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Cantwell-Jones A, Tylianakis JM, Larson K, Gill RJ. Using individual-based trait frequency distributions to forecast plant-pollinator network responses to environmental change. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14368. [PMID: 38247047 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Determining how and why organisms interact is fundamental to understanding ecosystem responses to future environmental change. To assess the impact on plant-pollinator interactions, recent studies have examined how the effects of environmental change on individual interactions accumulate to generate species-level responses. Here, we review recent developments in using plant-pollinator networks of interacting individuals along with their functional traits, where individuals are nested within species nodes. We highlight how these individual-level, trait-based networks connect intraspecific trait variation (as frequency distributions of multiple traits) with dynamic responses within plant-pollinator communities. This approach can better explain interaction plasticity, and changes to interaction probabilities and network structure over spatiotemporal or other environmental gradients. We argue that only through appreciating such trait-based interaction plasticity can we accurately forecast the potential vulnerability of interactions to future environmental change. We follow this with general guidance on how future studies can collect and analyse high-resolution interaction and trait data, with the hope of improving predictions of future plant-pollinator network responses for targeted and effective conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Cantwell-Jones
- Georgina Mace Centre for The Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- Georgina Mace Centre for The Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences, Private Bag 4800, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Keith Larson
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard J Gill
- Georgina Mace Centre for The Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
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2
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Encinas-Viso F, Bovill J, Albrecht DE, Florez-Fernandez J, Lessard B, Lumbers J, Rodriguez J, Schmidt-Lebuhn A, Zwick A, Milla L. Pollen DNA metabarcoding reveals cryptic diversity and high spatial turnover in alpine plant-pollinator networks. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6377-6393. [PMID: 36065738 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpine plant-pollinator communities play an important role in the functioning of alpine ecosystems, which are highly threatened by climate change. However, we still have a poor understanding of how environmental factors and spatiotemporal variability shape these communities. Here, we investigate what drives structure and beta diversity in a plant-pollinator metacommunity from the Australian alpine region using two approaches: pollen DNA metabarcoding (MB) and observations. Individual pollinators often carry pollen from multiple plant species, and therefore we expected MB to reveal a more diverse and complex network structure. We used two gene regions (ITS2 and trnL) to identify plant species present in the pollen loads of 154 insect pollinator specimens from three alpine habitats and construct MB networks, and compared them to networks based on observations alone. We compared species and interaction turnover across space for both types of networks, and evaluated their differences for plant phylogenetic diversity and beta diversity. We found significant structural differences between the two types of networks; notably, MB networks were much less specialized but more diverse than observation networks, with MB detecting many cryptic plant species. Both approaches revealed that alpine pollination networks are very generalized, but we estimated a high spatial turnover of plant species (0.79) and interaction rewiring (0.6) as well as high plant phylogenetic diversity (0.68) driven by habitat differences based on the larger diversity of plant species and species interactions detected with MB. Overall, our findings show that habitat and microclimatic heterogeneity drives diversity and fine-scale spatial turnover of alpine plant-pollinator networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Encinas-Viso
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jessica Bovill
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - David E Albrecht
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jaime Florez-Fernandez
- Australian National Insect Collection, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Bryan Lessard
- Australian National Insect Collection, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - James Lumbers
- Australian National Insect Collection, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Juanita Rodriguez
- Australian National Insect Collection, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alexander Schmidt-Lebuhn
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andreas Zwick
- Australian National Insect Collection, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Liz Milla
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
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3
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Arroyo-Correa B, Jordano P, Bartomeus I. Intraspecific variation in species interactions promotes the feasibility of mutualistic assemblages. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:448-459. [PMID: 36688287 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of resource use observed at the species level emerge from the way individuals exploit the range of available resources. Hence, accounting for interindividual differences in resource use, such as pollinator use by plants, is essential to advance our understanding of community assembly and persistence. By using finely resolved data on plant-pollinator interactions, we evaluated how interindividual plant variation in pollinator use scales up to affect community structure and dynamics. All co-occurring plant species comprised specialists interacting with proper subsets of pollinators that visited generalists, and differences in interaction patterns were driven by among-individual trait variation. Furthermore, the nested structure and feasibility of plant-pollinator communities were maximised at higher levels of interindividual plant variation in traits and pollinator use. Our study sheds light on how pervasive properties of community structure arise from individual-level processes and contributes to elucidate the importance of preserving intraspecific variation in traits and resource use within populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Arroyo-Correa
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ignasi Bartomeus
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, EBD-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
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4
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Quintero E, Rodríguez-Sánchez F, Jordano P. Reciprocity and interaction effectiveness in generalised mutualisms among free-living species. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:132-146. [PMID: 36450595 PMCID: PMC10099531 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mutualistic interactions among free-living species generally involve low-frequency interactions and highly asymmetric dependence among partners, yet our understanding of factors behind their emergence is still limited. Using individual-based interactions of a super-generalist fleshy-fruited plant with its frugivore assemblage, we estimated the Resource Provisioning Effectiveness (RPE) and Seed Dispersal Effectiveness (SDE) to assess the balance in the exchange of resources. Plants were highly dependent on a few frugivore species, while frugivores interacted with most individual plants, resulting in strong asymmetries of mutual dependence. Interaction effectiveness was mainly driven by interaction frequency. Despite highly asymmetric dependences, the strong reliance on quantity of fruit consumed determined high reciprocity in rewards between partners (i.e. higher energy provided by the plant, more seedlings recruited), which was not obscured by minor variations in the quality of animal or plant service. We anticipate reciprocity will emerge in low-intimacy mutualisms where the mutualistic outcome largely relies upon interaction frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Quintero
