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Zhu Y, Stahl A, Rostás M, Will T. Temporal and species-specific resistance of sugar beet to green peach aphid and black bean aphid: mechanisms and implications for breeding. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:404-413. [PMID: 37708325 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris), a key crop for sugar production, faces significant yield losses caused by the black bean aphid Aphis fabae (Scop.) and the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), which also transmits viruses. The restriction on neonicotinoid usage in Europe has intensified this problem, emphasizing the urgent need for breeding resistant crop varieties. This study evaluated 26 sugar beet germplasms for resistance against both aphid species by using performance and feeding behavior assays. Additionally, whole plant bioassays and semi-field experiments were carried out with Myzus persicae. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate the presence of temporal resistance against both aphid species in the primary sugar beet gene pool. Beet yellows virus (BYV) carrying aphids showed enhanced performance. Different levels of plant defense mechanisms were involved including resistance against Myzus persicae before reaching the phloem, particularly in sugar beet line G3. In contrast, resistance against Aphis fabae turned out to be predominately phloem-located. Furthermore, a high incidence of black inclusion bodies inside the stomach of Myzus persicae was observed for approximately 85% of the plant genotypes tested, indicating a general and strong incompatibility between sugar beet and Myzus persicae in an initial phase of interaction. CONCLUSION Sugar beet resistance against aphids involved different mechanisms and is species-specific. The identification of these mechanisms and interactions represents a crucial milestone in advancing the breeding of sugar beet varieties with improved resistance. © 2023 Julius Kühn-Institut and The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Zhu
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rostás
- Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Will
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
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2
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Paulmann MK, Wegner L, Gershenzon J, Furch ACU, Kunert G. Pea Aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum) Host Races Reduce Heat-Induced Forisome Dispersion in Vicia faba and Trifolium pratense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091888. [PMID: 37176952 PMCID: PMC10181200 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although phloem-feeding insects such as aphids can cause significant damage to plants, relatively little is known about early plant defenses against these insects. As a first line of defense, legumes can stop the phloem mass flow through a conformational change in phloem proteins known as forisomes in response to Ca2+ influx. However, specialized phloem-feeding insects might be able to suppress the conformational change of forisomes and thereby prevent sieve element occlusion. To investigate this possibility, we triggered forisome dispersion through application of a local heat stimulus to the leaf tips of pea (Pisum sativum), clover (Trifolium pratense) and broad bean (Vicia faba) plants infested with different pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) host races and monitored forisome responses. Pea aphids were able to suppress forisome dispersion, but this depended on the infesting aphid host race, the plant species, and the age of the plant. Differences in the ability of aphids to suppress forisome dispersion may be explained by differences in the composition and quantity of the aphid saliva injected into the plant. Various mechanisms of how pea aphids might suppress forisome dispersion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Paulmann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Linus Wegner
- Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Botany, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35292 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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3
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Argandona JA, Kim D, Hansen AK. Comparative transcriptomics of aphid species that diverged > 22 MYA reveals genes that are important for the maintenance of their symbiosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5341. [PMID: 37005434 PMCID: PMC10067822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most plant-sap feeding insects have obligate relationships with maternally transmitted bacteria. Aphids require their nutritional endosymbiont, Buchnera aphidicola, for the production of essential amino acids. Such endosymbionts are harbored inside of specialized insect cells called bacteriocytes. Here, we use comparative transcriptomics of bacteriocytes between two recently diverged aphid species, Myzus persicae and Acyrthosiphon pisum, to identify key genes that are important for the maintenance of their nutritional mutualism. The majority of genes with conserved expression profiles in M. persicae and A. pisum are for orthologs previously identified in A. pisum to be important for the symbiosis. However, asparaginase which produces aspartate from asparagine was significantly up-regulated only in A. pisum bacteriocytes, potentially because Buchnera of M. persicae encodes its own asparaginase enzyme unlike Buchnera of A. pisum resulting in Buchnera of A. pisum to be dependent on its aphid host for aspartate. One-to-one orthologs that explained the most amount of variation for bacteriocyte specific mRNA expression for both species includes a collaborative gene for methionine biosynthesis, multiple transporters, a horizontally transmitted gene, and secreted proteins. Finally, we highlight species-specific gene clusters which may contribute to host adaptations and/or accommodations in gene regulation to changes in the symbiont or the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Argandona
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Dohyup Kim
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Allison K Hansen
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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4
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Shih PY, Sugio A, Simon JC. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Host Plant Specificity in Aphids. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:431-450. [PMID: 36228134 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-020526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are serious pests of agricultural and ornamental plants and important model systems for hemipteran-plant interactions. The long evolutionary history of aphids with their host plants has resulted in a variety of systems that provide insight into the different adaptation strategies of aphids to plants and vice versa. In the past, various plant-aphid interactions have been documented, but lack of functional tools has limited molecular studies on the mechanisms of plant-aphid interactions. Recent technological advances have begun to reveal plant-aphid interactions at the molecular level and to increase our knowledge of the mechanisms of aphid adaptation or specialization to different host plants. In this article, we compile and analyze available information on plant-aphid interactions, discuss the limitations of current knowledge, and argue for new research directions. We advocate for more work that takes advantage of natural systems and recently established molecular techniques to obtain a comprehensive view of plant-aphid interaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Shih
