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Loarca J, Liou M, Dawson JC, Simon PW. Evaluation of shoot-growth variation in diverse carrot ( Daucus carota L.) germplasm for genetic improvement of stand establishment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1342512. [PMID: 38708395 PMCID: PMC11066248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1342512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a high value, nutritious, and colorful crop, but delivering carrots from seed to table can be a struggle for carrot growers. Weed competitive ability is a critical trait for crop success that carrot and its apiaceous relatives often lack owing to their characteristic slow shoot growth and erratic seedling emergence, even among genetically uniform lines. This study is the first field-based, multi-year experiment to evaluate shoot-growth trait variation over a 100-day growing season in a carrot diversity panel (N=695) that includes genetically diverse carrot accessions from the United States Department of Agriculture National Plant Germplasm System. We report phenotypic variability for shoot-growth characteristics, the first broad-sense heritability estimates for seedling emergence (0.68 < H2 < 0.80) and early-season canopy coverage ( 0.61 < H2 < 0.65), and consistent broad-sense heritability for late-season canopy height (0.76 < H2 < 0.82), indicating quantitative inheritance and potential for improvement through plant breeding. Strong correlation between emergence and canopy coverage (0.62 < r < 0.72) suggests that improvement of seedling emergence has great potential to increase yield and weed competitive ability. Accessions with high emergence and vigorous canopy growth are of immediate use to breeders targeting stand establishment, weed-tolerance, or weed-suppressant carrots, which is of particular advantage to the organic carrot production sector, reducing the costs and labor associated with herbicide application and weeding. We developed a standardized vocabulary and protocol to describe shoot-growth and facilitate collaboration and communication across carrot research groups. Our study facilitates identification and utilization of carrot genetic resources, conservation of agrobiodiversity, and development of breeding stocks for weed-competitive ability, with the long-term goal of delivering improved carrot cultivars to breeders, growers, and consumers. Accession selection can be further optimized for efficient breeding by combining shoot growth data with phenological data in this study's companion paper to identify ideotypes based on global market needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenyne Loarca
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Michael Liou
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Julie C. Dawson
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Philipp W. Simon
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Karpe M, Marcelis LFM, Heuvelink E. Dynamic plant spacing in tomato results in high yields while mitigating the reduction in fruit quality associated with high planting densities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1386950. [PMID: 38699540 PMCID: PMC11063277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1386950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
High planting densities achieve high light interception and harvestable yield per area but at the expense of product quality. This study aimed to maintain high light interception without negative impacts on fruit quality. Dwarf tomato was grown at four densities in a climate-controlled room-at two constant densities (high and low) and two dynamic spacing treatments (maintaining 90% and 75% ground coverage by decreasing planting density in 3-4 steps)-resulting in ~100, 19, 54, and 41 plants/m2 averaged over 100 days of cultivation, respectively. Constant high density resulted in the highest light use efficiency (LUE; 7.7 g fruit fresh weight per mol photons incident on the canopy) and the highest harvestable fruit yield (11.1 kg/m2) but the lowest fruit size and quality. Constant low density resulted in the lowest LUE and yield (2.3 g/mol and 3.2 kg/m2, respectively), but higher fruit size and quality than high density. Compared to low density, maintaining 90% ground coverage increased yield (9.1 kg/m2) and LUE (6.4 g/mol). Maintaining 75% ground coverage resulted in a 7.2 kg/m2 yield and 5.1 g/mol LUE. Both dynamic spacing treatments attained the same or slightly reduced fruit quality compared to low density. Total plant weight per m2 increased with planting density and saturated at a constant high density. Assimilate shortage at the plant level and flower abortion lowered harvestable fruit yield per plant, sweetness, and acidity under constant high density. Harvestable fruit yield per plant was the highest under dynamic spacing and low density. Under constant high density, morphological responses to lower light availability per plant-i.e., higher specific leaf area, internode elongation, and increased slenderness-coincided with the improved whole-plant LUE (g plant dry weight per mol photons). We conclude that a constant high planting density results in the highest harvestable fruit yield per area, but with reduced fruit quality. Dynamic spacing during cultivation produces the same fruit quality as constant low density, but with more than double the harvestable yield per area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Golan G, Weiner J, Zhao Y, Schnurbusch T. Agroecological genetics of biomass allocation in wheat uncovers genotype interactions with canopy shade and plant size. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:107-120. [PMID: 38326944 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
How plants distribute biomass among organs influences resource acquisition, reproduction and plant-plant interactions, and is essential in understanding plant ecology, evolution, and yield production in agriculture. However, the genetic mechanisms regulating allocation responses to the environment are largely unknown. We studied recombinant lines of wheat (Triticum spp.) grown as single plants under sunlight and simulated canopy shade to investigate genotype-by-environment interactions in biomass allocation to the leaves, stems, spikes, and grains. Size-corrected mass fractions and allometric slopes were employed to dissect allocation responses to light limitation and plant size. Size adjustments revealed light-responsive alleles associated with adaptation to the crop environment. Combined with an allometric approach, we demonstrated that polymorphism in the DELLA protein is associated with the response to shade and size. While a gibberellin-sensitive allelic effect on stem allocation was amplified when plants were shaded, size-dependent effects of this allele drive allocation to reproduction, suggesting that the ontogenetic trajectory of the plant affects the consequences of shade responses for allocation. Our approach provides a basis for exploring the genetic determinants underlying investment strategies in the face of different resource constraints and will be useful in predicting social behaviours of individuals in a crop community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Golan
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Jacob Weiner
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yusheng Zhao
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, 06120, Halle, Germany
