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Braglia L, Ceschin S, Iannelli MA, Bog M, Fabriani M, Frugis G, Gavazzi F, Gianì S, Mariani F, Muzzi M, Pelella E, Morello L. Characterization of the cryptic interspecific hybrid Lemna×mediterranea by an integrated approach provides new insights into duckweed diversity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3092-3110. [PMID: 38387000 PMCID: PMC11103106 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Lemnaceae taxonomy is challenged by the particular morphology of these tiny free-floating angiosperms. Although molecular taxonomy has helped clarify the phylogenetic history of this family, some inconsistency with morphological data leads to frequent misclassifications in the genus Lemna. Recently, the finding that Lemna japonica is an interspecific hybrid between Lemna minor and Lemna turionifera provided a clear explanation for one such taxonomic question. Here we demonstrated that L. minor is also capable of hybridizing with Lemna gibba, generating a cryptic but widespread taxon in the Mediterranean area. The nothotaxon Lemna ×mediterranea is described and compared with clones of the putative parental species L. minor and L. gibba. Genetic analysis by nuclear and plastid markers, as well as genome size measurement, revealed that two different cytotypes, diploid and triploid, originated by at least two independent hybridization events. Despite high overall similarity, morphometrical, physiological, and biochemical analyses showed an intermediate position of L. ×mediterranea between its parental species in most qualitative and quantitative characters, and also separation of the two hybrid cytotypes by some criteria. These data provide evidence that hybridization and polyploidization, driving forces of terrestrial plant evolution, contribute to duckweed genetic diversity and may have shaped the phylogenetic history of these mainly asexual, aquatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Braglia
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Ceschin
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
- NBFC-National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - M Adelaide Iannelli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Bog
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, Soldmannstr. 15, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marco Fabriani
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Floriana Gavazzi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gianì
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Flaminia Mariani
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muzzi
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pelella
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Morello
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Lee Y, Kato S, Kim JY, Shimono Y, Shiga T. Two lineages of Lemna aequinoctialis (Araceae, Lemnoideae) based on physiology, morphology, and phylogeny. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:359-376. [PMID: 38349478 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. is a widely spread species that has diverse physiological and molecular properties. Flower characteristics are important factors in deducing taxonomical status; however, owing to the rarity of flowering observations in Lemna, studying them has been a prolonged challenge. In this study, physiological and morphological analyses were conducted by inducing flowering, and molecular analysis was done based on the two chloroplast DNA loci (matK, atpF-atpH intergeneric spacer) of L. aequinoctialis sensu Landolt (1986) from 70 strains found in 70 localities in Japan, Korea, Thailand, and the US. In total, 752 flowering fronds from 13 strains were observed based on axenic conditions. Two different trends in flower organ development-protogyny and adichogamy-were detected in these strains. Their physiological traits were divided into two groups, showing different morphological features based on frond thickness, root cap, and anther sizes. Molecular analysis showed two lineages corresponding to two physiological groups. These were identified as L. aequinoctialis sensu Beppu et al. (1985) and L. aoukikusa Beppu et Murata based on the description of the nomenclature of L. aoukikusa. These were concluded as independent taxa and can be treated as different species. Furthermore, the distribution of L. aoukikusa is not only limited to Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Lee
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi Ninocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
- Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Ikarashi Ninocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Syou Kato
- Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Ikarashi Ninocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Division of Horticulture and Medicinal Plant, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshiko Shimono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiga
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi Ninocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan.
- Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Ikarashi Ninocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan.
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3
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Chen G, Stepanenko A, Borisjuk N. Contrasting patterns of 5S rDNA repeats in European and Asian ecotypes of greater duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza (Lemnaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1378683. [PMID: 38711607 PMCID: PMC11070557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1378683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) contains highly conserved, specifically organized sequences encoding ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) separated by variable non-transcribed intergenic spacers (NTSs) and is abundant in eukaryotic genomes. These characteristics make the rDNA an informative molecular target to study genome organization, molecular evolution, and phylogenetics. In this study, we characterized the 5S rDNA repeats in the greater duckweed Spiroldela polyrhiza, a species known for its small size, rapid growth, highly conserved genome organization, and low mutation rate. Sequence analysis of at least 12 individually cloned PCR fragments containing the 5S rDNA units for each of six ecotypes that originated from Europe (Ukraine) and Asia (China) revealed two distinct types of 5S rDNA repeats containing NTSs of different lengths and nucleotide compositions. The shorter 5S rDNA repeat units had a highly homogeneous 400-bp NTS, with few ecotype- or region-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The longer 5S rDNA units had NTSs of 1056-1084 bp with characteristic intra- and inter-genomic variants due to specific SNPs and insertions/deletions of 4-15-bp DNA elements. We also detected significant variability in the ratio of short/long 5S rDNA variants between ecotypes of S. polyrhiza. The contrasting dynamics of the two types of 5S rDNA units, combined with the unusually low repeat copy number (for plants) in S. polyrhiza (46-220 copies per genome), shows that this species could serve as an excellent model for examining the mechanisms of concerted evolution and functional significance of rDNA variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Anton Stepanenko
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nikolai Borisjuk
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
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4
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Park H, Park JH, Kang YJ. Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Wolffia arrhiza and comparative genomic analysis with relative Wolffia species. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5873. [PMID: 38467810 PMCID: PMC10928178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Lemnoideae, commonly referred to as the duckweed, are aquatic plants found worldwide. Wolffia species are known for their extreme reduction in size and complexity, lacking both roots and leaves, and they hold the distinction of being the smallest plants among angiosperms. Interestingly, it belongs to the Araceae family, despite its apparent morphological differences from land plants in the same family. Traditional morphological methods have limitations in classifying these plants, making molecular-level information essential. The chloroplast genome of Wolffia arrhiza is revealed that a total length of 169,602 bp and a total GC content of 35.78%. It follows the typical quadripartite structure, which includes a large single copy (LSC, 92,172 bp) region, a small single copy (SSC, 13,686 bp) region, and a pair of inverted repeat (IR, 31,872 bp each) regions. There are 131 genes characterized, comprising 86 Protein-Coding Genes, 37 Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Moreover, 48 simple sequence repeats and 32 long repeat sequences were detected. Comparative analysis between W. arrhiza and six other Lemnoideae species identified 12 hotspots of high nucleotide diversity. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis was performed using 14 species belonging to the Araceae family and one external species as an outgroup. This analysis unveiled W. arrhiza and Wolffia globosa as closely related sister species. Therefore, this research has revealed the complete chloroplast genome data of W. arrhiza, offering a more detailed understanding of its evolutionary position and phylogenetic categorization within the Lemnoideae subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halim Park
- Division of Bio and Medical Bigdata Department (BK4 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yang Jae Kang
- Division of Bio and Medical Bigdata Department (BK4 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Life Science Department at Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Ojuederie OB, Igwe DO, Ludidi NN, Ikhajiagbe B. Editorial: Neglected and underutilized crop species for sustainable food and nutritional security: prospects and hidden potential. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1358220. [PMID: 38264018 PMCID: PMC10803604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1358220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Omena Bernard Ojuederie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Osun, Nigeria
- Food Security and Safety Focus, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - David Okeh Igwe
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ndiko Ndomele Ludidi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Beckley Ikhajiagbe
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo, Nigeria
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6
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Oláh V, Appenroth KJ, Lam E, Sree KS. Sixth International Conference on Duckweed Research and Applications Presents Lemnaceae as a Model Plant System in the Genomics and Postgenomics Era. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112134. [PMID: 37299113 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The 6th International Conference on Duckweed Research and Applications (6th ICDRA) was organized at the Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) located in Gatersleben, Germany, from 29 May to 1 June 2022. The growing community of duckweed research and application specialists was noted with participants from 21 different countries including an increased share of newly integrated young researchers. The four-day conference focused on diverse aspects of basic and applied research together with practical applications of these tiny aquatic plants that could have an enormous potential for biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Oláh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Eric Lam
