1
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A molecular atlas of plastid and mitochondrial proteins reveals organellar remodeling during plant evolutionary transitions from algae to angiosperms. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002608. [PMID: 38713727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Algae and plants carry 2 organelles of endosymbiotic origin that have been co-evolving in their host cells for more than a billion years. The biology of plastids and mitochondria can differ significantly across major lineages and organelle changes likely accompanied the adaptation to new ecological niches such as the terrestrial habitat. Based on organelle proteome data and the genomes of 168 phototrophic (Archaeplastida) versus a broad range of 518 non-phototrophic eukaryotes, we screened for changes in plastid and mitochondrial biology across 1 billion years of evolution. Taking into account 331,571 protein families (or orthogroups), we identify 31,625 protein families that are unique to primary plastid-bearing eukaryotes. The 1,906 and 825 protein families are predicted to operate in plastids and mitochondria, respectively. Tracing the evolutionary history of these protein families through evolutionary time uncovers the significant remodeling the organelles experienced from algae to land plants. The analyses of gained orthogroups identifies molecular changes of organelle biology that connect to the diversification of major lineages and facilitated major transitions from chlorophytes en route to the global greening and origin of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth K Raval
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander I MacLeod
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B Gould
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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PhyB-dependent phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade MKK2-MPK2 positively regulates red light-induced stomatal opening. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3323-3336. [PMID: 37493364 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Red light induces stomatal opening by affecting photosynthesis, metabolism and triggering signal transductions in guard cells. Phytochrome B (phyB) plays a positive role in mediating red light-induced stomatal opening. However, phyB-mediated red light guard cell signalling is poorly understood. Here, we found that phyB-mediated sequential phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MAPKK2, MKK2) and MPK2 in guard cells is essential for red light-induced stomatal opening. Mutations in MKK2 and MPK2 led to reduced stomatal opening in response to white light, and these phenotypes could be observed under red light, not blue light. MKK2 interacted with MPK2 in vitro and in plants. MPK2 was directly phosphorylated by MKK2 in vitro. Red light triggered the phosphorylation of MKK2 in guard cells, and MKK2 phosphorylation was greatly reduced in phyB mutant. Simultaneously, red light-stimulated MPK2 phosphorylation in guard cells was inhibited in mkk2 mutant. Furthermore, mkk2 and mpk2 mutants exhibit significantly smaller stomatal apertures than that of wild type during the stomatal opening stage in the diurnal stomatal movements. Our results indicate that red light-promoted phyB-dependent phosphorylation of MKK2-MPK2 cascade in guard cells is essential for stomatal opening, which contributes to the fine-tuning of stomatal opening apertures under light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shimiao Hui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yaxin Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yahong Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohan Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Shijiazhuang, China
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3
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Unveiling the dark side of guard cell metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107862. [PMID: 37413941 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that guard cells have higher rate of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc)-mediated dark CO2 assimilation than mesophyll cells. However, it is unknown which metabolic pathways are activated following dark CO2 assimilation in guard cells. Furthermore, it remains unclear how the metabolic fluxes throughout the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and associated pathways are regulated in illuminated guard cells. Here we carried out a13C-HCO3 labelling experiment in tobacco guard cells harvested under continuous dark or during the dark-to-light transition to elucidate principles of metabolic dynamics downstream of CO2 assimilation. Most metabolic changes were similar between dark-exposed and illuminated guard cells. However, illumination altered the metabolic network structure of guard cells and increased the 13C-enrichment in sugars and metabolites associated to the TCA cycle. Sucrose was labelled in the dark, but light exposure increased the 13C-labelling and leads to more drastic reductions in the content of this metabolite. Fumarate was strongly labelled under both dark and light conditions, while illumination increased the 13C-enrichment in pyruvate, succinate and glutamate. Only one 13C was incorporated into malate and citrate in either dark or light conditions. Our results indicate that several metabolic pathways are redirected following PEPc-mediated CO2 assimilation in the dark, including gluconeogenesis and the TCA cycle. We further showed that the PEPc-mediated CO2 assimilation provides carbons for gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle and glutamate synthesis and that previously stored malate and citrate are used to underpin the specific metabolic requirements of illuminated guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria F Lima