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Djaman K, Djaman DS, Puppala N, Darapuneni M. Plant nutrient removal and soil residual chemical properties as impacted by maize planting date and density. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299193. [PMID: 38547117 PMCID: PMC10977754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to measure maize (Zea mays) plant nutrient content and nutrient removal in grain, and to evaluate the residual soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as impacted by planting date and density. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate six plant densities and seven planting dates using a split-split plot design with three replications. Besides the crop growth and yield parameters, six plants were collected at the maturity and soil was sampled from each plot for nutrient analysis. Plant N, P, and K concentrations varied with planting date and density and within the ranges of 0.6-1.024%, 0.054-0.127%, and 0.75-1.71%, respectively. Grain N, P, and K concentrations decreased with plant density and varied from 1.059 to 1.558%, 0.20 to 0.319%, and 0.29 to 0.43%, respectively. Soil residual nutrient varied with depth, planting density and date. Residual N concentration in the topsoil varied from 0.6 to 37.2 mg kg-1 in 2019 and from 1.5 to 11.2 mg kg-1 in 2020 and was high under the last two planting dates. Soil residual N concentration was higher in the second layer than in the topsoil. The N concentration in the third layer varied from 0.1 to 33.2 mg kg-1 and was impacted by plant density. Topsoil P did not vary among planting dates and densities. The second and third soil layers P concentration was not affected. There was 83% increase in topsoil K in 2020 compared to 2019, and a decrease of 65 and 23% in soil K was observed in the second and third soil layers, respectively. For maize production system sustainability, future research should use a holistic approach investigating the impact of planting date, plant density on crop growth, yield, nutrient uptake and remobilization, and soil properties under different fertilizer rates to develop the fertilizer recommendation for maize while reducing the environmental impact of the production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koffi Djaman
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Science Center at Farmington, New Mexico State University, Farmington, NM, United States of America
| | - Dorlote S. Djaman
- Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture l’alimentation, Université Laval, Pavillon Paul-Comtois 2425, Québec, Canada
| | - Naveen Puppala
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Science Center at Clovis, New Mexico State University, Clovis, NM, United States of America
| | - Murali Darapuneni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Science Center at Tucumcari, New Mexico State University, Tucumcari, NM, United States of America
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Abbai R, Golan G, Longin CFH, Schnurbusch T. Grain yield trade-offs in spike-branching wheat can be mitigated by elite alleles affecting sink capacity and post-anthesis source activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:88-102. [PMID: 37739800 PMCID: PMC10735541 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Introducing variations in inflorescence architecture, such as the 'Miracle-Wheat' (Triticum turgidum convar. compositum (L.f.) Filat.) with a branching spike, has relevance for enhancing wheat grain yield. However, in the spike-branching genotypes, the increase in spikelet number is generally not translated into grain yield advantage because of reduced grains per spikelet and grain weight. Here, we investigated if such trade-offs might be a function of source-sink strength by using 385 recombinant inbred lines developed by intercrossing the spike-branching landrace TRI 984 and CIRNO C2008, an elite durum (T. durum L.) cultivar; they were genotyped using the 25K array. Various plant and spike architectural traits, including flag leaf, peduncle, and spike senescence rate, were phenotyped under field conditions for 2 consecutive years. On chromosome 5AL, we found a new modifier QTL for spike branching, branched headt3 (bht-A3), which was epistatic to the previously known bht-A1 locus. Besides, bht-A3 was associated with more grains per spikelet and a delay in flag leaf senescence rate. Importantly, favourable alleles, viz. bht-A3 and grain protein content (gpc-B1) that delayed senescence, are required to improve grain number and grain weight in the spike-branching genotypes. In summary, achieving a balanced source-sink relationship might minimize grain yield trade-offs in Miracle-Wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragavendran Abbai
- Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Guy Golan
- Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - C Friedrich H Longin
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, 06120 Halle, Germany
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Wen P, Wei Q, Zheng L, Rui Z, Niu M, Gao C, Guan X, Wang T, Xiong S. Adaptability of wheat to future climate change: Effects of sowing date and sowing rate on wheat yield in three wheat production regions in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165906. [PMID: 37532040 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Adjusting sowing dates and sowing rates is a key adaptation strategy for adapting to future climate change, and maintaining wheat production in the North China Plain (NCP). However, it is still unclear whether the current sowing date and sowing rate can adapt to future climate change, and how to adjust the sowing date and sowing rate to compensate for the adverse effects of climate change on wheat yields. This study predicts the adaptability of agricultural management practices like sowing dates and sowing rates, to future climate change in three wheat regions by referring to four global climate models (GCMs) and AquaCrop model. Population structure and yield were maximized for sowing dates from Oct.11-20 and sowing rates of 10-13 kg/667 m2 (or 13-16 kg/667 m2) in 2016-2021. Three wheat regions were expected to show a warming trend, while the total precipitation has large spatial fluctuations under both representative concentration pathways (rcp) scenarios in the 2022-2100. AquaCrop model could simulate yield with a good precision (RMSE≤1043.7 kg/ha). Compared to the average yield of the baseline period (2016-2021), in the 2022-2100, the average predicted wheat yields of three wheat regions simulated based on the current optimal sowing date and sowing rate decreased by 5.45 % ∼ 11.05 % (9.35 % ∼ 16.84 %) and 2.57 % ∼ 10.95 % (6.97 % ∼ 12.75 %) under the rcp4.5 (rcp8.5), respectively. Average wheat yield losses were effectively compensated when the combinations of Oct.15 and 14 kg/667 m2 for the dryland wheat, Oct.21 and 14 kg/667 m2 for the irrigated wheat, and Oct.21 and 13 kg/667 m2 for the high-yield-rainfed wheat were applied under both rcp scenarios, respectively, with predicted yield losses of -4.17 %, -3.50 %, and - 3.25 %. Thus, adjusting sowing dates and sowing rates are viable options to effectively address the adverse effects of future global climate change, thereby guaranteeing food security in the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural Uiversity, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
| | - Qiongru Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural Uiversity, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
| | - Liang Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural Uiversity, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
| | - Zhanxu Rui
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural Uiversity, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
| | - Mengjiao Niu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural Uiversity, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
| | - Chenkai Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural Uiversity, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
| | - Xiaokang Guan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural Uiversity, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
| | - Tongchao Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural Uiversity, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China
| | - Shuping Xiong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural Uiversity, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, PR China.