- Department Plant Biology, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - K Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye 671320, India
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7
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Acosta K, Sorrels S, Chrisler W, Huang W, Gilbert S, Brinkman T, Michael TP, Lebeis SL, Lam E. Optimization of Molecular Methods for Detecting Duckweed-Associated Bacteria. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:872. [PMID: 36840219 PMCID: PMC9965182 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial colonization dynamics of plants can differ between phylogenetically similar bacterial strains and in the context of complex bacterial communities. Quantitative methods that can resolve closely related bacteria within complex communities can lead to a better understanding of plant-microbe interactions. However, current methods often lack the specificity to differentiate phylogenetically similar bacterial strains. In this study, we describe molecular strategies to study duckweed-associated bacteria. We first systematically optimized a bead-beating protocol to co-isolate nucleic acids simultaneously from duckweed and bacteria. We then developed a generic fingerprinting assay to detect bacteria present in duckweed samples. To detect specific duckweed-bacterium associations, we developed a genomics-based computational pipeline to generate bacterial strain-specific primers. These strain-specific primers differentiated bacterial strains from the same genus and enabled the detection of specific duckweed-bacterium associations present in a community context. Moreover, we used these strain-specific primers to quantify the bacterial colonization of duckweed by normalization to a plant reference gene and revealed differences in colonization levels between strains from the same genus. Lastly, confocal microscopy of inoculated duckweed further supported our PCR results and showed bacterial colonization of the duckweed root-frond interface and root interior. The molecular methods introduced in this work should enable the tracking and quantification of specific plant-microbe associations within plant-microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Acosta
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Shawn Sorrels
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - William Chrisler
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Weijuan Huang
- Institute of Nanfan & Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Thomas Brinkman
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Todd P. Michael
- The Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sarah L. Lebeis
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Eric Lam
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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8
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Zhou Y, Stepanenko A, Kishchenko O, Xu J, Borisjuk N. Duckweeds for Phytoremediation of Polluted Water. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:589. [PMID: 36771672 PMCID: PMC9919746 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tiny aquatic plants from the Lemnaceae family, commonly known as duckweeds, are often regarded as detrimental to the environment because of their ability to quickly populate and cover the surfaces of bodies of water. Due to their rapid vegetative propagation, duckweeds have one of the fastest growth rates among flowering plants and can accumulate large amounts of biomass in relatively short time periods. Due to the high yield of valuable biomass and ease of harvest, duckweeds can be used as feedstock for biofuels, animal feed, and other applications. Thanks to their efficient absorption of nitrogen- and phosphate-containing pollutants, duckweeds play an important role in the restorative ecology of water reservoirs. Moreover, compared to other species, duckweed species and ecotypes demonstrate exceptionally high adaptivity to a variety of environmental factors; indeed, duckweeds remove and convert many contaminants, such as nitrogen, into plant biomass. The global distribution of duckweeds and their tolerance of ammonia, heavy metals, other pollutants, and stresses are the major factors highlighting their potential for use in purifying agricultural, municipal, and some industrial wastewater. In summary, duckweeds are a powerful tool for bioremediation that can reduce anthropogenic pollution in aquatic ecosystems and prevent water eutrophication in a simple, inexpensive ecologically friendly way. Here we review the potential for using duckweeds in phytoremediation of several major water pollutants: mineral nitrogen and phosphorus, various organic chemicals, and heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Zhou
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
| | - Anton Stepanenko
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena Kishchenko
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jianming Xu
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
| | - Nikolai Borisjuk
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
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9
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Yang GL. Duckweed Is a Promising Feedstock of Biofuels: Advantages and Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315231. [PMID: 36499555 PMCID: PMC9740428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
With the growing scarcity of traditional sources of energy and the accompanying acute environmental challenges, biofuels based on biomass are favored as the most promising alternative. As one of the core raw materials for biomass energy, research on its production methods and synthesis mechanisms is emerging. In recent years, duckweed has been used as a high-quality new biomass feedstock for its advantages, including fast biomass accumulation, high starch content, high biomass conversion efficiency, and sewage remediation. This study provides a systematic review of the growth characteristics, starch metabolism pathways, and methods to improve starch accumulation in the new energy plant, duckweed. The study also presents a prospect that might be used as a reference for the development of duckweed as a new energy-providing plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
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Huang W, Kong R, Chen L, An Y. Physiological responses and antibiotic-degradation capacity of duckweed ( Lemna aequinoctialis) exposed to streptomycin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1065199. [PMID: 36570884 PMCID: PMC9774486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1065199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic plants are constantly exposed to various water environmental pollutants. Few data on how antibiotics affect duckweed health and its removal ability. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of streptomycin on the physiological change and uptake capability in duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis) after exposure at different time points (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days). Duckweeds were exposed to streptomycin at a range of concentrations (0.1-10 mM). Results indicated that the high streptomycin concentrations (≥1 mM) resulted in a lower duckweed biomass (21.5-41.5%), RGR (0.258-0.336 g d-1), decrease in total Chl and increase in carotenoids. Antioxidative enzymes, including CAT (18-42.88 U mg protein-1), APX (0.41-0.76 U mg protein-1), and SOD (0.52-0.71 U mg protein-1) were found to accumulate in the streptomycin groups in comparison to the control group. The significant reduction (72-82%) in streptomycin content at 20 d compared to the control (40-55%) suggested that duckweed has a high ability in removing streptomycin. Transcriptome analysis showed that the secondary metabolic pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in the streptomycin setup compared to the control. Therefore, our findings suggested that duckweed can contribute to the streptomycin degradation, which should be highly recommended to the treatment of aquaculture wastewater and domestic sewage.
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11
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Friedjung Yosef A, Ghazaryan L, Klamann L, Kaufman KS, Baubin C, Poodiack B, Ran N, Gabay T, Didi-Cohen S, Bog M, Khozin-Goldberg I, Gillor O. Diversity and Differentiation of Duckweed Species from Israel. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11233326. [PMID: 36501368 PMCID: PMC9736646 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are tiny plants that float on aquatic surfaces and are typically isolated from temperate and equatorial regions. Yet, duckweed diversity in Mediterranean and arid regions has been seldom explored. To address this gap in knowledge, we surveyed duckweed diversity in Israel, an ecological junction between Mediterranean and arid climates. We searched for duckweeds in the north and center of Israel on the surface of streams, ponds and waterholes. We collected and isolated 27 duckweeds and characterized their morphology, molecular barcodes (atpF-atpH and psbK-psbI) and biochemical features (protein content and fatty acids composition). Six species were identified-Lemna minor, L. gibba and Wolffia arrhiza dominated the duckweed populations, and together with past sightings, are suggested to be native to Israel. The fatty acid profiles and protein content further suggest that diverged functions have attributed to different haplotypes among the identified species. Spirodela polyrhiza, W. globosa and L. minuta were also identified but were rarer. S. polyrhiza was previously reported in our region, thus, its current low abundance should be revisited. However, L. minuta and W. globosa are native to America and Far East Asia, respectively, and are invasive in Europe. We hypothesize that they may be invasive species to our region as well, carried by migratory birds that disperse them through their migration routes. This study indicates that the duckweed population in Israel's aquatic environments consists of both native and transient species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Friedjung Yosef
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Lusine Ghazaryan
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Linda Klamann
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Katherine Sarah Kaufman
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Capucine Baubin
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ben Poodiack
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Noya Ran
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Talia Gabay
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Shoshana Didi-Cohen
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Manuela Bog
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Osnat Gillor
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
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12