- LabPlant, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60451-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Francisco Bruno S Freire
- LabPlant, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60451-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Silvio A Cândido-Sobrinho
- LabPlant, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60451-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Nicole P Porto
- LabPlant, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60451-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - David B Medeiros
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Danilo M Daloso
- LabPlant, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60451-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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4
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Elevated CO 2 induces rapid dephosphorylation of plasma membrane H + -ATPase in guard cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2061-2074. [PMID: 36089821 PMCID: PMC9828774 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Light induces stomatal opening, which is driven by plasma membrane (PM) H+ -ATPase in guard cells. The activation of guard-cell PM H+ -ATPase is mediated by phosphorylation of the penultimate C-terminal residue, threonine. The phosphorylation is induced by photosynthesis as well as blue light photoreceptor phototropin. Here, we investigated the effects of cessation of photosynthesis on the phosphorylation level of guard-cell PM H+ -ATPase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Immunodetection of guard-cell PM H+ -ATPase, time-resolved leaf gas-exchange analyses and stomatal aperture measurements were carried out. We found that light-dark transition of leaves induced dephosphorylation of the penultimate residue at 1 min post-transition. Gas-exchange analyses confirmed that the dephosphorylation is accompanied by an increase in the intercellular CO2 concentration, caused by the cessation of photosynthetic CO2 fixation. We discovered that CO2 induces guard-cell PM H+ -ATPase dephosphorylation as well as stomatal closure. Interestingly, reverse-genetic analyses using guard-cell CO2 signal transduction mutants suggested that the dephosphorylation is mediated by a mechanism distinct from the established CO2 signalling pathway. Moreover, type 2C protein phosphatases D6 and D9 were required for the dephosphorylation and promoted stomatal closure upon the light-dark transition. Our results indicate that CO2 -mediated dephosphorylation of guard-cell PM H+ -ATPase underlies stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eigo Ando
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of ScienceThe University of TokyoHongo 7‐3‐1, BunkyoTokyo113‐0033Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityFuro‐cho, ChikusaNagoyaAichi464‐8602Japan
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of TechnologyUniversity of TartuTartu50411Estonia
| | - Kohei Fukatsu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityFuro‐cho, ChikusaNagoyaAichi464‐8602Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityFuro‐cho, ChikusaNagoyaAichi464‐8602Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM)Nagoya UniversityFuro‐cho, ChikusaNagoyaAichi464‐8602Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of ScienceThe University of TokyoHongo 7‐3‐1, BunkyoTokyo113‐0033Japan
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5
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Deposition-mediated phytoremediation of nitrogen oxide emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119706. [PMID: 35798191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The growing global population and use of natural resources lead to significant air pollution. Nitrogen oxide emissions is a potential killer threatening human health requiring focus and remediation using vegetation being efficient and cheap. Here we review the mechanisms of removing nitrogen oxides by dry deposition of plants, discussing the principle of leaf absorption of pollutants and factors affecting the removal of nitrogen oxides providing a theoretical basis for the selection of urban greening vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Li
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Haping Gu
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries; 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Arabidopsis guard cell chloroplasts import cytosolic ATP for starch turnover and stomatal opening. Nat Commun 2022; 13:652. [PMID: 35115512 PMCID: PMC8814037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomatal opening requires the provision of energy in the form of ATP for proton pumping across the guard cell (GC) plasma membrane and for associated metabolic rearrangements. The source of ATP for GCs is a matter of ongoing debate that is mainly fuelled by controversies around the ability of GC chloroplasts (GCCs) to perform photosynthesis. By imaging compartment-specific fluorescent ATP and NADPH sensor proteins in Arabidopsis, we show that GC photosynthesis is limited and mitochondria are the main source of ATP. Unlike mature mesophyll cell (MC) chloroplasts, which are impermeable to cytosolic ATP, GCCs import cytosolic ATP through NUCLEOTIDE TRANSPORTER (NTT) proteins. GCs from ntt mutants exhibit impaired abilities for starch biosynthesis and stomatal opening. Our work shows that GCs obtain ATP and carbohydrates via different routes from MCs, likely to compensate for the lower chlorophyll contents and limited photosynthesis of GCCs. Stomatal guard cells require ATP in order to fuel stomatal movements. Here the authors show that guard cell photosynthesis is limited, mitochondria are the main source of ATP and that guard cell chloroplasts import ATP via nucleotide transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shey-Li Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sabrina Flütsch