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7
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Golan G, Abbai R, Schnurbusch T. Exploring the trade-off between individual fitness and community performance of wheat crops using simulated canopy shade. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3144-3157. [PMID: 36428231 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The genetic heritage of wheat (Triticum spp.) crops has been shaped by millions of years of predomestication natural selection, often driven by competition among individuals. However, genetic improvements in yield potential are thought to involve selection towards reduced competitiveness, thus enhancing adaptation to the crop environment. We investigated potential trade-offs between individual plant fitness and community performance using a population of introgression lines carrying chromosome segments of wild emmer (nondomesticated) in the background of an elite durum cultivar. We focused on light as a primary factor affecting plant-plant interactions and assessed morphological and biomass phenotypes of single plants grown in mixtures under sunlight and a simulated canopy shade, and the relevance of these phenotypes for the monoculture community in the field. We found that responses to canopy shade resemble responses to high density and contribute to both the individual and the community. Stepwise regressions suggested that grain number per spike and its persistence under shade are essential attributes of productive communities, advocating their use as a breeding target during early-generation selection. Overall, multiple phenotypes attained under shade could better explain community performance. Our novel, applicable, high-throughput set-up provides new prospects for studying and selecting single-plant phenotypes in a canopy-like environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Golan
- Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Ragavendran Abbai
- Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- Research Group Plant Architecture, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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8
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Mahal HF, Barber-Cross T, Brown C, Spaner D, Cahill JF. Changes in the Amount and Distribution of Soil Nutrients and Neighbours Have Differential Impacts on Root and Shoot Architecture in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2527. [PMID: 37447087 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit differential behaviours through changes in biomass development and distribution in response to environmental cues, which may impact crops uniquely. We conducted a mesocosm experiment in pots to determine the root and shoot behavioural responses of wheat, T. aestivum. Plants were grown in homogeneous or heterogeneous and heavily or lightly fertilized soil, and alone or with a neighbour of the same or different genetic identity (cultivars: CDC Titanium, Carberry, Glenn, Go Early, and Lillian). Contrary to predictions, wheat did not alter relative reproductive effort in the presence of neighbours, more nutrients, or homogenous soil. Above and below ground, the plants' tendency to use potentially shared space exhibited high levels of plasticity. Above ground, they generally avoided shared, central aerial space when grown with neighbours. Unexpectedly, nutrient amount and distribution also impacted shoots; plants that grew in fertile or homogenous environments increased shared space use. Below ground, plants grown with related neighbours indicated no difference in neighbour avoidance. Those in homogenous soil produced relatively even roots, and plants in heterogeneous treatments produced more roots in nutrient patches. Additionally, less fertile soil resulted in pot-level decreases in root foraging precision. Our findings illustrate that explicit coordination between above- and belowground biomass in wheat may not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habba F Mahal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Tianna Barber-Cross
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Charlotte Brown
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Dean Spaner
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - James F Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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Stack GM, Carlson CH, Toth JA, Philippe G, Crawford JL, Hansen JL, Viands DR, Rose JKC, Smart LB. Correlations among morphological and biochemical traits in high-cannabidiol hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.). PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e503. [PMID: 37347078 PMCID: PMC10280002 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is cultivated for multiple uses including the production of cannabinoids. In developing improved production systems for high-cannabinoid cultivars, scientists and cultivators must consider the optimization of complex and interacting sets of morphological, phenological, and biochemical traits, which have historically been shaped by natural and anthropogenic selection. Determining factors that modulate cannabinoid variation within and among genotypes is fundamental to developing efficient production systems and understanding the ecological significance of cannabinoids. Thirty-two high-cannabinoid hemp cultivars were characterized for traits including flowering date and shoot-tip cannabinoid concentration. Additionally, a set of plant architecture traits, as well as wet, dry, and stripped inflorescence biomass were measured at harvest. One plant per plot was partitioned post-harvest to quantify intra-plant variation in inflorescence biomass production and cannabinoid concentration. Some cultivars showed intra-plant variation in cannabinoid concentration, while many had a consistent concentration regardless of canopy position. There was both intra- and inter-cultivar variation in architecture that correlated with intra-plant distribution of inflorescence biomass, and concentration of cannabinoids sampled from various positions within a plant. These relationships among morphological and biochemical traits will inform future decisions by cultivators, regulators, and plant breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Stack
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University, Cornell AgriTechGenevaNew YorkUSA
| | - Craig H. Carlson
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University, Cornell AgriTechGenevaNew YorkUSA
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research, CenterUSDA‐ARSFargoNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Jacob A. Toth
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University, Cornell AgriTechGenevaNew YorkUSA
| | - Glenn Philippe
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Jamie L. Crawford
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Julie L. Hansen
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Donald R. Viands
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Lawrence B. Smart
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University, Cornell AgriTechGenevaNew YorkUSA
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Sun X, Li X, Jiang W, Zhao M, Gao Z, Ge J, Sun Q, Ding Z, Zhou B. Integrated Management Practices for Canopy-Topsoil Improves the Grain Yield of Maize with High Planting Density. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2000. [PMID: 37653918 PMCID: PMC10223396 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Inappropriate spatial distribution of canopy and roots limits further improvements to the grain yield of maize with increased planting density. We explored an integrated management practice called strip deep rotary with staggered planting (SRS) which includes comprehensive technology for both canopy layers and topsoil. Here, field experiments were conducted under two maize cropping systems (spring maize and summer maize) to evaluate the effect of SRS on the spatial distribution of the canopy and roots for maize under high planting density (90,000 plants ha-1) and to determine the physiological factors involved in yield formation. Compared with conventional management practices (no-tillage with single planting, NTS), SRS decreased the LAI of the middle to top layers while improving the light distribution of the middle and lower layers by 72.99% and 84.78%, respectively. Meanwhile, SRS increased the root dry weight density and root sap bleeding by 51.26% and 21.77%, respectively, due to the reduction in soil bulk density by an average of 5.08% in the 0-40 cm soil layer. SRS improved the SPAD in the ear and lower leaves and maximized the LAD, which was conducive to dry matter accumulation (DMA), increasing it by 14.02-24.16% compared to that of NTS. As a result, SRS increased maize grain yield by 6.71-25.44%. These results suggest that strip deep rotary combined with staggered planting noticeably optimized the distribution of light in the canopy and reduced the soil bulk density to promote root vitality and growth, to maintain canopy longevity, and to promote the accumulation of dry matter, which eventually increased the grain yield of the maize under high planting density conditions. Therefore, SRS can be considered a better choice for the sustainable high yield of maize under high-density planting conditions in the NCP and similar areas throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (W.J.); (Q.S.)
| | - Xuejie Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (W.J.); (Q.S.)
| | - Wen Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (W.J.); (Q.S.)
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhuohan Gao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Junzhu Ge
- College of Agronomy, Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China;
| | - Qing Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.S.); (X.L.); (W.J.); (Q.S.)
| | - Zaisong Ding
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (Z.G.)
| | - Baoyuan Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China; (M.Z.); (Z.G.)
