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Jamra G, Ghosh S, Singh N, Tripathy MK, Aggarwal A, Singh RDR, Srivastava AK, Kumar A, Pandey GK. Ectopic overexpression of Eleusine coracana CAX3 confers tolerance to metal and ion stress in yeast and Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108613. [PMID: 38696868 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Ionic and metal toxicity in plants is still a global problem for the environment, agricultural productivity and ultimately poses human health threats when these metal ions accumulate in edible organs of plants. Metal and ion transport from cytosol to the vacuole is considered an important component of metal and ion tolerance and a plant's potential utility in phytoremediation. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is an orphan crop but has prominent nutritional value in comparison to other cereals. Previous transcriptomic studies suggested that one of the calcium/proton exchanger (EcCAX3) is strongly upregulated during different developmental stages of spikes development in plant. This finding led us to speculate that high calcium accumulation in the grain might be because of CAX3 function. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis shows that EcCAX3 is more closely related to foxtail millet, sorghum and rice CAX3 protein. To decipher the functional role of EcCAX3, we have adopted complementation of yeast triple mutant K677 (Δpmc1Δvcx1Δcnb1), which has defective calcium transport machinery. Furthermore, metal tolerance assay shows that EcCAX3 expression conferred tolerance to different metal stresses in yeast. The gain-of-function study suggests that EcCAX3 overexpressing Arabidopsis plants shows better tolerance to higher concentration of different metal ions as compared to wild type Col-0 plants. EcCAX3-overexpression transgenic lines exhibits abundance of metal transporters and cation exchanger transporter transcripts under metal stress conditions. Furthermore, EcCAX3-overexpression lines have higher accumulation of macro- and micro-elements under different metal stress. Overall, this finding highlights the functional role of EcCAX3 in the regulation of metal and ion homeostasis and this could be potentially utilized to engineer metal fortification and generation of stress tolerant crops in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Jamra
- Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India; Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, GBPUAT, Pantnagar Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| | - Soma Ghosh
- Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Manas Kumar Tripathy
- Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Aparna Aggarwal
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, GBPUAT, Pantnagar Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| | - Reema Devi Rajan Singh
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India; Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, GBPUAT, Pantnagar Uttarakhand, 263145, India; Director Education, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agriculture University, Jhansi, NH-75, Near Pahuj Dam, Gwalior Road, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284003, India.
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Qian J, Shan R, Shi Y, Li H, Xue L, Song Y, Zhao T, Zhu S, Chen J, Jiang M. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Alleviate Salt Stress in Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) by Adjusting Na +/K + Ratio and Antioxidative Ability. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:595. [PMID: 38792616 PMCID: PMC11121869 DOI: 10.3390/life14050595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Soil salinization poses a threat to the sustainability of agricultural production and has become a global issue. Cotton is an important cash crop and plays an important role in economic development. Salt stress has been harming the yield and quality of many crops, including cotton, for many years. In recent years, soil salinization has been increasing. It is crucial to study the mechanism of cotton salt tolerance and explore diversified materials and methods to alleviate the salt stress of cotton for the development of the cotton industry. Nanoparticles (NPs) are an effective means to alleviate salt stress. In this study, zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) were sprayed on cotton leaves with the aim of investigating the intrinsic mechanism of NPs to alleviate salt stress in cotton. The results show that the foliar spraying of ZnO NPs significantly alleviated the negative effects of salt stress on hydroponic cotton seedlings, including the improvement of above-ground and root dry and fresh weight, leaf area, seedling height, and stem diameter. In addition, ZnO NPs can significantly improve the salt-induced oxidative stress by reducing the levels of MDA, H2O2, and O2- and increasing the activities of major antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, RNA-seq showed that the foliar spraying of ZnO NPs could induce the expressions of CNGC, NHX2, AHA3, HAK17, and other genes, and reduce the expression of SKOR, combined with the CBL-CIPK pathway, which alleviated the toxic effect of excessive Na+ and reduced the loss of excessive K+ so that the Na+/K+ ratio was stabilized. In summary, our results indicate that the foliar application of ZnO NPs can alleviate high salt stress in cotton by adjusting the Na+/K+ ratio and regulating antioxidative ability. This provides a new strategy for alleviating the salt stress of cotton and other crops, which is conducive to the development of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Qian
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China; (J.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (T.Z.); (S.Z.)
- College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Ren Shan
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China; (J.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (T.Z.); (S.Z.)
- College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Yiqi Shi
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China; (J.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (T.Z.); (S.Z.)
- College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Huazu Li
- College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Longshuo Xue
- College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Yue Song
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China; (J.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (T.Z.); (S.Z.)
- College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Tianlun Zhao
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China; (J.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (T.Z.); (S.Z.)
- College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Shuijin Zhu
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China; (J.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (T.Z.); (S.Z.)
- College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Jinhong Chen
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China; (J.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (T.Z.); (S.Z.)
- College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Meng Jiang
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China; (J.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.S.); (T.Z.); (S.Z.)
- College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (L.X.)
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3
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Lian S, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Feng T, Chen J, Liang L, Qian Y, Huang T, Zhang C, Wu F, Zou W, Li Z, Meng L, Li M. Functional differentiation and genetic diversity of rice cation exchanger (CAX) genes and their potential use in rice improvement. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8642. [PMID: 38622172 PMCID: PMC11018787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cation exchanger (CAX) genes play an important role in plant growth/development and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we tried to obtain important information on the functionalities and phenotypic effects of CAX gene family by systematic analyses of their expression patterns, genetic diversity (gene CDS haplotypes, structural variations, gene presence/absence variations) in 3010 rice genomes and nine parents of 496 Huanghuazhan introgression lines, the frequency shifts of the predominant gcHaps at these loci to artificial selection during modern breeding, and their association with tolerances to several abiotic stresses. Significant amounts of variation also exist in the cis-regulatory elements (CREs) of the OsCAX gene promoters in 50 high-quality rice genomes. The functional differentiation of OsCAX gene family were reflected primarily by their tissue and development specific expression patterns and in varied responses to different treatments, by unique sets of CREs in their promoters and their associations with specific agronomic traits/abiotic stress tolerances. Our results indicated that OsCAX1a and OsCAX2 as general signal transporters were in many processes of rice growth/development and responses to diverse environments, but they might be of less value in rice improvement. OsCAX1b, OsCAX1c, OsCAX3 and OsCAX4 was expected to be of potential value in rice improvement because of their associations with specific traits, responsiveness to specific abiotic stresses or phytohormones, and relatively high gcHap and CRE diversity. Our strategy was demonstrated to be highly efficient to obtain important genetic information on genes/alleles of specific gene family and can be used to systematically characterize the other rice gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangshu Lian
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yanjun Chen
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Ting Feng
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lunping Liang
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yingzhi Qian
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Fengcai Wu
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wenli Zou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Zhikang Li
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Lijun Meng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Min Li
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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4
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Mahmoud LM, Killiny N, Dutt M. Melatonin supplementation enhances browning suppression and improves transformation efficiency and regeneration of transgenic rough lemon plants (Citrus × jambhiri). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294318. [PMID: 38446779 PMCID: PMC10917246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic browning poses a significant challenge that limits in vitro propagation and genetic transformation of plant tissues. This research focuses on investigating how adding antioxidant substances can suppress browning, leading to improved efficiency in transforming plant tissues using Agrobacterium and subsequent plant regeneration from rough lemon (Citrus × jambhiri). When epicotyl segments of rough lemon were exposed to Agrobacterium, they displayed excessive browning and tissue decay. This was notably different from the 'Hamlin' explants, which did not exhibit the same issue. The regeneration process failed completely in rough lemon explants, and they accumulated high levels of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), which contribute to browning. To overcome these challenges, several antioxidant and osmoprotectant compounds, including lipoic acid, melatonin, glycine betaine, and proline were added to the tissue culture medium to reduce the oxidation of phenolic compounds and mitigate browning. Treating epicotyl segments with 100 or 200 μM melatonin led to a significant reduction in browning and phenolic compound accumulation. This resulted in enhanced shoot regeneration, increased transformation efficiency, and reduced tissue decay. Importantly, melatonin supplementation effectively lowered the levels of TPC and PPO in the cultured explants. Molecular and physiological analyses also confirmed the successful overexpression of the CcNHX1 transcription factor, which plays a key role in imparting tolerance to salinity stress. This study emphasizes the noteworthy impact of supplementing antioxidants in achieving successful genetic transformation and plant regeneration in rough lemon. These findings provide valuable insights for developing strategies to address enzymatic browning and enhance the effectiveness of plant tissue culture and genetic engineering methods with potential applications across diverse plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa M. Mahmoud
- Department of Horticultural Science, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Manjul Dutt
- Department of Horticultural Science, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
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5
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Mathew IE, Rhein HS, Yang J, Gradogna A, Carpaneto A, Guo Q, Tappero R, Scholz-Starke J, Barkla BJ, Hirschi KD, Punshon T. Sequential removal of cation/H + exchangers reveals their additive role in elemental distribution, calcium depletion and anoxia tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:557-573. [PMID: 37916653 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Arabidopsis H+ /Cation exchangers (CAXs) participate in high-capacity transport into the vacuole. Previous studies have analysed single and double mutants that marginally reduced transport; however, assessing phenotypes caused by transport loss has proven enigmatic. Here, we generated quadruple mutants (cax1-4: qKO) that exhibited growth inhibition, an 85% reduction in tonoplast-localised H+ /Ca transport, and enhanced tolerance to anoxic conditions compared to CAX1 mutants. Leveraging inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF), we demonstrate CAX transporters work together to regulate leaf elemental content: ICP-MS analysis showed that the elemental concentrations in leaves strongly correlated with the number of CAX mutations; SXRF imaging showed changes in element partitioning not present in single CAX mutants and qKO had a 40% reduction in calcium (Ca) abundance. Reduced endogenous Ca may promote anoxia tolerance; wild-type plants grown in Ca-limited conditions were anoxia tolerant. Sequential reduction of CAXs increased mRNA expression and protein abundance changes associated with reactive oxygen species and stress signalling pathways. Multiple CAXs participate in postanoxia recovery as their concerted removal heightened changes in postanoxia Ca signalling. This work showcases the integrated and diverse function of H+ /Cation transporters and demonstrates the ability to improve anoxia tolerance through diminishing endogenous Ca levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iny Elizebeth Mathew
- Pediatrics-Nutrition, Children's Nutrition Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hormat Shadgou Rhein
- Pediatrics-Nutrition, Children's Nutrition Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Pediatrics-Nutrition, Children's Nutrition Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Antonella Gradogna
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | - Armando Carpaneto
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Qi Guo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Photon Sciences Department, Upton, New York, USA
| | | | - Bronwyn J Barkla
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kendal D Hirschi
- Pediatrics-Nutrition, Children's Nutrition Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Mei C, Yan P, Feng B, Mamat A, Wang J. The apple Ca 2+/H + exchanger MdCAX2L-2 functions positively in modulation of Ba 2+ tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108314. [PMID: 38184884 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Calcium is an essential element for plant growth and development, and it plays an important role in the responses of plants to abiotic stress. High concentrations of heavy metal ions in soil significantly affect the yield and quality of crops and pose human health threats when these ions accumulate in edible organs. The Ca2+/H+ exchanger (CAX) family is a class of transporters that mediate the transmembrane transport of both Ca2+ and metal ions, and they are widely involved in regulating plant growth and development and stress responses. Here, we cloned an AtCAX2 ortholog, MdCAX2L-2, from apple. It is constitutively expressed in various apple tissues and significantly induced by Ca2+ and Ba2+ treatments. The MdCAX2L-2 protein is located in the vacuolar membrane in both plant and yeast cells. Overexpression of MdCAX2L-2 enhanced the tolerance of the yeast mutant K667 to high concentrations of Ca2+ and Ba2+. In addition, the role of MdCAX2L-2 in modulating Ba2+ tolerance was identified using MdCAX2L-2-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants and apple calli. Comparison of growth phenotypes and stress-related physiological indexes under BaCl2 treatment indicated that MdCAX2L-2 could enhance the Ba2+ tolerance of plants by promoting Ba2+ compartmentalization into the vacuoles and eliminating excess ROS. Our results provide insights that will aid future studies examining the function of CAX proteins in regulating stress tolerance in fruit crops, as well as their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Mei
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Peng Yan
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Beibei Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Aisajan Mamat
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Jixun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China.