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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5
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Braun J, Lortie CJ. Drivers of plant individual-based pollinator visitation network topology in an arid ecosystem. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2022.101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Gaiarsa MP, Rehan S, Barbour MA, McFrederick QS. Individual dietary specialization in a generalist bee varies across populations but has no effect on the richness of associated microbial communities. Am Nat 2022; 200:730-737. [DOI: 10.1086/721023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Friedemann P, Côrtes MC, de Castro ER, Galetti M, Jordano P, Guimarães Jr PR. The individual‐based network structure of palm‐seed dispersers is explained by a rainforest gradient. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela Friedemann
- Depto de Ecologia, Inst. de Biociências, Univ. de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marina Corrêa Côrtes
- Depto de Biodiversidade, Inst. de Biociências, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Galetti
- Depto de Biodiversidade, Inst. de Biociências, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
- Dept of Biology, Univ. of Miami Coral Gables FL USA
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD‐CSIC) Seville Spain
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8
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Wang L, Yang Y, Duan Y. Pollinator individual-based networks reveal the specialized plant-pollinator mutualism in two biodiverse communities. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17509-17518. [PMID: 34938525 PMCID: PMC8668776 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalization of pollination systems is widely accepted by ecologists in the studies of plant-pollinator interaction networks at the community level, but the degree of generalization of pollination networks remains largely unknown at the individual pollinator level. Using potential legitimate pollinators that were constantly visiting flowers in two alpine meadow communities, we analyzed the differences in the pollination network structure between the pollinator individual level and species level. The results showed that compared to the pollinator species-based networks, the linkage density, interaction diversity, interaction evenness, the average plant linkage level, and interaction diversity increased, but connectance, degree of nestedness, the average of pollinator linkage level, and interaction diversity decreased in the pollinator individual-based networks, indicating that pollinator individuals had a narrower food niche than their counterpart species. Pollination networks at the pollinator individual level were more specialized at the network level (H'2) and the plant species node level (d') than at the pollinator species-level networks, reducing the chance of underestimating levels of specialization in pollination systems. The results emphasize that research into pollinator individual-based pollination networks will improve our understanding of the pollination networks at the pollinator species level and the coevolution of flowering plants and pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin‐Lin Wang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild SpeciesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yong‐Ping Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild SpeciesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at KunmingKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Yuan‐Wen Duan
- Germplasm Bank of Wild SpeciesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at KunmingKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
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9
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Mendes SB, Timóteo S, Loureiro J, Castro S. The impact of habitat loss on pollination services for a threatened dune endemic plant. Oecologia 2021; 198:279-293. [PMID: 34775515 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Habitat loss is currently a major threat to biodiversity, affecting species interactions, such as plant-pollinator interactions. This is particularly important in self-incompatible plants relying on pollinators to reproduce and sustain their populations. Here, we evaluated how habitat loss affects the pollination system, plant individual-pollinator species interaction network, and plant reproductive fitness of the self-incompatible Jasione maritima var. sabularia, a threatened taxon from dune systems. This plant is a pollinator generalist, visited by 108 species from distinct taxonomic groups. Results suggest that increasing habitat loss led to a significant decline in pollinator richness, increased pollen limitation, and a decrease in reproductive fitness of J. maritima var. sabularia. Visitation rate per individual did not significantly change with available area, indicating that the quality of pollen differed across populations. The topology of the network between J. maritima var. sabularia individuals and its pollinator species did not change, which may be attributed to the stability in the core of pollinator species. This suggests that the lower fitness of plants with increasing habitat degradation may be explained not only by the lower richness of peripheral pollinators but also by the genetic structure of the plant populations, as there is a possible higher transference of less quality pollen by pollinators, ultimately compromising the persistence of plant populations. Our study highlights the need of future studies to integrate the fine details provided by individual-level networks, which will increase our understanding of the pattern of species interactions and its consequences for the fitness of threatened plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Beatriz Mendes
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Timóteo
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Loureiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Castro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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10
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Tonos J, Razafindratsima OH, Fenosoa ZSE, Dunham AE. Individual‐based networks reveal the highly skewed interactions of a frugivore mutualist with individual plants in a diverse community. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jadelys Tonos
- Rice Univ., Biosciences Dept Houston TX USA
- Centre ValBio, Ranomafana National Park Ifanadiana Madagascar
| | - Onja H. Razafindratsima
- Centre ValBio, Ranomafana National Park Ifanadiana Madagascar
- Dept of Integrative Biology, Univ. of California Berkeley CA USA
| | - Zo Samuel Ella Fenosoa
- Centre ValBio, Ranomafana National Park Ifanadiana Madagascar
- Ecole Doctorale Sciences de la Vie et de l'Environnement, Univ. d'Antananarivo Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - Amy E. Dunham
- Rice Univ., Biosciences Dept Houston TX USA
- Centre ValBio, Ranomafana National Park Ifanadiana Madagascar