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Pobereżny J, Wszelaczyńska E, Lamparski R, Lemanowicz J, Bartkowiak A, Szczepanek M, Gościnna K. The impact of spring wheat species and sowing density on soil biochemical properties, content of secondary plant metabolites and the presence of Oulema ssp. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14916. [PMID: 36860764 PMCID: PMC9969853 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical and chemical properties of the soil are important factors influencing the yield of crops. One of the agrotechnical factors influencing the biochemical properties of soil is sowing density. It affects the yield components, light, moisture and thermal conditions in the canopy and the pressure of pests. Secondary metabolites, many of which are known to act as a defense mechanism against insects, are of importance in the interaction between the crop and abiotic and biotic factors of the habitat. To the best of our knowledge, the studies conducted so far do not sufficiently reveal the impacts of the wheat species and the sowing density, together with the biochemical properties of the soil, on the accumulation of bioactive ingredients in the crop plants, and the subsequent impacts on the occurrence of phytophagic entomofauna in various management systems. Explaining these processes creates an opportunity for more sustainable development of agriculture. The study aimed to determine the effect of wheat species and sowing density on the biochemical properties of the soil, concentrations of biologically active compounds in the plant and the occurrence of insect pests in organic (OPS) and conventional (CPS) production systems. The research was conducted on spring wheat species (Indian dwarf wheat-Triticum sphaerococcum Percival and Persian wheat-Triticum persicum Vavilov) grown in OPS and CPS at sowing densities 400, 500, 600 (seeds m-2). The following analyzes were performed: (i) soil analysis: the activity of catalases (CAT), dehydrogenases (DEH), peroxidases (PER); (ii) plant analysis: total phenolic compounds (TP), chlorogenic acid (CA), antioxidant capacity (FRAP); (iii) entomological analysis of the number of insects-Oulema spp. adults and larvae. Performing analyzes in such a wide (interdisciplinary) scope will allow for a comprehensive understanding of the soil-plant-insect biological transformation evaluation. Our results showed that an increase in soil enzyme activity caused a decrease in TP contents in the wheat grown the OPS. Despite this, both the content of TP and the anti-oxidative activity of the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were higher in these wheats. Bioactive compound contents and FRAP were most favoured by the lowest sowing density. Regardless of the production system, the occurrence of the Oulema spp. adults on T. sphaerococcum was the lowest at a sowing density of 500 seeds m-2. The occurrence of this pest's larvae was lowest at a sowing density of 400 seeds m-2. Research on bioactive compounds in plants, biochemical properties of soil and the occurrence of pests make it possible to comprehensively assess the impact of the sowing density of ancient wheat in the ecological and conventional production system, which is necessary for the development of environmentally sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Pobereżny
- Institute of Agri-Foodstuff Commodity/Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wszelaczyńska
- Institute of Agri-Foodstuff Commodity/Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Robert Lamparski
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection/Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Lemanowicz
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Soil Science/Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Agata Bartkowiak
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Soil Science/Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szczepanek
- Department of Agronomy/Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gościnna
- Institute of Agri-Foodstuff Commodity/Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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12
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Phenotypic Plasticity Drives the Successful Expansion of the Invasive Plant Pedicularis kansuensis in Bayanbulak, China. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the phenotypic plasticity of the highly invasive native weed, Pedicularis kansuensis, we investigated and compared phenotypes (morphology, biomass, and nutrient composition) at different levels of invasion (low: 0 < cover ≤ 30%; medium: 30% < cover ≤ 70%; and high: cover > 70%). With the increase in invasion level, the plasticity of inflorescence length, single-leaf thickness, and specific leaf area increased, while the plasticity of single-leaf area and crown width decreased. During the invasion process, we observed significant density-dependent effects, including changed morphological characteristics, increased total aboveground biomass, and decreased plant height, inflorescence length, root length, crown width, single-leaf area, structure biomass of structures (root, stem, inflorescence), and individual biomass (p < 0.05). During the reproductive period of P. kansuensis, the resource allocation (C, N, and P content, total biomass, biomass allocation) to inflorescence was significantly higher than to root and stem, while the elemental ratios (C:N, C:P, N:P) of inflorescences were significantly lower than those of roots and stems (p < 0.05). When the invasion level increased, the ratio of inflorescence C:N and biomass allocation to roots increased significantly; conversely, inflorescence N and biomass allocation to inflorescences and stems decreased significantly (p < 0.05). This led to a decrease in resource allocation to aboveground parts and more resources allocated to the roots, significantly increasing the root-to-shoot ratio (p < 0.05). Based on the phenotypic differences among different invasion levels, we suggest that P. kansuensis adapted to a competitive environment by regulating morphology, biomass, and nutrient allocation, thereby enhancing the potential of invasion and spread.
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13
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Burgess AJ, Cardoso AA. Throwing shade: Limitations to photosynthesis at high planting densities and how to overcome them. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:825-827. [PMID: 36493382 PMCID: PMC9922388 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda A Cardoso
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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14
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Du H, Fang C, Li Y, Kong F, Liu B. Understandings and future challenges in soybean functional genomics and molecular breeding. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:468-495. [PMID: 36511121 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is a major source of plant protein and oil. Soybean breeding has benefited from advances in functional genomics. In particular, the release of soybean reference genomes has advanced our understanding of soybean adaptation to soil nutrient deficiencies, the molecular mechanism of symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and the roles of flowering time in regional adaptation, plant architecture, and seed yield and quality. Nevertheless, many challenges remain for soybean functional genomics and molecular breeding, mainly related to improving grain yield through high-density planting, maize-soybean intercropping, taking advantage of wild resources, utilization of heterosis, genomic prediction and selection breeding, and precise breeding through genome editing. This review summarizes the current progress in soybean functional genomics and directs future challenges for molecular breeding of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yaru Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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15
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Cavalieri A, Groß D, Dutay A, Weiner J. Do plant communities show constant final yield? Ecology 2022; 103:e3802. [PMID: 35796439 PMCID: PMC9788247 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Total biomass production of plant monocultures growing over a range of densities and harvested after a period of growth increases monotonically with density and then levels out at higher densities. This pattern is called constant final yield (CFY) and is considered one of the most general phenomena in plant ecology. If CFY applies to plant communities, it would be a key to understanding and predicting many community-level phenomena. We tested two primary hypotheses experimentally: (1) Mixtures of several species show CFY. (2) If so, the proportion of biomass production by the component species in a mixture does not change at densities above the density that reaches CFY. We performed a series of glasshouse experiments over 3 years using a "community density series," in which the overall density of five species was varied while their proportions remained unchanged. In the first experiment, we grew a mixture of annual and perennial herbaceous species in mesocosms, and all species were also grown in monocultures at the corresponding densities. A similar experiment was performed in the second and third years, but only with annuals. A third experiment with mixtures only was performed in pots over 2 years. In all cases, aboveground biomass was harvested, separated by species, dried, and weighed. Perennials with underground storage organs produced maximum aboveground biomass at low or intermediate densities. In the second experiment, two of the species produced maximum biomass at the second-highest density in monoculture, while mixtures of all five species showed classical CFY behavior, and the contribution of the species to the mixture changed very little above the lowest density producing CFY. The results of the third experiment were also consistent with the hypotheses. In conclusion, CFY in aboveground biomass production was observed in communities of annual species, and the contribution of the individual species was relatively insensitive to an increase in density above that reaching CFY, i.e., competitive performance of the species changed with density until CFY was reached. Evidence for CFY was stronger in mixture than in monoculture. Coexistence theory must include density as well as frequency dependence if densities are below CFY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cavalieri
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Dorothee Groß