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Kanamori K, Nishimura K, Horie T, Sato MH, Kajino T, Koyama T, Ariga H, Tanaka K, Yotsui I, Sakata Y, Taji T. Golgi apparatus-localized CATION CALCIUM EXCHANGER4 promotes osmotolerance of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1166-1180. [PMID: 37878763 PMCID: PMC10828203 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a major ion in living organisms, where it acts as a second messenger for various biological phenomena. The Golgi apparatus retains a higher Ca2+ concentration than the cytosol and returns cytosolic Ca2+ to basal levels after transient elevation in response to environmental stimuli such as osmotic stress. However, the Ca2+ transporters localized in the Golgi apparatus of plants have not been clarified. We previously found that a wild-type (WT) salt-tolerant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accession, Bu-5, showed osmotic tolerance after salt acclimatization, whereas the Col-0 WT did not. Here, we isolated a Bu-5 background mutant gene, acquired osmotolerance-defective 6 (aod6), which reduces tolerance to osmotic, salt, and oxidative stresses, with a smaller plant size than the WT. The causal gene of the aod6 mutant encodes CATION CALCIUM EXCHANGER4 (CCX4). The aod6 mutant was more sensitive than the WT to both deficient and excessive Ca2+. In addition, aod6 accumulated higher Ca2+ than the WT in the shoots, suggesting that Ca2+ homeostasis is disturbed in aod6. CCX4 expression suppressed the Ca2+ hypersensitivity of the csg2 (calcium sensitive growth 2) yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant under excess CaCl2 conditions. We also found that aod6 enhanced MAP kinase 3/6 (MPK3/6)-mediated immune responses under osmotic stress. Subcellular localization analysis of mGFP-CCX4 showed GFP signals adjacent to the trans-Golgi apparatus network and co-localization with Golgi apparatus-localized markers, suggesting that CCX4 localizes in the Golgi apparatus. These results suggest that CCX4 is a Golgi apparatus-localized transporter involved in the Ca2+ response and plays important roles in osmotic tolerance, shoot Ca2+ content, and normal growth of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kanamori
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishimura
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Horie
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Masa H Sato
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Takuma Kajino
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ariga
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Science, NARO, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tanaka
- NODAI Genome Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Izumi Yotsui
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakata
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Teruaki Taji
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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8
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Zhao C, Webster PD, De Angeli A, Tombola F. Mechanically-primed voltage-gated proton channels from angiosperm plants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7515. [PMID: 37980353 PMCID: PMC10657467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated and mechanically-gated ion channels are distinct classes of membrane proteins that conduct ions across gated pores and are turned on by electrical or mechanical stimuli, respectively. Here, we describe an Hv channel (a.k.a voltage-dependent H+ channel) from the angiosperm plant A. thaliana that gates with a unique modality as it is turned on by an electrical stimulus only after exposure to a mechanical stimulus, a process that we call priming. The channel localizes in the vascular tissue and has homologs in vascular plants. We find that mechanical priming is not required for activation of non-angiosperm Hvs. Guided by AI-generated structural models of plant Hv homologs, we identify a set of residues playing a crucial role in mechanical priming. We propose that Hvs from angiosperm plants require priming because of a network of hydrophilic/charged residues that locks the channels in a silent resting conformation. Mechanical stimuli destabilize the network allowing the conduction pathway to turn on. In contrast to many other channels and receptors, Hv proteins are not thought to possess mechanisms such as inactivation or desensitization. Our findings demonstrate that angiosperm Hv channels are electrically silent until a mechanical stimulation turns on their voltage-dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Parker D Webster
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alexis De Angeli
- IPSiM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
| | - Francesco Tombola
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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9
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Sandalio LM, Espinosa J, Shabala S, León J, Romero-Puertas MC. Reactive oxygen species- and nitric oxide-dependent regulation of ion and metal homeostasis in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5970-5988. [PMID: 37668424 PMCID: PMC10575707 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Deterioration and impoverishment of soil, caused by environmental pollution and climate change, result in reduced crop productivity. To adapt to hostile soils, plants have developed a complex network of factors involved in stress sensing, signal transduction, and adaptive responses. The chemical properties of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) allow them to participate in integrating the perception of external signals by fine-tuning protein redox regulation and signal transduction, triggering specific gene expression. Here, we update and summarize progress in understanding the mechanistic basis of ROS and RNS production at the subcellular level in plants and their role in the regulation of ion channels/transporters at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. We have also carried out an in silico analysis of different redox-dependent modifications of ion channels/transporters and identified cysteine and tyrosine targets of nitric oxide in metal transporters. Further, we summarize possible ROS- and RNS-dependent sensors involved in metal stress sensing, such as kinases and phosphatases, as well as some ROS/RNS-regulated transcription factors that could be involved in metal homeostasis. Understanding ROS- and RNS-dependent signaling events is crucial to designing new strategies to fortify crops and improve plant tolerance of nutritional imbalance and metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M Sandalio
- Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Espinosa
- Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Granada, Spain
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - José León
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology (CSIC-UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - María C Romero-Puertas
- Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Granada, Spain
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10
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Costa A, Resentini F, Buratti S, Bonza MC. Plant Ca 2+-ATPases: From biochemistry to signalling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119508. [PMID: 37290725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)-ATPases are ATP-dependent enzymes that transport Ca2+ ions against their electrochemical gradient playing the fundamental biological function of keeping the free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in the submicromolar range to prevent cytotoxic effects. In plants, type IIB autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPases (ACAs) are localised both at the plasma membrane and at the endomembranes including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and tonoplast and their activity is primarily regulated by Ca2+-dependent mechanisms. Instead, type IIA ER-type Ca2+-ATPases (ECAs) are present mainly at the ER and Golgi Apparatus membranes and are active at resting Ca2+. Whereas research in plants has historically focused on the biochemical characterization of these pumps, more recently the attention has been also addressed on the physiological roles played by the different isoforms. This review aims to highlight the main biochemical properties of both type IIB and type IIA Ca2+ pumps and their involvement in the shaping of cellular Ca2+ dynamics induced by different stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Resentini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Buratti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Bonza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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11
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Cui S, Liu H, Wu Y, Zhang L, Nie S. Genome-Wide Identification of BrCAX Genes and Functional Analysis of BrCAX1 Involved in Ca 2+ Transport and Ca 2+ Deficiency-Induced Tip-Burn in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1810. [PMID: 37761950 PMCID: PMC10531375 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) plays essential roles in plant growth and development. Ca2+ deficiency causes a physiological disorder of tip-burn in Brassiceae crops and is involved in the regulation of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Although the functions of Ca2+/H+ exchanger antiporters (CAXs) in mediating transmembrane transport of Ca2+ have been extensively characterized in multiple plant species, the potential roles of BrCAX genes remain unclear in Chinese cabbage. In this study, eight genes of the BrCAX family were genome-widely identified in Chinese cabbage. These BrCAX proteins contained conserved Na_Ca_ex domain and belonged to five members of the CAX family. Molecular evolutionary analysis and sequence alignment revealed the evolutionary conservation of BrCAX family genes. Expression profiling demonstrated that eight BrCAX genes exhibited differential expression in different tissues and under heat stress. Furthermore, Ca2+ deficiency treatment induced the typical symptoms of tip-burn in Chinese cabbage seedlings and a significant decrease in total Ca2+ content in both roots and leaves. The expression changes in BrCAX genes were related to the response to Ca2+ deficiency-induced tip-burn of Chinese cabbage. Specially, BrCAX1-1 and BrCAX1-2 genes were highly expressed gene members of the BrCAX family in the leaves and were significantly differentially expressed under Ca2+ deficiency stress. Moreover, overexpression of BrCAX1-1 and BrCAX1-2 genes in yeast and Chinese cabbage cotyledons exhibited a higher Ca2+ tolerance, indicating the Ca2+ transport capacity of BrCAX1-1 and BrCAX1-2. In addition, suppression expression of BrCAX1-1 and BrCAX1-2 genes reduced cytosolic Ca2+ levels in the root tips of Chinese cabbage. These results provide references for functional studies of BrCAX genes and to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying Ca2+ deficiency disorder in Brassiceae vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shanshan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Area, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.C.); (H.L.); (Y.W.); (L.Z.)