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
| | - Akiko Sugio
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRAE (National Institute of Agriculture, Food and Environment), UMR IGEPP, Le Rheu, France; , ,
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5
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Noll GA, Furch ACU, Rose J, Visser F, Prüfer D. Guardians of the phloem - forisomes and beyond. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1245-1260. [PMID: 36089886 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The phloem is a highly specialized vascular tissue that forms a fundamentally important transport and signaling pathway in plants. It is therefore a system worth protecting. The main function of the phloem is to transport the products of photosynthesis throughout the whole plant, but it also transports soluble signaling molecules and propagates electrophysiological signals. The phloem is constantly threatened by mechanical injuries, phloem-sucking pests and parasites, and the spread of pathogens, which has led to the evolution of efficient defense mechanisms. One such mechanism involves structural phloem proteins, which are thought to facilitate sieve element occlusion following injury and to defend the plant against pathogens. In leguminous plants, specialized structural phloem proteins known as forisomes form unique mechanoproteins via sophisticated molecular interaction and assembly mechanisms, thus enabling reversible sieve element occlusion. By understanding the structure and function of forisomes and other structural phloem proteins, we can develop a toolbox for biotechnological applications in material science and medicine. Furthermore, understanding the involvement of structural phloem proteins in plant defense mechanisms will allow phloem engineering as a new strategy for the development of crop varieties that are resistant to pests, pathogens and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundula A Noll
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Judith Rose
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Franziska Visser
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
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6
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Parmagnani AS, Maffei ME. Calcium Signaling in Plant-Insect Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2689. [PMID: 36297718 PMCID: PMC9609891 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In plant-insect interactions, calcium (Ca2+) variations are among the earliest events associated with the plant perception of biotic stress. Upon herbivory, Ca2+ waves travel long distances to transmit and convert the local signal to a systemic defense program. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+ and electrical signaling are interlinked to form a network supporting rapid signal transmission, whereas the Ca2+ message is decoded and relayed by Ca2+-binding proteins (including calmodulin, Ca2+-dependent protein kinases, annexins and calcineurin B-like proteins). Monitoring the generation of Ca2+ signals at the whole plant or cell level and their long-distance propagation during biotic interactions requires innovative imaging techniques based on sensitive sensors and using genetically encoded indicators. This review summarizes the recent advances in Ca2+ signaling upon herbivory and reviews the most recent Ca2+ imaging techniques and methods.
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7
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Abstract
Although the phloem is a highly specialized tissue, certain pathogens, including phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, and viruses, have evolved to access and live in this sequestered and protected environment, causing substantial economic harm. In particular, Candidatus Liberibacter spp. are devastating citrus in many parts of the world. Given that most phloem pathogens are vectored, they are not exposed to applied chemicals and are therefore difficult to control. Furthermore, pathogens use the phloem network to escape mounted defenses. Our review summarizes the current knowledge of phloem anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry relevant to phloem/pathogen interactions. We focus on aspects of anatomy specific to pathogen movement, including sieve plate structure and phloem-specific proteins. Phloem sampling techniques are discussed. Finally, pathogens that cause particular harm to the phloem of crop species are considered in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Lewis
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, California, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA;
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8
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Kloth KJ, Dicke M. Rapid systemic responses to herbivory. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102242. [PMID: 35696775 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid systemic signals travel within the first seconds and minutes after herbivore infestation to mount defense responses in distal tissues. Recent studies have revealed that wound-induced hydraulic pressure changes play an important role in systemic electrical signaling and subsequent calcium and reactive oxygen species waves. These insights raise new questions about signal specificity, the role of insect feeding guild and feeding style and the impact on longer term plant defenses. Here, we integrate the current molecular understanding of wound-induced rapid systemic signaling in the framework of insect-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Kloth
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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9
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Twayana M, Girija AM, Mohan V, Shah J. Phloem: At the center of action in plant defense against aphids. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 273:153695. [PMID: 35468314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The location of the phloem deep inside the plant, the high hydrostatic pressure in the phloem, and the composition of phloem sap, which is rich in sugar with a high C:N ratio, allows phloem sap feeding insects to occupy a unique ecological niche. The anatomy and physiology of aphids, a large group of phytophagous insects that use their mouthparts, which are modified into stylets, to consume large amounts of phloem sap, has allowed aphids to successfully exploit this niche, however, to the detriment of agriculture and horticulture. The ability to reproduce asexually, a short generation time, the development of resistance to commonly used insecticides, and their ability to vector viral diseases makes aphids among the most damaging pests of plants. Here we review how plants utilize their ability to occlude sieve elements and accumulate antibiotic and antinutritive factors in the phloem sap to limit aphid infestation. In addition, we summarize progress on understanding how plants perceive aphids to activate defenses in the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Twayana