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Taghipour E, Bog M, Frootan F, Shojaei S, Rad N, Arezoumandi M, Jafari M, Salmanian AH. DNA barcoding and biomass accumulation rates of native Iranian duckweed species for biotechnological applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034238. [PMID: 36523621 PMCID: PMC9744944 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Lemnaceae family (duckweed) consists of at least three recognized genera with six reported species in Iran that are distributed in wetlands. Duckweeds are the simplest and smallest flowering aquatic monocots with free-floating fronds that can reproduce asexually every 2-3 days. Duckweed could be a major source of balanced amino acids and high protein content, which is increasingly promising for biotechnological applications. For molecular classification and species identification of the collected samples, DNA barcoding was performed using two standard chloroplast markers, the spacer region between the ATP synthase subunits F and H (atpF-atpH) and the intron region of the ribosomal protein S16 (rps16). The results confirm the presence of four species belonging to the two genera Lemna and Spirodela. In addition, L. turionifera was detected for the first time in Iran. Due to the high growth rates of duckweed, measurement of biomass accumulation and doubling time are important factors in determining growth potential, especially for native species. The relative growth rates (RGR), doubling times (DT), biomass accumulation, and relative weekly yields (RY) of 40 distinct duckweed clones were determined under standard cultivation conditions. The dry weight-based RGR ranged from 0.149 to more than 0.600 per day, DT from 1.12 to 9 days, and RY from 7 to 108.9 per week. All values are comparable with previous studies. RGR and RY of selected clones are higher than the growth potential for a wide range of wild plants and common crops. These data support that native duckweed has high productivity value and should be further investigated as a potentially rich protein source for alternative human food, livestock feed, and recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Taghipour
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manuela Bog
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fateme Frootan
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Shojaei
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rad
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Arezoumandi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyat Jafari
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hatef Salmanian
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Edelman M, Appenroth KJ, Sree KS, Oyama T. Ethnobotanical History: Duckweeds in Different Civilizations. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162124. [PMID: 36015427 PMCID: PMC9415063 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This presentation examines the history of duckweeds in Chinese, Christian, Greek, Hebrew, Hindu, Japanese, Maya, Muslim, and Roman cultures and details the usage of these diminutive freshwater plants from ancient times through the Middle Ages. We find that duckweeds were widely distributed geographically already in antiquity and were integrated in classical cultures in the Americas, Europe, the Near East, and the Far East 2000 years ago. In ancient medicinal sources, duckweeds are encountered in procedures, concoctions, and incantations involving the reduction of high fever. In this regard, we discuss a potential case of ethnobotanical convergence between the Chinese Han and Classical Maya cultures. Duckweeds played a part in several ancient rituals. In one, the unsuitability of its roots to serve as a wick for Sabbath oil lamps. In another reference to its early use as human food during penitence. In a third, a prominent ingredient in a medicinal incantation, and in a fourth, as a crucial element in ritual body purifications. Unexpectedly, it emerged that in several ancient cultures, the floating duckweed plant featured prominently in the vernacular and religious poetry of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Edelman
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (K.-J.A.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Klaus-Juergen Appenroth
- Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute, University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (K.-J.A.); (K.S.S.)
| | - K. Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye 671320, India
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (K.-J.A.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Tokitaka Oyama
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Makino A, Nakai R, Yoneda Y, Toyama T, Tanaka Y, Meng XY, Mori K, Ike M, Morikawa M, Kamagata Y, Tamaki H. Isolation of Aquatic Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria for the Floating Plant Duckweed (Lemna minor). Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081564. [PMID: 36013982 PMCID: PMC9416352 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can exert beneficial growth effects on their host plants. Little is known about the phylogeny and growth-promoting mechanisms of PGPB associated with aquatic plants, although those of terrestrial PGPB have been well-studied. Here, we report four novel aquatic PGPB strains, MRB1–4 (NITE P-01645–P-01648), for duckweed Lemna minor from our rhizobacterial collection isolated from Lythrum anceps. The number of L. minor fronds during 14 days co-culture with the strains MRB1–4 increased by 2.1–3.8-fold, compared with an uninoculated control; the plant biomass and chlorophyll content in co-cultures also increased. Moreover, all strains possessed an indole-3-acetic acid production trait in common with a plant growth-promoting trait of terrestrial PGPB. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three strains, MRB-1, -3, and -4, were affiliated with known proteobacterial genera (Bradyrhizobium and Pelomonas); this report is the first to describe a plant-growth promoting activity of Pelomonas members. The gammaproteobacterial strain MRB2 was suggested to be phylogenetically novel at the genus level. Under microscopic observation, the Pelomonas strain MRB3 was epiphytic and adhered to both the root surfaces and fronds of duckweed. The duckweed PGPB obtained here could serve as a new model for understanding unforeseen mechanisms behind aquatic plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Makino
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Hokkaido, Japan; (A.M.); (R.N.)
| | - Ryosuke Nakai
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Hokkaido, Japan; (A.M.); (R.N.)
| | - Yasuko Yoneda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan; (Y.Y.); (X.-Y.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Tadashi Toyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8511, Yamanashi, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Yamanashi, Japan;
| | - Xian-Ying Meng
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan; (Y.Y.); (X.-Y.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Kazuhiro Mori
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8511, Yamanashi, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Michihiko Ike
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Masaaki Morikawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Yoichi Kamagata
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan; (Y.Y.); (X.-Y.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Hideyuki Tamaki
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan; (Y.Y.); (X.-Y.M.); (Y.K.)
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Center, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-861-6592
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15
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Biodiversity of Duckweed (Lemnaceae) in Water Reservoirs of Ukraine and China Assessed by Chloroplast DNA Barcoding. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111468. [PMID: 35684242 PMCID: PMC9182681 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring and characterizing species biodiversity is essential for germplasm preservation, academic studies, and various practical applications. Duckweeds represent a group of tiny aquatic plants that include 36 species divided into 5 genera within the Lemnaceae family. They are an important part of aquatic ecosystems worldwide, often covering large portions of the water reservoirs they inhabit, and have many potential applications, including in bioremediation, biofuels, and biomanufacturing. Here, we evaluated the biodiversity of duckweeds in Ukraine and Eastern China by characterizing specimens using the two-barcode protocol with the chloroplast atpH–atpF and psbK–psbI spacer sequences. In total, 69 Chinese and Ukrainian duckweed specimens were sequenced. The sequences were compared against sequences in the NCBI database using BLAST. We identified six species from China (Spirodela polyrhiza, Landoltia punctata, Lemna aequinoctialis, Lemna minor, Lemna turionifera, and Wolffia globosa) and six from Ukraine (S. polyrhiza, Lemna gibba, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca, Lemna turionifera, and Wolffia arrhiza). The most common duckweed species in the samples from Ukraine were Le. minor and S. polyrhiza, accounting for 17 and 15 out of 40 specimens, respectively. The most common duckweed species in the samples from China was S. polyrhiza, accounting for 15 out of 29 specimens. La. punctata and Le. aequinoctialis were also common in China, accounting for five and four specimens, respectively. According to both atpH–atpF and psbK–psbI barcode analyses, the species identified as Le. aequinoctialis does not form a uniform taxon similar to other duckweed species, and therefore the phylogenetic status of this species requires further clarification. By monitoring duckweeds using chloroplast DNA sequencing, we not only precisely identified local species and ecotypes, but also provided background for further exploration of native varieties with diverse genetic backgrounds. These data could be useful for future conservation, breeding, and biotechnological applications.
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Bog M, Appenroth KJ, Schneider P, Sree KS. Intraspecific Diversity in Aquatic Ecosystems: Comparison between Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna minor in Natural Populations of Duckweed. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070968. [PMID: 35406948 PMCID: PMC9003317 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Samples of two duckweed species, Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna minor, were collected around small ponds and investigated concerning the question of whether natural populations of duckweeds constitute a single clone, or whether clonal diversity exists. Amplified fragment length polymorphism was used as a molecular method to distinguish clones of the same species. Possible intraspecific diversity was evaluated by average-linkage clustering. The main criterion to distinguish one clone from another was the 95% significance level of the Jaccard dissimilarity index for replicated samples. Within natural populations of L. minor, significant intraspecific genetic differences were detected. In each of the three small ponds harbouring populations of L. minor, based on twelve samples, between four and nine distinct clones were detected. Natural populations of L. minor consist of a mixture of several clones representing intraspecific biodiversity in an aquatic ecosystem. Moreover, identical distinct clones were discovered in more than one pond, located at a distance of 1 km and 2.4 km from each other. Evidently, fronds of L. minor were transported between these different ponds. The genetic differences for S. polyrhiza, however, were below the error-threshold of the method within a pond to detect distinct clones, but were pronounced between samples of two different ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Bog
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Klaus-Juergen Appenroth
- Matthias Schleiden Institute-Plant Physiology, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence: (K.-J.A.); or (K.S.S.); Tel.: +49-3641-949233 (K.-J.A.); +91-9999-672921 (K.S.S.)
| | - Philipp Schneider
- Matthias Schleiden Institute-Plant Physiology, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - K. Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye 671320, India
- Correspondence: (K.-J.A.); or (K.S.S.); Tel.: +49-3641-949233 (K.-J.A.); +91-9999-672921 (K.S.S.)