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11
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Chmel K, Ewome FL, Gómez GU, Klomberg Y, Mertens JEJ, Tropek R, Janeček Š. Bird pollination syndrome is the plant's adaptation to ornithophily, but nectarivorous birds are not so selective. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kryštof Chmel
- Dept. of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ. Viničná Prague Czechia
- Inst. of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská České Budějovice Czechia
| | | | | | - Yannick Klomberg
- Dept. of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ. Viničná Prague Czechia
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center Darwinweg Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Jan E. J. Mertens
- Dept. of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ. Viničná Prague Czechia
| | - Robert Tropek
- Dept. of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ. Viničná Prague Czechia
- Inst. of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská České Budějovice Czechia
| | - Štěpán Janeček
- Dept. of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ. Viničná Prague Czechia
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12
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Soares NC, Maruyama PK, Staggemeier VG, Morellato LPC, Araújo MS. The role of individual variation in flowering and pollination in the reproductive success of a crepuscular buzz-pollinated plant. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:213-222. [PMID: 32914162 PMCID: PMC7789112 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant individuals within a population differ in their phenology and interactions with pollinators. However, it is still unknown how individual differences affect the reproductive success of plants that have functionally specialized pollination systems. Here, we evaluated whether plant individual specialization in phenology (temporal specialization) and in pollination (pollinator specialization) affect the reproductive success of the crepuscular-bee-pollinated plant Trembleya laniflora (Melastomataceae). METHODS We quantified flowering activity (amplitude, duration and overlap), plant-pollinator interactions (number of flowers visited by pollinators) and reproductive success (fruit set) of T. laniflora individuals from three distinct locations in rupestrian grasslands of southeastern Brazil. We estimated the degree of individual temporal specialization in flowering phenology and of individual specialization in plant-pollinator interactions, and tested their relationship with plant reproductive success. KEY RESULTS Trembleya laniflora presented overlapping flowering, a temporal generalization and specialized pollinator interactions. Flowering overlap among individuals and populations was higher than expected by chance but did not affect the individual interactions with pollinators and nor their reproductive success. In contrast, higher individual generalization in the interactions with pollinators was related to higher individual reproductive success. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that individual generalization in plant-pollinator interaction reduces the potential costs of specialization at the species level, ensuring reproductive success. Altogether, our results highlight the complexity of specialization/generalization of plant-pollinator interactions at distinct levels of organization, from individuals to populations, to species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Costa Soares
- Laboratório de Fenologia, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Pietro Kiyoshi Maruyama
- Centro de Síntese Ecológica e Conservação, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Graziele Staggemeier
- Laboratório de Fenologia, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Ecologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato
- Laboratório de Fenologia, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio Silva Araújo
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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13
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Zhang B, DeAngelis DL. An overview of agent-based models in plant biology and ecology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:539-557. [PMID: 32173742 PMCID: PMC7489105 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Agent-based modelling (ABM) has become an established methodology in many areas of biology, ranging from the cellular to the ecological population and community levels. In plant science, two different scales have predominated in their use of ABM. One is the scale of populations and communities, through the modelling of collections of agents representing individual plants, interacting with each other and with the environment. The other is the scale of the individual plant, through the modelling, by functional-structural plant models (FSPMs), of agents representing plant building blocks, or metamers, to describe the development of plant architecture and functions within individual plants. The purpose of this review is to show key results and parallels in ABM for growth, mortality, carbon allocation, competition and reproduction across the scales from the plant organ to populations and communities on a range of spatial scales to the whole landscape. Several areas of application of ABMs are reviewed, showing that some issues are addressed by both population-level ABMs and FSPMs. Continued increase in the relevance of ABM to environmental science and management will be helped by greater integration of ABMs across these two scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Donald L DeAngelis
- U. S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Davie, FL, USA
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14
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Chudzinska M, Dupont YL, Nabe-Nielsen J, Maia KP, Henriksen MV, Rasmussen C, Kissling WD, Hagen M, Trøjelsgaard K. Combining the strengths of agent-based modelling and network statistics to understand animal movement and interactions with resources: example from within-patch foraging decisions of bumblebees. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Ellner SP, Ng WH, Myers CR. Individual Specialization and Multihost Epidemics: Disease Spread in Plant-Pollinator Networks. Am Nat 2020; 195:E118-E131. [PMID: 32364778 DOI: 10.1086/708272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Many parasites infect multiple species and persist through a combination of within- and between-species transmission. Multispecies transmission networks are typically constructed at the species level, linking two species if any individuals of those species interact. However, generalist species often consist of specialized individuals that prefer different subsets of available resources, so individual- and species-level contact networks can differ systematically. To explore the epidemiological impacts of host specialization, we build and study a model for pollinator pathogens on plant-pollinator networks, in which individual pollinators have dynamic preferences for different flower species. We find that modeling and analysis that ignore individual host specialization can predict die-off of a disease that is actually strongly persistent and can badly over- or underpredict steady-state disease prevalence. Effects of individual preferences remain substantial whenever mean preference duration exceeds half of the mean time from infection to recovery or death. Similar results hold in a model where hosts foraging in different habitats have different frequencies of contact with an environmental reservoir for the pathogen. Thus, even if all hosts have the same long-run average behavior, dynamic individual differences can profoundly affect disease persistence and prevalence.