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12
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Yu Y, Wang Q, Wan Y, Huang Q, Li H. Transcriptome analysis reveals different mechanisms of selenite and selenate regulation of cadmium translocation in Brassica rapa. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131218. [PMID: 36934626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) inhibits cadmium (Cd) root-to-shoot translocation and accumulation in the shoots of pak choi; however, the mechanism by which Se regulates Cd retention in roots is still poorly understood. A time-dependent hydroponic experiment was conducted to compare the effects of selenite and selenate on Cd translocation and retention in the roots. The underlying mechanisms were investigated regarding Se biotransformation and metal transportation in roots using HPLC and transcriptome analyses. Selenite showed reducing effects on Cd translocation and accumulation in shoots earlier than selenate. Selenite is mainly biotransformed into selenomethionine (80% of total Se in roots) at 72 h, while SeO42- was the dominant species in the selenate treatments (68% in shoots). Selenite up-regulated genes involved in the biosynthesis of lignin, suberin, and phytochelatins and those involved in stress signaling, thereby helping to retain Cd in the roots, whereas essentially, selenate had opposite effects and impaired the symplastic and apoplastic retention of Cd. These results suggest that cell-wall reinforcement and Cd retention in roots may be the key processes by which Se regulates Cd accumulation, and faster biotransformation into organic seleno-compounds could lead to earlier effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, the People's Republic of China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, the People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, the People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, the People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, the People's Republic of China.
| | - Huafen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, the People's Republic of China.
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13
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Cui L, Chen Y, Liu J, Zhang Q, Xu L, Yang Z. Spraying Zinc Sulfate to Reveal the Mechanism through the Glutathione Metabolic Pathway Regulates the Cadmium Tolerance of Seashore Paspalum ( Paspalum vaginatum Swartz). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1982. [PMID: 37653899 PMCID: PMC10221796 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is considered to be one of the most toxic metals, causing serious harm to plants' growth and humans' health. Therefore, it is necessary to study simple, practical, and environmentally friendly methods to reduce its toxicity. Until now, people have applied zinc sulfate to improve the Cd tolerance of plants. However, related studies have mainly focused on physiological and biochemical aspects, with a lack of in-depth molecular mechanism research. In this study, we sprayed high (40 mM) and low (2.5 mM) concentrations of zinc sulfate on seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) plants under 0.5 mM Cd stress. Transcriptome sequencing and physiological indicators were used to reveal the mechanism of Cd tolerance. Compared with the control treatment, we found that zinc sulfate decreased the content of Cd2+ by 57.03-73.39%, and that the transfer coefficient of Cd decreased by 58.91-75.25% in different parts of plants. In addition, our results indicate that the antioxidant capacity of plants was improved, with marked increases in the glutathione content and the activity levels of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and other enzymes. Transcriptome sequencing showed that the differentially expressed genes in both the 0.5 Zn and 40 Zn treatments were mainly genes encoding GST. This study suggests that genes encoding GST in the glutathione pathway may play an important role in regulating the Cd tolerance of seashore paspalum. Furthermore, the present study provides a theoretical reference for the regulation mechanism caused by zinc sulfate spraying to improve plants' Cd tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Cui
- College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhimin Yang
- College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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14
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Gajardo HA, Gómez-Espinoza O, Boscariol Ferreira P, Carrer H, Bravo LA. The Potential of CRISPR/Cas Technology to Enhance Crop Performance on Adverse Soil Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091892. [PMID: 37176948 PMCID: PMC10181257 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide food security is under threat in the actual scenery of global climate change because the major staple food crops are not adapted to hostile climatic and soil conditions. Significant efforts have been performed to maintain the actual yield of crops, using traditional breeding and innovative molecular techniques to assist them. However, additional strategies are necessary to achieve the future food demand. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) technology, as well as its variants, have emerged as alternatives to transgenic plant breeding. This novelty has helped to accelerate the necessary modifications in major crops to confront the impact of abiotic stress on agriculture systems. This review summarizes the current advances in CRISPR/Cas applications in crops to deal with the main hostile soil conditions, such as drought, flooding and waterlogging, salinity, heavy metals, and nutrient deficiencies. In addition, the potential of extremophytes as a reservoir of new molecular mechanisms for abiotic stress tolerance, as well as their orthologue identification and edition in crops, is shown. Moreover, the future challenges and prospects related to CRISPR/Cas technology issues, legal regulations, and customer acceptance will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto A Gajardo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 1145, Chile
| | - Olman Gómez-Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 1145, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Escuela de Biología, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica
| | - Pedro Boscariol Ferreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Helaine Carrer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - León A Bravo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 1145, Chile
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15
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Navarro-León E, Grazioso A, Atero-Calvo S, Rios JJ, Esposito S, Blasco B. Evaluation of the alkalinity stress tolerance of three Brassica rapa CAX1 TILLING mutants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107712. [PMID: 37116247 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Alkalinity is an important environmental factor that affects crop production and will be exacerbated in the current climate change scenario. Thus, the presence of carbonates and high pH in soils negatively impacts nutrient assimilation and photosynthesis and causes oxidative stress. A potential strategy to improve tolerance to alkalinity could be the modification of cation exchanger (CAX) activity, given that these transporters are involved in calcium (Ca2+) signaling under stresses. In this study, we used three Brassica rapa mutants (BraA.cax1a-4, BraA.cax1a-7, and BraA.cax1a-12) from the parental line 'R-o-18' that were generated by Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) and grown under control and alkaline conditions. The objective was to assess the tolerance of these mutants to alkalinity stress. Biomass, nutrient accumulation, oxidative stress, and photosynthesis parameters were analyzed. The results showed that BraA.cax1a-7 mutation was negative for alkalinity tolerance because it reduced plant biomass, increased oxidative stress, partially inhibited antioxidant response, and lowered photosynthesis performance. Conversely, the BraA.cax1a-12 mutation increased plant biomass and Ca2+ accumulation, reduced oxidative stress, and improved antioxidant response and photosynthesis performance. Hence, this study identifies BraA.cax1a-12 as a useful CAX1 mutation to enhance the tolerance of plants grown under alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Navarro-León
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Angela Grazioso
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Santiago Atero-Calvo
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan José Rios
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Sergio Esposito
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Begoña Blasco
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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16
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Kozak K, Antosiewicz DM. Tobacco as an efficient metal accumulator. Biometals 2023; 36:351-370. [PMID: 36097238 PMCID: PMC10082116 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important industrial crop plant. However, it efficiently accumulates metals, primarily cadmium (Cd) and also zinc (Zn), in its leaves. Therefore, it could be a source of cadmium intake by smokers. On the other hand, as a high leaf metal accumulator, it is widely used for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soil. Both issues provide an important rationale for investigating the processes regulating metal homeostasis in tobacco. This work summarizes the results of research to date on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms determining the effective uptake of Zn and Cd, their translocation into shoots and accumulation in leaves. It also discusses the current state of research to improve the phytoremediation properties of tobacco through genetic modification and to limit leaf Cd content for the tobacco industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kozak
- Department of Plant Metal Homeostasis, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Str, 02-096, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Danuta Maria Antosiewicz
- Department of Plant Metal Homeostasis, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Str, 02-096, Warszawa, Poland.