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Anil M Girija
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Vijee Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
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10
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Carpane P, Catalano MI. Probing behavior of the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis on susceptible and resistant maize hybrids. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0259481. [PMID: 35639741 PMCID: PMC9154111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis is the main vector of the pathogens that cause corn stunt, a major disease of maize in the Americas. In line with plant resistance being an efficient tool to control diseases, the findings of a previous work showed that some corn hybrids are resistant to D. maidis. In this work, we assessed the probing behavior of D. maidis on susceptible and resistant corn hybrids using EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph) technology. Feeding of fifteen-day-old, non-inoculative females was recorded for 20 hours, with access to hybrids DK390, DK670, DK79-10, and DK72-10. Compared to the susceptible hybrid DK670, the other hybrids shifted D. maidis probing behavior in a way consistent with plant resistance to insects. This shift consisted of a higher number of probes of short duration, difficulties in attaining phloem ingestion and increase in xylem ingestion. In addition to this common shift in probing behavior, a phloem-located resistance factor was inferred in DK72-10 based on the longer time spent in phloem conditioning to attain phloem ingestion. In contrast, DK390 expressed the highest level of mesophyll and phloem-based resistance, in both cases seen with repeated attempts of short duration, a behavior typically associated with failed attempts to ingest. These findings support and are consistent with previous research, providing useful information to characterize maize hybrids resistant to D. maidis, and consequently to corn stunt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Carpane
- Bayer CropScience, Fontezuela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - María Inés Catalano
- Centro de BioInvestigaciones (Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires-CICBA), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencias del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA-CONICET), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Walker GP. Sieve element occlusion: Interactions with phloem sap-feeding insects. A review. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 269:153582. [PMID: 34953413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phloem sieve element (SE) occlusion has been hypothesized for decades to be a mechanism of resistance against phloem sap-feeding insects. Few studies have tested this hypothesis although it is likely a widespread phenomenon. This review focuses on SE occlusion by callose and P-proteins. Both are reversible, which would allow the plant to defend itself against phloem sap-feeders when SEs are penetrated and resume normal function when the insects give up and withdraw their stylets. Callose (β-1,3 glucans with some β-1,6 branches) serves many roles in plant physiology in many different tissues, each being under the control of different callose synthase genes; only callose deposited in SE sieve pores is relevant to SE occlusion. The amount of callose in sieve pores (and consequently how much it impedes sap flow) is determined by the balance in activity between callose synthase and β-1,3 glucanase. Sieve pore callose deposition has been shown to provide resistance to some phloem sap-feeders in a few studies, and in one, the difference in resistance between a susceptible and resistant rice variety was due to the ability or inability of the insect to upregulate the plants' β-1,3 glucanase that degrades the callose deposition. P-proteins occur only in dicotyledons and include a variety of proteins, not all of which are involved in SE occlusion. In some plants, P-proteins form distinct bodies in mature functional SEs. In papilionid legumes, these discrete bodies, called forisomes can expand and contract. In their expanded state, they effectively plug SEs and stop the flow of sap while in their contracted state, they provide negligible resistance to sap flow. Expansion of forisomes is triggered by an influx of Ca2+ into the SE. Penetration of a legume (Vicia faba) SE by a generalist aphid not adapted to legumes triggers forisome expansion which occludes the SE and prevents the aphid from ingesting sap. In contrast, a legume specialist aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, does not trigger forisome expansion and readily ingests sap from V. faba. P-protein bodies in SEs of non-legumes do not appear to be involved in SE occlusion. In most dicotyledons, P-proteins do not form discrete bodies, but rather occur as filamentous aggregations adhering to the parietal margins of the SE and in response to damage, are released into the lumen where they are carried by the flow of sap to the downstream sieve plate where they back up and clog the sieve pores. Their effectiveness at actually stopping the flow of sap is controversial. In one study, they seemed to provide little resistance to the flow of sap while in other studies, they provided considerable resistance. In response to injury in melon, they completely stop the flow of sap, and in an aphid-resistant melon, penetration of SEs by the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, triggers P-protein occlusion which prevents the aphids from ingesting sap. The first P-protein described, PP1, occurs only in the genus Cucurbita, and although it has been often cited to function as a SE occlusion protein, experimental evidence suggests it does not play a significant role in SE occlusion. The most common strategy for phloem sap-feeders to mitigate P-protein occlusion seems to be avoid triggering it. A widely cited in vitro study suggested that aphid saliva can reverse P-protein occlusion, but a subsequent study demonstrated that saliva was ineffective at reversing P-protein occlusion in vivo. Lastly, SE callose deposition in wheat triggered by Russian wheat aphid has been hypothesized to create an artificial sink that benefits the aphid, but additional studies are needed to test that hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Walker
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, United States.
