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Hammouda DA, Mansour AM, Zaher AR, Grawish ME. Impact of dental pulp cells-derived small extracellular vesicles on the properties and behavior of dental pulp cells: an in-vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2025; 25:704. [PMID: 40349046 PMCID: PMC12066064 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-025-06031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental pulp cells-derived small extracellular vesicles (DPCs-sEVs) had shown immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and tissue function restorative abilities. Therefore, DPCs-sEVs should be considered as a promising regenerative tool for dentin-pulp complex or whole pulp regeneration. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of DPCs-sEVs on the proliferation rate, migration capability, and expression pattern of DPCs for osteo/odontogenic gene markers in comparison with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). METHODS DPCs-sEVs were isolated from rats' incisors by ultracentrifugation technique. Immunophenotypic characterization, morphology, size, and protein concentration of DPCs-sEVs were monitored and analyzed using flow cytometry (FC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA). In addition, the TSG101, CD63, and the cytosolic protein syntenin of sEVs markers were immunodetected using Western blotting. Cell cultures of DPCs from the third passage were left untreated and considered as a control (group I), whereas other cultured cells were treated with 50 µg/mL DPCs-sEVs (group II), 0.2 mg/mL MTA extract (group III), or their combination (50 µg/mL DPCs-sEVs + 0.2 mg/mL MTA extract (group IV). 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, transwell migration assay, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used for assessing proliferation, migration, and specific gene expression patterns. RESULTS The DPCs-sEVs increased DPCs proliferation, and MTA enhanced their effects. The viability and proliferative capacity of DPCs treated with 50 µg/mL DPCs-sEVs + 0.2 mg/mL MTA-conditioned medium was significantly higher when compared with the other groups. The cell migration was more prominent in the group treated with 0.2 mg/mL MTA-conditioned medium than in the group treated with 50 µg/mL DPCs-sEVs. DPCs treated with 50 µg/mL DPCs-sEVs + 0.2 mg/mL MTA extract showed a significant increase in the migration ability of DPCs in comparison with other ones. Moreover, the combination group showed the greatest expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp), osteocalcin (Ocn), collagen type I (Col1), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). CONCLUSION MTA and sEVs together could be a powerful combination for regenerative endodontics. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A Hammouda
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35511, Egypt
| | - Alaa M Mansour
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35511, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed R Zaher
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35511, Egypt
| | - Mohammed E Grawish
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35511, Egypt
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Delta University for Science and Technology, Dakahlia, Egypt
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Qiao L, Zheng X, Xie C, Wang Y, Ye L, Zhao J, Liu J. Bioactive Materials in Vital Pulp Therapy: Promoting Dental Pulp Repair Through Inflammation Modulation. Biomolecules 2025; 15:258. [PMID: 40001561 PMCID: PMC11853510 DOI: 10.3390/biom15020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2024] [Revised: 01/11/2025] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
With the paradigm shift towards minimally invasive biologic therapies, vital pulp therapy (VPT) has been receiving increasing attention. Currently, bioactive materials (BMs), including MTAs, Biodentine, Bioaggregate, and iRoot BP Plus, are clinically widely used for the repair of damaged pulp tissue. Emerging evidence highlights the crucial role of inflammation in pulp repair, with mild to moderate inflammation serving as a prerequisite for promoting pulp repair. BMs play a pivotal role in regulating the balance between inflammatory response and reparative events for dentine repair. Despite their widespread application as pulp-capping agents, the precise mechanisms underlying the actions of BMs remain poorly understood. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, covering studies on the inflammatory responses induced by BMs published up to December 2023. Sources were identified through searches of PubMed and MEDLINE databases, supplemented by manual review of cross-references from relevant studies. The purpose of this article is to discuss diverse mechanisms by which BMs may regulate the balance between tissue inflammation and repair. A deeper understanding of these regulatory mechanisms will facilitate the optimization of current pulp-capping agents, enabling the development of targeted regenerative strategies to achieve superior clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiao
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (X.Z.); (C.X.); (Y.W.); (L.Y.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xueqing Zheng
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (X.Z.); (C.X.); (Y.W.); (L.Y.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chun Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (X.Z.); (C.X.); (Y.W.); (L.Y.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (X.Z.); (C.X.); (Y.W.); (L.Y.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lu Ye
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (X.Z.); (C.X.); (Y.W.); (L.Y.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (X.Z.); (C.X.); (Y.W.); (L.Y.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiarong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (X.Z.); (C.X.); (Y.W.); (L.Y.)