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17
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Sanyal SK, Sharma K, Bisht D, Sharma S, Kateriya S, Pandey GK. Role of calcium sensor protein module CBL-CIPK in abiotic stress and light signaling responses in green algae. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124163. [PMID: 36965564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling is an important biological process that enable to perceive and communicate information in the cell. Our current understanding of the signaling system suggests that plants and animals have certain differences in signal-sensing mechanisms. The Ca2+-mediated CBL-CIPK module has emerged as a major sensor responder network for Ca2+ signaling and has been speculated to be involved in plant terrestrial life adaptation. This module has previously been reported in Archaeplastids, Chromalveolates, and Excavates. In our experimental analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CBLs, we proved that the CrCBL1 protein interacts with Phototropin and Channelrhodopsin, and the expression of CrCBLs is modulated by light. Further analysis using chlorophyte and streptophyte algal sequences allowed us to identify the differences that have evolved in CBL and CIPK proteins since plants have progressed from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. Moreover, an investigation of Klebsormidium CBL and CIPK genes led us to know that they are abiotic stress stimuli-responsive, indicating that their role was defined very early during terrestrial adaptations. Structure-based prediction and Ca2+-binding assays indicated that the KnCBL1 protein in Klebsormidium showed a typical Ca2+-binding pocket. In summary, the results of this study suggest that these stress-responsive proteins enable crosstalk between Ca2+ and light signaling pathways very early during plant adaptation from aquatic to terrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibaji K Sanyal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Komal Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Diksha Bisht
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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18
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Yang J, Guo X, Mei Q, Qiu L, Chen P, Li W, Mao K, Ma F. MdbHLH4 negatively regulates apple cold tolerance by inhibiting MdCBF1/3 expression and promoting MdCAX3L-2 expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:789-806. [PMID: 36331333 PMCID: PMC9806570 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature affects the yield and quality of crops. Inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1) plays a positive role in plant cold tolerance by promoting the expression of CRT binding factor (CBF) and cold-responsive (COR) genes. Several ICE1-interacting transcription factors (TFs) that regulate plant cold tolerance have been identified. However, how these TFs affect the function of ICE1 and CBF expression under cold conditions remains unclear. Here, we identified the MYC-type TF MdbHLH4, a negative regulator of cold tolerance in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and apple (Malus domestica) plants. Under cold conditions, MdbHLH4 inhibits the expression of MdCBF1 and MdCBF3 by directly binding to their promoters. It also interacts with MdICE1L, a homolog of AtICE1 in apple, and inhibits the binding of MdICE1L to the promoters of MdCBF1/3 and thus their expression. We showed that MdCAX3L-2, a Ca2+/H+ exchanger (CAX) family gene that negatively regulates plant cold tolerance, is also a direct target of MdbHLH4. MdbHLH4 reduced apple cold tolerance by promoting MdCAX3L-2 expression. Moreover, overexpression of either MdCAX3L-2 or MdbHLH4 promoted the cold-induced ubiquitination and degradation of MdICE1L. Overall, our results reveal that MdbHLH4 negatively regulates plant cold tolerance by inhibiting MdCBF1/3 expression and MdICE1L promoter-binding activity, as well as by promoting MdCAX3L-2 expression and cold-induced MdICE1L degradation. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which ICE1-interacting TFs regulate CBF expression and ICE1 function and thus plant cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Quanlin Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lina Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Peihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Weihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ke Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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19
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Structure-Based Function and Regulation of NCX Variants: Updates and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010061. [PMID: 36613523 PMCID: PMC9820601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma-membrane homeostasis Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCXs) mediate Ca2+ extrusion/entry to dynamically shape Ca2+ signaling/in biological systems ranging from bacteria to humans. The NCX gene orthologs, isoforms, and their splice variants are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and exhibit nearly 104-fold differences in the transport rates and regulatory specificities to match the cell-specific requirements. Selective pharmacological targeting of NCX variants could benefit many clinical applications, although this intervention remains challenging, mainly because a full-size structure of eukaryotic NCX is unavailable. The crystal structure of the archaeal NCX_Mj, in conjunction with biophysical, computational, and functional analyses, provided a breakthrough in resolving the ion transport mechanisms. However, NCX_Mj (whose size is nearly three times smaller than that of mammalian NCXs) cannot serve as a structure-dynamic model for imitating high transport rates and regulatory modules possessed by eukaryotic NCXs. The crystal structures of isolated regulatory domains (obtained from eukaryotic NCXs) and their biophysical analyses by SAXS, NMR, FRET, and HDX-MS approaches revealed structure-based variances of regulatory modules. Despite these achievements, it remains unclear how multi-domain interactions can decode and integrate diverse allosteric signals, thereby yielding distinct regulatory outcomes in a given ortholog/isoform/splice variant. This article summarizes the relevant issues from the perspective of future developments.
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20
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UVB-Pretreatment-Enhanced Cadmium Absorption and Enrichment in Poplar Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010052. [PMID: 36613496 PMCID: PMC9820001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of cross adaptation refers to the ability of plants to improve their resistance to other stress after experiencing one type of stress. However, there are limited reports on how ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) pretreatment affects the enrichment, transport, and tolerance of cadmium (Cd) in plants. Since an appropriate UVB pretreatment has been reported to change plant tolerance to stress, we hypothesized that this application could alter plant uptake and tolerance to heavy metals. In this study, a woody plant species, 84K poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa), was pretreated with UVB and then subjected to Cd treatment. The RT-qPCR results indicated that the UVB-treated plants could affect the expression of Cd uptake, transport, and detoxification-related genes in plants, and that the UVB-Pretreatment induced the ability of Cd absorption in plants, which significantly enriched Cd accumulation in several plant organs, especially in the leaves and roots. The above results showed that the UVB-Pretreatment further increased the toxicity of Cd to plants in UVB-Cd group, which was shown as increased leaf malonaldehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, as well as downregulated activities of antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Therefore, poplar plants in the UVB-Cd group presented a decreased photosynthesis and leaf chlorosis. In summary, the UVB treatment improved the Cd accumulation ability of poplar plants, which could provide some guidance for the potential application of forest trees in the phytoremediation of heavy metals in the future.
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21
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Yang J, Mathew IE, Rhein H, Barker R, Guo Q, Brunello L, Loreti E, Barkla BJ, Gilroy S, Perata P, Hirschi KD. The vacuolar H+/Ca transporter CAX1 participates in submergence and anoxia stress responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2617-2636. [PMID: 35972350 PMCID: PMC9706465 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A plant's oxygen supply can vary from normal (normoxia) to total depletion (anoxia). Tolerance to anoxia is relevant to wetland species, rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation, and submergence tolerance of crops. Decoding and transmitting calcium (Ca) signals may be an important component to anoxia tolerance; however, the contribution of intracellular Ca transporters to this process is poorly understood. Four functional cation/proton exchangers (CAX1-4) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) help regulate Ca homeostasis around the vacuole. Our results demonstrate that cax1 mutants are more tolerant to both anoxic conditions and submergence. Using phenotypic measurements, RNA-sequencing, and proteomic approaches, we identified cax1-mediated anoxia changes that phenocopy changes present in anoxia-tolerant crops: altered metabolic processes, diminished reactive oxygen species production post anoxia, and altered hormone signaling. Comparing wild-type and cax1 expressing genetically encoded Ca indicators demonstrated altered cytosolic Ca signals in cax1 during reoxygenation. Anoxia-induced Ca signals around the plant vacuole are involved in the control of numerous signaling events related to adaptation to low oxygen stress. This work suggests that cax1 anoxia response pathway could be engineered to circumvent the adverse effects of flooding that impair production agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Pediatrics-Nutrition, Children’s Nutrition Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Iny Elizebeth Mathew
- Pediatrics-Nutrition, Children’s Nutrition Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hormat Rhein
- Pediatrics-Nutrition, Children’s Nutrition Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Richard Barker
- Department of Botany, Birge Hall, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qi Guo
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luca Brunello
- Plant Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Loreti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Bronwyn J Barkla
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, Birge Hall, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- Plant Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kendal D Hirschi
- Pediatrics-Nutrition, Children’s Nutrition Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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22
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Jia B, Li Y, Sun X, Sun M. Structure, Function, and Applications of Soybean Calcium Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214220. [PMID: 36430698 PMCID: PMC9693241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine max is a calcium-loving crop. The external application of calcium fertilizer is beneficial to the increase of soybean yield. Indeed, calcium is a vital nutrient in plant growth and development. As a core metal ion in signaling transduction, calcium content is maintained in dynamic balance under normal circumstances. Now, eight transporters were found to control the uptake and efflux of calcium. Though these calcium transporters have been identified through genome-wide analysis, only a few of them were functionally verified. Therefore, in this study, we summarized the current knowledge of soybean calcium transporters in structural features, expression characteristics, roles in stress response, and prospects. The above results will be helpful in understanding the function of cellular calcium transport and provide a theoretical basis for elevating soybean yield.
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23
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Huang X, Tanveer M, Min Y, Shabala S. Melatonin as a regulator of plant ionic homeostasis: implications for abiotic stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5886-5902. [PMID: 35640481 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a highly conserved and ubiquitous molecule that operates upstream of a broad array of receptors in animal systems. Since melatonin was discovered in plants in 1995, hundreds of papers have been published revealing its role in plant growth, development, and adaptive responses to the environment. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of melatonin's involvement in regulating plant ion homeostasis and abiotic stress tolerance. The major topics covered here are: (i) melatonin's control of H+-ATPase activity and its implication for plant adaptive responses to various abiotic stresses; (ii) regulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-Ca2+ hub by melatonin and its role in stress signaling; and (iii) melatonin's regulation of ionic homeostasis via hormonal cross-talk. We also show that the properties of the melatonin molecule allow its direct scavenging of ROS, thus preventing negative effects of ROS-induced activation of ion channels. The above 'desensitization' may play a critical role in preventing stress-induced K+ loss from the cytosol as well as maintaining basic levels of cytosolic Ca2+ required for optimal cell operation. Future studies should focus on revealing the molecular identity of transporters that could be directly regulated by melatonin and providing a bioinformatic analysis of evolutionary aspects of melatonin sensing and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Mohsin Tanveer
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Tas, Hobart, Australia
| | - Yu Min
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Tas, Hobart, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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24
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Park CJ, Shin R. Calcium channels and transporters: Roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:964059. [PMID: 36161014 PMCID: PMC9493244 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.964059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) serves as a ubiquitous second messenger by mediating various signaling pathways and responding to numerous environmental conditions in eukaryotes. Therefore, plant cells have developed complex mechanisms of Ca2+ communication across the membrane, receiving the message from their surroundings and transducing the information into cells and organelles. A wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses cause the increase in [Ca2+]cyt as a result of the Ca2+ influx permitted by membrane-localized Ca2+ permeable cation channels such as CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATE CHANNELs (CNGCs), and voltage-dependent HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CALCIUM2+ PERMEABLE CHANNELs (HACCs), as well as GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE RECEPTORs (GLRs) and TWO-PORE CHANNELs (TPCs). Recently, resistosomes formed by some NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT RECEPTORs (NLRs) are also proposed as a new type of Ca2+ permeable cation channels. On the contrary, some Ca2+ transporting membrane proteins, mainly Ca2+-ATPase and Ca2+/H+ exchangers, are involved in Ca2+ efflux for removal of the excessive [Ca2+]cyt in order to maintain the Ca2+ homeostasis in cells. The Ca2+ efflux mechanisms mediate the wide ranges of cellular activities responding to external and internal stimuli. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the recent discoveries of various membrane proteins involved in Ca2+ influx and efflux which play an essential role in fine-tuning the processing of information for plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jin Park
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ryoung Shin
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
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25
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Natural Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Hyperaccumulation and Hypertolerance towards Heavy Metals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169335. [PMID: 36012598 PMCID: PMC9409101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main mechanism of plant tolerance is the avoidance of metal uptake, whereas the main mechanism of hyperaccumulation is the uptake and neutralization of metals through specific plant processes. These include the formation of symbioses with rhizosphere microorganisms, the secretion of substances into the soil and metal immobilization, cell wall modification, changes in the expression of genes encoding heavy metal transporters, heavy metal ion chelation, and sequestration, and regenerative heat-shock protein production. The aim of this work was to review the natural plant mechanisms that contribute towards increased heavy metal accumulation and tolerance, as well as a review of the hyperaccumulator phytoremediation capacity. Phytoremediation is a strategy for purifying heavy-metal-contaminated soils using higher plants species as hyperaccumulators.