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12
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Host Acceptance and Plant Resistance: A Comparative Behavioral Study of Myzus persicae and Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110975. [PMID: 34821776 PMCID: PMC8622697 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Aphids are one of the most destructive insect pests worldwide. The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) feeds on a broad range of plants, whereas the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) only feeds on legumes. In this study, these two aphid species were used to investigate host acceptance and plant resistance to aphid feeding. Experiments on host plant preference and aphid performance (with regard to survival, development, and fecundity) confirmed that rape (Brassica rapa) is a suitable host and that faba bean (Vicia faba) is a poor host for the green peach aphid; for the pea aphid, faba bean is a suitable host, whereas rape is a nonhost. The probing and feeding behavior of these two aphid species on rape and faba bean was examined, and the results demonstrated the feeding preferences of these two aphid species. The green peach aphid had difficulty ingesting the phloem sap of faba bean. For the nonhost, the pea aphid spent relatively little time on mesophyll probing and did not achieve phloem sap ingestion. Furthermore, the effects of the probing and feeding behavior of specialist and generalist aphids on the spread of plant diseases caused by viruses were discussed. Abstract Aphids are prominent phloem-feeding insect pests. Myzus persicae and Acyrthosiphon pisum are generalist and specialist species, respectively. In this study, these two aphid species were used to investigate host acceptance and plant resistance to aphid feeding. M.persicae survived and reproduced on rape (Brassica rapa), but few individuals (9%) survived on faba bean (Vicia faba). A.pisum survived and reproduced on faba bean, but no A.pisum survived on rape. The probing and feeding behavior of M. persicae and A. pisum on rape and faba bean was examined using an electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. The results demonstrated the feeding preferences of these two aphid species. The EPG results suggest that the resistance of faba bean to M. persicae and that of rape to A. pisum are likely residing in the phloem and mesophyll tissues, respectively. Due to the distinct probing and feeding behaviors, specialist and generalist aphids would have different impacts on the epidemiology of plant viral diseases. The findings can be applied to the management of viral diseases transmitted by specialist or generalist aphids in crop production.
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13
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Escudero-Martinez C, Leybourne DJ, Bos JIB. Plant resistance in different cell layers affects aphid probing and feeding behaviour during non-host and poor-host interactions. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 111:31-38. [PMID: 32539886 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485320000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are phloem-feeding insects that cause economic losses to crops globally. Whilst aphid interactions with susceptible plants and partially resistant genotypes have been well characterized, the interactions between aphids and non-host species are not well understood. Unravelling these non-host interactions can identify the mechanisms which contribute to plant resistance. Using contrasting aphid-host plant systems, including the broad host range pest Myzus persicae (host: Arabidopsis; poor-host: barley) and the cereal pest Rhopalosiphum padi (host: barley; non-host: Arabidopsis), we conducted a range of physiological experiments and compared aphid settling and probing behaviour on a host plant vs either a non-host or poor-host. In choice experiments, we observed that around 10% of aphids selected a non-host or poor-host plant species after 24 h. Using the Electrical Penetration Graph technique, we showed that feeding and probing behaviours differ during non-host and poor-host interactions when compared with a host interaction. In the Arabidopsis non-host interaction with the cereal pest R. padi aphids were unable to reach and feed on the phloem, with resistance likely residing in the mesophyll cell layer. In the barley poor-host interaction with M. persicae, resistance is likely phloem-based as phloem ingestion was reduced compared with the host interaction. Overall, our data suggest that plant resistance to aphids in non-host and poor-host interactions with these aphid species likely resides in different plant cell layers. Future work will take into account specific cell layers where resistances are based to dissect the underlying mechanisms and gain a better understanding of how we may improve crop resistance to aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Escudero-Martinez
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Daniel J Leybourne
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Jorunn I B Bos
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
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Paulmann MK, Zimmermann MR, Wegner L, van Bel AJE, Kunert G, Furch ACU. Species-Specific and Distance-Dependent Dispersive Behaviour of Forisomes in Different Legume Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E492. [PMID: 33419062 PMCID: PMC7825422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Forisomes are giant fusiform protein complexes composed of sieve element occlusion (SEO) protein monomers, exclusively found in sieve elements (SEs) of legumes. Forisomes block the phloem mass flow by a Ca2+-induced conformational change (swelling and rounding). We studied the forisome reactivity in four different legume species-Medicago sativa, Pisum sativum, Trifolium pratense and Vicia faba. Depending on the species, we found direct relationships between SE diameter, forisome surface area and distance from the leaf tip, all indicative of a developmentally tuned regulation of SE diameter and forisome size. Heat-induced forisome dispersion occurred later with increasing distance from the stimulus site. T. pratense and V. faba dispersion occurred faster for forisomes with a smaller surface area. Near the stimulus site, electro potential waves (EPWs)-overlapping action (APs), and variation potentials (VPs)-were linked with high full-dispersion rates of forisomes. Distance-associated reduction of forisome reactivity was assigned to the disintegration of EPWs into APs, VPs and system potentials (SPs). Overall, APs and SPs alone were unable to induce forisome dispersion and only VPs above a critical threshold were capable of inducing forisome reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K. Paulmann
- Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.K.P.); (M.R.Z.); (L.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Matthias R. Zimmermann
- Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.K.P.); (M.R.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Linus Wegner
- Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.K.P.); (M.R.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Aart J. E. van Bel
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Institute of Phytopathology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Alexandra C. U. Furch
- Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.K.P.); (M.R.Z.); (L.W.)