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
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3
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Yousefi-Koma AA, Assadian H, Mohaghegh S, Nokhbatolfoghahaei H. Comparative Biocompatibility and Odonto-/Osteogenesis Effects of Hydraulic Calcium Silicate-Based Cements in Simulated Direct and Indirect Approaches for Regenerative Endodontic Treatments: A Systematic Review. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:446. [PMID: 37754860 PMCID: PMC10532331 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14090446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regenerative dentistry is the operation of restoring dental, oral and maxillofacial tissues. Currently, there are no guidelines for the ideal cement/material in regenerative endodontic treatments (RET). Hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements (hCSCs) are currently the material of choice for RET. OBJECTIVES This systematic review was conducted to gather all of the different direct and indirect approaches of using hCSCs in RET in vitro and in vivo, and to ascertain if there are any superiorities to indirect approaches. METHODS AND MATERIALS This systematic review was conducted according to the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. The study question according to the PICO format was as follows: Comparison of the biological behavior (O) of stem cells (P) exposed to hCSCs through direct and indirect methods (I) with untreated stem cells (C). An electronic search was executed in Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed. RESULTS A total of 78 studies were included. Studies were published between 2010 and 2022. Twenty-eight commercially available and eighteen modified hCSCs were used. Seven exposure methods (four direct and three indirect contacts) were assessed. ProRoot MTA and Biodentine were the most used hCSCs and had the most desirable results. hCSCs were either freshly mixed or set before application. Most studies allowed hCSCs to set in incubation for 24 h before application, which resulted in the most desirable biological outcomes. Freshly mixed hCSCs had the worst outcomes. Indirect methods had significantly better viability/proliferation and odonto-/osteogenesis outcomes. CONCLUSION Biodentine and ProRoot MTA used in indirect exposure methods result in desirable biological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Ali Yousefi-Koma
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Hadi Assadian
- Department of Endodontics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614418, Iran
| | - Sadra Mohaghegh
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Hanieh Nokhbatolfoghahaei
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
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Chen H, Zhang Y, Yu T, Song G, Xu T, Xin T, Lin Y, Han B. Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2250. [PMID: 36297683 PMCID: PMC9612159 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a dysbiotic biofilm-induced and host-mediated inflammatory disease of tooth supporting tissues that leads to progressive destruction of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, thereby resulting in gingival recession, deep periodontal pockets, tooth mobility and exfoliation, and aesthetically and functionally compromised dentition. Due to the improved biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties and targeted and controlled drug release, nano-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of periodontal defects, allowing for increased efficacy and safety in controlling local inflammation, establishing a regenerative microenvironment, and regaining bone and attachments. This review provides an overview of nano-based drug delivery systems and illustrates their practical applications, future prospects, and limitations in the field of periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guangying Song
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianyi Xin
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yifan Lin
- Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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5
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Calabrese EJ. Human periodontal ligament stem cells and hormesis: Enhancing cell renewal and cell differentiation. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105914. [PMID: 34563662 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a detailed assessment of hormetic dose responses by human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). Hormetic dose responses were induced by a broad range of chemicals, including dietary supplements (e.g., curcumin, ginsenoside Rg1), pharmaceutical/commercial substances (e.g., metformin) and endogenous agents (e.g., periostin, TNF-α) for cell proliferation/viability and osteogenic/adipocyte differentiation. This paper clarifies underlying mechanistic foundations of the hPLDSC hormetic dose responses and explores their therapeutic implications. Emerging evidence based on assessments of multiple types of stem cells shows hormetic dose responses to be widespread, reflecting considerable generality and a highly conserved evolutionary trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, Unites States.
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Song W, Li S, Tang Q, Chen L, Yuan Z. In vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium silicate‑based bioceramics in endodontics (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:128. [PMID: 34013376 PMCID: PMC8136140 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium silicate-based bioceramics have been applied in endodontics as advantageous materials for years. In addition to excellent physical and chemical properties, the biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium silicate-based bioceramics also serve an important role in endodontics according to previous research reports. Firstly, bioceramics affect cellular behavior of cells such as stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, fibroblasts and immune cells. On the other hand, cell reaction to bioceramics determines the effect of wound healing and tissue repair following bioceramics implantation. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of calcium silicate-based bioceramics currently applied in endodontics, including mineral trioxide aggregate, Bioaggregate, Biodentine and iRoot, focusing on their in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity. Understanding their underlying mechanism may help to ensure these materials are applied appropriately in endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Song
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shue Li
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Qingming Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhenglin Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Artemisinin protects DPSC from hypoxia and TNF-α mediated osteogenesis impairments through CA9 and Wnt signaling pathway. Life Sci 2021; 277:119471. [PMID: 33811898 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) possess the ability of multi-lineage differentiation, and are excellent sources of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Oxygen concentration and inflammation are two critical environmental factors that affect the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs. We aimed to study the role of the antimalarial drug artemisinin on the osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs under the hypoxia and inflammation conditions. We demonstrated that hypoxia (5% O2) and inflammation (20 ng/mL TNF-α), alone or in combination, significantly diminished in vitro cell survival and increased apoptotic rates. Notably, hypoxia and TNF-α exerted accumulative effect in suppressing the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs, as evidenced by reduced expression levels of osteogenesis-associated genes including ALP, RUNX2 and OCN in osteogenic condition, as well as reduced mineral nodules formation as indicated by alizarin red staining. Artemisinin at the dose of 40 μM markedly reversed the suppression in cell survival caused by hypoxia or inflammation, and reduced apoptotic rates and the expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins. Additionally, artemisinin restored osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs under the hypoxia or/and inflammation conditions. Moreover, the beneficial effect of artemisinin was dependent on upregulated expression of CA9 and CA9-mediated antioxidant responses, as CA9 knockdown abolished the protective role of artemisinin on DPSC osteogenesis. Furthermore, while hypoxia or/and inflammation significantly inactivated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in DPSCs, additional exposure to artemisinin re-activated this pathway to promote osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs. Our results provide novel insight on the link between artemisinin and DPSC osteogenesis, and suggest promising artemisinin-based strategies for better dentin/pulp tissue engineering.