- Institute of Landscape and Plant EcologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | | | - Jacob Weiner
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
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16
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Danziger N, Bernstein N. Too Dense or Not Too Dense: Higher Planting Density Reduces Cannabinoid Uniformity but Increases Yield/Area in Drug-Type Medical Cannabis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:713481. [PMID: 36247643 PMCID: PMC9559401 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.713481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for utilizing cannabis for modern medicine is the spatial variability of cannabinoids in the plant, which entail differences in medical potency. Since secondary metabolism is affected by environmental conditions, a key trigger for the variability in secondary metabolites throughout the plant is variation in local micro-climates. We have, therefore, hypothesized that plant density, which is well-known to alter micro-climate in the canopy, affects spatial standardization, and concentrations of cannabinoids in cannabis plants. Canopy density is affected by shoot architecture and by plant spacing, and we have therefore evaluated the interplay between plant architecture and plant density on the standardization of the cannabinoid profile in the plant. Four plant architecture modulation treatments were employed on a drug-type medicinal cannabis cultivar, under a density of 1 or 2 plants/m2. The plants were cultivated in a naturally lit greenhouse with photoperiodic light supplementation. Analysis of cannabinoid concentrations at five locations throughout the plant was used to evaluate treatment effects on chemical uniformity. The results revealed an effect of plant density on cannabinoid standardization, as well as an interaction between plant density and plant architecture on the standardization of cannabinoids, thus supporting the hypothesis. Increasing planting density from 1 to 2 plants/m2 reduced inflorescence yield/plant, but increased yield quantity per area by 28-44% in most plant architecture treatments. The chemical response to plant density and architecture modulation was cannabinoid-specific. Concentrations of cannabinoids in axillary inflorescences from the bottom of the plants were up to 90% lower than in the apical inflorescence at the top of the plant, considerably reducing plant uniformity. Concentrations of all detected cannabinoids in these inflorescences were lower at the higher density plants; however, cannabinoid yield per cultivation area was not affected by neither architecture nor density treatments. Cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) was the cannabinoid least affected by spatial location in the plant. The morpho-physiological response of the plants to high density involved enhanced leaf drying at the bottom of the plants, increased plant elongation, and reduced cannabinoid concentrations, suggesting an involvement of chronic light deprivation at the bottom of the plants. Therefore, most importantly, under high density growth, architectural modulating treatments that facilitate increased light penetration to the bottom of the plant such as "Defoliation", or that eliminated inflorescences development at the bottom of the plant such as removal of branches from the lower parts of the plant, increased chemical standardization. This study revealed the importance of plant density and architecture for chemical quality and standardization in drug-type medical cannabis.
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17
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Gong H, Xiang Y, Wako BK, Jiao X. Complementary effects of phosphorus supply and planting density on maize growth and phosphorus use efficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:983788. [PMID: 36226275 PMCID: PMC9549272 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.983788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) supply and planting density regulate plant growth by altering root morphological traits and soil P dynamics. However, the compensatory effects of P supply and planting density on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and P use efficiency remain unknown. In this study, we conducted pot experiments of approximately 60 days to determine the effect of P supply, i.e., no P (CK), single superphosphate (SSP), and monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and different planting densities (low: two plants per pot; and high: four plants per pot) on maize growth. A similar shoot biomass accumulation was observed at high planting density under CK treatment (91.5 g plot-1) and low planting density under SSP treatment (94.3 g plot-1), with similar trends in P uptake, root morphological traits, and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. There was no significant difference in shoot biomass between high planting density under SSP (107.3 g plot-1) and low planting density under MAP (105.2 g plot-1); the corresponding P uptake, root growth, and P fraction in the soil showed the same trend. These results suggest that improved P supply could compensate for the limitations of low planting density by regulating the interaction between root morphological traits and soil P dynamics. Furthermore, under the same P supply, the limitations of low planting density could be compensated for by substituting MAP for SSP. Our results indicate that maize growth and P use efficiency could be improved by harnessing the compensatory effects of P supply and planting density to alter root plasticity and soil P dynamics.
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18
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Shao J, Li G, Li Y, Zhou X. Intraspecific responses of plant productivity and crop yield to experimental warming: A global synthesis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 840:156685. [PMID: 35714738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining plant productivity and crop yield in a warming world requires local adaptation to new environment and selection of high-yield cultivars, which both depend on the genetically-based intraspecific differences in the plant response to warming (referred to as "genetically-based intraspecific responses"). However, how the genetically-based intraspecific responses mediate warming effects on plants remains unclear, especially at the global scale. Here, a dataset was compiled from 118 common-garden experiments to examine the responses of plant growth, productivity, and crop yield to warming among different ecotypes/genotypes/cultivars. Our results showed that the genetically-based intraspecific responses on average accounted for 34.7 % of the total variance in the warming responses across all the studies but with large variability (2 %-77 %). The intraspecific responses of plant productivity and crop yield were larger than those of organ level traits and biomass allocation, suggesting that plant growth was mainly achieved by iterating the relatively invariant terminal modules (e.g., leaves). The warming-induced changes in intraspecific variability of aboveground biomass were larger in woody plants, non-leguminous herbs, perennial herbs and noncrops than those in nonwoody, leguminous, annual and crop ones, respectively, indicating the potential important role of plant longevity in mediating the change in intraspecific variability. Moreover, larger intraspecific responses reduced the consistence of relative performance between control and warming treatments for both plant productivity and crop yield. These results highlight the unneglectable role of genetically-based intraspecific differences in plant responses to warming, indicating the difficulty of maintaining high crop yield and tree productivity under global climate change, and posing a grave threat to the food security and wood supply in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjiong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Gaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Northeast Asia ecosystem Carbon sink research Center (NACC), Center for Ecological Research, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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19
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Dueri S, Brown H, Asseng S, Ewert F, Webber H, George M, Craigie R, Guarin JR, Pequeno DNL, Stella T, Ahmed M, Alderman PD, Basso B, Berger AG, Mujica GB, Cammarano D, Chen Y, Dumont B, Rezaei EE, Fereres E, Ferrise R, Gaiser T, Gao Y, Garcia-Vila M, Gayler S, Hochman Z, Hoogenboom G, Kersebaum KC, Nendel C, Olesen JE, Padovan G, Palosuo T, Priesack E, Pullens JWM, Rodríguez A, Rötter RP, Ramos MR, Semenov MA, Senapati N, Siebert S, Srivastava AK, Stöckle C, Supit I, Tao F, Thorburn P, Wang E, Weber TKD, Xiao L, Zhao C, Zhao J, Zhao Z, Zhu Y, Martre P. Simulation of winter wheat response to variable sowing dates and densities in a high-yielding environment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5715-5729. [PMID: 35728801 PMCID: PMC9467659 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crop multi-model ensembles (MME) have proven to be effective in increasing the accuracy of simulations in modelling experiments. However, the ability of MME to capture crop responses to changes in sowing dates and densities has not yet been investigated. These management interventions are some of the main levers for adapting cropping systems to climate change. Here, we explore the performance of a MME of 29 wheat crop models to predict the effect of changing sowing dates and rates on yield and yield components, on two sites located in a high-yielding environment in New Zealand. The experiment was conducted for 6 years and provided 50 combinations of sowing date, sowing density and growing season. We show that the MME simulates seasonal growth of wheat well under standard sowing conditions, but fails under early sowing and high sowing rates. The comparison between observed and simulated in-season fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (FIPAR) for early sown wheat shows that the MME does not capture the decrease of crop above ground biomass during winter months due to senescence. Models need to better account for tiller competition for light, nutrients, and water during vegetative growth, and early tiller senescence and tiller mortality, which are exacerbated by early sowing, high sowing densities, and warmer winter temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Dueri
- LEPSE, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hamish Brown
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Senthold Asseng