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15
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Liu Y, Peters WS, Froelich DR, Howell AH, Mooney S, Evans JE, Hellmann HA, Knoblauch M. Aspartate Residues in a Forisome-Forming SEO Protein Are Critical for Protein Body Assembly and Ca2+ Responsiveness. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1699-1710. [PMID: 33035344 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forisomes are protein bodies known exclusively from sieve elements of legumes. Forisomes contribute to the regulation of phloem transport due to their unique Ca2+-controlled, reversible swelling. The assembly of forisomes from sieve element occlusion (SEO) protein monomers in developing sieve elements and the mechanism(s) of Ca2+-dependent forisome contractility are poorly understood because the amino acid sequences of SEO proteins lack conventional protein-protein interaction and Ca2+-binding motifs. We selected amino acids potentially responsible for forisome-specific functions by analyzing SEO protein sequences in comparison to those of the widely distributed SEO-related (SEOR), or SEOR proteins. SEOR proteins resemble SEO proteins closely but lack any Ca2+ responsiveness. We exchanged identified candidate residues by directed mutagenesis of the Medicago truncatula SEO1 gene, expressed the mutated genes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and studied the structural and functional phenotypes of the forisome-like bodies that formed in the transgenic cells. We identified three aspartate residues critical for Ca2+ responsiveness and two more that were required for forisome-like bodies to assemble. The phenotypes observed further suggested that Ca2+-controlled and pH-inducible swelling effects in forisome-like bodies proceeded by different yet interacting mechanisms. Finally, we observed a previously unknown surface striation in native forisomes and in recombinant forisome-like bodies that could serve as an indicator of successful forisome assembly. To conclude, this study defines a promising path to the elucidation of the so-far elusive molecular mechanisms of forisome assembly and Ca2+-dependent contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Winfried S Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Alexander H Howell
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Sutton Mooney
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - James E Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Blvd, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Hanjo A Hellmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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16
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Sun M, Voorrips RE, Vosman B. Aphid populations showing differential levels of virulence on Capsicum accessions. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:336-348. [PMID: 30353689 PMCID: PMC7379501 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is one of the most threatening pests in pepper cultivation and growers would benefit from resistant varieties. Previously, we identified two Capsicum accessions as susceptible and three as resistant to M. persicae using an aphid population originating from the Netherlands (NL). Later on we identified an aphid population originating from a different geographical region (Switserland, SW) that was virulent on all tested Capsicum accessions. The objective of the current work is to describe in detail different aspects of the interaction between two aphid populations and two selected Capsicum accessions (one that was susceptible [PB2013046] and one that was resistant [PB2013071] to population NL), including biochemical processes involved. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings showed similar feeding activities for both aphid populations on PB2013046. On accession PB2013071 the aphid population SW was able to devote significantly more time to phloem ingestion than population NL. We also studied plant defense response and found that plants of accession PB2013046 could not induce an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and callose formation after infestation with either aphid population. However, plants of PB2013071 induced a stronger defense response after infestation by population NL than after infestation by population SW. Based on these results, population SW of M. persicae seems to have overcome the resistance of PB2013071 that prevented feeding of aphids from NL population. The potential mechanism by which SW population overcomes the resistance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Sun
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Ben Vosman
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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17