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El karim IA, Cooper PR, About I, Tomson PL, Lundy FT, Duncan HF. Deciphering Reparative Processes in the Inflamed Dental Pulp. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.651219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Research over several decades has increased our understanding of the nature of reparative and regenerative processes in the dental pulp, at both the cellular and molecular level. However, advances in scientific knowledge have not translated into novel clinical treatment strategies for caries-induced pulpitis. This narrative review explores the evidence regarding the ability of inflamed pulp tissue to heal and how this knowledge may be used therapeutically. A literature search and evidence analysis covering basic, translational and clinical pulp biology research was performed. The review focuses on (1) the regenerative and defense capabilities of the pulp during caries-induced inflammation; (2) the potential of novel biomaterials to harness the reparative and regenerative functions of the inflamed pulp; and (3) future perspectives and opportunities for conservative management of the inflamed pulp. Current conservative management strategies for pulpitis are limited by a combination of unreliable diagnostic tools and an outdated understanding of pulpal pathophysiological responses. This approach leads to the often unnecessary removal of the entire pulp. Consequently, there is a need for better diagnostic approaches and a focus on minimally-invasive treatments utilizing biologically-based regenerative materials and technologies.
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Wang MC, Tu HF, Chang KW, Lin SC, Yeh LY, Hung PS. The molecular functions of Biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflamed dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1317-1327. [PMID: 33711171 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the proliferation, adhesion and differentiation response and the underlying mechanisms that occur in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflamed dental pulp cells (DPCs) in contact with Biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). METHODOLOGY The DPCs were isolated from three healthy donors and named DPC-H1 to DPC-H3. The DPCs were pre-cultured with 2 or 5 μg mL-1 LPS for 24 h to induce inflammation. The expression of inflammation marker miR-146a was detected by q-PCR. The normal and LPS-induced DPCs were further treated with 0.14 mg mL-1 Biodentine or 0.13 mg mL-1 MTA for 24 h. MTT assay and adhesion assay were used to analyse the changes of cell phenotypes. DSPP, AKT and ERK expressions were detected by Western blotting. The data were analysed by Mann-Whitney test or two-way anova. Differences were considered statistically significant when P < 0.05. RESULTS In LPS-induced DPCs, Biodentine and MTA treatment neither induced nor aggravated LPS-induced inflammation, but their presence did increase the expression of the odontogenic differentiation marker DSPP. Under 2 or 5 μg mL-1 LPS-induced inflammation, Biodentine and MTA promoted the proliferation of DPC cells, and significantly in DPC-H2 (P < 0.0001 for both reagents). With the treatment of 2 μg mL-1 LPS, the cell adhesion of DPCs on the fibronectin-coated culture plates was increased significantly by Biodentine (P = 0.0413) and MTA (P < 0.0001). Biodentine and MTA regulated cell adhesion on the fibronectin-coated culture plates (P < 0.0001 for both reagents) and proliferation (P < 0.0001 for both reagents) via the AKT pathway. However, the AKT pathway was not involved in the expression of DSPP induced by Biodentine and MTA. CONCLUSION Biodentine and MTA enhanced the proliferation, adhesion and differentiation of LPS-induced DPCs. The proliferation and adhesion process induced by Biodentine and MTA was via the AKT pathway. However, the cellular differentiation process might not use the same pathway, and this needs to be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Dentistry, Heping Fuyou Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Municipal WanFang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H F Tu
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - K W Chang
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S C Lin
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - L Y Yeh
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - P S Hung
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
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10
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Sanz JL, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Lopez-Gines C, Monleon D, Llena C, Forner L. Dental stem cell signaling pathway activation in response to hydraulic calcium silicate-based endodontic cements: A systematic review of in vitro studies. Dent Mater 2021; 37:e256-e268. [PMID: 33573840 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a qualitative synthesis of in vitro studies which analyzed human dental stem cell (DSC) molecular signaling pathway activation in response to hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements (HCSCs). METHODS A systematic electronic search was performed in Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and SciELO databases on January 20 and last updated on March 20, 2020. In vitro studies assessing the implication of signaling pathways in activity related marker (gene/protein) expression and mineralization induced by HCSCs in contact with human DSCs were included. RESULTS The search identified 277 preliminary results. After discarding duplicates, and screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts, 13 articles were considered eligible. All of the materials assessed by the included studies showed positive results in cytocompatibility and/or bioactivity assays. ProRoot MTA and Biodentine were the modal HCSCs studied, hDPSCs were the modal cell variant used, and the most studied signaling pathway was MAPK. In vitro assays measuring the expression of activity-related markers and mineralized nodule formation evidenced the involvement of MAPK (and its subfamilies ERK, JNK and P38), NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, BMP/Smad and CAMKII pathways in the biological response of DSCs to HCSCs. SIGNIFICANCE HCSCs considered in the present review elicited a favorable biological response from a variety of DSCs in vitro, thus supporting their use in biologically-based endodontic procedures. MAPK, NF-κβ, Wnt/β-catenin, BMP/Smad and CAMKII signaling pathways have been proposed as potential mediators in the biological interaction between DSCs and HCSCs. Understanding the signaling processes involved in tissue repair could lead to the development of new biomaterial compositions targeted at enhancing these mechanisms through biologically-based procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Sanz
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Lozano
- Department of Dermatology, Stomatology, Radiology and Physical Medicine, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Concha Lopez-Gines
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Monleon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Llena