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16
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Pornon A, Baksay S, Escaravage N, Burrus M, Andalo C. Pollinator specialization increases with a decrease in a mass-flowering plant in networks inferred from DNA metabarcoding. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13650-13662. [PMID: 31938472 PMCID: PMC6953672 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
How native mass-flowering plants affect the specialization of insects at individual and species levels and the consequences for pollination networks have received much less attention than for mass-flowering crops or alien species and basically remain unexplored.Using existing DNA metabarcoding data on the pollen loads of 402 flower-visiting insects, we assessed the effects of a native mass-flowering plant of high reward quality, the shrub Rhododendron ferrugineum, on pollination networks by investigating: (a) the food niches of individual pollinators and pollinator species and (b) the structure of individual and species networks in subalpine heathland patches with extremely contrasted densities of R. ferrugineum.Relative to its high abundance in high-density patches, the shrub was greatly underrepresented and did not dominate individual's or species' generalized networks, rather individual and species specialization increased with a decrease in R. ferrugineum density. Furthermore, individuals of the more generalist dipteran Empididae species tended to extend exclusive interactions with rare plant species in low-density networks. The same trend was observed in the more specialist Apidea but toward rare species in high-density networks. Our results reveal a quite paradoxical view of pollination and a functional complementarity within networks. Niche and network indices mostly based on the occurrence of links showed that individual pollinators and pollinator species and networks were highly generalized, whereas indices of link strength revealed that species and above all individuals behave as quite strict specialists. Synthesis. Our study provides insights into the status of a native mass-flowering plant in individual's and insect species' food niches and pollination networks. It revealed that a generalist pollinator species can be highly specialized at the individual level and how rare plant species coexisting with mass-flowering plants may nevertheless be visited.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Pornon
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité BiologiqueUMR 5174CNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse III Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Sandra Baksay
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité BiologiqueUMR 5174CNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse III Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Nathalie Escaravage
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité BiologiqueUMR 5174CNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse III Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Monique Burrus
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité BiologiqueUMR 5174CNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse III Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Christophe Andalo
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité BiologiqueUMR 5174CNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse III Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
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17
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Dáttilo W, Vizentin-Bugoni J, Debastiani VJ, Jordano P, Izzo TJ. The influence of spatial sampling scales on ant-plant interaction network architecture. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:903-914. [PMID: 30883711 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite great interest in metrics to quantify the structure of ecological networks, the effects of sampling and scale remain poorly understood. In fact, one of the most challenging issues in ecology is how to define suitable scales (i.e., temporal or spatial) to accurately describe and understand ecological systems. Here, we sampled a series of ant-plant interaction networks in the southern Brazilian Amazon rainforest in order to determine whether the spatial sampling scale, from local to regional, affects our understanding of the structure of these networks. To this end, we recorded ant-plant interactions in adjacent 25 × 30 m subplots (local sampling scale) nested within twelve 250 × 30 m plots (regional sampling scale). Moreover, we combined adjacent or random subplots and plots in order to increase the spatial sampling scales at the local and regional levels. We then calculated commonly used binary and quantitative network-level metrics for both sampling scales (i.e., number of species and interactions, nestedness, specialization and modularity), all of which encompass a wide array of structural patterns in interaction networks. We observed increasing species and interactions across sampling scales, and while most network descriptors remained relatively constant at the local level, there was more variation at the regional scale. Among all metrics, specialization was most constant across different spatial sampling scales. Furthermore, we observed that adjacent assembly did not generate more variation in network descriptor values compared to random assembly. This finding indicates that the spatially aggregated distribution of species/individuals and abiotic conditions does not affect the organization of these interacting assemblages. Our results have a direct impact on our empirical and theoretical understanding of the ecological dynamics of species interactions by demonstrating that small spatial sampling scales should suffice to record some patterns commonly found in ant-plant interaction networks in a highly diverse tropical rainforest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
| | | | - Vanderlei J Debastiani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Thiago J Izzo
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
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18
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Pasquaretta C, Jeanson R, Pansanel J, Raine NE, Chittka L, Lihoreau M. A spatial network analysis of resource partitioning between bumblebees foraging on artificial flowers in a flight cage. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2019; 7:4. [PMID: 30828455 PMCID: PMC6383269 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-019-0150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual bees exhibit complex movement patterns to efficiently exploit small areas within larger plant populations. How such individual spatial behaviours scale up to the collective level, when several foragers visit a common area, has remained challenging to investigate, both because of the low resolution of field movement data and the limited power of the statistical descriptors to analyse them. To tackle these issues we video recorded all flower visits (N = 6205), and every interaction on flowers (N = 628), involving foragers from a bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) colony in a large outdoor flight cage (880 m2), containing ten artificial flowers, collected on five consecutive days, and analysed bee movements using networks statistics. RESULTS Bee-flower visitation networks were significantly more modular than expected by chance, indicating that foragers minimized overlaps in their patterns of flower visits. Resource partitioning emerged from differences in foraging experience among bees, and from outcomes of their interactions on flowers. Less experienced foragers showed lower activity and were more faithful to some flowers, whereas more experienced foragers explored the flower array more extensively. Furthermore, bees avoided returning to flowers from which they had recently been displaced by a nestmate, suggesting that bees integrate memories of past interactions into their foraging decisions. CONCLUSION Our observations, under high levels of competition in a flight cage, suggest that the continuous turnover of foragers observed in colonies can led to efficient resource partitioning among bees in natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Pasquaretta