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jinhong Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luca Distefano
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Santelia
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Boon Leong Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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7
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Light-Mediated Signaling and Metabolic Changes Coordinate Stomatal Opening and Closure. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:601478. [PMID: 33343603 PMCID: PMC7746640 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.601478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are valves on the leaf surface controlling carbon dioxide (CO2) influx for photosynthesis and water loss by transpiration. Thus, plants have to evolve elaborate mechanisms controlling stomatal aperture to allow efficient photosynthesis while avoid excessive water loss. Light is not only the energy source for photosynthesis but also an important signal regulating stomatal movement during dark-to-light transition. Our knowledge concerning blue and red light signaling and light-induced metabolite changes that contribute to stomatal opening are accumulating. This review summarizes recent advances on the signaling components that lie between the perception of blue/red light and activation of the PM H+-ATPases, and on the negative regulation of stomatal opening by red light-activated phyB signaling and ultraviolet (UV-B and UV-A) irradiation. Besides, light-regulated guard cell (GC)-specific metabolic levels, mesophyll-derived sucrose, and CO2 concentration within GCs also play dual roles in stomatal opening. Thus, light-induced stomatal opening is tightly accompanied by brake mechanisms, allowing plants to coordinate carbon gain and water loss. Knowledge on the mechanisms regulating the trade-off between stomatal opening and closure may have potential applications toward generating superior crops with improved water use efficiency (CO2 gain vs. water loss).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlian Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangyan Guo
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Confirmation of mesophyll signals controlling stomatal responses by a newly devised transplanting method. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:467-481. [PMID: 30940335 DOI: 10.1071/fp18250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There are opposing views on whether the responses of stomata to environmental stimuli are all autonomous reactions of stomatal guard cells or whether mesophyll is involved in these responses. Transplanting isolated epidermis onto mesophyll is a potent methodology for examining the roles of mesophyll-derived signals in stomatal responses. Here we report on development of a new transplanting method. Leaf segments of Commelina communis L. were pretreated in the light or dark at 10, 39 or 70Pa ambient CO2 for 1h. Then the abaxial epidermises were removed and the epidermal strips prepared from the other leaves kept in the dark at 39Pa CO2, were transplanted onto the mesophyll. After illumination of the transplants for 1h at 39Pa CO2, stomatal apertures were measured. We also examined the molecular sizes of the mesophyll signals by inserting the dialysis membrane permeable to molecules smaller than 100-500Da or 500-1000Da between the epidermis and mesophyll. Mesophyll pretreatments in the light at low CO2 partial pressures accelerated stomatal opening in the transplanted epidermal strips, whereas pretreatments at 70Pa CO2 suppressed stomatal opening. Insertion of these dialysis membranes did not suppress stomatal opening significantly at 10Pa CO2 in the light, whereas insertion of the 100-500Da membrane decelerated stomatal closure at high CO2. It is probable that the mesophyll signals inducing stomatal opening at low CO2 in the light would permeate both membranes, and that those inducing stomatal closure at high CO2 would not permeate the 100-500Da membrane. Possible signal compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; and Present address: Yodosha, Co. LTD, 2-5-1 Kandaogawamachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0052, Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; and School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; and Corresponding author.
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9
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The Significance of Calcium in Photosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061353. [PMID: 30889814 PMCID: PMC6471148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a secondary messenger, calcium participates in various physiological and biochemical reactions in plants. Photosynthesis is the most extensive biosynthesis process on Earth. To date, researchers have found that some chloroplast proteins have Ca2+-binding sites, and the structure and function of some of these proteins have been discussed in detail. Although the roles of Ca2+ signal transduction related to photosynthesis have been discussed, the relationship between calcium and photosynthesis is seldom systematically summarized. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge of calcium’s role in photosynthesis.