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Leopoldo Forner
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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11
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Kim YJ, Kim WJ, Bae SW, Yang SM, Park SY, Kim SM, Jung JY. Mineral trioxide aggregate-induced AMPK activation stimulates odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2020; 54:753-767. [PMID: 33277707 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of autophagy in MTA-induced odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). METHODOLOGY In MTA-treated HDPCs, odontoblastic differentiation was assessed based on expression levels of dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP1), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) activity by ALP staining and the formation of mineralized nodule by Alizarin red S staining. Expression of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain3 (LC3), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling molecules and autophagy-related genes was analysed by Western blot analysis and Acridine orange staining was used to detect autophagic lysosome. For in vivo experiments, tooth cavity preparation models on rat molars were established and the expression of proteins-related odontogenesis and autophagy markers was observed by Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's multiple comparison was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) promoted odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs, accompanied by autophagy induction, including formation of autophagic lysosome and cleavage of LC3 to LC3II (P < 0.05). Conversely, inhibition of autophagy through 3MA significantly attenuated the expression level of DSPP (P < 0.05) and DMP1 (P < 0.05) as well as formation of mineralized nodules (P < 0.05), indicating the functional significance of autophagy in MTA-induced odontoblastic differentiation. Also, MTA increased the activity of AMPK (P < 0.01), whereas inhibition of AMPK by compound C downregulated DSPP (P < 0.01) and DMP1 (P < 0.05), but increased the phosphorylation of mTOR (P < 0.05), p70S6 (P < 0.01) and Unc-51-like kinases 1 (ULK1) (ser757) (P < 0.01), explaining the involvement of AMPK pathway in MTA-induced odontoblast differentiation. In vivo study, MTA treatment after tooth cavity preparation on rat molars upregulated DMP-1 and DSPP as well as autophagy-related proteins LC3II and p62, and enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK. CONCLUSION MTA induced odontoblastic differentiation and mineralization by modulating autophagy with AMPK activation in HDPCs. Autophagy regulation is a new insight on regenerative endodontic therapy using MTA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jung Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Hard Tissue Biointerface Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Won-Jae Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Hard Tissue Biointerface Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun-Woong Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Hard Tissue Biointerface Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Yang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sam-Young Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Hard Tissue Biointerface Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seon-Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Jung
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Hard Tissue Biointerface Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Babaki D, Yaghoubi S, Matin MM. The effects of mineral trioxide aggregate on osteo/odontogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells: a comprehensive and systematic literature review. Biomater Investig Dent 2020; 7:175-185. [PMID: 33313519 PMCID: PMC7717865 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2020.1848432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of dental materials in dentin-pulp complex tissue engineering is undeniable. The mechanical properties and bioactivity of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) make it a promising biomaterial for future stem cell-based endodontic therapies. There are numerous in vitro studies suggesting the low cytotoxicity of MTA towards various types of cells. Moreover, it has been shown that MTA can enhance mesenchymal stem cells' (MSCs) osteo/odontogenic ability. According to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), a literature review was conducted in the Medline, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Among the identified records, the cytotoxicity and osteo/odontoblastic potential of MTA or its extract on stem cells were investigated. Previous studies have discovered the differentiation-inducing potential of MTA on MSCs, providing a background for dentin-pulp complex cell therapies using the MTA, however, animal trials are needed before moving into clinical trials. In conclusion, MTA can be a promising candidate dental biomaterial for futuristic stem cell-based endodontic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Babaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sanam Yaghoubi
- Visiting Scholar at Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maryam M. Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Intermittent Administration of Parathyroid Hormone Enhances Odonto/Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla via JNK and P38 MAPK Pathways. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:5128128. [PMID: 32148520 PMCID: PMC7042551 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5128128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is considered to be essential during the tooth development. Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) are responsible for dentine formation. However, the interaction between PTH and SCAPs remains unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of PTH on odonto/osteogenic differentiation capacity of SCAPs and elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms. Materials and Methods. Here, SCAPs were isolated and identified in vitro. Effects of PTH on the proliferation of SCAPs were determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry (FCM), and EdU. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, Western blot, and RT-PCR were carried out to detect the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of PTH-treated SCAPs as well as the participation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Results An ALP activity assay determined that 10-8 mol/L PTH was the optimal concentration for the induction of SCAPs with no significant influence on the proliferation of SCAPs as indicated by CCK-8, FCM, and EdU. The expression of odonto/osteogenic markers was significantly upregulated in mRNA levels and protein levels. Moreover, intermittent treatment of PTH also increased phosphorylation of JNK and P38, and the differentiation was suppressed following the inhibition of JNK and P38 MAPK pathways. Conclusion PTH can regulate the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of SCAPs via JNK and P38 MAPK pathways.