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Digital Agriculture, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Frank Ewert
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation INRES, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Heidi Webber
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
- Brandenburg University of Technology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Mike George
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rob Craigie
- Foundation for Arable Research, Templeton, New Zealand
| | - Jose Rafael Guarin
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diego N L Pequeno
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Tommaso Stella
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation INRES, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå, Sweden
| | - Phillip D Alderman
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Bruno Basso
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Andres G Berger
- National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA), Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Gennady Bracho Mujica
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Yi Chen
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Benjamin Dumont
- Plant Sciences Axis – Crop Science, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Elias Fereres
- IAS-CSIC & DAUCO, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Roberto Ferrise
- Department of Agriculture, food, environment and forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Thomas Gaiser
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation INRES, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yujing Gao
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Sebastian Gayler
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zvi Hochman
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gerrit Hoogenboom
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kurt C Kersebaum
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Global Change Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Claas Nendel
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
- Global Change Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jørgen E Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- Global Change Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gloria Padovan
- Department of Agriculture, food, environment and forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Taru Palosuo
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eckart Priesack
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Alfredo Rodríguez
- CEIGRAM, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Economic Analysis and Finances, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Reimund P Rötter
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Siebert
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Amit Kumar Srivastava
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation INRES, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudio Stöckle
- Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Iwan Supit
- Water Systems & Global Change Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulu Tao
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Thorburn
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Enli Wang
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Liujun Xiao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuang Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigan Zhao
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yan Zhu
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Dreccer MF, Zwart AB, Schmidt RC, Condon AG, Awasi MA, Grant TJ, Galle A, Bourot S, Frohberg C. Wheat yield potential can be maximized by increasing red to far-red light conditions at critical developmental stages. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2652-2670. [PMID: 35815553 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of neighbours via the Red to Far-Red light ratio (R:FR) may exert a cap to yield potential in wheat. The effects of an increased R:FR inside the canopy were studied in dense wheat mini canopies grown in controlled environments by lowering FR. To distinguish between effects exerted by light sensing and assimilate supply, the treatments were complemented with elevated CO2 , applied between different developmental timepoints to specifically impact tillering, spike growth, floret fertility and grain filling, in different combinations. The yield response to high R:FR was strongly dependent on the developmental stage in all three cultivars and pivoted between positive if applied after the start of stem elongation, and negative or null if applied before. Yield gains of up to 70% and 120% were observed, respectively, in two cultivars, associated with a higher number of tiller spikes and grains per spike in the main shoot. The response to the combination of high R:FR and elevated CO2 or CO2 alone were cultivar dependent. Taken together, our results suggest that R:FR exerts a significant control on yield potential in wheat and achieving a high R:FR from stem elongation to maturity is a promising lever towards a significant increase in grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alec B Zwart
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Black Mountain, Australia
| | | | | | - Mary A Awasi
- CSIRO Cooper Laboratory, University of Queensland Gatton Campus, Gatton, Australia
| | - Terry J Grant
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Saint Lucia, Australia
| | - Alexander Galle
- BASF Innovation Center Gent, BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stephane Bourot
- BASF Innovation Center Gent, BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV, Gent, Belgium
| | - Claus Frohberg
- BASF Innovation Center Gent, BASF Belgium Coordination Center CommV, Gent, Belgium
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21
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Guo Z, Miao W, Lyu Y, Sun H, Fan D, Wang X. Are fine roots ‘leaves underground' in terms of allometry? A test in a tropical forest successional series in southwest China. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Guo
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry Univ. Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Wenhao Miao
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry Univ. Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Yueming Lyu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry Univ. Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Han Sun
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry Univ. Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Dayong Fan
- School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry Univ. Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Xiangping Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry Univ. Haidian District Beijing China
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22
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Cabal C. Root tragedy of the commons: Revisiting the mechanisms of a misunderstood theory. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:960942. [PMID: 35991453 PMCID: PMC9386591 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.960942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fine root density in the soil is a plant functional trait of paramount importance for plant ecology and agriculture. Fine root proliferation by plants involves complex plant strategies that may depend on various abiotic and biotic factors. Concretely, the root tragedy of the commons (RToC) is a behavioral strategy predicted by game theory models in which interacting plants forage for soil resources inefficiently. Generally, researchers assume that the RToC is a proactive competition strategy directly induced by the non-self roots. In this opinion, I recall Hardin's original definition of the tragedy of the commons to challenge this notion. I argue that the RToC is a suboptimal phenotypically plastic response of the plants based on the soil resource information exclusively, and I discuss how this alternative perspective carries important implications for the design of experiments investigating the physiological mechanisms underlying observable plant root responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Cabal
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences, MNCN, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Improving a Process-Based Model to Simulate Forest Carbon Allocation under Varied Stand Density. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13081212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon allocation is an important mechanism through which plants respond to environmental changes. To enhance our understanding of maximizing carbon uptake by controlling planting densities, the carbon allocation module of a process-based model, TRIPLEX-Management, was modified and improved by introducing light, soil water, and soil nitrogen availability factors to quantify the allocation coefficients for different plant organs. The modified TRIPLEX-Management model simulation results were verified against observations from northern Jiangsu Province, China, and then the model was used to simulate dynamic changes in forest carbon under six density scenarios (200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 stems ha−1). The mean absolute errors between the predicted and observed variables of the mean diameter at breast height, mean height, and estimated aboveground biomass ranged from 15.0% to 26.6%, and were lower compared with the original model simulated results, which ranged from 24.4% to 60.5%. The normalized root mean square errors ranged from 0.2 to 0.3, and were lower compared with the original model simulated results, which ranged from 0.3 to 0.6. The Willmott index between the predicted and observed variables also varied from 0.5 to 0.8, indicating that the modified TRIPLEX-Management model could accurately simulate the dynamic changes in poplar (Populus spp.) plantations with different densities in northern Jiangsu Province. The density scenario results showed that the leaf and fine root allocation coefficients decreased with the increase in stand density, while the stem allocation increased. Overall, our study showed that the optimum stand density (approximately 400 stems ha−1) could reach the highest aboveground biomass for poplar stands and soil organic carbon storage, leading to higher ecological functions related to carbon sequestration without sacrificing wood production in an economical way in northern Jiangsu Province. Therefore, reasonable density control with different soil and climate conditions should be recommended to maximize carbon sequestration.