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10
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Blue and red light effects on stomatal oscillations. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:146-151. [PMID: 32172756 DOI: 10.1071/fp18104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The response of stomata to red and blue light was investigated using small fibre optics (66µm diameter) to control light levels on a single pair of guard cells without affecting the surrounding tissue. Low intensity red light (50µmolm-2s-1) applied to the entire leaf caused stomata to oscillate continuously for several hours with no apparent decrease in amplitude with time. Adding low intensity blue light (50µmolm-2s-1) caused stomata to stop oscillating, but oscillations resumed when the blue light was removed. Adding the same intensity of red light to an oscillating leaf changed the amplitude of the oscillations but did not stop them. When blue light was added to a single guard cell pair (using a fibre optic) in a red-light-illuminated leaf, the stoma formed by that pair stopped oscillating, but adjacent stomata did not. Red light added to a single guard cell pair did not stop oscillations. Finally, blue light applied through a fibre optic to areas of leaf without stomata caused proximal stomata to stop oscillating, but distal stomata continued to oscillate. The data suggest that blue light affects stomata via direct effects on guard cells as well as by indirect effects on other cells in the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Ballard
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT, 84322, USA
| | - David Peak
- Department of Physics, Utah State University, 4415 Old Main Hill, Logan UT, 84322, USA
| | - Keith Mott
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT, 84322, USA
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11
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Cortical microtubules and fusicoccin response in clustered stomatal guard cells induced by sucrose solution immersion. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1454815. [PMID: 29557717 PMCID: PMC5933904 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1454815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that sucrose solution immersion treatment permitted ectopic guard cell differentiation, resulting in clustered stomatal guard cells. Using this system, we examined the effects of sucrose solution-induced stomatal clustering on guard cell cortical microtubules and the stomatal response to fusicoccin. Confocal observation revealed that the radial orientation of cortical microtubules was largely maintained in clustered guard cells. Outward movement of cortical microtubule plus-ends was also kept in the clustered guard cells. Fusicoccin treatment induced stomatal opening in both spaced and clustered stomata, although sucrose solution-treated guard cells had lower stomatal apertures. These results suggested that immersion treatment with sucrose solution perturbed the one-cell spacing of stomata but not the cortical microtubule organization required to open stomatal pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Akita
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
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12
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The Arabidopsis arc5 and arc6 mutations differentially affect plastid morphology in pavement and guard cells in the leaf epidermis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192380. [PMID: 29466386 PMCID: PMC5821325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts, or photosynthetic plastids, multiply by binary fission, forming a homogeneous population in plant cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the division apparatus (or division ring) of mesophyll chloroplasts includes an inner envelope transmembrane protein ARC6, a cytoplasmic dynamin-related protein ARC5 (DRP5B), and members of the FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 families of proteins, which co-assemble in the stromal mid-plastid division ring (FtsZ ring). FtsZ ring placement is controlled by several proteins, including a stromal factor MinE (AtMinE1). During leaf mesophyll development, ARC6 and AtMinE1 are necessary for FtsZ ring formation and thus plastid division initiation, while ARC5 is essential for a later stage of plastid division. Here, we examined plastid morphology in leaf epidermal pavement cells (PCs) and stomatal guard cells (GCs) in the arc5 and arc6 mutants using stroma-targeted fluorescent proteins. The arc5 PC plastids were generally a bit larger than those of the wild type, but most had normal shapes and were division-competent, unlike mutant mesophyll chloroplasts. The arc6 PC plastids were heterogeneous in size and shape, including the formation of giant and mini-plastids, plastids with highly developed stromules, and grape-like plastid clusters, which varied on a cell-by-cell basis. Moreover, unique plastid phenotypes for stomatal GCs were observed in both mutants. The arc5 GCs rarely lacked chlorophyll-bearing plastids (chloroplasts), while they accumulated minute chlorophyll-less plastids, whereas most GCs developed wild type-like chloroplasts. The arc6 GCs produced large chloroplasts and/or chlorophyll-less plastids, as previously observed, but unexpectedly, their chloroplasts/plastids exhibited marked morphological variations. We quantitatively analyzed plastid morphology and partitioning in paired GCs from wild-type, arc5, arc6, and atminE1 plants. Collectively, our results support the notion that ARC5 is dispensable in the process of equal division of epidermal plastids, and indicate that dysfunctions in ARC5 and ARC6 differentially affect plastid replication among mesophyll cells, PCs, and GCs within a single leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto T. Fujiwara
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
- Nishina Center and Plant Functions Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mana Yasuzawa
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei H. Kojo
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Niwa
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Improvement, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Abe
- Nishina Center and Plant Functions Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeo Yoshida
- Nishina Center and Plant Functions Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Gene Discovery Research Group, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- CREST, JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryuuichi D. Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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13
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Metabolism within the specialized guard cells of plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:1018-1033. [PMID: 28984366 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Contents 1018 I. 1018 II. 1019 III. 1022 IV. 1025 V. 1026 VI. 1029 1030 References 1030 SUMMARY: Stomata are leaf epidermal structures consisting of two guard cells surrounding a pore. Changes in the aperture of this pore regulate plant water-use efficiency, defined as gain of C by photosynthesis per leaf water transpired. Stomatal aperture is actively regulated by reversible changes in guard cell osmolyte content. Despite the fact that guard cells can photosynthesize on their own, the accumulation of mesophyll-derived metabolites can seemingly act as signals which contribute to the regulation of stomatal movement. It has been shown that malate can act as a signalling molecule and a counter-ion of potassium, a well-established osmolyte that accumulates in the vacuole of guard cells during stomatal opening. By contrast, their efflux from guard cells is an important mechanism during stomatal closure. It has been hypothesized that the breakdown of starch, sucrose and lipids is an important mechanism during stomatal opening, which may be related to ATP production through glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism, and/or accumulation of osmolytes such as sugars and malate. However, experimental evidence supporting this theory is lacking. Here we highlight the particularities of guard cell metabolism and discuss this in the context of the guard cells themselves and their interaction with the mesophyll cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M Daloso