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Saberi E, Farhad-Mollashahi N, Sargolzaei Aval F, Saberi M. Proliferation, odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation, and cytokine production by human stem cells of the apical papilla induced by biomaterials: a comparative study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2019; 11:181-193. [PMID: 31372059 PMCID: PMC6636314 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s211893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clinical applications of bioactive materials are increasing in biomedical tissue engineering. This study sought to assess the effect of calcium enriched mixture (CEM) cement, Biodentine, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), octacalcium phosphate (OCP), and Atlantik on proliferation, odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by human stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAPs). Materials and methods Proliferation of SCAPs treated with different biomaterials was evaluated using trypan blue exclusion test and flow cytometry. Differentiation of cells was evaluated using ALP activity, alizarin red staining, and RT-PCR. The expression of genes of pro-inflammatory cytokines was also evaluated using RT-PCR. Results The SCAPs treated with biomaterials showed significantly higher proliferation, increased ALP activity, higher number of calcified nodules, and up-regulation of genes related to odontogenic/osteogenic markers compared to the control group. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines increased in all groups compared to the control group. Conclusion The tested biomaterials could induce odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation in SCAPs. MTA had a greater potential for induction of differentiation of SCAPs to odontoblast-like cells while OCP had higher potential to induce differentiation of SCAPs to osteoblast-like cells (MTA↔ BD↔ CEM↔ Atlantik↔ OCP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshaghali Saberi
- Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Narges Farhad-Mollashahi
- Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fereydoon Sargolzaei Aval
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Anatomical, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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15
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Silva RAB, Borges ATN, Hernandéz-Gatón P, de Queiroz AM, Arzate H, Romualdo PC, Nelson-Filho P, Silva LAB. Histopathological, histoenzymological, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis of tissue response to sealing materials after furcation perforation. Int Endod J 2019; 52:1489-1500. [PMID: 31099018 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate in vivo tissue responses after sealing furcation perforations in dog's teeth with either Biodentine™, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) or gutta-percha, by means of histopathological, histoenzymological, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis. METHODOLOGY After root canal treatment, perforations were created in the central region of the pulp chamber floor using a round diamond bur and filled with one or other of the materials. The animals were euthanized after 120 days, and the teeth (n = 30) were processed for histopathological analysis of new mineralized tissue formation and collagen fibre reinsertion, immunohistochemical analysis of osteopontin (OPN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and immunofluorescence analysis for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2), cementum attachment protein (CAP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteocalcin (OCN) and cementum protein1 (CEMP1). Histoenzymology was performed for TRAP activity and osteoclast count. Data were analysed statistically (α = 0.05) using chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS Gutta-percha did not induce mineralized tissue formation. MTA and BiodentineTM formed mineralized tissue in 88% and 92% of specimens, respectively, with no significant difference (P > 0.05). Gutta-percha was associated with scattered collagen fibres parallel to the perforations. Groups treated with MTA or BiodentineTM had partial fibre reinsertion perpendicular to the newly formed mineralized tissue. All materials induced OPN and ALP expression, weakest for gutta-percha and strongest for MTA (P < 0.05). Only MTA induced BMP-2, BSP, OCN, CAP and CEMP1 expression. Osteoclast counts were similar in all groups (P = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS Mineral trioxide aggregate and BiodentineTM were biocompatible, with formation of mineralized tissue and partial reinsertion of collagen fibres. In addition, the participation of several molecules by which calcium silicate-based materials induce the formation of mineralized tissue were noted, with expression of ALP and OPN mineralization markers, without interference in the number of osteoclasts. Only MTA stimulated the expression of proteins associated with the formation of a cementum-like mineralized tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A B Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A T N Borges
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculty of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - P Hernandéz-Gatón
- Department of Integrated Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A M de Queiroz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H Arzate
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, México
| | - P C Romualdo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L A B Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yunnan Baiyao Conditioned Medium Promotes the Odonto/Osteogenic Capacity of Stem Cells from Apical Papilla via Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9327386. [PMID: 31179335 PMCID: PMC6507233 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9327386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Yunnan Baiyao is a traditional Chinese herbal remedy that has long been used for its characteristics of wound healing, bone regeneration, and anti-inflammation. However, the effects of Yunnan Baiyao on the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) and the potential mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the odonto/osteogenic differentiation effects of Yunnan Baiyao on SCAPs and the underlying mechanisms involved. SCAPs were isolated and cocultured with Yunnan Baiyao conditioned media. The proliferation ability was determined by cell counting kit 8 and flow cytometry. The differentiation capacity and the involvement of NF-κB pathway were investigated by alkaline phosphatase assay, alizarin red staining, immunofluorescence assay, real-time RT-PCR, and western blot analyses. Yunnan Baiyao conditioned medium at the concentration of 50 μg/mL upregulated alkaline phosphatase activity, induced more mineralized nodules, and increased the expression of odonto/osteogenic genes/proteins (e.g., OCN/OCN, OPN/OPN, OSX/OSX, RUNX2/RUNX2, ALP/ALP, COL-I/COL-I, DMP1, DSP/DSPP) of SCAPs. In addition, the expression of cytoplasmic phos-IκBα, phos-P65, and nuclear P65 was significantly increased in Yunnan Baiyao conditioned medium treated SCAPs in a time-dependent manner. Conversely, the differentiation of Yunnan Baiyao conditioned medium treated SCAPs was obviously inhibited when these stem cells