group presented significantly more gingivial overgrowth (p = 0.01). DMF-T was 19.47 ± 5.84 (HD) and 17.61 ± 5.81 (KT; p = 0.21). Majority of patients had clinically moderate and severe periodontitis; showing a need for periodontal treatment of 57 % (HD) and 71 % (KT; p = 0.30). Significantly higher prevalence of Parvimonas micra and Capnocytophaga species in the HD group were found (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Periodontal treatment need and lack in oral behavior for both groups indicate the necessity of an improved early treatment and prevention of dental and periodontal disease, e.g. in form of special care programs. Regarding microbiological findings, no major differences between KT and HD patients were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, D 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Kauffels
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Otto Kollmar
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
- Present address: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, HELIOS Dr. Horst Schmidt-Kliniken, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Jan E. Slotta
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
- Present address: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, St. Ingbert County Hospital, St. Ingbert, Germany
| | - Radovan Vasko
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard A. Müller
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Haak
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, D 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, D 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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RAD001 (everolimus) attenuates experimental autoimmune neuritis by inhibiting the mTOR pathway, elevating Akt activity and polarizing M2 macrophages. Exp Neurol 2016; 280:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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