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Stepanenko A, Chen G, Hoang PTN, Fuchs J, Schubert I, Borisjuk N. The Ribosomal DNA Loci of the Ancient Monocot Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) Contain Different Variants of the 35S and 5S Ribosomal RNA Gene Units. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:819750. [PMID: 35310643 PMCID: PMC8928438 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.819750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater plant water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) grows in warm climatic zones and is used for phytoremediation and biomass production. P. stratiotes belongs to the Araceae, an ecologically and structurally diverse early monocot family, but the phylogenetic relationships among Araceae members are poorly understood. Ribosomal DNAs (rDNAs), including the 35S and 5S rDNA, encode the RNA components of ribosomes and are widely used in phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of various plant taxa. Here, we comprehensively characterized the chromosomal locations and molecular organization of 35S and 5S rDNA genes in water lettuce using karyological and molecular methods. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed a single location for the 35S and 5S rDNA loci, each on a different pair of the species' 28 chromosomes. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of 35S rDNA of P. stratiotes, the first representative Araceae sensu stricto in which such a study was performed, displayed typical structural characteristics. The full-length repeat showed high sequence conservation of the regions producing the 18S, 5.8S, and 25S rRNAs and divergence of the internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 as well as the large intergenic spacer (IGS). Alignments of the deduced sequence of 18S rDNA with the sequences available for other Araceae and representatives of other clades were used for phylogenetic analysis. Examination of 11 IGS sequences revealed significant intra-genomic length variability due to variation in subrepeat number, with four types of units detected within the 35S rDNA locus of the P. stratiotes genome (estimated size 407 Mb/1C). Similarly, the 5S rDNA locus harbors gene units comprising a conserved 119-bp sequence encoding 5S rRNA and two types of non-transcribed spacer (NTS) sequences. Type I was classified into four subtypes, which apparently originated via progressive loss of subrepeats within the duplicated NTS region containing the 3' part of the 5S rRNA gene. The minor Type II NTS is shorter than Type I and differs in nucleotide composition. Some DNA clones containing two or three consecutive 5S rDNA repeats harbored 5S rDNA genes with different types of NTSs, confirming the mosaic composition of the 5S rDNA locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Stepanenko
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Guimin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Phuong T. N. Hoang
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Dalat University, Đà Lạt, Vietnam
| | - Jörg Fuchs
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ingo Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nikolai Borisjuk
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
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18
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Zhou Y, Kishchenko O, Stepanenko A, Chen G, Wang W, Zhou J, Pan C, Borisjuk N. The Dynamics of NO3- and NH4+ Uptake in Duckweed Are Coordinated with the Expression of Major Nitrogen Assimilation Genes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:11. [PMID: 35009015 PMCID: PMC8747334 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Duckweed plants play important roles in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. They rapidly accumulate biomass and have potential uses in bioremediation of water polluted by fertilizer runoff or other chemicals. Here we studied the assimilation of two major sources of inorganic nitrogen, nitrate (NO3- ) and ammonium (NH4+), in six duckweed species: Spirodela polyrhiza, Landoltia punctata, Lemna aequinoctialis, Lemna turionifera, Lemna minor, and Wolffia globosa. All six duckweed species preferred NH4+ over NO3- and started using NO3- only when NH4+ was depleted. Using the available genome sequence, we analyzed the molecular structure and expression of eight key nitrogen assimilation genes in S. polyrhiza. The expression of genes encoding nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase increased about 10-fold when NO3- was supplied and decreased when NH4+ was supplied. NO3- and NH4+ induced the glutamine synthetase (GS) genes GS1;2 and the GS2 by 2- to 5-fold, respectively, but repressed GS1;1 and GS1;3. NH4+ and NO3- upregulated the genes encoding ferredoxin- and NADH-dependent glutamate synthases (Fd-GOGAT and NADH-GOGAT). A survey of nitrogen assimilation gene promoters suggested complex regulation, with major roles for NRE-like and GAATC/GATTC cis-elements, TATA-based enhancers, GA/CTn repeats, and G-quadruplex structures. These results will inform efforts to improve bioremediation and nitrogen use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nikolai Borisjuk
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, West Changjiang Road 111, Huai’an 223000, China; (Y.Z.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (G.C.); (W.W.); (J.Z.); (C.P.)
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Braglia L, Breviario D, Gianì S, Gavazzi F, De Gregori J, Morello L. New Insights into Interspecific Hybridization in Lemna L. Sect. Lemna (Lemnaceae Martinov). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122767. [PMID: 34961238 PMCID: PMC8703825 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Duckweeds have been increasingly studied in recent years, both as model plants and in view of their potential applications as a new crop in a circular bioeconomy perspective. In order to select species and clones with the desired attributes, the correct identification of the species is fundamental. Molecular methods have recently provided a more solid base for taxonomy and yielded a consensus phylogenetic tree, although some points remain to be elucidated. The duckweed genus Lemna L. comprises twelve species, grouped in four sections, which include very similar sister species. The least taxonomically resolved is sect. Lemna, presenting difficulties in species delimitation using morphological and even barcoding molecular markers. Ambiguous species boundaries between Lemna minor L. and Lemna japonica Landolt have been clarified by Tubulin Based Polymorphism (TBP), with the discovery of interspecific hybrids. In the present work, we extended TBP profiling to a larger number of clones in sect. Lemna, previously classified using only morphological features, in order to test that classification, and to investigate the possible existence of other hybrids in this section. The analysis revealed several misidentifications of clones, in particular among the species L. minor, L. japonica and Lemna gibba L., and identified six putative ‘L. gibba’ clones as interspecific hybrids between L. minor and L. gibba.