were cocultured with the specific NF-κB inhibitor BMS345541. Yunnan Baiyao can promote the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of SCAPs via the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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High Glucose Enhances the Odonto/Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from Apical Papilla via NF-KappaB Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5068258. [PMID: 31080819 PMCID: PMC6476152 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5068258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective The transport and metabolism of glucose are important during mammalian development. High glucose can mediate the biological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the role of high glucose in the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) is unclear. Materials and Methods SCAPs were isolated and identified in vitro. Then, SCAPs were cultured in normal α-MEM and high glucose α-MEM separately. MTT assay was applied to observe the proliferation of SCAPs. ALP activity, alizarin red staining, real-time RT-PCR, and western blot were used to detect the odonto/osteogenic capacity of SCAPs as well as the participation of NF-κB pathway. Results SCAPs in 25mmol/L glucose group expressed the maximum proteins of RUNX2 and ALP as compared with those in 5, 10, and 15 mmol/L groups. MTT assay showed that 25 mmol/L glucose suppressed the proliferation of SCAPs. ALP assay, alizarin red staining, real-time RT-PCR, and western blot showed 25 mmol/L high glucose can obviously enhance the odonto/osteogenic capacity of SCAPs. Moreover, the NF-κB pathway was activated in 25mmol/L glucose-treated SCAPs and the odonto/osteogenic differentiation was inhibited following the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions High glucose can enhance the odonto/osteogenic capacity of SCAPs via NF-κB pathway.
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Sanz JL, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Llena C, Sauro S, Forner L. Bioactivity of Bioceramic Materials Used in the Dentin-Pulp Complex Therapy: A Systematic Review. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12071015. [PMID: 30934746 PMCID: PMC6479584 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dentistry-applied bioceramic materials are ceramic materials that are categorized as bioinert, bioactive and biodegradable. They share a common characteristic of being specifically designed to fulfil their function; they are able to act as root canal sealers, cements, root repair or filling materials. Bioactivity is only attributed to those materials which are capable of inducing a desired tissue response from the host. The aim of this study is to present a systematic review of available literature investigating bioactivity of dentistry-applied bioceramic materials towards dental pulp stem cells, including a bibliometric analysis of such a group of studies and a presentation of the parameters used to assess bioactivity, materials studied and a summary of results. The research question, based on the PICO model, aimed to assess the current knowledge on dentistry-based bioceramic materials by exploring to what extent they express bioactive properties in in vitro assays and animal studies when exposed to dental pulp stem cells, as opposed to a control or compared to different bioceramic material compositions, for their use in the dentin-pulp complex therapy. A systematic search of the literature was performed in six databases, followed by article selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. Studies assessing bioactivity of one or more bioceramic materials (both commercially available or novel/experimental) towards dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were included in our review. A total of 37 articles were included in our qualitative review. Quantification of osteogenic, odontogenic and angiogenic markers using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the prevailing method used to evaluate bioceramic material bioactivity towards DPSCs in the current investigative state, followed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity assays and Alizarin Red Staining (ARS) to assess mineralization potential. Mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine are the prevalent reference materials used to compare with newly introduced bioceramic materials. Available literature compares a wide range of bioceramic materials for bioactivity, consisting mostly of in vitro assays. The desirability of this property added to the rapid introduction of new material compositions makes this subject a clear candidate for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Sanz
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Lozano
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit, Hematology Department, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital, IMIB, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain.
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Carmen Llena
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Salvatore Sauro
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca (Valencia), Spain.
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences at King's College London, Floor 17 Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Leopoldo Forner
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Axl Involved in Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Induces Macrophage Polarization. J Endod 2018; 44:1542-1548. [PMID: 30170844 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we examined the effect of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on macrophage polarization and the potential involvement of Axl/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in mediating the effect of MTA. METHODS The human monocyte cell line THP-1 was cultured with MTA solution for 1, 2, or 3 days, and the population change of M2 macrophages was analyzed by flow cytometry. Expression of M2 cytokines was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phagocytosis and angiogenesis-induction ability were also assayed. The involvement of Axl/NF-κB signaling in MTA-treated cells was examined by analyzing phosphorylation status of Axl, Akt, IKKα/β, and IκBα. Specific inhibitors for Axl/Akt/NF-κB signaling were added to MTA-treated THP-1 cells, and their cytokine expression change was examined. RESULTS Flow cytometry analysis showed that MTA treatment increased CD206+ cells in a time-dependent way. After MTA treatment, the expression of M2-related cytokines was up-regulated. MTA also enhanced phagocytic ability and the ability of THP-1 cells to induce angiogenesis. Treatment of MTA led to activate Axl/Akt/NF-kB signal axis by phosphorylation of Axl, Akt, IKKα/β, IκBα, and p65. In addition, MTA-induced interleukin 10, transforming growth factor beta, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression was suppressed as specific inhibitors were added. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that MTA is able to induce macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype, with up-regulation of interleukin 10, transforming growth factor beta, and vascular endothelial growth factor, and that Axl/Akt/NF-κB signaling participates in this process. These results provide the cellular and molecular basis of MTA's anti-inflammatory action in clinical applications.