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24
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Xu X, Zhou C, He Q, Qiu S, Zhang Y, Yang J, Li B, Nie M. Phenotypic plasticity of light use favors a plant invader in nitrogen-enriched ecosystems. Ecology 2022; 103:e3665. [PMID: 35165885 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eutrophication is believed to promote plant invasion, resulting in high growth performances of invasive plants and, hence, great potential for growth-induced intraspecific competition for light. Current hypotheses predict how eutrophication promotes plant invasion but fail to explain how great invasiveness is maintained under eutrophic conditions. In diverse native communities, cooccurring plants of varying sizes can avoid light competition by exploiting light complementarily; however, whether this mechanism applies to intraspecific competition in invasive plant populations remains unknown. Using a two-year field nitrogen (N)-enrichment experiment on one of the global invasive plants, Spartina alterniflora, we found that the plasticity of light use reduced intraspecific competition and increased biomass production in S. alterniflora. Such a plasticity effect was enhanced when S. alterniflora had no nutrient limitations. In the N-enrichment treatments, the height difference among S. alterniflora ramets increased as light intensity decreased under the canopy. Compared with ambient N, under N enrichment, shorter individuals increased their light-use efficiency and specific leaf area in response to the reduced light intensity under the canopy. However, such ecophysiological plasticity was not found for taller individuals. Our findings reveal that the light use plasticity of short individuals can be envisaged as a novel mechanism by which an invasive plant alleviates intraspecific competition and increases its invasiveness, challenging the prevailing perspective that the invasiveness of exotic plants is constrained by intraspecific competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhao Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyun Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Nie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Liu G, Yang Y, Liu W, Guo X, Xie R, Ming B, Xue J, Zhang G, Li R, Wang K, Hou P, Li S. Optimized canopy structure improves maize grain yield and resource use efficiency. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhou Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Yunshan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco‐Agriculture Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps College of Agronomy Shihezi University Shihezi China
| | - Wanmao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco‐Agriculture Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps College of Agronomy Shihezi University Shihezi China
| | - Xiaoxia Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco‐Agriculture Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps College of Agronomy Shihezi University Shihezi China
| | - Ruizhi Xie
- Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Bo Ming
- Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Jun Xue
- Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Rongfa Li
- Agricultural College Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot China
| | - Keru Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Peng Hou
- Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Shaokun Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
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26
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Sun Y, Wang Y, Yan Z, He L, Ma S, Feng Y, Su H, Chen G, Feng Y, Ji C, Shen H, Fang J. Above- and belowground biomass allocation and its regulation by plant density in six common grassland species in China. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:41-53. [PMID: 34669087 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Above- and belowground biomass allocation is an essential plant functional trait that reflects plant survival strategies and affects belowground carbon pool estimation in grasslands. However, due to the difficulty of distinguishing living and dead roots, estimation of biomass allocation from field-based studies currently show large uncertainties. In addition, the dependence of biomass allocation on plant species, functional type as well as plant density remains poorly addressed. Here, we conducted greenhouse manipulation experiments to study above- and belowground biomass allocation and its density regulation for six common grassland species with different functional types (i.e., C3 vs C4; annuals vs perennials) from temperate China. To explore the density regulation on the biomass allocation, we used five density levels: 25, 100, 225, 400, and 625 plant m-2. We found that mean root to shoot ratio (R/S) values ranged from 0.04 to 0.92 across the six species, much lower than those obtained in previous field studies. We also found much lower R/S values in annuals than in perennials (C. glaucum and S. viridis vs C. squarrosa, L. chinensis, M. sativa and S. grandis) and in C4 plants than in C3 plants (C. squarrosa vs L. chinensis, M. sativa and S. grandis). In addition to S. grandis, plant density had significant effects on the shoot and root biomass fraction and R/S for the other five species. Plant density also affected the allometric relationships between above- and belowground biomass significantly. Our results suggest that R/S values obtained from field investigations may be severely overestimated and that R/S values vary largely across species with different functional types. Our findings provide novel insights into approximating the difficult-to-measure belowground living biomass in grasslands, and highlight that species composition and intraspecific competition will regulate belowground carbon estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Sun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yupin Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhengbing Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luoshu He
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Suhui Ma
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuhao Feng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haojie Su
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guoping Chen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yinping Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Chengjun Ji
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haihua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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27
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Yan Y, Hou P, Duan F, Niu L, Dai T, Wang K, Zhao M, Li S, Zhou W. Improving photosynthesis to increase grain yield potential: an analysis of maize hybrids released in different years in China. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:295-311. [PMID: 34032983 PMCID: PMC8556214 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we sought to understand how breeding has affected photosynthesis and to identify key photosynthetic indices that are important for increasing maize yield in the field. Our 2-year (2017-2018) field experiment used five high-yielding hybrid maize cultivars (generated in the 1970s, 2000s, and 2010s) and was conducted in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. We investigated the effects of planting density on maize grain yield, photosynthetic parameters, respiration, and chlorophyll content, under three planting density regimens: 75,000, 105,000, and 135,000 plants ha-1. Our results showed that increasing planting density to the medium level (105,000 plants ha-1) significantly increased grain yield (Y) up to 20.32% compared to the low level (75,000 plants ha-1). However, further increasing planting density to 135,000 plants ha-1 did not lead to an additional increase in yield, with some cultivars actually exhibiting an opposite trend. Interestingly, no significant changes in photosynthetic rate, dark respiration, stomatal density, and aperture were observed upon increasing planting density. Moreover, our experiments revealed a positive correlation between grain yield and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) upon the hybrid release year. Compared to other cultivars, the higher grain yield obtained in DH618 resulted from a higher 1000-kernel weight (TKW), which can be explained by a longer photosynthetic duration, a higher chlorophyll content, and a lower ratio of chlorophyll a/b. Moreover, we found that a higher leaf area per plant and the leaf area index (HI) do not necessarily result in an improvement in maize yield. Taken together, we demonstrated that higher photosynthetic capacity, longer photosynthetic duration, suitable LAI, and higher chlorophyll content with lower chlorophyll a/b ratio are important factors for obtaining high-yielding maize cultivars and can be used for the improvement of maize crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peng Hou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fengying Duan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Li Niu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tingbo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Keru Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shaokun Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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28