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI); CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Raphael Jeanson
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI); CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jerome Pansanel
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nigel E. Raine
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX UK
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Lars Chittka
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
- Wissenschaftskolleg, Institute for Advanced Study, Wallotstrasse 19, 14193 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathieu Lihoreau
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI); CNRS, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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19
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Delmas E, Besson M, Brice MH, Burkle LA, Dalla Riva GV, Fortin MJ, Gravel D, Guimarães PR, Hembry DH, Newman EA, Olesen JM, Pires MM, Yeakel JD, Poisot T. Analysing ecological networks of species interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:16-36. [PMID: 29923657 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Network approaches to ecological questions have been increasingly used, particularly in recent decades. The abstraction of ecological systems - such as communities - through networks of interactions between their components indeed provides a way to summarize this information with single objects. The methodological framework derived from graph theory also provides numerous approaches and measures to analyze these objects and can offer new perspectives on established ecological theories as well as tools to address new challenges. However, prior to using these methods to test ecological hypotheses, it is necessary that we understand, adapt, and use them in ways that both allow us to deliver their full potential and account for their limitations. Here, we attempt to increase the accessibility of network approaches by providing a review of the tools that have been developed so far, with - what we believe to be - their appropriate uses and potential limitations. This is not an exhaustive review of all methods and metrics, but rather, an overview of tools that are robust, informative, and ecologically sound. After providing a brief presentation of species interaction networks and how to build them in order to summarize ecological information of different types, we then classify methods and metrics by the types of ecological questions that they can be used to answer from global to local scales, including methods for hypothesis testing and future perspectives. Specifically, we show how the organization of species interactions in a community yields different network structures (e.g., more or less dense, modular or nested), how different measures can be used to describe and quantify these emerging structures, and how to compare communities based on these differences in structures. Within networks, we illustrate metrics that can be used to describe and compare the functional and dynamic roles of species based on their position in the network and the organization of their interactions as well as associated new methods to test the significance of these results. Lastly, we describe potential fruitful avenues for new methodological developments to address novel ecological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Delmas
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H2V 2J7, Canada.,Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Mathilde Besson
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H2V 2J7, Canada.,Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Brice
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H2V 2J7, Canada.,Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Laura A Burkle
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715, U.S.A
| | - Giulio V Dalla Riva
- Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1B1, Canada.,Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Paulo R Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - David H Hembry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
| | - Erica A Newman
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A.,Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Seattle, WA 98103, U.S.A
| | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Mathias M Pires
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Justin D Yeakel
- Life & Environmental Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, U.S.A.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, U.S.A
| | - Timothée Poisot
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H2V 2J7, Canada.,Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1B1, Canada
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20
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Zhao Y, Lázaro A, Ren Z, Zhou W, Li H, Tao Z, Xu K, Wu Z, Wolfe LM, Li D, Wang H. The topological differences between visitation and pollen transport networks: a comparison in species rich communities of the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Inst. of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences CN‐650201 Kunming PR China
| | - Amparo Lázaro
- Mediterranean Inst. For Advanced Studies Esporles Spain
| | - Zong‐Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Inst. of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences CN‐650201 Kunming PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species Kunming Inst. of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming PR China
| | - Hai‐Dong Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Inst. of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences CN‐650201 Kunming PR China
| | - Zhi‐Bin Tao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Inst. of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences CN‐650201 Kunming PR China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences Univ. of Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming PR China
| | - Kun Xu
- Lijiang Forest Ecosystem Research Station Kunming Inst. of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming PR China
| | - Zhi‐Kun Wu
- Lijiang Forest Ecosystem Research Station Kunming Inst. of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming PR China
| | - Lorne M. Wolfe
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Inst. of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences CN‐650201 Kunming PR China
| | - De‐Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species Kunming Inst. of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Inst. of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences CN‐650201 Kunming PR China
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21
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Simmons BI, Cirtwill AR, Baker NJ, Wauchope HS, Dicks LV, Stouffer DB, Sutherland WJ. Motifs in bipartite ecological networks: uncovering indirect interactions. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benno I. Simmons
- Dept of Zoology, Univ. of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street; Cambridge CB2 3QZ UK