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Peng H, Walker GP. Sieve element occlusion provides resistance against Aphis gossypii in TGR-1551 melons. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:33-48. [PMID: 29845727 PMCID: PMC7379274 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Feeding behavior and plant response to feeding were studied for the aphid Aphis gossypii Glover on susceptible and resistant melons (cv. Iroquois and TGR-1551, respectively). Average phloem phase bout duration on TGR-1551 was <7% of the duration on Iroquois. Sixty-seven percent of aphids on TGR-1551 never produced a phloem phase that attained ingestion (EPG waveform E2) in contrast to only 7% of aphids on Iroquois. Average bout duration of waveform E2 (scored as zero if phloem phase did not attain E2) on TGR-1551 was <3% of the duration on Iroquois. Conversely, average bout duration of EPG waveform E1 (sieve element salivation) was 2.8 times greater on TGR-1551 than on Iroquois. In a second experiment, liquid nitrogen was used to rapidly cryofix leaves and aphids within a few minutes after the aphids penetrated a sieve element. Phloem near the penetration site was then examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Ninety-six percent of penetrated sieve elements were occluded by protein in TGR-1551 in contrast to only 28% in Iroquois. Usually in TGR-1551, occlusion was also observed in nearby nonpenetrated sieve elements. Next, a calcium channel blocker, trivalent lanthanum, was used to prevent phloem occlusion in TGR-1551, and A. gossypii feeding behavior and the plant's phloem response were compared between lanthanum-treated and control TGR-1551. Lanthanum treatment eliminated the sieve element protein occlusion response and the aphids readily ingested phloem sap from treated plants. This study provides strong evidence that phloem occlusion is a mechanism for resistance against A. gossypii in TGR-1551.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan‐Chieh Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gregory P. Walker
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
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18
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Rose J, Visser F, Müller B, Senft M, Groscurth S, Sicking KF, Twyman RM, Prüfer D, Noll GA. Identification and molecular analysis of interaction sites in the MtSEO-F1 protein involved in forisome assembly. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 144:603-614. [PMID: 31843608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Forisomes are large mechanoprotein complexes found solely in legumes such as Medicago truncatula. They comprise several "sieve element occlusion by forisome" (SEO-F) subunits, with MtSEO-F1 as the major structure-forming component. SEO-F proteins possess three conserved domains -an N-terminal domain (SEO-NTD), a potential thioredoxin fold, and a C-terminal domain (SEO-CTD)- but structural and biochemical data are scarce and little is known about the contribution of these domains to forisome assembly. To identify key amino acids involved in MtSEO-F1 dimerization and complex formation, we investigated protein-protein interactions by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and the analysis of yeast two-hybrid and random mutagenesis libraries. We identified a SEO-NTD core region as the major dimerization site, with abundant hydrophobic residues and rare charged residues suggesting dimerization is driven by the hydrophobic effect. We also found that ~45% of the full-length MtSEO-F1 sequence must be conserved for higher-order protein assembly, indicating that large interaction surfaces facilitate stable interactions, contributing to the high resilience of forisome bodies. Interestingly, the removal of 62 amino acids from the C-terminus did not disrupt forisome assembly. This is the first study unraveling interaction sites and mechanisms within the MtSEO-F1 protein at the level of dimerization and complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Rose
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Franziska Visser
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Boje Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Senft
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sira Groscurth
- Stem Cell Network North Rhine-Westphalia, Merowingerplatz 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kevin F Sicking
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Prüfer
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Gundula A Noll
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
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19
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Nalam V, Louis J, Shah J. Plant defense against aphids, the pest extraordinaire. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:96-107. [PMID: 30709498 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are amongst the most damaging pests of plants that use their stylets to penetrate the plant tissue to consume large amounts of phloem sap and thus deprive the plant of photoassimilates. In addition, some aphids vector important viral diseases of plants. Plant defenses targeting aphids are broadly classified as antibiosis, which interferes with aphid growth, survival and fecundity, and antixenosis, which influences aphid behavior, including plant choice and feeding from the sieve elements. Here we review the multitude of steps in the infestation process where these defenses can be exerted and highlight the progress made on identifying molecular factors and mechanisms that contribute to host defense, including plant resistance genes and signaling components, as well as aphid-derived effectors that elicit or attenuate host defenses. Also discussed is the impact of aphid-vectored plant viruses on plant-aphid interaction and the concept of tolerance, which allows plant to withstand or recover from damage resulting from the infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Nalam
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 46805, USA.