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26
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Mertens A, Horemans N, Saenen E, Nauts R, Cuypers A. Calcium affects uranium responses in Arabidopsis thaliana: From distribution to toxicity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:101-111. [PMID: 35667317 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Uranium, a heavy metal and primordial radionuclide, is present in surface waters and soils both naturally and due to industrial activities. Uranium is known to be toxic to plants and its uptake and toxicity can be influenced by multiple factors such as pH and the presence of different ions. However, the precise role of the different ions in uranium uptake is not yet known. Here we investigated whether calcium influences uranium uptake and toxicity in the terrestrial plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To this end, A. thaliana plants were exposed to different calcium and uranium concentrations and furthermore, calcium channels were blocked using the calcium channel blocker lanthanum chloride (LaCl3). Fresh weight, relative growth rate, concentration of nutrients and uranium and gene expression of oxidative stress-related genes and calcium transporters were determined in roots and shoots. Calcium affected plant growth and oxidative stress in both control (no uranium) and uranium-exposed plants. In shoots, this was influenced by the total calcium concentration, but not by the different tested uranium concentrations. Uranium in turn did influence calcium uptake and distribution. Uranium-exposed plants grown in a medium with a higher calcium concentration showed an increase in gene expression of NADPH oxidases RBOHC and RBOHE and calcium transporter CAX7 after uranium exposure. In roots, these calcium-dependent responses in gene expression were not observed. This indicates that calcium indeed affects uranium toxicity, but only in shoots. In addition, a clear influence of uranium and LaCl3 (separately and combined) on the expression of calcium transporters was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Mertens
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Agoralaan D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Nele Horemans
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Agoralaan D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Eline Saenen
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.
| | - Robin Nauts
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Agoralaan D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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27
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Hao P, Lv X, Fu M, Xu Z, Tian J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xu X, Wu T, Han Z. Long-distance mobile mRNA CAX3 modulates iron uptake and zinc compartmentalization. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53698. [PMID: 35254714 PMCID: PMC9066076 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency in plants can lead to excessive absorption of zinc; however, important details of this mechanism have yet to be elucidated. Here, we report that MdCAX3 mRNA is transported from the leaf to the root, and that MdCAX3 is then activated by MdCXIP1. Suppression of MdCAX3 expression leads to an increase in the root apoplastic pH, which is associated with the iron deficiency response. Notably, overexpression of MdCAX3 does not affect the apoplastic pH in a MdCXIP1 loss-of-function Malus baccata (Mb) mutant that has a deletion in the MdCXIP1 promoter. This deletion in Mb weakens MdCXIP1 expression. Co-expression of MdCAX3 and MdCXIP1 in Mb causes a decrease in the root apoplastic pH. Furthermore, suppressing MdCAX3 in Malus significantly reduces zinc vacuole compartmentalization. We also show that MdCAX3 activated by MdCXIP1 is not only involved in iron uptake, but also in regulating zinc detoxification by compartmentalizing zinc in vacuoles to avoid iron starvation-induced zinc toxicity. Thus, mobile MdCAX3 mRNA is involved in the regulation of iron and zinc homeostasis in response to iron starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Tian
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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28
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Han L, Wu X, Zhang X, Hou K, Zhang H, Shen C. Identification and functional analysis of cation-efflux transporter 1 from Brassica juncea L. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:174. [PMID: 35387616 PMCID: PMC8985314 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brassica juncea behaves as a moderate-level accumulator of various heavy metal ions and is frequently used for remediation. To investigate the roles of metal ion transporters in B. juncea, a cation-efflux family gene, BjCET1, was cloned and functionally characterized. RESULTS BjCET1 contains 382 amino acid residues, including a signature motif of the cation diffusion facilitator protein family, six classic trans-membrane-spanning structures and a cation-efflux domain. A phylogenetic analysis showed that BjCET1 has a high similarity level with metal tolerance proteins from other Brassica plants, indicating that this protein family is highly conserved in Brassica. BjCET1 expression significantly increased at very early stages during both cadmium and zinc treatments. Green fluorescence detection in transgenic tobacco leaves revealed that BjCET1 is a plasma membrane-localized protein. The heterologous expression of BjCET1 in a yeast mutant increased the heavy-metal tolerance and decreased the cadmium or zinc accumulations in yeast cells, suggesting that BjCET1 is a metal ion transporter. The constitutive expression of BjCET1 rescued the heavy-metal tolerance capability of transgenic tobacco plants. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that BjCET1 is a membrane-localized efflux transporter that plays essential roles in heavy metal ion homeostasis and hyper-accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 Zhejiang China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 Zhejiang China
| | - Kailin Hou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
| | - Hongshan Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
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29
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Kolbert Z, Szőllősi R, Rónavári A, Molnár Á. Nanoforms of essential metals: from hormetic phytoeffects to agricultural potential. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1825-1840. [PMID: 34922354 PMCID: PMC8921003 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vital plant functions require at least six metals (copper, iron, molybdenum, manganese, zinc, and nickel), which function as enzyme cofactors or inducers. In recent decades, rapidly evolving nanotechnology has created nanoforms of essential metals and their compounds (e.g. nZnO, nFe2O3) with a number of favourable properties over the bulk materials. The effects of nanometals on plants are concentration-dependent (hormesis) but also depend on the properties of the nanometals, the plant species, and the treatment conditions. Here, we review studies examining plant responses to essential nanometal treatments using a (multi)omics approach and emphasize the importance of gaining a holistic view of the diverse effects. Furthermore, we discuss the beneficial effects of essential nanometals on plants, which provide the basis for their application in crop production as, for example, nanopriming or nanostimulator agents, or nanofertilizers. As lower environmental impact and increased yield can be achieved by the application of essential nanometals, they support sustainable agriculture. Recent studies have actively examined the utilization of green-synthesized metal nanoparticles, which perfectly fit into the environmentally friendly trend of future agriculture. Further knowledge is required before essential nanometals can be safely applied in agriculture, but it is a promising direction that is timely to investigate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Réka Szőllősi
- Department of Plant Biology University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged H6726, Hungary
| | - Andrea Rónavári
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, Szeged H6720, Hungary
| | - Árpád Molnár
- Department of Plant Biology University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged H6726, Hungary
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30
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Yang Z, Yang F, Liu JL, Wu HT, Yang H, Shi Y, Liu J, Zhang YF, Luo YR, Chen KM. Heavy metal transporters: Functional mechanisms, regulation, and application in phytoremediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151099. [PMID: 34688763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution in soil is a global problem with serious impacts on human health and ecological security. Phytoextraction in phytoremediation, in which plants uptake and transport heavy metals (HMs) to the tissues of aerial parts, is the most environmentally friendly method to reduce the total amount of HMs in soil and has wide application prospects. However, the molecular mechanism of phytoextraction is still under investigation. The uptake, translocation, and retention of HMs in plants are mainly mediated by a variety of transporter proteins. A better understanding of the accumulation strategy of HMs via transporters in plants is a prerequisite for the improvement of phytoextraction. In this review, the biochemical structure and functions of HM transporter families in plants are systematically summarized, with emphasis on their roles in phytoremediation. The accumulation mechanism and regulatory pathways related to hormones, regulators, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of HMs concerning these transporters are described in detail. Scientific efforts and practices for phytoremediation carried out in recent years suggest that creation of hyperaccumulators by transgenic or gene editing techniques targeted to these transporters and their regulators is the ultimate powerful path for the phytoremediation of HM contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Lan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Guangdong Kaiyuan Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Guangdong Kaiyuan Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhang
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan-Rong Luo
- Guangdong Kaiyuan Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523000, China.