| | - Alyssa R. Cirtwill
- Dept of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping Univ; Linköping Sweden
| | - Nick J. Baker
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Hannah S. Wauchope
- Dept of Zoology, Univ. of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street; Cambridge CB2 3QZ UK
| | - Lynn V. Dicks
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of East Anglia; UK
| | - Daniel B. Stouffer
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - William J. Sutherland
- Dept of Zoology, Univ. of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street; Cambridge CB2 3QZ UK
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22
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Rumeu B, Sheath DJ, Hawes JE, Ings TC. Zooming into plant-flower visitor networks: an individual trait-based approach. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5618. [PMID: 30245938 PMCID: PMC6147118 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how ecological communities are structured is a major goal in ecology. Ecological networks representing interaction patterns among species have become a powerful tool to capture the mechanisms underlying plant-animal assemblages. However, these networks largely do not account for inter-individual variability and thus may be limiting our development of a clear mechanistic understanding of community structure. In this study, we develop a new individual-trait based approach to examine the importance of individual plant and pollinator functional size traits (pollinator thorax width and plant nectar holder depth) in mutualistic networks. We performed hierarchical cluster analyses to group interacting individuals into classes, according to their similarity in functional size. We then compared the structure of bee-flower networks where nodes represented either species identity or trait sets. The individual trait-based network was almost twice as nested as its species-based equivalent and it had a more symmetric linkage pattern resulting from of a high degree of size-matching. In conclusion, we show that by constructing individual trait-based networks we can reveal important patterns otherwise difficult to observe in species-based networks and thus improve our understanding of community structure. We therefore recommend using both trait-based and species-based approaches together to develop a clearer understanding of the properties of ecological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rumeu
- Applied Ecology Research Group, Department of Biology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Terrestrial Ecology Group, Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Danny J Sheath
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph E Hawes
- Applied Ecology Research Group, Department of Biology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C Ings
- Applied Ecology Research Group, Department of Biology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Klecka J, Hadrava J, Koloušková P. Vertical stratification of plant-pollinator interactions in a temperate grassland. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4998. [PMID: 29942686 PMCID: PMC6016531 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Visitation of plants by different pollinators depends on individual plant traits, spatial context, and other factors. A neglected aspect of small-scale variation of plant–pollinator interactions is the role of vertical position of flowers. We conducted a series of experiments to study vertical stratification of plant–pollinator interactions in a dry grassland. We observed flower visitors on cut inflorescences of Centaurea scabiosa and Inula salicina placed at different heights above ground in two types of surrounding vegetation: short and tall. Even at such a small-scale, we detected significant shift in total visitation rate of inflorescences in response to their vertical position. In short vegetation, inflorescences close to the ground were visited more frequently, while in tall vegetation, inflorescences placed higher received more visits. Moreover, we found major differences in the composition of the pollinator community on flowers at different heights. In a second experiment, we measured flower visitation rate in inflorescences of Salvia verticillata of variable height. Total flower visitation rate increased markedly with inflorescence height in this case. Data on seed set of individual plants provide evidence for a corresponding positive pollinator-mediated selection on increased inflorescence height. Overall, our results demonstrate strong vertical stratification of plant–pollinator interactions at the scale of mere decimetres. This may have important ecological as well as evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klecka
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hadrava
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Koloušková
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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24
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Miguel MF, Jordano P, Tabeni S, Campos CM. Context-dependency and anthropogenic effects on individual plant-frugivore networks. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Florencia Miguel
- Inst. Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas (UNCuyo- Gobierno de Mendoza-CONICET); Av. A. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque General San Martín CP 5500, CC 507 Mendoza Argentina
- Integrative Ecology Group; Estación Biológica de Doñana EBD-CSIC Sevilla Spain
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group; Estación Biológica de Doñana EBD-CSIC Sevilla Spain
| | - Solana Tabeni
- Inst. Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas (UNCuyo- Gobierno de Mendoza-CONICET); Av. A. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque General San Martín CP 5500, CC 507 Mendoza Argentina
| | - Claudia M. Campos
- Inst. Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas (UNCuyo- Gobierno de Mendoza-CONICET); Av. A. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque General San Martín CP 5500, CC 507 Mendoza Argentina
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25
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DNA metabarcoding data unveils invisible pollination networks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16828. [PMID: 29203872 PMCID: PMC5715002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal pollination, essential for both ecological services and ecosystem functioning, is threatened by ongoing global changes. New methodologies to decipher their effects on pollinator composition to ecosystem health are urgently required. We compare the main structural parameters of pollination networks based on DNA metabarcoding data with networks based on direct observations of insect visits to plants at three resolution levels. By detecting numerous additional hidden interactions, metabarcoding data largely alters the properties of the pollination networks compared to visit surveys. Molecular data shows that pollinators are much more generalist than expected from visit surveys. However, pollinator species were composed of relatively specialized individuals and formed functional groups highly specialized upon floral morphs. We discuss pros and cons of metabarcoding data relative to data obtained from traditional methods and their potential contribution to both current and future research. This molecular method seems a very promising avenue to address many outstanding scientific issues at a resolution level which remains unattained to date; especially for those studies requiring pollinator and plant community investigations over macro-ecological scales.