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Song M, Yu B, Kim S, Hayashi M, Smith C, Sohn S, Kim E, Lim J, Stevenson RG, Kim RH. Clinical and Molecular Perspectives of Reparative Dentin Formation: Lessons Learned from Pulp-Capping Materials and the Emerging Roles of Calcium. Dent Clin North Am 2018; 61:93-110. [PMID: 27912821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The long-term use of calcium hydroxide and the recent increase in the use of hydraulic calcium-silicate cements as direct pulp-capping materials provide important clues in terms of how reparative dentin may be induced to form a "biological seal" to protect the underlying pulp tissues. In this review article, we discuss clinical and molecular perspectives of reparative dentin formation based on evidence learned from the use of these pulp-capping materials. We also discuss the emerging role of calcium as an odontoinductive component in these pulp-capping materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Song
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bo Yu
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sol Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marc Hayashi
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Colby Smith
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Suhjin Sohn
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Euiseong Kim
- Microscope Center, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50 Yonsei-Ro, 03772, Seoul, Korea
| | - James Lim
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard G Stevenson
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Reuben H Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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An S. The emerging role of extracellular Ca
2+
in osteo/odontogenic differentiation and the involvement of intracellular Ca
2+
signaling: From osteoblastic cells to dental pulp cells and odontoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2169-2193. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng An
- Department of Operative Dentistry and EndodonticsGuanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou China
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Mortada I, Mortada R. Dental pulp stem cells and osteogenesis: an update. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1479-1486. [PMID: 29938380 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells constitute an attractive source of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells owing to their high proliferation rate and multilineage differentiation potential. Osteogenesis is initiated by osteoblasts, which originate from mesenchymal stem cells. These cells express specific surface antigens that disappear gradually during osteodifferentiation. In parallel, the appearance of characteristic markers, including alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I, osteocalcin and osteopontin characterize the osteoblastic phenotype of dental pulp stem cells. This review will shed the light on the osteogenic differentiation potential of dental pulp stem cells and explore the culture medium components, and markers associated with osteodifferentiation of these cells.
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Wang Y, Zhou Y, Jin L, Pang X, Lu Y, Wang Z, Yu Y, Yu J. Mineral trioxide aggregate enhances the osteogenic capacity of periodontal ligament stem cells via NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2386-2397. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Yixiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- IVY Dental Clinic; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Lin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Xiyao Pang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Yadie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Zilu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Yan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jinhua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu China
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24
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Qiu W, Sun B, He F, Zhang Y. MTA-induced Notch activation enhances the proliferation of human dental pulp cells by inhibiting autophagic flux. Int Endod J 2017; 50 Suppl 2:e52-e62. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Qiu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen; Tsinghua University; Shenzhen China
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School at Shenzhen; Tsinghua University; Shenzhen China
| | - B. Sun
- Graduate School at Shenzhen; Tsinghua University; Shenzhen China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School at Shenzhen; Tsinghua University; Shenzhen China
| | - F. He
- Department of Stomatology; the Second Clinical Medical College; Shenzhen People's Hospital; Jinan University; Shenzhen China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School at Shenzhen; Tsinghua University; Shenzhen China
- Open FIESTA Center; Tsinghua University; Shenzhen China
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25
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Kulan P, Karabiyik O, Kose GT, Kargul B. The effect of accelerated mineral trioxide aggregate on odontoblastic differentiation in dental pulp stem cell niches. Int Endod J 2017; 51:758-766. [PMID: 28117904 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of accelerated-set mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on the proliferation and odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cell niches (DPSC). METHODOLOGY ProRoot White MTA (WMTA; Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA) was mixed with various additives, which included distilled water, 2.5% disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2 HPO4 ; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and 5% calcium chloride (CaCl2 ; Merck). DPSC niches extracted from third molars were cultured directly on MTA in the culture medium. Cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4- sulphophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. Cell growth and expression of odontoblastic differentiation markers (dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and collagen type 1 (COL1)) were determined using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis. Osteo-/odontogenic differentiation of DPSC niches was evaluated by measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP). Calcium deposition was assessed using von Kossa staining. The results were analysed statistically using Mann-Whitney tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS MTA mixed with 5% CaCl2 and 2.5% Na2 HPO4 exhibited optimal cell viability (P < 0.05) compared to MTA mixed with distilled water. MTA mixed with 5% CaCl2 and 2.5% Na2 HPO4 significantly increased ALP activity (P < 0.05), significantly promoted mineralization nodule formation (P < 0.05) and significantly enhanced the mRNA expression level of the osteogenic/odontogenic markers (P < 0.05; DSPP and COL1) compared with MTA mixed with distilled water. CONCLUSIONS MTA mixed with 5% CaCl2 and 2.5% Na2 HPO4 was biocompatible with dental pulp stem cell niches. Accelerated-set MTA promoted better differentiation in DPSC niches than conventional MTA. The accelerators could provide an alternative to MTA mixed with distilled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kulan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - O Karabiyik