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20
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Peterson A, Kishchenko O, Zhou Y, Vasylenko M, Giritch A, Sun J, Borisjuk N, Kuchuk M. Robust Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Expression in Two Duckweed Species (Lemnaceae) Directed by Non-replicating, Replicating, and Cell-to-Cell Spreading Vectors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:5. [PMID: 34805101 PMCID: PMC8600122 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.761073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based transient expression systems have recognized potential for use as rapid and cost-effective alternatives to expression systems based on bacteria, yeast, insect, or mammalian cells. The free-floating aquatic plants of the Lemnaceae family (duckweed) have compact architecture and can be vegetatively propagated on low-cost nutrient solutions in aseptic conditions. These features provide an economically feasible opportunity for duckweed-based production of high-value products via transient expression of recombinant products in fully contained, controlled, aseptic and bio-safe conditions in accordance with the requirements for pharmaceutical manufacturing and environmental biosafety. Here, we demonstrated Agrobacterium-mediated high-yield transient expression of a reporter green fluorescent protein using deconstructed vectors based on potato virus X and sweet potato leaf curl virus, as well as conventional binary vectors, in two representatives of the Lemnaceae (Spirodela polyrhiza and Landoltia punctata). Aseptically cultivated duckweed populations yielded reporter protein accumulation of >1 mg/g fresh biomass, when the protein was expressed from a deconstructed potato virus X-based vector, which is capable of replication and cell-to-cell movement of the replicons in duckweed. The expression efficiency demonstrated here places duckweed among the most efficient host organisms for plant-based transient expression systems, with the additional benefits of easy scale-up and full containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Peterson
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China.,Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena Kishchenko
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China.,Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuzhen Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Maksym Vasylenko
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Jian Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Nikolai Borisjuk
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Mykola Kuchuk
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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21
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Al-Dakhil M, Alghamdi S, Migdadi H, Afzal M, Ali AA. Morphological Characterization and DNA Barcoding of Duckweed Species in Saudi Arabia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112438. [PMID: 34834801 PMCID: PMC8620982 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Duckweeds, or Lemnaceae, are widespread aquatic plants. Morphology-based identification of duckweed species is difficult because of their structural complexity. Hence, molecular tools provide significant advantages for characterizing and selecting species or clones for sustainable commercial use. In this study, we collected and characterized ten duckweed isolates from nine different regions in Saudi Arabia (SA). Based on the morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis of intergenic spacer sequences of chloroplast DNA using six barcoding markers, the clones were classified into three genera, represented by seven species: Lemna gibba L., Lemna minor L., Lemna japonica Landolt, Lemna aequinoctialis Welw., Lemna perpusilla Torr., Spirodela polyryiza (L.) Schleid., and Landoltia punctate G. Mey. Lemna gibba was revealed to be a distinct dominant duckweed species in many regions of SA. Five barcoding markers showed that L. gibba, L. minor, and L. punctata were the most widely distributed species in the country. However, L. punctata, L. perpusilla, and S. polyryiza were the dominant species in the Al-Qassim, Madinah-1, and Madinah-2 regions, respectively. Moreover, the morphological traits revealed variations for these clones, relative to other studied duckweed clones. According to the results obtained in this study, three out of six plastid markers (trnH-psbA, matK, and atpF-atpH) helped to identify the dominant duckweed species in Saudi Arabia. Further evaluation based on adaptability, molecular genetic studies, and functional genomics is needed for these species to be used at the commercial level in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Dakhil
- Natural Resources and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Salem Alghamdi
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Hussein Migdadi
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.A.)
- National Agricultural Research Center, Baqa, Amman 19381, Jordan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Ahmed Abdelrahim Ali
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.A.)
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Acosta K, Appenroth KJ, Borisjuk L, Edelman M, Heinig U, Jansen MAK, Oyama T, Pasaribu B, Schubert I, Sorrels S, Sree KS, Xu S, Michael TP, Lam E. Return of the Lemnaceae: duckweed as a model plant system in the genomics and postgenomics era. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3207-3234. [PMID: 34273173 PMCID: PMC8505876 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic Lemnaceae family, commonly called duckweed, comprises some of the smallest and fastest growing angiosperms known on Earth. Their tiny size, rapid growth by clonal propagation, and facile uptake of labeled compounds from the media were attractive features that made them a well-known model for plant biology from 1950 to 1990. Interest in duckweed has steadily regained momentum over the past decade, driven in part by the growing need to identify alternative plants from traditional agricultural crops that can help tackle urgent societal challenges, such as climate change and rapid population expansion. Propelled by rapid advances in genomic technologies, recent studies with duckweed again highlight the potential of these small plants to enable discoveries in diverse fields from ecology to chronobiology. Building on established community resources, duckweed is reemerging as a platform to study plant processes at the systems level and to translate knowledge gained for field deployment to address some of society's pressing needs. This review details the anatomy, development, physiology, and molecular characteristics of the Lemnaceae to introduce them to the broader plant research community. We highlight recent research enabled by Lemnaceae to demonstrate how these plants can be used for quantitative studies of complex processes and for revealing potentially novel strategies in plant defense and genome maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Acosta
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Klaus J Appenroth
- Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute, University of Jena, Jena 07737, Germany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- The Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Marvin Edelman
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Uwe Heinig
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Marcel A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
| | - Tokitaka Oyama
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Buntora Pasaribu
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ingo Schubert
- The Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Shawn Sorrels
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - K Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye 671320, India
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | | | - Eric Lam
- Author for correspondence: (E.L.), (T.P.M.)
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Yang GL, Yang MX, Lv SM, Tan AJ. The effect of chelating agents on iron plaques and arsenic accumulation in duckweed (Lemna minor). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126410. [PMID: 34157466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Iron plaques have been found to limit the phytoremediation efficiency by reducing iron solubility, while chelating agents can increase the bioavailability of iron from Fe plaques to numerous terrestrial plants. However, the effects of chelating agents on Fe plaques along the As accumulation in aquatic plants remain unknown. In this study, the effects of five chelating agents (EDTA, DTPA, NTA, GLDA, and CA) on the As (As(III) or As(V)), phosphate, and iron uptake by iron plaques and duckweed (Lemna minor) were examined. The results showed that the chelating agents increased the As accumulation in L. minor plants by desorbing and mobilizing As from Fe plaques. The desorption rates of As(V) (As(III)) from the Fe plaques by the chelating agents were 5.26-8.77% (8.70-15.02%), and the plants/DCB extract ratios of As(V) (As(III)) increased from 2.63 ± 0.13 (1.97 ± 0.06) to the peak value of 3.38 ± 0.21 (2.70 ± 0.14) upon adding chelating agents. Besides, the addition of chelating agents increased the uptake of P and Fe by L. minor plants. This work provides a theoretical basis for the remediation of As-contaminated waters by duckweed with the help of chelating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Li Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Ming-Xing Yang
- Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Shi-Ming Lv
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 50025, China
| | - Ai-Juan Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Chen G, Stepanenko A, Borisjuk N. Mosaic Arrangement of the 5S rDNA in the Aquatic Plant Landoltia punctata (Lemnaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:678689. [PMID: 34249048 PMCID: PMC8264772 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Duckweeds are a group of monocotyledonous aquatic plants in the Araceae superfamily, represented by 37 species divided into five genera. Duckweeds are the fastest growing flowering plants and are distributed around the globe; moreover, these plants have multiple applications, including biomass production, wastewater remediation, and making pharmaceutical proteins. Dotted duckweed (Landoltia punctata), the sole species in genus Landoltia, is one of the most resilient duckweed species. The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) encodes the RNA components of ribosomes and represents a significant part of plant genomes but has not been comprehensively studied in duckweeds. Here, we characterized the 5S rDNA genes in L. punctata by cloning and sequencing 25 PCR fragments containing the 5S rDNA repeats. No length variation was detected in the 5S rDNA gene sequence, whereas the nontranscribed spacer (NTS) varied from 151 to 524 bp. The NTS variants were grouped into two major classes, which differed both in nucleotide sequence and the type and arrangement of the spacer subrepeats. The dominant class I NTS, with a characteristic 12-bp TC-rich sequence present in 3-18 copies, was classified into four subclasses, whereas the minor class II NTS, with shorter, 9-bp nucleotide repeats, was represented by two identical sequences. In addition to these diverse subrepeats, class I and class II NTSs differed in their representation of cis-elements and the patterns of predicted G-quadruplex structures, which may influence the transcription of the 5S rDNA. Similar to related duckweed species in the genus Spirodela, L. punctata has a relatively low rDNA copy number, but in contrast to Spirodela and the majority of other plants, the arrangement of the 5S rDNA units demonstrated an unusual, heterogeneous pattern in L. punctata, as revealed by analyzing clones containing double 5S rDNA neighboring units. Our findings may further stimulate the research on the evolution of the plant rDNA and discussion of the molecular forces driving homogenization of rDNA repeats in concerted evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Anton Stepanenko
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Nikolai Borisjuk
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
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26