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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31
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He F, Shi YJ, Li JL, Lin TT, Zhao KJ, Chen LH, Mi JX, Zhang F, Zhong Y, Lu MM, Niu MX, Feng CH, Ding SS, Peng MY, Huang JL, Yang HB, Wan XQ. Genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of Cation/H + exchanger (CAX) family genes reveal likely functions in cadmium stress responses in poplar. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:76-88. [PMID: 35124018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, seriously affects human health and ecological security. The cation/H+ exchanger (CAX) family is a unique metal transporter that plays a crucial role in Cd acquisition, transfer, and remission in plants. Although there are many studies related to the genome-wide analysis of Populus trichocarpa, little research has been done on the CAX family genes, especially concerning Cd stress. In this study, genome-wide analysis of the Populus CAX family identified seven stress-related CAX genes. The evolutionary tree indicated that the CaCA family genes were grouped into four clusters. Moreover, seven pairs of genes were derived by segmental duplication in poplars. Cis-acting element analysis identified numerous stress-related elements in the promoters of diverse PtrCAXs. Furthermore, some PtrCAXs were up-regulated by drought, beetle, and mechanical damage, indicating their possible function in regulating stress response. Under cadmium stress, all CAX genes in the roots were up-regulated. Our findings suggest that plants may regulate their response to Cd stress through the TF-CAXs module. Comprehensively investigating the CAX family provides a scientific basis for the phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution by Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yu-Jie Shi
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun-Lin Li
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tian-Tian Lin
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kuang-Ji Zhao
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Liang-Hua Chen
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jia-Xuan Mi
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Meng-Meng Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meng-Xue Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cong-Hua Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shan-Shan Ding
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min-Yue Peng
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin-Liang Huang
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Han-Bo Yang
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xue-Qin Wan
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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He J, Rössner N, Hoang MTT, Alejandro S, Peiter E. Transport, functions, and interaction of calcium and manganese in plant organellar compartments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1940-1972. [PMID: 35235665 PMCID: PMC8890496 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) and manganese (Mn2+) are essential elements for plants and have similar ionic radii and binding coordination. They are assigned specific functions within organelles, but share many transport mechanisms to cross organellar membranes. Despite their points of interaction, those elements are usually investigated and reviewed separately. This review takes them out of this isolation. It highlights our current mechanistic understanding and points to open questions of their functions, their transport, and their interplay in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vesicular compartments (Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network, pre-vacuolar compartment), vacuoles, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. Complex processes demanding these cations, such as Mn2+-dependent glycosylation or systemic Ca2+ signaling, are covered in some detail if they have not been reviewed recently or if recent findings add to current models. The function of Ca2+ as signaling agent released from organelles into the cytosol and within the organelles themselves is a recurrent theme of this review, again keeping the interference by Mn2+ in mind. The involvement of organellar channels [e.g. glutamate receptor-likes (GLR), cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGC), mitochondrial conductivity units (MCU), and two-pore channel1 (TPC1)], transporters (e.g. natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMP), Ca2+ exchangers (CAX), metal tolerance proteins (MTP), and bivalent cation transporters (BICAT)], and pumps [autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPases (ACA) and ER Ca2+-ATPases (ECA)] in the import and export of organellar Ca2+ and Mn2+ is scrutinized, whereby current controversial issues are pointed out. Mechanisms in animals and yeast are taken into account where they may provide a blueprint for processes in plants, in particular, with respect to tunable molecular mechanisms of Ca2+ versus Mn2+ selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nico Rössner
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Minh T T Hoang
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Santiago Alejandro
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Author for communication:
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Feki K, Tounsi S, Mrabet M, Mhadhbi H, Brini F. Recent advances in physiological and molecular mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation in plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:64967-64986. [PMID: 34599711 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Among abiotic stress, the toxicity of metals impacts negatively on plants' growth and productivity. This toxicity promotes various perturbations in plants at different levels. To withstand stress, plants involve efficient mechanisms through the implication of various signaling pathways. These pathways enhance the expression of many target genes among them gene coding for metal transporters. Various metal transporters which are localized at the plasma membrane and/or at the tonoplast are crucial in metal stress response. Furthermore, metal detoxification is provided by metal-binding proteins like phytochelatins and metallothioneins. The understanding of the molecular basis of metal toxicities signaling pathways and tolerance mechanisms is crucial for genetic engineering to produce transgenic plants that enhance phytoremediation. This review presents an overview of the recent advances in our understanding of metal stress response. Firstly, we described the effect of metal stress on plants. Then, we highlight the mechanisms involved in metal detoxification and the importance of the regulation in the response to heavy metal stress. Finally, we mentioned the importance of genetic engineering for enhancing the phytoremediation technique. In the end, the response to heavy metal stress is complex and implicates various components. Thus, further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms involved in response to this abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaouthar Feki
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystem (L2AD), Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, BP901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Sana Tounsi
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, B.P "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Mrabet
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystem (L2AD), Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, BP901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Haythem Mhadhbi
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystem (L2AD), Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, BP901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, B.P "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Patra N, Hariharan S, Gain H, Maiti MK, Das A, Banerjee J. TypiCal but DeliCate Ca ++re: Dissecting the Essence of Calcium Signaling Network as a Robust Response Coordinator of Versatile Abiotic and Biotic Stimuli in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:752246. [PMID: 34899779 PMCID: PMC8655846 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.752246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth, development, and ultimately crop productivity are largely impacted by the interaction of plants with different abiotic and biotic factors throughout their life cycle. Perception of different abiotic stresses, such as salt, cold, drought, heat, and heavy metals, and interaction with beneficial and harmful biotic agents by plants lead to transient, sustained, or oscillatory changes of [calcium ion, Ca2+]cyt within the cell. Significant progress has been made in the decoding of Ca2+ signatures into downstream responses to modulate differential developmental and physiological responses in the whole plant. Ca2+ sensor proteins, mainly calmodulins (CaMs), calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs), and others, such as Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), and calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) have played critical roles in coupling the specific stress stimulus with an appropriate response. This review summarizes the current understanding of the Ca2+ influx and efflux system in plant cells and various Ca2+ binding protein-mediated signal transduction pathways that are delicately orchestrated to mitigate abiotic and biotic stresses. The probable interactions of different components of Ca2+ sensor relays and Ca2+ sensor responders in response to various external stimuli have been described diagrammatically focusing on established pathways and latest developments. Present comprehensive insight into key components of the Ca2+ signaling toolkit in plants can provide an innovative framework for biotechnological manipulations toward crop improvability in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelesh Patra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Shruthi Hariharan
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Hena Gain
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Mrinal K. Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Arpita Das
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, India
| | - Joydeep Banerjee
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a unique mineral that serves as both a nutrient and a signal in all eukaryotes. To maintain Ca2+ homeostasis for both nutrition and signaling purposes, the toolkit for Ca2+ transport has expanded across kingdoms of eukaryotes to encode specific Ca2+ signals referred to as Ca2+ signatures. In parallel, a large array of Ca2+-binding proteins has evolved as specific sensors to decode Ca2+ signatures. By comparing these coding and decoding mechanisms in fungi, animals, and plants, both unified and divergent themes have emerged, and the underlying complexity will challenge researchers for years to come. Considering the scale and breadth of the subject, instead of a literature survey, in this review we focus on a conceptual framework that aims to introduce to readers to the principles and mechanisms of Ca2+ signaling. We finish with several examples of Ca2+-signaling pathways, including polarized cell growth, immunity and symbiosis, and systemic signaling, to piece together specific coding and decoding mechanisms in plants versus animals. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
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Su W, Zhang C, Wang D, Ren Y, Sun T, Feng J, Su Y, Xu L, Shi M, Que Y. The CaCA superfamily genes in Saccharum: comparative analysis and their functional implications in response to biotic and abiotic stress. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:549. [PMID: 34275454 PMCID: PMC8286586 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, Calcium (Ca2+) acts as a universal messenger in various signal transduction pathways, including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and regulation of cellular and developmental processes. The Ca2+/cation antiporter (CaCA) superfamily proteins play vital roles in the transport of Ca2+ and/or other cations. However, the characteristics of these superfamily members in Saccharum and their evolutionary and functional implications have remained unclear. RESULTS A total of 34 CaCA genes in Saccharum spontaneum, 5 CaCA genes in Saccharum spp. R570, and 14 CaCA genes in Sorghum bicolor were identified and characterized. These genes consisted of the H+/cation exchanger (CAX), cation/Ca2+ exchanger (CCX), EF-hand / CAX (EFCAX), and Mg2+/H+ exchanger (MHX) families, among which the CCX and EFCAX could be classified into three groups while the CAX could be divided into two groups. The exon/intron structures and motif compositions suggested that the members in the same group were highly conserved. Synteny analysis of CaCAs established their orthologous and paralogous relationships among the superfamily in S. spontaneum, R570, and S. bicolor. The results of protein-protein interactions indicated that these CaCA proteins had direct or indirect interactions. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that most members of Saccharum CaCA genes exhibited a similar expression pattern in response to hormonal (abscisic acid, ABA) treatment but played various roles in response to biotic (Sporisorium scitamineum) and abiotic (cold) stresses. Furthermore, ScCAX4, a gene encoding a cytoplasm, plasma membrane and nucleus positioning protein, was isolated from sugarcane. This gene was constitutively expressed in different sugarcane tissues and its expression was only induced at 3 and 6 h time points after ABA treatment, however was inhibited and indued in the whole process under cold and S. scitamineum stresses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study systematically conducted comparative analyses of CaCA superfamily genes among S. spontaneum, R570, and S. bicolor, delineating their sequence and structure characteristics, classification, evolutionary history, and putative functions. These results not only provided rich gene resources for exploring the molecular mechanism of the CaCA superfamily genes but also offered guidance and reference for research on other gene families in Saccharum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Dongjiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Yongjuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Jingfang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Yachun Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Liping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Mutian Shi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian Province China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian China