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26
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Intraspecific variation in fruit-frugivore interactions: effects of fruiting neighborhood and consequences for seed dispersal. Oecologia 2017; 185:233-243. [PMID: 28875387 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The extent of specialization/generalization continuum in fruit-frugivore interactions at the individual level remains poorly explored. Here, we investigated the interactions between the Neotropical treelet Miconia irwinii (Melastomataceae) and its avian seed dispersers in Brazilian campo rupestre. We built an individual-based network to derive plant degree of interaction specialization regarding disperser species. Then, we explored how intraspecific variation in interaction niche breadth relates to fruit availability on individual plants in varying densities of fruiting conspecific neighbors, and how these factors affect the quantity of viable seeds dispersed. We predicted broader interaction niche breadths for individuals with larger fruit crops in denser fruiting neighborhoods. The downscaled network included nine bird species and 15 plants, which varied nearly five-fold in their degree of interaction specialization. We found positive effects of crop size on visitation and fruit removal rates, but not on degree of interaction specialization. Conversely, we found that an increase in the density of conspecific fruiting neighbors both increased visitation rate and reduced plant degree of interaction specialization. We suggest that tracking fruit-rich patches by avian frugivore species is the main driver of density-dependent intraspecific variation in plants' interaction niche breadth. Our study shed some light on the overlooked fitness consequences of intraspecific variation in interaction niches by showing that individuals along the specialization/generalization continuum may have their seed dispersed with similar effectiveness. Our study exemplifies how individual-based networks linking plants to frugivore species that differ in their seed dispersal effectiveness can advance our understanding of intraspecific variation in the outcomes of fruit-frugivore interactions.
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27
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez MC, Jordano P, Valido A. Functional consequences of plant-animal interactions along the mutualism-antagonism gradient. Ecology 2017; 98:1266-1276. [PMID: 28135774 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Plant-animal interactions are pivotal for ecosystem functioning, and usually form complex networks involving multiple species of mutualists as well as antagonists. The costs and benefits of these interactions show a strong context-dependency directly related to individual variation in partner identity and differential strength. Yet understanding the context-dependency and functional consequences of mutualistic and antagonistic interactions on individuals remains a lasting challenge. We use a network approach to characterize the individual, plant-based pollination interaction networks of the Canarian Isoplexis canariensis (Plantaginaceae) with a mixed assemblage of vertebrate mutualists (birds and lizards) and invertebrate antagonists (florivores, nectar larcenists, and predispersal seed predators). We identify and quantify interaction typologies based on the sign (mutualistic vs. antagonistic) and strength (weak vs. strong) of animal-mediated pollination and test the relationship with individual female reproductive success (FRS). In addition, we document pollinator movement patterns among individual plants to infer events of pollen transfer/receipt that define the plant mating networks and test the relationship with FRS. We identify six interaction typologies along a mutualism-antagonism gradient, with two typologies being over-represented involving both mutualists and antagonists and influencing FRS. Plants showing strong mutualistic interactions, but also (weak or strong) interactions with antagonists are relatively better connected in the mating network (i.e., with higher potential to transfer or receive pollen). Thus, mixed flower visitor assemblages with mutualists and antagonists give plants increased their importance in the mating networks, promote outcrossing and increasing both female and male fitness. Our approach helps characterize plant-animal interaction typologies, the context-specificity of diversified mutualisms, and a better forecasting of their functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), C/Americo Vespucio 26, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), C/Americo Vespucio 26, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alfredo Valido
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), C/Americo Vespucio 26, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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28
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Maruyama PK, Justino DG, Oliveira PE. Does intraspecific behavioural variation of pollinator species influence pollination? A quantitative study with hummingbirds and a Neotropical shrub. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:913-919. [PMID: 27500754 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Floral visitors differ in their efficacy as pollinators, and the impact of different pollinator species on pollen flow and plant reproduction has been frequently evaluated. In contrast, the impact of intraspecific behavioural changes on their efficacy as pollinators has seldom been quantified. We studied a self-incompatible shrub Palicourea rigida (Rubiaceae) and its hummingbird pollinators, which adjust their behaviour according to floral resource availability. Fluorescence microscopy was used to access pollen tube growth and incompatibility reaction in pistils after a single visit of territorial or intruder hummingbirds in two populations. To characterise the plant populations and possible differences in resource availability between areas we used a three-term quadrat variance method to detect clusters of floral resources. Within-species variation in foraging behaviour, but not species identity, affected pollinator efficacy. Effectively, hummingbirds intruding into territories deposited more compatible pollen grains on P. rigida stigmas than territory holders in both study areas. Additionally, territory holders deposited more incompatible than compatible pollen grains. Our results imply that intraspecific foraging behaviour variation has consequences for pollination success. Quantifying such variation and addressing the implications of intraspecific variability contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics and consequences of plant-pollinator interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Maruyama
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - D G Justino
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - P E Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, Brazil
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD‐CSIC) Avenida Americo Vespucio s/n SevillaE–41092 Spain
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30