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brasil
| | - David B Medeiros
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Letícia Dos Anjos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brasil
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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14
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The remarkable stomata of horsetails (Equisetum): patterning, ultrastructure and development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:207-18. [PMID: 27268485 PMCID: PMC4970360 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The stomata of Equisetum - the sole extant representative of an ancient group of land plants - are unique with respect to both structure and development, yet little is known about details of ultrastructure and patterning, and existing accounts of key developmental stages are conflicting. METHODS We used light and electron microscopy to examine mature stomata and stomatal development in Equisetum myriochaetum, and compared them with other land plants, including another putative fern relative, Psilotum We reviewed published reports of stomatal development to provide a comprehensive discussion of stomata in more distantly related taxa. KEY RESULTS Stomatal development in Equisetum is basipetal and sequential in strict linear cell files, in contrast with Psilotum, in which stomatal development occurs acropetally. In Equisetum, cell asymmetry occurs in the axial stomatal cell file, resulting in a meristemoidal mother cell that subsequently undergoes two successive asymmetric mitoses. Each stomatal cell complex is formed from a single precursor meristemoid, and consists of four cells: two guard cells and two mesogene subsidiary cells. Late periclinal divisions occur in the developing intervening cells. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the unique mature structure, several highly unusual developmental features include a well-defined series of asymmetric and symmetric mitoses in Equisetum, which differs markedly from Psilotum and other land plants. The results contribute to our understanding of the diverse patterns of stomatal development in land plants, including contrasting pathways to paracytic stomata. They add to a considerable catalogue of highly unusual traits of horsetails - one of the most evolutionarily isolated land-plant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Cullen
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Paula J Rudall
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
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15
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Guard cell-specific upregulation of sucrose synthase 3 reveals that the role of sucrose in stomatal function is primarily energetic. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1470-83. [PMID: 26467445 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Isoform 3 of sucrose synthase (SUS3) is highly expressed in guard cells; however, the precise function of SUS3 in this cell type remains to be elucidated. Here, we characterized transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants overexpressing SUS3 under the control of the stomatal-specific KST1 promoter, and investigated the changes in guard cell metabolism during the dark to light transition. Guard cell-specific SUS3 overexpression led to increased SUS activity, stomatal aperture, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate and growth. Although only minor changes were observed in the metabolite profile in whole leaves, an increased fructose level and decreased organic acid levels and sucrose to fructose ratio were observed in guard cells of transgenic lines. Furthermore, guard cell sucrose content was lower during light-induced stomatal opening. In a complementary approach, we incubated guard cell-enriched epidermal fragments in (13) C-NaHCO3 and followed the redistribution of label during dark to light transitions; this revealed increased labeling in metabolites of, or associated with, the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The results suggest that sucrose breakdown is a mechanism to provide substrate for the provision of organic acids for respiration, and imply that manipulation of guard cell metabolism may represent an effective strategy for plant growth improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M Daloso
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Thomas C R Williams
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Werner C Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline Müller
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo E Loureiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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16
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Tobacco guard cells fix CO2 by both Rubisco and PEPcase while sucrose acts as a substrate during light-induced stomatal opening. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2353-71. [PMID: 25871738 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomic and proteomic studies have improved our knowledge of guard cell function; however, metabolic changes in guard cells remain relatively poorly understood. Here we analysed metabolic changes in guard cell-enriched epidermal fragments from tobacco during light-induced stomatal opening. Increases in sucrose, glucose and fructose were observed during light-induced stomatal opening in the presence of sucrose in the medium while no changes in starch were observed, suggesting that the elevated fructose and glucose levels were a consequence of sucrose rather than starch breakdown. Conversely, reduction in sucrose was observed during light- plus potassium-induced stomatal opening. Concomitant with the decrease in sucrose, we observed an increase in the level as well as in the (13) C enrichment in metabolites of, or associated with, the tricarboxylic acid cycle following incubation of the guard cell-enriched preparations in (13) C-labelled bicarbonate. Collectively, the results obtained support the hypothesis that sucrose is catabolized within guard cells in order to provide carbon skeletons for organic acid production. Furthermore, they provide a qualitative demonstration that CO2 fixation occurs both via ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPcase). The combined data are discussed with respect to current models of guard cell metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M Daloso
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Werner C Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jardel P Waquim
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo E Loureiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Thomas C R Williams
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil
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