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Dindas J, Dreyer I, Huang S, Hedrich R, Roelfsema MRG. A voltage-dependent Ca 2+ homeostat operates in the plant vacuolar membrane. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1449-1460. [PMID: 33577135 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic calcium signals are evoked by a large variety of biotic and abiotic stimuli and play an important role in cellular and long distance signalling in plants. While the function of the plasma membrane in cytosolic Ca2+ signalling has been intensively studied, the role of the vacuolar membrane remains elusive. A newly developed vacuolar voltage clamp technique was used in combination with live-cell imaging, to study the role of the vacuolar membrane in Ca2+ and pH homeostasis of bulging root hair cells of Arabidopsis. Depolarisation of the vacuolar membrane caused a rapid increase in the Ca2+ concentration and alkalised the cytosol, while hyperpolarisation led to the opposite responses. The relationship between the vacuolar membrane potential, the cytosolic pH and Ca2+ concentration suggests that a vacuolar H+ /Ca2+ exchange mechanism plays a central role in cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis. Mathematical modelling further suggests that the voltage-dependent vacuolar Ca2+ homeostat could contribute to calcium signalling when coupled to a recently discovered K+ channel-dependent module for electrical excitability of the vacuolar membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Dindas
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Dreyer
- Center of Bioinformatics, Simulation and Modeling (CBSM), Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Shouguang Huang
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
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Rahmati Ishka M, Brown E, Rosenberg A, Romanowsky S, Davis JA, Choi WG, Harper JF. Arabidopsis Ca2+-ATPases 1, 2, and 7 in the endoplasmic reticulum contribute to growth and pollen fitness. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1966-1985. [PMID: 33575795 PMCID: PMC8133587 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Generating cellular Ca2+ signals requires coordinated transport activities from both Ca2+ influx and efflux pathways. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), multiple efflux pathways exist, some of which involve Ca2+-pumps belonging to the Autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPase (ACA) family. Here, we show that ACA1, 2, and 7 localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are important for plant growth and pollen fertility. While phenotypes for plants harboring single-gene knockouts (KOs) were weak or undetected, a triple KO of aca1/2/7 displayed a 2.6-fold decrease in pollen transmission efficiency, whereas inheritance through female gametes was normal. The triple KO also resulted in smaller rosettes showing a high frequency of lesions. Both vegetative and reproductive phenotypes were rescued by transgenes encoding either ACA1, 2, or 7, suggesting that all three isoforms are biochemically redundant. Lesions were suppressed by expression of a transgene encoding NahG, an enzyme that degrades salicylic acid (SA). Triple KO mutants showed elevated mRNA expression for two SA-inducible marker genes, Pathogenesis-related1 (PR1) and PR2. The aca1/2/7 lesion phenotype was similar but less severe than SA-dependent lesions associated with a double KO of vacuolar pumps aca4 and 11. Imaging of Ca2+ dynamics triggered by blue light or the pathogen elicitor flg22 revealed that aca1/2/7 mutants display Ca2+ transients with increased magnitudes and durations. Together, these results indicate that ER-localized ACAs play important roles in regulating Ca2+ signals, and that the loss of these pumps results in male fertility and vegetative growth deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahmati Ishka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Alexa Rosenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Shawn Romanowsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - James A Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Won-Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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39
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Liaquat F, Munis MFH, Arif S, Haroon U, Shi J, Saqib S, Zaman W, Che S, Liu Q. PacBio Single-Molecule Long-Read Sequencing Reveals Genes Tolerating Manganese Stress in Schima superba Saplings. Front Genet 2021; 12:635043. [PMID: 33889177 PMCID: PMC8057201 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.635043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schima superba (Theaceae) is a subtropical evergreen tree and is used widely for forest firebreaks and gardening. It is a plant that tolerates salt and typically accumulates elevated amounts of manganese in the leaves. With large ecological amplitude, this tree species grows quickly. Due to its substantial biomass, it has a great potential for soil remediation. To evaluate the thorough framework of the mRNA, we employed PacBio sequencing technology for the first time to generate S. Superba transcriptome. In this analysis, overall, 511,759 full length non-chimeric reads were acquired, and 163,834 high-quality full-length reads were obtained. Overall, 93,362 open reading frames were obtained, of which 78,255 were complete. In gene annotation analyses, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Clusters of Orthologous Genes (COG), Gene Ontology (GO), and Non-Redundant (Nr) databases were allocated 91,082, 71,839, 38,914, and 38,376 transcripts, respectively. To identify long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), we utilized four computational methods associated with protein families (Pfam), Cooperative Data Classification (CPC), Coding Assessing Potential Tool (CPAT), and Coding Non-Coding Index (CNCI) databases and observed 8,551, 9,174, 20,720, and 18,669 lncRNAs, respectively. Moreover, nine genes were randomly selected for the expression analysis, which showed the highest expression of Gene 6 (Na_Ca_ex gene), and CAX (CAX-interacting protein 4) was higher in manganese (Mn)-treated group. This work provided significant number of full-length transcripts and refined the annotation of the reference genome, which will ease advanced genetic analyses of S. superba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiza Liaquat
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Samiah Arif
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Urooj Haroon
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saddam Saqib
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wajid Zaman
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengquan Che
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qunlu Liu
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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40
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Barzana G, Rios JJ, Lopez-Zaplana A, Nicolas-Espinosa J, Yepes-Molina L, Garcia-Ibañez P, Carvajal M. Interrelations of nutrient and water transporters in plants under abiotic stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:595-619. [PMID: 32909634 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental changes cause abiotic stress in plants, primarily through alterations in the uptake of the nutrients and water they require for their metabolism and growth and to maintain their cellular homeostasis. The plasma membranes of cells contain transporter proteins, encoded by their specific genes, responsible for the uptake of nutrients and water (aquaporins). However, their interregulation has rarely been taken into account. Therefore, in this review we identify how the plant genome responds to abiotic stresses such as nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity and low temperature, in relation to both nutrient transporters and aquaporins. Some general responses or regulation mechanisms can be observed under each abiotic stress such as the induction of plasma membrane transporter expression during macronutrient deficiency, the induction of tonoplast transporters and reduction of aquaporins during micronutrients deficiency. However, drought, salinity and low temperatures generally cause an increase in expression of nutrient transporters and aquaporins in tolerant plants. We propose that both types of transporters (nutrients and water) should be considered jointly in order to better understand plant tolerance of stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Barzana
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Juan J Rios
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Alvaro Lopez-Zaplana
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Juan Nicolas-Espinosa
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Lucía Yepes-Molina
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Paula Garcia-Ibañez
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Micaela Carvajal
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
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Mao K, Yang J, Wang M, Liu H, Guo X, Zhao S, Dong Q, Ma F. Genome-wide analysis of the apple CaCA superfamily reveals that MdCAX proteins are involved in the abiotic stress response as calcium transporters. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:81. [PMID: 33557757 PMCID: PMC7869505 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium (Ca2+) plays an important role in plant growth and development, and the maintenance of calcium homeostasis is necessary for the survival of all plant species. Ca2+/H+ exchangers (CAXs) are a subgroup of the CaCA (Ca2+/cation antiporter) superfamily. In general, CAX proteins mediate cytosolic Ca2+ entry into vacuoles to prevent excessive accumulation of Ca2+ in the cytosol. The CaCA superfamily has been identified and characterised in many plant species; however, characterisation of the CaCA superfamily and functional study of apple CAX proteins have yet to be conducted in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). RESULTS Here, we identified 21 CaCA family proteins in apple for the first time. Phylogenetic and gene structure analysis, as well as prediction of conserved motifs, suggested that these proteins could be classified into four groups: CAX, CCX, NCL, and MHX. Expression analysis showed that the 10 MdCAX genes we cloned strongly responded to calcium and abiotic stress treatments. Collinearity analysis and characterisation of calcium transport capacity resulted in the identification of a pair of segmental duplication genes: MdCAX3L-1 and MdCAX3L-2; MdCAX3L-2 showed strong calcium transport capacity, whereas MdCAX3L-1 showed no calcium transport capacity. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays showed that these two proteins could interact with each other. The high sequence similarity (94.6%) makes them a good model for studying the crucial residues and structural basis of the calcium transport of CAX proteins. Prediction of the protein interaction network revealed several proteins that may interact with CAX proteins and play important roles in plant stress responses, such as SOS2, CXIP1, MHX, NRAMP3, and MTP8. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis indicated that MdCAX proteins have strong calcium transport capacity and are involved in the abiotic stress response in apple. These findings provide new insight and rich resources for future studies of MdCAX proteins in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Huayu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Qinglong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A &F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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Zheng Y, Wang LB, Sun SF, Liu SY, Liu MJ, Lin J. Phylogenetic and ion-response analyses reveal a relationship between gene expansion and functional divergence in the Ca 2+/cation antiporter family in Angiosperms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:303-320. [PMID: 33123851 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant CaCA superfamily genes with higher tendency to retain after WGD are more gene expression and function differentiated in ion-response. Plants and animals face different environmental stresses but share conserved Ca2+ signaling pathways, such as Ca2+/Cation transport. The Ca2+/cation antiporters superfamily (CaCAs) is an ancient and widespread family of ion-coupled cation transporters found in all kingdoms of life. We analyzed the molecular evolution progress of the family through comparative genomics and phylogenetics of CaCAs genes from plants and animals, grouping these genes into several families and clades, and identified multiple gene duplication retention events, particularly in the CAX (H+/cation exchanger), CCX (cation/Ca2+ exchanger), and NCL (Na+/Ca2+ exchanger-like) families. The tendency of duplication retention differs between families and gene clades. The gene duplication events were probably the result of whole-genome duplication (WGD) in plants and might have led to functional divergence. Tissue and ion-response expression analyses revealed that CaCAs genes with more highly differentiated expression patterns are more likely to be retained as duplicates than those with more conserved expression profiles. Phenotype of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants showed that loss of genes with a greater tendency to be retained after duplication resulted in more severe growth deficiency. CaCAs genes in salt-tolerant species tended to inherit the expression characteristics of their most recent common ancestral genes, with conservative ion-response expression. This study indicates a possible evolutionary scheme for cation transport and illustrates distinct fates and a mechanism for the evolution of gene duplicates. The increased copy numbers of genes and divergences in expression might have contributed to the divergent functions of CaCAs protein, allowing plants to cope with environmental stresses and adapt to a larger number of ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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Description of AtCAX4 in Response to Abiotic Stress in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020856. [PMID: 33467091 PMCID: PMC7830611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High-capacity tonoplast cation/H+ antiport in plants is partially mediated by a family of CAX transporters. Previous studies have reported that CAX activity is affected by an N-terminal autoinhibitory region. CAXs may be present as heterodimers in plant cells, and this phenomenon necessitates further study. In this study, we demonstrate that there is an interaction between CAX4 and CAX1 as determined by the use of a yeast two-hybrid system and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. More specifically, the N-terminal of CAX4 interacts with CAX1. We further observed the over-expression and either a single or double mutant of CAX1 and CAX4 in response to abiotic stress in Arabidopsis. These results suggest that CAX1 and CAX4 can interact to form a heterodimer, and the N-terminal regions of CAX4 play important roles in vivo; this may provide a foundation for a deep study of CAX4 function in the future.