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Michael TP, Ernst E, Hartwick N, Chu P, Bryant D, Gilbert S, Ortleb S, Baggs EL, Sree KS, Appenroth KJ, Fuchs J, Jupe F, Sandoval JP, Krasileva KV, Borisjuk L, Mockler TC, Ecker JR, Martienssen RA, Lam E. Genome and time-of-day transcriptome of Wolffia australiana link morphological minimization with gene loss and less growth control. Genome Res 2021; 31:225-238. [PMID: 33361111 PMCID: PMC7849404 DOI: 10.1101/gr.266429.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rootless plants in the genus Wolffia are some of the fastest growing known plants on Earth. Wolffia have a reduced body plan, primarily multiplying through a budding type of asexual reproduction. Here, we generated draft reference genomes for Wolffia australiana (Benth.) Hartog & Plas, which has the smallest genome size in the genus at 357 Mb and has a reduced set of predicted protein-coding genes at about 15,000. Comparison between multiple high-quality draft genome sequences from W. australiana clones confirmed loss of several hundred genes that are highly conserved among flowering plants, including genes involved in root developmental and light signaling pathways. Wolffia has also lost most of the conserved nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes that are known to be involved in innate immunity, as well as those involved in terpene biosynthesis, while having a significant overrepresentation of genes in the sphingolipid pathways that may signify an alternative defense system. Diurnal expression analysis revealed that only 13% of Wolffia genes are expressed in a time-of-day (TOD) fashion, which is less than the typical ∼40% found in several model plants under the same condition. In contrast to the model plants Arabidopsis and rice, many of the pathways associated with multicellular and developmental processes are not under TOD control in W. australiana, where genes that cycle the conditions tested predominantly have carbon processing and chloroplast-related functions. The Wolffia genome and TOD expression data set thus provide insight into the interplay between a streamlined plant body plan and optimized growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd P Michael
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Evan Ernst
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Nolan Hartwick
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Philomena Chu
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Douglas Bryant
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Stefan Ortleb
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Erin L Baggs
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, Kerala 671316, India
| | | | - Joerg Fuchs
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Florian Jupe
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Justin P Sandoval
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ksenia V Krasileva
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ljudmylla Borisjuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Todd C Mockler
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Joseph R Ecker
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert A Martienssen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Eric Lam
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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27
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Yang GL, Huang MJ, Tan AJ, Lv SM. Joint effects of naphthalene and microcystin-LR on physiological responses and toxin bioaccumulation of Landoltia punctata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 231:105710. [PMID: 33338701 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The co-contamination of naphthalene (NAP) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) commonly occurs in eutrophic waters. However, the joint effects of NAP and MC-LR on plants in aquatic environments remain unknown. Landoltia punctata is characterized by high starch yields and high biomass in polluted waters and has been proven to be a bioenergy crop and phytoremediation plant. In this study, L. punctata was cultured in a nutrient medium with environmentally relevant NAP (0.1, 1, 3, 5, and 10 μg/L) and MC-LR (5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/L) to determine individual and joint toxic effects. The effects of NAP and MC-LR on physiological responses of L. punctata, including growth, starch accumulation, and antioxidant responses, were studied. Bioaccumulation of MC-LR in L. punctata, with or without NAP, was also examined. The results showed that growth and chlorophyll-a contents of L. punctata were reduced at high concentrations of MC-LR (≥ 25 μg/L), NAP (≥ 10 μg/L) and their mixture (≥ 10 + 1 μg/L) after exposure for 7 d. Starch accumulation in L. punctata did not decrease when exposed to NAP and MC-LR, and higher starch content of 29.8 % ± 2.7 % DW could be due to the destruction of starch-degrading enzymes. The antioxidant responses of L. punctata were stronger after exposure to MC-LR + NAP than when exposed to a single pollutant, although not enough to avoid oxidative damage. NAP enhanced the bioaccumulation of MC-LR in L. punctata when NAP concentration was higher than 5 μg/L, suggesting that higher potentials of MC-LR phytoremediation with L. punctata may be observed in NAP and MC-LR co-concomitant waters. This study provides theoretical support for the application of duckweed in eutrophic waters containing organic chemical pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Li Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Conservation and Germplasm Innovation of Mountain Plant Resources, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Meng-Jun Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Ai-Juan Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Conservation and Germplasm Innovation of Mountain Plant Resources, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shi-Ming Lv
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 50025, China.
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28
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Braglia L, Lauria M, Appenroth KJ, Bog M, Breviario D, Grasso A, Gavazzi F, Morello L. Duckweed Species Genotyping and Interspecific Hybrid Discovery by Tubulin-Based Polymorphism Fingerprinting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:625670. [PMID: 33763089 PMCID: PMC7982733 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.625670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are the smallest and fastest-growing angiosperms. This feature, together with high starch production and good nutritional properties, makes them suitable for several applications, including wastewater treatment, bioenergy production, or feed and food supplement. Due to their reduced morphology and great similarity between diverse species, taxonomic identification of duckweeds is a challenging issue even for experts. Among molecular genotyping methods, DNA barcoding is the most useful tool for species identification without a need for cluster analysis. The combination of two plastid barcoding loci is now considered the gold standard for duckweed classification. However, not all species can be defined with confidence by these markers, and a fast identification method able to solve doubtful cases is missing. Here we show the potential of tubulin-based polymorphism (TBP), a molecular marker based on the intron length polymorphisms of β-tubulin loci, in the genomic profiling of the genera Spirodela, Landoltia, and Lemna. Ninety-four clones were analyzed, including at least two representatives of each species of the three genera, with a special focus on the very heterogeneous species Lemna minor. We showed that a single PCR amplification with universal primers, followed by agarose gel analysis, was able to provide distinctive fingerprinting profiles for 10 out of 15 species. Cluster analysis of capillary electrophoresis-TBP data provided good separation for the remaining species, although the relationship between L. minor and Lemna japonica was not fully resolved. However, an accurate comparison of TBP profiles provided evidence for the unexpected existence of intraspecific hybrids between Lemna turionifera and L. minor, as further confirmed by amplified fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis of a specific β-tubulin locus. Such hybrids could possibly correspond to L. japonica, as originally suggested by E. Landolt. The discovery of interspecific hybrids opens a new perspective to understand the speciation mechanisms in the family of duckweeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Braglia
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Lauria
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Klaus J. Appenroth
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Manuela Bog
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diego Breviario
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Grasso
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Floriana Gavazzi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Morello
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Laura Morello,
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Acosta K, Xu J, Gilbert S, Denison E, Brinkman T, Lebeis S, Lam E. Duckweed hosts a taxonomically similar bacterial assemblage as the terrestrial leaf microbiome. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228560. [PMID: 32027711 PMCID: PMC7004381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture-independent characterization of microbial communities associated with popular plant model systems have increased our understanding of the plant microbiome. However, the integration of other model systems, such as duckweed, could facilitate our understanding of plant microbiota assembly and evolution. Duckweeds are floating aquatic plants with many characteristics, including small size and reduced plant architecture, that suggest their use as a facile model system for plant microbiome studies. Here, we investigated the structure and assembly of the duckweed bacterial microbiome. First, a culture-independent survey of the duckweed bacterial microbiome from different locations in New Jersey revealed similar phylogenetic profiles. These studies showed that Proteobacteria is a dominant phylum in the duckweed bacterial microbiome. To observe the assembly dynamics of the duckweed bacterial community, we inoculated quasi-gnotobiotic duckweed with wastewater effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Our results revealed that duckweed strongly shapes its bacterial microbiome and forms distinct associations with bacterial community members from the initial inoculum. Additionally, these inoculation studies showed the bacterial communities of different duckweed species were similar in taxa composition and abundance. Analysis across the different duckweed bacterial communities collected in this study identified a set of "core" bacterial taxa consistently present on duckweed irrespective of the locale and context. Furthermore, comparison of the duckweed bacterial community to that of rice and Arabidopsis revealed a conserved taxonomic structure between the duckweed microbiome and the terrestrial leaf microbiome. Our results suggest that duckweeds utilize similar bacterial community assembly principles as those found in terrestrial plants and indicate a highly conserved structuring effect of leaf tissue on the plant microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Acosta
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jenny Xu
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Denison
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thomas Brinkman
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sarah Lebeis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Eric Lam
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
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Tiny Plants with Enormous Potential: Phylogeny and Evolution of Duckweeds. THE DUCKWEED GENOMES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11045-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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Bog M, Xu S, Himmelbach A, Brandt R, Wagner F, Appenroth KJ, Sree KS. Genotyping-by-Sequencing for Species Delimitation in Lemna Section Uninerves Hegelm. (Lemnaceae). THE DUCKWEED GENOMES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11045-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zhou Y, Bai T, Kishchenko O. Potential of Lemnoideae Species for Phytoremediation of Fresh Water with Elevated Manganese Concentration. INNOVATIVE BIOSYSTEMS AND BIOENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.20535/ibb.2019.3.4.183207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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34
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Bog M, Appenroth KJ, Sree KS. Duckweed (Lemnaceae): Its Molecular Taxonomy. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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35
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Barbosa Neto A, Morais M, Dutra E, Calsa Junior T. Biological diversity of Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. isolates influences biomass production and wastewater phytoremediation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Abstract
In this study, a fast, simple, precise, and sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method was established for simultaneous determination of free amino acids in three different varieties of duckweed including Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid., Landoltia punctata (G. Mey.) Les & D. J. Crawford, and Lemna aequinoctialis Welwitsch by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Method validation was processed in terms of linearity, precision, stability, repeatability, and accuracy as well as limits of detection and quantification. The developed method was applied for quantification of 59 batches of samples. Then chemometric analysis was used to evaluate different duckweeds by principle component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results demonstrated that there was no significant difference in FAAs’ profile among three varieties of duckweed.