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Kuppler J, Höfers MK, Wiesmann L, Junker RR. Time-invariant differences between plant individuals in interactions with arthropods correlate with intraspecific variation in plant phenology, morphology and floral scent. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:1357-68. [PMID: 26840542 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The basic units of ecological and evolutionary processes are individuals. Network studies aiming to infer mechanisms from complex systems, however, usually focus on interactions between species, not individuals. Accordingly, the structure and underlying mechanisms of individual-based interaction networks remain largely unknown. In a common garden, we recorded all interactions on flowers and leaves of 97 Sinapis arvensis individuals from seedling stage to fruit set and related interindividual differences in interactions to the plant individuals' phenotypes. The plant individuals significantly differed in their quantitative and qualitative interactions with arthropods on flowers and leaves. These differences remained stable over the entire season and thus were time-invariant. Variation in interacting arthropod communities could be explained by a pronounced intraspecific variability in flowering phenology, morphology and flower scent, and translated into variation in reproductive success. Interestingly, plant individuals with a similar composition of flower visitors were also visited by a similar assemblage of interaction partners at leaves. Our results show that the nonuniformity of plant species has pronounced effects in community ecology, potentially with implications for the persistence of communities and populations, and their ability to withstand environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Kuppler
- Department Biology, Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Maren K Höfers
- Department Biology, Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Lisa Wiesmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Robert R Junker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
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Blinova IV. Spatial population structure of rare orchid species in rich fens in the central part of Murmansk oblast. RUSS J ECOL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413616030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tur C, Sáez A, Traveset A, Aizen MA. Evaluating the effects of pollinator-mediated interactions using pollen transfer networks: evidence of widespread facilitation in south Andean plant communities. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:576-86. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Tur
- Cristina Tur. IMEDEA- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); Miquel Marqués 21 07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
| | - A. Sáez
- Agustín Sáez. Laboratorio ECOTONO; INIBIOMA; UNComa. Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125 Bariloche Río Negro Argentina
| | - A. Traveset
- Anna Traveset. IMEDEA- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB); Miquel Marqués 21 07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
| | - M. A. Aizen
- Marcelo A. Aizen. Laboratorio ECOTONO; INIBIOMA; UNComa. Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125 Bariloche Río Negro Argentina
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Trøjelsgaard K, Jordano P, Carstensen DW, Olesen JM. Geographical variation in mutualistic networks: similarity, turnover and partner fidelity. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2014.2925. [PMID: 25632001 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although species and their interactions in unison represent biodiversity and all the ecological and evolutionary processes associated with life, biotic interactions have, contrary to species, rarely been integrated into the concepts of spatial β-diversity. Here, we examine β-diversity of ecological networks by using pollination networks sampled across the Canary Islands. We show that adjacent and distant communities are more and less similar, respectively, in their composition of plants, pollinators and interactions than expected from random distributions. We further show that replacement of species is the major driver of interaction turnover and that this contribution increases with distance. Finally, we quantify that species-specific partner compositions (here called partner fidelity) deviate from random partner use, but vary as a result of ecological and geographical variables. In particular, breakdown of partner fidelity was facilitated by increasing geographical distance, changing abundances and changing linkage levels, but was not related to the geographical distribution of the species. This highlights the importance of space when comparing communities of interacting species and may stimulate a rethinking of the spatial interpretation of interaction networks. Moreover, geographical interaction dynamics and its causes are important in our efforts to anticipate effects of large-scale changes, such as anthropogenic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Trøjelsgaard
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniel W Carstensen
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Burkle LA, Myers JA, Belote RT. The beta-diversity of species interactions: Untangling the drivers of geographic variation in plant-pollinator diversity and function across scales. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:118-128. [PMID: 26590380 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Geographic patterns of biodiversity have long inspired interest in processes that shape the assembly, diversity, and dynamics of communities at different spatial scales. To study mechanisms of community assembly, ecologists often compare spatial variation in community composition (beta-diversity) across environmental and spatial gradients. These same patterns inspired evolutionary biologists to investigate how micro- and macro-evolutionary processes create gradients in biodiversity. Central to these perspectives are species interactions, which contribute to community assembly and geographic variation in evolutionary processes. However, studies of beta-diversity have predominantly focused on single trophic levels, resulting in gaps in our understanding of variation in species-interaction networks (interaction beta-diversity), especially at scales most relevant to evolutionary studies of geographic variation. METHODS We outline two challenges and their consequences in scaling-up studies of interaction beta-diversity from local to biogeographic scales using plant-pollinator interactions as a model system in ecology, evolution, and conservation. KEY RESULTS First, we highlight how variation in regional species pools may contribute to variation in interaction beta-diversity among biogeographic regions with dissimilar evolutionary history. Second, we highlight how pollinator behavior (host-switching) links ecological networks to geographic patterns of plant-pollinator interactions and evolutionary processes. Third, we outline key unanswered questions regarding the role of geographic variation in plant-pollinator interactions for conservation and ecosystem services (pollination) in changing environments. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the largest advances in the burgeoning field of interaction beta-diversity will come from studies that integrate frameworks in ecology, evolution, and conservation to understand the causes and consequences of interaction beta-diversity across scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Burkle
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 USA
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Valverde J, Gómez JM, Perfectti F. The temporal dimension in individual-based plant pollination networks. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Maria Gómez
- Dpto de Ecología; Univ. de Granada; ES-18071 Granada Spain
- Dpto de Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva; Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC); ES-04120 Almería Spain
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Tur C, Olesen JM, Traveset A. Increasing modularity when downscaling networks from species to individuals. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tur
- IMEDEA, Inst. Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC - UIB).; Miquel Marqués, 21 ES-07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
| | - Jens M. Olesen
- Dept of Bioscience; Aarhus Univ.; Ny Munkegade 114 DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Anna Traveset
- IMEDEA, Inst. Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC - UIB).; Miquel Marqués, 21 ES-07190 Esporles Illes Balears Spain
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