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - G T Kose
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.,BIOMATEN Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, METU, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Kargul
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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26
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He X, Jiang W, Luo Z, Qu T, Wang Z, Liu N, Zhang Y, Cooper PR, He W. IFN-γ regulates human dental pulp stem cells behavior via NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40681. [PMID: 28098169 PMCID: PMC5241669 DOI: 10.1038/srep40681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During caries, dental pulp expresses a range of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to the infectious challenge. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine, which is critical for immune responses. Previous study has demonstrated that IFN-γ at relative high concentration (100 ng/mL) treatment improved the impaired dentinogenic and immunosuppressive regulatory functions of disease-derived dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). However, little is known about the regulatory effects of IFN-γ at relative low concentration on healthy DPSC behavior (including proliferation, migration, and multiple-potential differentiation). Here we demonstrate that IFN-γ at relatively low concentrations (0.5 ng/mL) promoted the proliferation and migration of DPSCs, but abrogated odonto/osteogenic differentiation. Additionally, we identified that NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways are both involved in the process of IFN-γ-regulated odonto/osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs. DPSCs treated with IFN-γ and supplemented with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, an NF-κB inhibitor) or SB203580 (a MAPK inhibitor) showed significantly improved potential for odonto/osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs both in vivo and in vitro. These data provide important insight into the regulatory effects of IFN-γ on the biological behavior of DPSCs and indicate a promising therapeutic strategy for dentin/pulp tissue engineering in future endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry &Endodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenkai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry &Endodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhirong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry &Endodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China.,Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang Guizhou, China
| | - Tiejun Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry &Endodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry &Endodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry &Endodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry &Endodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China
| | - Paul R Cooper
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK
| | - Wenxi He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry &Endodontics, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China
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27
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Expression of Mineralization Markers during Pulp Response to Biodentine and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. J Endod 2016; 42:596-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Rathinam E, Rajasekharan S, Chitturi RT, Martens L, De Coster P. Gene Expression Profiling and Molecular Signaling of Dental Pulp Cells in Response to Tricalcium Silicate Cements: A Systematic Review. J Endod 2015; 41:1805-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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29
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Dental Pulp Defence and Repair Mechanisms in Dental Caries. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:230251. [PMID: 26538821 PMCID: PMC4619960 DOI: 10.1155/2015/230251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a chronic infectious disease resulting from the penetration of oral bacteria into the enamel and dentin. Microorganisms subsequently trigger inflammatory responses in the dental pulp. These events can lead to pulp healing if the infection is not too severe following the removal of diseased enamel and dentin tissues and clinical restoration of the tooth. However, chronic inflammation often persists in the pulp despite treatment, inducing permanent loss of normal tissue and reducing innate repair capacities. For complete tooth healing the formation of a reactionary/reparative dentin barrier to distance and protect the pulp from infectious agents and restorative materials is required. Clinical and in vitro experimental data clearly indicate that dentin barrier formation only occurs when pulp inflammation and infection are minimised, thus enabling reestablishment of tissue homeostasis and health. Therefore, promoting the resolution of pulp inflammation may provide a valuable therapeutic opportunity to ensure the sustainability of dental treatments. This paper focusses on key cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in pulp responses to bacteria and in the pulpal transition between caries-induced inflammation and dentinogenic-based repair. We report, using selected examples, different strategies potentially used by odontoblasts and specialized immune cells to combat dentin-invading bacteria in vivo.
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Effects of canonical NF-κB signaling pathway on the proliferation and odonto/osteogenic differentiation of human stem cells from apical papilla. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:319651. [PMID: 24864235 PMCID: PMC4017825 DOI: 10.1155/2014/319651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION NF-κB signaling pathway plays a complicated role in the biological functions of mesenchymal stem cells. However, the effects of NF-κB pathway on the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) remain unclear. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of canonical NF-κB pathway on the osteo/odontogenic capacity of SCAPs in vitro. RESULTS Western blot results demonstrated that NF-κB pathway in SCAPs was successfully activated by TNF-α or blocked by BMS-345541. NF-κB pathway-activated SCAPs presented a higher proliferation activity compared with control groups, as indicated by dimethyl-thiazol-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay (MTT) and flow cytometry assay (FCM). Wound scratch assay revealed that NF-κB pathway-activated SCAPs presented an improved migration capacity, enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and upregulated mineralization capacity of SCAPs, as compared with control groups. Meanwhile, the odonto/osteogenic markers (ALP/ALP, RUNX2/RUNX2, OSX/OSX, OCN/OCN, OPN/OPN, BSP/BSP, DSPP/DSP, and DMP-1/DMP-1) in NF-κB pathway-activated SCAPs were also significantly upregulated as compared with control groups at both protein and mRNA levels. However, NF-κB pathway-inhibited SCAPs exhibited a lower proliferation/migration capacity, and decreased odonto/osteogenic ability in comparison with control groups. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that classical NF-κB pathway plays a paramount role in the proliferation and committed differentiation of SCAPs.
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