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Modareszadeh M, Bahmani R, Kim D, Hwang S. CAX3 (cation/proton exchanger) mediates a Cd tolerance by decreasing ROS through Ca elevation in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:115-132. [PMID: 32926249 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Over-expression of CAX3 encoding a cation/proton exchanger enhances Cd tolerance by decreasing ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) through activating anti-oxidative enzymes via elevation of Ca level in Arabidopsis CAXs (cation/proton exchangers) are involved in the sequestration of cations such as Mn, Li, and Cd, as well as Ca, from cytosol into the vacuole using proton gradients. In addition, it has been reported that CAX1, 2 and 4 are involved in Cd tolerance. Interestingly, it has been reported that CAX3 expressions were enhanced by Cd in Cd-tolerant transgenic plants expressing Hb1 (hemoglobin 1) or UBC1 (Ub-conjugating enzyme 1). Therefore, to investigate whether CAX3 plays a role in increasing Cd tolerance, CAX3 of Arabidopsis and tobacco were over-expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Compared to control plants, both transgenic plants displayed an increase in Cd tolerance, no change in Cd accumulation, and enhanced Ca levels. In support of these, AtCAX3-Arabidopsis showed no change in expressions of Cd transporters, but reduced expressions of Ca exporters and lower rate of Ca efflux. By contrast, atcax3 knockout Arabidopsis exhibited a reduced Cd tolerance, while the Cd level was not altered. The expression of Δ90-AtCAX3 (deletion of autoinhibitory domain) increased Cd and Ca tolerance in yeast, while AtCAX3 expression did not. Interestingly, less accumulation of ROS (H2O2 and O2-) was observed in CAX3-expressing transgenic plants and was accompanied with higher antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GR). Taken together, CAX3 over-expression may enhance Cd tolerance by decreasing Cd-induced ROS production by activating antioxidant enzymes and by intervening the positive feedback circuit between ROS generation and Cd-induced spikes of cytoplasmic Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Modareszadeh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
- Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramin Bahmani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
- Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - DongGwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
- Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongbin Hwang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea.
- Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea.
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Ammonium Accumulation Caused by Reduced Tonoplast V-ATPase Activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010002. [PMID: 33374906 PMCID: PMC7792577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant vacuoles are unique compartments that play a critical role in plant growth and development. The vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), together with the vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase), generates the proton motive force that regulates multiple cell functions and impacts all aspects of plant life. We investigated the effect of V-ATPase activity in the vacuole on plant growth and development. We used an Arabidopsisthaliana (L.) Heynh. double mutant, vha-a2 vha-a3, which lacks two tonoplast-localized isoforms of the membrane-integral V-ATPase subunit VHA-a. The mutant is viable but exhibits impaired growth and leaf chlorosis. Nitrate assimilation led to excessive ammonium accumulation in the shoot and lower nitrogen uptake, which exacerbated growth retardation of vha-a2 vha-a3. Ion homeostasis was disturbed in plants with missing VHA-a2 and VHA-a3 genes, which might be related to limited growth. The reduced growth and excessive ammonium accumulation of the double mutant was alleviated by potassium supplementation. Our results demonstrate that plants lacking the two tonoplast-localized subunits of V-ATPase can be viable, although with defective growth caused by multiple factors, which can be alleviated by adding potassium. This study provided a new insight into the relationship between V-ATPase, growth, and ammonium accumulation, and revealed the role of potassium in mitigating ammonium toxicity.
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Shitan N, Yazaki K. Dynamism of vacuoles toward survival strategy in plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Guha T, Barman S, Mukherjee A, Kundu R. Nano-scale zero valent iron modulates Fe/Cd transporters and immobilizes soil Cd for production of Cd free rice. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127533. [PMID: 32679374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) has been found to be a promising approach for heavy metal remediation. This study is the first report highlighting the role of nZVI to ameliorate Cadmium (Cd) stress in rice along with its effects in expressions of transporter genes, agronomic parameters and grain nutrient status. Initially, 3 concentration of Cd (10, 50, 250 μM) and nZVI (50, 100, 200 mg L-1) were selected. PCA analysis based on growth parameters, photosynthetic pigment contents and lipid peroxidation rate confirmed that 100 mg L-1 nZVI was most suitable for remediation of 10 μM Cd. It was evident that, nZVI can alleviate Cd-induced toxic effects by enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms and other physiological processes in plants. nZVI treated rice seedlings also showed upregulation of phytochelatins which aided in Cd chelation within vacuoles. Study of root morphology with scanning electron microscopy and ROS imaging with confocal microscopy confirmed that nZVI could alleviate oxidative stress due to Cd uptake. In nZVI treated rice seedlings, gene expressions of iron (Fe) transporters (like, IRT1,IRT2,YSL2,YSL15) which are responsible for both Fe and Cd uptake were significantly down-regulated whereas, OsVIT1 and OsCAX4 genes were over expressed which lead to sequestration of Cd in vacuoles. Cd localization assay with leadmium proved that Cd translocation was reduced with nZVI treatment. To further validate our findings a pot experiment was carried out where it was found that nZVI could immobilize Cd in soil prevented accumulation of Cd in rice grains in addition to improving yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titir Guha
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, Calcutta University, 35, Ballygange Circular Road, Kolkata, 19, India
| | - Sandip Barman
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, Calcutta University, 35, Ballygange Circular Road, Kolkata, 19, India
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| | - Rita Kundu
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, Calcutta University, 35, Ballygange Circular Road, Kolkata, 19, India.
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Bárzana G, Carvajal M. Genetic regulation of water and nutrient transport in water stress tolerance in roots. J Biotechnol 2020; 324:134-142. [PMID: 33038476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting the growth and development of crops. The primary effect of drought is the alteration of water and nutrient uptake and transport by roots, related essentially with aquaporins and ion transporters of the plasma membrane. Therefore, the efficiency of water and nutrient transport across cell layers is a main factor in tolerance mechanisms. The regulation of this transport under water stress - in relation to the differing degrees of tolerance of crops and the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae, together with signaling mechanisms - is reviewed here. Three different phases in the response to stress (immediate, short-term and long-term), involving different signals and levels of gene regulation, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Bárzana
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Micaela Carvajal
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Isayenkov SV, Dabravolski SA, Pan T, Shabala S. Phylogenetic Diversity and Physiological Roles of Plant Monovalent Cation/H + Antiporters. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:573564. [PMID: 33123183 PMCID: PMC7573149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.573564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The processes of plant nutrition, stress tolerance, plant growth, and development are strongly dependent on transport of mineral nutrients across cellular membranes. Plant membrane transporters are key components of these processes. Among various membrane transport proteins, the monovalent cation proton antiporter (CPA) superfamily mediates a broad range of physiological and developmental processes such as ion and pH homeostasis, development of reproductive organs, chloroplast operation, and plant adaptation to drought and salt stresses. CPA family includes plasma membrane-bound Na+/H+ exchanger (NhaP) and intracellular Na+/H+ exchanger NHE (NHX), K+ efflux antiporter (KEA), and cation/H+ exchanger (CHX) family proteins. In this review, we have completed the phylogenetic inventory of CPA transporters and undertaken a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of their development. Compared with previous studies, we have significantly extended the range of plant species, including green and red algae and Acrogymnospermae into phylogenetic analysis. Our data suggest that the multiplication and complexation of CPA isoforms during evolution is related to land colonisation by higher plants and associated with an increase of different tissue types and development of reproductive organs. The new data extended the number of clades for all groups of CPAs, including those for NhaP/SOS, NHE/NHX, KEA, and CHX. We also critically evaluate the latest findings on the biological role, physiological functions and regulation of CPA transporters in relation to their structure and phylogenetic position. In addition, the role of CPA members in plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses is summarized, and the future priority directions for CPA studies in plants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav V. Isayenkov
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Department of Plant Food Products and Biofortification, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Siarhei A. Dabravolski
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine [UO VGAVM], Vitebsk, Belarus
| | - Ting Pan
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Martins V, Gerós H. The grapevine CAX-interacting protein VvCXIP4 is exported from the nucleus to activate the tonoplast Ca 2+/H + exchanger VvCAX3. PLANTA 2020; 252:35. [PMID: 32767128 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear-localized CAX-interacting protein VvCXIP4 is exported to the cytosol after a Ca2+ pulse, to activate the tonoplast-localized Ca2+/H+ exchanger VvCAX3. Vacuolar cation/H+ exchangers (CAXs) have long been recognized as 'housekeeping' components in cellular Ca2+ and trace metal homeostasis, being involved in a range of key cellular and physiological processes. However, the mechanisms that drive functional activation of the transporters are largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the function of a putative grapevine CAX-interacting protein, VvCXIP4, by testing its ability to activate VvCAX3, previously characterized as a tonoplast-localized Ca2+/H+ exchanger. VvCAX3 contains an autoinhibitory domain that drives inactivation of the transporter and thus, is incapable of suppressing the Ca2+-hypersensitive phenotype of the S. cerevisiae mutant K667. In this study, the co-expression of VvCXIP4 and VvCAX3 in this strain efficiently rescued its growth defect at high Ca2+ levels. Flow cytometry experiments showed that yeast harboring both proteins effectively accumulated higher Ca2+ levels than cells expressing each of the proteins separately. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays allowed visualization of the direct interaction between the proteins in tobacco plants and in yeast, and also showed the self-interaction of VvCAX3 but not of VvCXIP4. Subcellular localization studies showed that, despite being primarily localized to the nucleus, VvCXIP4 is able to move to other cell compartments upon a Ca2+ stimulus, becoming prone to interaction with the tonoplast-localized VvCAX3. qPCR analysis showed that both genes are more expressed in grapevine stems and leaves, followed by the roots, and that the steady-state transcript levels were higher in the pulp than in the skin of grape berries. Also, both VvCXIP4 and VvCAX3 were upregulated by Ca2+ and Na+, indicating they share common regulatory mechanisms. However, VvCXIP4 was also upregulated by Li+, Cu2+ and Mn2+, and its expression increased steadily throughout grape berry development, contrary to VvCAX3, suggesting additional physiological roles for VvCXIP4, including the regulation of VvCAXs not yet functionally characterized. The main novelty of the present study was the demonstration of physical interaction between CXIP and CAX proteins from a woody plant model by BiFC assays, demonstrating the intracellular mobilization of CXIPs in response to Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Martins
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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