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
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20
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Newly Distinguished Cell Punctures Associated with Transmission of the Semipersistent Phloem-Limited Beet Yellows Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01076-18. [PMID: 30135123 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01076-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report on plant penetration activities (probing) by the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) in association with the transmission, acquisition, and inoculation of the semipersistent Beet yellows virus (BYV; Closterovirus) in sugar beet. During electrical penetration graph (EPG) recording of stylet pathways, standard intracellular stylet punctures occur which are called potential drop (pd) waveforms. In addition to the standard pd, there also appeared to be a unique type of intracellular stylet puncture that always preceded the phloem salivation phase (waveform E1). This type of pd, the phloem-pd, showed properties distinct from those of the standard pds and has never been described before. We manually ended EPG recordings during the acquisition and inoculation tests by removing aphids from the source or test plant after specific waveforms were recorded. Inoculation of BYV occurred at the highest rate when probing was interrupted just after a single or various phloem-pds. In contrast, BYV acquisition showed an intimate association with sustained phloem sap ingestion from phloem sieve elements (SEs) (E2 waveform). Our work shows for the first time that the inoculation of a phloem-limited virus occurs during specific intracellular stylet punctures and before phloem salivation (waveform E1). Further studies are needed to establish in what cells this novel phloem-pd occurs: phloem parenchyma, companion, or SE cells. The role of the different stylet activities in the acquisition and inoculation of BYV by M. persicae is discussed.IMPORTANCE We discovered the specific feeding activities of Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) associated with the transmission of Beet yellows virus (BYV; Closterovirus). Our work strongly suggests that aphids can insert their stylets into the membranes of phloem cells-visualized as a unique type of waveform that is associated with the inoculation of BYV. This intracellular puncture (3 to 5 s) occurs just before the phloem salivation phase and can be distinguished from other nonvascular stylet cell punctures. This is the first time that the transmission of a phloem-limited semipersistent virus has been shown to be associated with a unique type of intracellular puncture. Our work offers novel information and strongly contributes to the existing literature on the transmission of plant viruses. Here we describe a new kind of aphid behavioral pattern that could be key in further works, such as studying the transmission of other phloem-limited viruses (e.g., luteoviruses).
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21
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Garzo E, Fernández-Pascual M, Morcillo C, Fereres A, Gómez-Guillamón ML, Tjallingii WF. Ultrastructure of compatible and incompatible interactions in phloem sieve elements during the stylet penetration by cotton aphids in melon. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:631-642. [PMID: 28213963 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of the melon line TGR-1551 to the aphid Aphis gossypii is based on preventing aphids from ingesting phloem sap. In electrical penetration graphs (EPGs), this resistance has been characterized with A. gossypii showing unusually long phloem salivation periods (waveform E1) mostly followed by pathway activities (waveform C) or if followed by phloem ingestion (waveform E2), ingestion was not sustained for more than 10 min. Stylectomy with aphids on susceptible and resistant plants was performed during EPG recording while the stylet tips were phloem inserted. This was followed by dissection of the penetrated leaf section, plant tissue fixation, resin embedding, and ultrathin sectioning for transmission electron microscopic observation in order to study the resistance mechanism in the TGR. The most obvious aspect appeared to be the coagulation of phloem proteins inside the stylet canals and the punctured sieve elements. Stylets of 5 aphids per genotype were amputated during sieve element (SE) salivation (E1) and SE ingestion (E2). Cross-sections of stylet bundles in susceptible melon plants showed that the contents of the stylet canals were totally clear and also, no coagulated phloem proteins occurred in their punctured sieve elements. In contrast, electron-dense coagulations were found in both locations in the resistant plants. Due to calcium binding, aphid saliva has been hypothesized to play an essential role in preventing/suppressing such coagulations that cause occlusion of sieves plate and in the food canal of the aphid's stylets. Doubts about this role of E1 salivation are discussed on the basis of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Garzo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Fernández-Pascual
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesar Morcillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Luisa Gómez-Guillamón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-CSIC (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - W Fred Tjallingii
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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22
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Mullendore DL, Ross-Elliott T, Liu Y, Hellmann HH, Roalson EH, Peters WS, Knoblauch M. Non-dispersive phloem-protein bodies (NPBs) of Populus trichocarpa consist of a SEOR protein and do not respond to cell wounding and Ca 2. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4665. [PMID: 29682428 PMCID: PMC5909683 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating sieve elements in the phloem of angiosperms produce abundant phloem-specific proteins before their protein synthesis machinery is degraded. These P-proteins initially form dense bodies, which disperse into individual filaments when the sieve element matures. In some cases, however, the dense protein agglomerations remain intact and are visible in functional sieve tubes as non-dispersive P-protein bodies, or NPBs. Species exhibiting NPBs are distributed across the entire angiosperm clade. We found that NPBs in the model tree, Populus trichocarpa, resemble the protein bodies described from other species of the order Malpighiales as they all consist of coaligned tubular fibrils bundled in hexagonal symmetry. NPBs of all Malpighiales tested proved unresponsive to sieve tube wounding and Ca2+. The P. trichocarpa NPBs consisted of a protein encoded by a gene that in the genome database of this species had been annotated as a homolog of SEOR1 (sieve element occlusion-related 1) in Arabidopsis. Sequencing of the gene in our plants corroborated this interpretation, and we named the gene PtSEOR1. Previously characterized SEOR proteins form irregular masses of P-protein slime in functional sieve tubes. We conclude that a subgroup of these proteins is involved in the formation of NPBs at least in the Malpighiales, and that these protein bodies have no role in rapid wound responses of the sieve tube network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Mullendore