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Laird RA, Barks PM. Skimming the surface: duckweed as a model system in ecology and evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1962-1966. [PMID: 30452782 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Laird
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Patrick M Barks
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
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Appenroth KJ, Sree KS, Bog M, Ecker J, Seeliger C, Böhm V, Lorkowski S, Sommer K, Vetter W, Tolzin-Banasch K, Kirmse R, Leiterer M, Dawczynski C, Liebisch G, Jahreis G. Nutritional Value of the Duckweed Species of the Genus Wolffia (Lemnaceae) as Human Food. Front Chem 2018; 6:483. [PMID: 30420949 PMCID: PMC6215809 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Wolffia are traditionally used as human food in some of the Asian countries. Therefore, all 11 species of this genus, identified by molecular barcoding, were investigated for ingredients relevant to human nutrition. The total protein content varied between 20 and 30% of the freeze-dry weight, the starch content between 10 and 20%, the fat content between 1 and 5%, and the fiber content was ~25%. The essential amino acid content was higher or close to the requirements of preschool-aged children according to standards of the World Health Organization. The fat content was low, but the fraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids was above 60% of total fat and the content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was higher than that of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in most species. The content of macro- and microelements (minerals) not only depended on the cultivation conditions but also on the genetic background of the species. This holds true also for the content of tocopherols, several carotenoids and phytosterols in different species and even intraspecific, clonal differences were detected in Wolffia globosa and Wolffia arrhiza. Thus, the selection of suitable clones for further applications is important. Due to the very fast growth and the highest yield in most of the nutrients, Wolffia microscopica has a high potential for practical applications in human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-J. Appenroth
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - K. Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | - Manuela Bog
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Josef Ecker
- Chair of Nutrition Physiology, University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Sommer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Rita Kirmse
- Thuringian State Institute of Agriculture, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Christine Dawczynski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Jahreis
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
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Chu P, Wilson GM, Michael TP, Vaiciunas J, Honig J, Lam E. Sequence-guided approach to genotyping plant clones and species using polymorphic NB-ARC-related genes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 98:219-231. [PMID: 30191440 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging the heightened levels of polymorphism in NB-ARC-related protein encoding genes in higher plants, a bioinformatic pipeline was created to identify regions in this gene family from sequenced plant genomes that exhibit fragment length or single nucleotide differences in different accessions of the same species. Testing this approach with the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrhiza demonstrated its superior performance in comparison with currently available genotyping technologies based on PCR amplification. Rapid and economical genotyping tools that can reliably distinguish species and intraspecific variations in plants can be powerful tools for biogeographical and ecological studies. Clones of the cosmopolitan duckweed species, Spirodela polyrhiza, are difficult to distinguish morphologically due to their highly abbreviated architecture and inherently low levels of sequence variation. The use of plastidic markers and generic Amplification Fragment Length Polymorphism approaches have met with limited success in resolving clones of S. polyrhiza from diverse geographical locales. Using whole genome sequencing data from nine S. polyrhiza clones as a training set, we created an informatic pipeline to identify and rank polymorphic regions from nuclear-encoded NB-ARC-related genes to design markers for PCR, Sanger sequencing (barcoding), and fragment length analysis. With seven primer sets, we found 21 unique fingerprints from a set of 23 S. polyrhiza clones. However, three of these clones share the same fingerprint and are indistinguishable by these markers. These primer sets can also be used as interspecific barcoding tools to rapidly resolve S. polyrhiza from the closely related S. intermedia species without the need for DNA sequencing. Our work demonstrates a general approach of using hyper-polymorphic loci within genomes as a resource to produce facile tools that can have high resolving power for genotyping applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philomena Chu
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8520, USA
| | - Glen M Wilson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, Postboks 1053, 0316 OSLO, Blindern, Norway
| | | | - Jennifer Vaiciunas
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8520, USA
| | - Joshua Honig
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8520, USA
| | - Eric Lam
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8520, USA.
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Borisjuk N, Peterson AA, Lv J, Qu G, Luo Q, Shi L, Chen G, Kishchenko O, Zhou Y, Shi J. Structural and Biochemical Properties of Duckweed Surface Cuticle. Front Chem 2018; 6:317. [PMID: 30094233 PMCID: PMC6070633 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cuticle, which consists of cutin and waxes, forms a hydrophobic coating covering the aerial surfaces of all plants. It acts as an interface between plants and their surrounding environment whilst also protecting them against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this research, we have investigated the biodiversity and cuticle properties of aquatic plant duckweed, using samples isolated from four different locations around Hongze lake in Jiangsu province, China. The samples were genotyped using two chloroplast markers and nuclear ribosomal DNA markers, which revealed them as ecotypes of the larger duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza. Duckweed cuticle properties were investigated by compositional analysis using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), and ultrastructural observation by cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy (cryo-SEM). Cuticle compositional analysis indicated that fatty acids and primary alcohols, the two typical constituents found in many land plant cuticle, are the major duckweed wax components. A large portion of the duckweed wax fraction is composed of phytosterols, represented by campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol and their common precursor squalene. The cryo-SEM observation uncovered significant differences between the surface structures of the top air-facing and bottom water-facing sides of the plant fronds. The top side of the fronds, containing multiple stomata complexes, appeared to be represented by a rather flat waxy film sporadically covered with wax crystals. Underneath the waxy film was detected a barely distinguished nanoridge net, which became distinctly noticeable after chloroform treatment. On the bottom side of the fronds, the large epidermal cells were covered by the well-structured net, whose sections became narrower and sharper under cryo-SEM following chloroform treatment. These structural differences between the abaxial and adaxial sides of the fronds evidently relate to their distinct physiological roles in interacting with the contrasting environments of sunlight/air and nutrients/water. The unique structural and biochemical features of Spirodela frond surfaces with their rapid reproductive cycle and readily availability genome sequence, make duckweed an attractive monocot model for studying the fundamental processes related to plant protection against ultraviolet irradiation, pathogens and other environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Borisjuk
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Anton A. Peterson
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jiyang Lv
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guorun Qu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guimin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Olena Kishchenko
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Pagliuso D, Grandis A, Igarashi ES, Lam E, Buckeridge MS. Correlation of Apiose Levels and Growth Rates in Duckweeds. Front Chem 2018; 6:291. [PMID: 30079335 PMCID: PMC6062639 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The carbon assimilated by photosynthesis in plants can be partitioned into starch, soluble sugars, and cell wall polymers. Higher levels of starch accumulation in leaves are usually correlated with a lower growth capacity. Duckweeds are fast-growing aquatic monocot plants that can accumulate high levels of starch. They are an unusual group because their cell wall has very low levels of lignin while accumulating apiogalacturonan, a pectic polysaccharide that could be involved with boron assimilation. In this work, five duckweed species from different genera (Spirodela polyrhiza, Landoltia punctata, Lemna gibba, Wolffiella caudata, and Wolffia borealis) were cultivated under two light intensities (20 and 500 μmoles of photons m−2 s−1) to evaluate the effects of growth rate on carbohydrate metabolism. A comparative analysis was performed by measuring their relative growth rates (RGR), and their content for starch, as well as soluble and cell wall carbohydrates. We found that the faster-growing species (the Lemnoideae) accumulate lower starch and higher soluble sugars than the slower-growing species within the Wolffioideae. Interestingly, analysis of the cell wall monosaccharides revealed that the slower-growing species displayed lower content of apiose in their walls. Our results indicate that higher accumulation of apiose observed in cell walls of the Lemnoideae species, which likely correlates with a higher proportion of apiogalacturonan, may lead to higher efficiency in the assimilation of boron. This is consistent with the increased RGR observed under conditions with higher apiose in the cell wall, such as higher light intensity. Consistent with their lower growth capacity, the Wolffioideae species we studied shows higher starch accumulation in comparison with the Lemnoideae species. We suggest that apiose levels could be good biomarkers for growth capacity of duckweeds and suggest that boron uptake could be an important factor for growth control in this aquatic plant family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Pagliuso