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Yan Y, Hou P, Duan F, Niu L, Dai T, Wang K, Zhao M, Li S, Zhou W. Improving photosynthesis to increase grain yield potential: an analysis of maize hybrids released in different years in China. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021. [PMID: 34032983 DOI: 10.100/s11120-021-00847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we sought to understand how breeding has affected photosynthesis and to identify key photosynthetic indices that are important for increasing maize yield in the field. Our 2-year (2017-2018) field experiment used five high-yielding hybrid maize cultivars (generated in the 1970s, 2000s, and 2010s) and was conducted in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. We investigated the effects of planting density on maize grain yield, photosynthetic parameters, respiration, and chlorophyll content, under three planting density regimens: 75,000, 105,000, and 135,000 plants ha-1. Our results showed that increasing planting density to the medium level (105,000 plants ha-1) significantly increased grain yield (Y) up to 20.32% compared to the low level (75,000 plants ha-1). However, further increasing planting density to 135,000 plants ha-1 did not lead to an additional increase in yield, with some cultivars actually exhibiting an opposite trend. Interestingly, no significant changes in photosynthetic rate, dark respiration, stomatal density, and aperture were observed upon increasing planting density. Moreover, our experiments revealed a positive correlation between grain yield and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) upon the hybrid release year. Compared to other cultivars, the higher grain yield obtained in DH618 resulted from a higher 1000-kernel weight (TKW), which can be explained by a longer photosynthetic duration, a higher chlorophyll content, and a lower ratio of chlorophyll a/b. Moreover, we found that a higher leaf area per plant and the leaf area index (HI) do not necessarily result in an improvement in maize yield. Taken together, we demonstrated that higher photosynthetic capacity, longer photosynthetic duration, suitable LAI, and higher chlorophyll content with lower chlorophyll a/b ratio are important factors for obtaining high-yielding maize cultivars and can be used for the improvement of maize crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peng Hou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fengying Duan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Li Niu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tingbo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Keru Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shaokun Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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29
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Gaudio N, Violle C, Gendre X, Fort F, Mahmoud R, Pelzer E, Médiène S, Hauggaard‐Nielsen H, Bedoussac L, Bonnet C, Corre‐Hellou G, Couëdel A, Hinsinger P, Steen Jensen E, Journet E, Justes E, Kammoun B, Litrico I, Moutier N, Naudin C, Casadebaig P. Interspecific interactions regulate plant reproductive allometry in cereal–legume intercropping systems. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Gaudio
- AGIRUniversité de ToulouseINRAE Castanet‐Tolosan France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- UMR 5175 CEFE Univ. MontpellierCNRSEPHEIRD Montpellier France
| | | | - Florian Fort
- UMR 5175 CEFE Univ. MontpellierCNRSEPHEInstitut AgroIRD Montpellier France
| | - Rémi Mahmoud
- AGIRUniversité de ToulouseINRAE Castanet‐Tolosan France
| | - Elise Pelzer
- Université Paris‐SaclayAgroParisTechINRAEUMR Agronomie Thiverval‐Grignon France
| | - Safia Médiène
- Université Paris‐SaclayAgroParisTechINRAEUMR Agronomie Thiverval‐Grignon France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Hinsinger
- Eco&SolsUniversité de MontpellierINRAE, CIRADInstitut AgroIRD Montpellier France
| | - Erik Steen Jensen
- Cropping Systems EcologyDepartment of Biosystems and Technology Alnarp Sweden
| | - Etienne‐Pascal Journet
- AGIRUniversité de ToulouseINRAE Castanet‐Tolosan France
- LIPMEUniversité de ToulouseCNRS Castanet‐Tolosan France
| | - Eric Justes
- AGIRUniversité de ToulouseINRAE Castanet‐Tolosan France
- CIRADPersyst Department Montpellier France
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Naudin
- USC ESA‐INRAE LEVAEcole Supérieure d’Agricultures Angers Cedex France
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30
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Bennett T. Plant-plant interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:995-996. [PMID: 33576104 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bennett
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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31
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Bilas RD, Bretman A, Bennett T. Friends, neighbours and enemies: an overview of the communal and social biology of plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:997-1013. [PMID: 33270936 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants were traditionally seen as rather passive actors in their environment, interacting with each other only in so far as they competed for the same resources. In the last 30 years, this view has been spectacularly overturned, with a wealth of evidence showing that plants actively detect and respond to their neighbours. Moreover, there is evidence that these responses depend on the identity of the neighbour, and that plants may cooperate with their kin, displaying social behaviour as complex as that observed in animals. These plant-plant interactions play a vital role in shaping natural ecosystems, and are also very important in determining agricultural productivity. However, in terms of mechanistic understanding, we have only just begun to scratch the surface, and many aspects of plant-plant interactions remain poorly understood. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the field of plant-plant interactions, covering the communal interactions of plants with their neighbours as well as the social behaviour of plants towards their kin, and the consequences of these interactions. We particularly focus on the mechanisms that underpin neighbour detection and response, highlighting both progress and gaps in our understanding of these fascinating but previously overlooked interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza D Bilas
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Amanda Bretman
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tom Bennett
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Ciriello M, Formisano L, El-Nakhel C, Corrado G, Pannico A, De Pascale S, Rouphael Y. Morpho-Physiological Responses and Secondary Metabolites Modulation by Preharvest Factors of Three Hydroponically Grown Genovese Basil Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:671026. [PMID: 33981328 PMCID: PMC8107287 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.671026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an economically important leafy vegetable especially in Mediterranean countries. In Italian gastronomy, the large elliptical leaves of the Genovese type are mostly used for the well-known pesto sauce, and almost all (>90%) professional production is for the food industry. The growing demand for fresh leaves with standardized technological and sensory characteristics has prompted basil producers to adopt advanced cultivation methods such as the floating raft system (FRS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive, qualitative, and physiological performance of three Genovese basil cultivars ("Aroma 2," "Eleonora," and "Italiano Classico") in two successive harvests and at two densities (159 and 317 plants m-2). Caffeic, chicoric, rosmarinic, and ferulic acid were determined through the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, whereas the extraction and quantification of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were performed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). "Aroma 2" showed the highest fresh yield and photosynthetic rate together with the lowest nitrate content. For all the tested cultivars, the higher density, while reducing the number of leaves per plant, resulted in higher fresh and dry production per unit area, without altering the aroma profile. Successive harvests resulted in a significant increase in both the yield (37.5%) and the total phenolic acids (75.1%) and favored Eucalyptol and 1-octen-3-ol accumulation (+25.9 and +15.1%, respectively). The here presented comprehensive and multifactorial assessment of the productive and qualitative response of basil provides evidence of the positive effects (from biomass to specialized metabolites) that can be obtained from the management of the pre-harvest factors in soilless cultivation. In addition, it also highlights the role and constraints of the genetic factor in the observed response. We also discuss the implications of our work considering the impact for the food processing industry. Future research may explore the phenolic acids accumulation as a possible fortification means to extend the pesto sauce shelf life, reducing the need of added antioxidants and thermal processing.
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