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Timothy Ross-Elliott
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Hanjo H Hellmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Eric H Roalson
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Winfried S Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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23
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van Bel AJE, Will T. Functional Evaluation of Proteins in Watery and Gel Saliva of Aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1840. [PMID: 28018380 PMCID: PMC5156713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gel and watery saliva are regarded as key players in aphid-pIant interactions. The salivary composition seems to be influenced by the variable environment encountered by the stylet tip. Milieu sensing has been postulated to provide information needed for proper stylet navigation and for the required switches between gel and watery saliva secretion during stylet progress. Both the chemical and physical factors involved in sensing of the stylet's environment are discussed. To investigate the salivary proteome, proteins were collected from dissected gland extracts or artificial diets in a range of studies. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of either collection method. Several proteins were identified by functional assays or by use of proteomic tools, while most of their functions still remain unknown. These studies disclosed the presence of at least two proteins carrying numerous sulfhydryl groups that may act as the structural backbone of the salivary sheath. Furthermore, cell-wall degrading proteins such a pectinases, pectin methylesterases, polygalacturonases, and cellulases as well as diverse Ca2+-binding proteins (e.g., regucalcin, ARMET proteins) were detected. Suppression of the plant defense may be a common goal of salivary proteins. Salivary proteases are likely involved in the breakdown of sieve-element proteins to invalidate plant defense or to increase the availability of organic N compounds. Salivary polyphenoloxidases, peroxidases and oxidoreductases were suggested to detoxify, e.g., plant phenols. During the last years, an increasing number of salivary proteins have been categorized under the term 'effector'. Effectors may act in the suppression (C002 or MIF cytokine) or the induction (e.g., Mp10 or Mp 42) of plant defense, respectively. A remarkable component of watery saliva seems the protein GroEL that originates from Buchnera aphidicola, the obligate symbiont of aphids and probably reflects an excretory product that induces plant defense responses. Furthermore, chitin fragments in the saliva may trigger defense reactions (e.g., callose deposition). The functions of identified proteins and protein classes are discussed with regard to physical and chemical characteristics of apoplasmic and symplasmic plant compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aart J. E. van Bel
- Institute of General Botany, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Aart J. E. van Bel,
| | - Torsten Will
- Institute of Phytopathology, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen, Germany
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius-Kühn InstituteQuedlinburg, Germany
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24
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Kassem MA, Gosalvez B, Garzo E, Fereres A, Gómez-Guillamón ML, Aranda MA. Resistance to Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus in Melon Accession TGR-1551. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1389-1396. [PMID: 26075973 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-15-0041-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The genetic control of resistance to Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV; genus Polerovirus, family Luteoviridae) in the TGR-1551 melon accession was studied through agroinoculation of a genetic family obtained from the cross between this accession and the susceptible Spanish cultivar 'Bola de Oro'. Segregation analyses were consistent with the hypothesis that one dominant gene and at least two more modifier genes confer resistance; one of these additional genes is likely present in the susceptible parent 'Bola de Oro'. Local and systemic accumulation of the virus was analyzed in a time course experiment, showing that TGR-1551 resistance was expressed systemically as a significant reduction of virus accumulation compared with susceptible controls, but not locally in agroinoculated cotyledons. In aphid transmission experiments, CABYV inoculation by aphids was significantly reduced in TGR-1551 plants, although the virus was acquired at a similar rate from TGR-1551 as from susceptible plants. Results of feeding behavior studies using the DC electrical penetration graph technique suggested that viruliferous aphids can salivate and feed from the phloem of TGR-1551 plants and that the observed reduction in virus transmission efficiency is not related to reduced salivation by Aphis gossypii in phloem sieve elements. Since the virus is able to accumulate to normal levels in agroinoculated tissues, our results suggest that resistance of TGR-1551 plants to CABYV is related to impairment of virus movement or translocation after it reaches the phloem sieve elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Kassem
- First, second, and sixth authors: Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; third and fourth authors: Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA), CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006, Madrid, Spain; and fifth author: Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Blanca Gosalvez
- First, second, and sixth authors: Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; third and fourth authors: Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA), CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006, Madrid, Spain; and fifth author: Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elisa Garzo
- First, second, and sixth authors: Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; third and fourth authors: Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA), CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006, Madrid, Spain; and fifth author: Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alberto Fereres
- First, second, and sixth authors: Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; third and fourth authors: Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA), CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006, Madrid, Spain; and fifth author: Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Gómez-Guillamón
- First, second, and sixth authors: Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; third and fourth authors: Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA), CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006, Madrid, Spain; and fifth author: Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A Aranda
- First, second, and sixth authors: Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; third and fourth authors: Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA), CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006, Madrid, Spain; and fifth author: Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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