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology, Department of Botany, Systems and Synthetic Biology Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Grandis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology, Department of Botany, Systems and Synthetic Biology Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eglee S Igarashi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology, Department of Botany, Systems and Synthetic Biology Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Lam
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Marcos S Buckeridge
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology, Department of Botany, Systems and Synthetic Biology Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gilbert S, Xu J, Acosta K, Poulev A, Lebeis S, Lam E. Bacterial Production of Indole Related Compounds Reveals Their Role in Association Between Duckweeds and Endophytes. Front Chem 2018; 6:265. [PMID: 30050896 PMCID: PMC6052042 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duckweed farming can be a sustainable practice for biofuel production, animal feed supplement, and wastewater treatment, although large scale production remains a challenge. Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been shown to improve plant health by producing phytohormones such as auxin. While some of the mechanisms for plant growth promotion have been characterized in soil epiphytes, more work is necessary to understand how plants may select for bacterial endophytes that have the ability to provide an exogenous source of phytohormones such as auxin. We have isolated and characterized forty-seven potentially endophytic bacteria from surface-sterilized duckweed tissues and screened these bacterial strains for production of indole related compounds using the Salkowski colorimetric assay. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), and indole produced by various bacterial isolates were verified by mass spectrometry. Using the Salkowski reagent, we found that 79% of the isolated bacterial strains from our collection may be capable of producing indole related compounds to various extents during in vitro growth. Of these bacteria that are producing indole related compounds, 19% are additionally producing indole. There is an apparent correlation between the type of indole related compound produced by a particular bacteria and the duckweed genus from which the bacterial strain is derived. These results suggest the possible association between different duckweed genera and endophytes that are producing distinct types of secondary metabolites. Understanding the role of indole related compounds during interaction between endophytes and the plant host may be useful to help design synthetic bacterial communities that could target specific or multiple species of duckweed in the future to sustainably enhance plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gilbert
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Jenny Xu
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Kenneth Acosta
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Alexander Poulev
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Sarah Lebeis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Eric Lam
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Calicioglu O, Brennan RA. Sequential ethanol fermentation and anaerobic digestion increases bioenergy yields from duckweed. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 257:344-348. [PMID: 29605287 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The potential for improving bioenergy yields from duckweed, a fast-growing, simple, floating aquatic plant, was evaluated by subjecting the dried biomass directly to anaerobic digestion, or sequentially to ethanol fermentation and then anaerobic digestion, after evaporating ethanol from the fermentation broth. Bioethanol yields of 0.41 ± 0.03 g/g and 0.50 ± 0.01 g/g (glucose) were achieved for duckweed harvested from the Penn State Living-Filter (Lemna obscura) and Eco-Machine™ (Lemna minor/japonica and Wolffia columbiana), respectively. The highest biomethane yield, 390 ± 0.1 ml CH4/g volatile solids added, was achieved in a reactor containing fermented duckweed from the Living-Filter at a substrate-to-inoculum (S/I) ratio (i.e., duckweed to microorganism ratio) of 1.0. This value was 51.2% higher than the biomethane yield of a replicate reactor with raw (non-fermented) duckweed. The combined bioethanol-biomethane process yielded 70.4% more bioenergy from duckweed, than if anaerobic digestion had been run alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Calicioglu
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - R A Brennan
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University Park, PA 16801, USA.
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Yang J, Li G, Bishopp A, Heenatigala PPM, Hu S, Chen Y, Wu Z, Kumar S, Duan P, Yao L, Hou H. A Comparison of Growth on Mercuric Chloride for Three Lemnaceae Species Reveals Differences in Growth Dynamics That Effect Their Suitability for Use in Either Monitoring or Remediating Ecosystems Contaminated With Mercury. Front Chem 2018; 6:112. [PMID: 29713627 PMCID: PMC5911492 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic heavy metal that can alter the ecological balance when it contaminates aquatic ecosystems. Previously, researchers have used various Lemnaceae species either to monitor and/or remove heavy metals from freshwater systems. As Hg contamination is a pressing issue for aquatic systems worldwide, we assessed its impact on the growth of three commonly species of Lemnaceae- Lemna gibba 6745, Lemna minor 6580 and Spirodela polyrhiza 5543. We exposed plants to different concentrations of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and monitored their growth, including relative growth rate, frond number (FN), and fresh weight (FW). These data were coupled with measurements of starch content, levels of photosynthetic pigment and the activities of antioxidant substances. The growth of all three lines showed significant negative correlations with Hg concentrations, and starch content, photosynthetic pigment, soluble protein and antioxidant enzymes levels were all clearly affected. Our results indicate that the L. gibba line used in this study was the most suitable of the three for biomonitoring of water contaminated with Hg. Accumulation of Hg was highest in the S. polyrhiza line with a bioconcentration factor over 1,000, making this line the most suitable of the three tested for use in an Hg bioremediation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaojie Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - P P M Heenatigala
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiqi Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Sunjeet Kumar
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengfei Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project, College of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Henan, China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project, College of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Henan, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Zhou Y, Chen G, Peterson A, Zha X, Cheng J, Li S, Cui D, Zhu H, Kishchenko O, Borisjuk N. Biodiversity of Duckweeds in Eastern China and Their Potential for Bioremediation of Municipal and Industrial Wastewater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/gep.2018.63010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Flower induction, microscope-aided cross-pollination, and seed production in the duckweed Lemna gibba with discovery of a male-sterile clone. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3047. [PMID: 28596580 PMCID: PMC5465175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Duckweed species have a great potential to develop into fast-growing crops for water remediation and bioenergy production. Seed production and utilization of hybrid vigour are essential steps in this process. However, even in the extensively-studied duckweed species, Lemna gibba, flower primordia were often aborted prior to maturation. Salicylic acid (SA) and agar solidification of the medium promoted flower maturation and resulted in high flowering rates in L. gibba 7741 and 5504. Artificial cross-pollination between individuals of L. gibba 7741 yielded seeds at high frequencies unlike that in L. gibba 5504. In contrast to clone 7741, the anthers of 5504 did not dehisce upon maturation, its artificially released pollen grains had pineapple-like exine with tilted spines. These pollens were not stained by 2,5-diphenylmonotetrazoliumbromide (MTT) and failed to germinate. Therefore, clone 5504 is male sterile and has potential application with respect to hybrid vigour. Moreover, pollination of flowers of 5504 with 7741 pollen grains resulted in intraspecific hybrid seeds, which was confirmed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. These hybrid seeds germinated at a high frequency, forming new clones.
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Appenroth KJ, Crawford DJ, Les DH. After the genome sequencing of duckweed - how to proceed with research on the fastest growing angiosperm? PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17 Suppl 1:1-4. [PMID: 25571946 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K-J Appenroth
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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