1
|
Sharma M, Tisarum R, Kohli RK, Batish DR, Cha-Um S, Singh HP. Inroads into saline-alkaline stress response in plants: unravelling morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms. PLANTA 2024; 259:130. [PMID: 38647733 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This article discusses the complex network of ion transporters, genes, microRNAs, and transcription factors that regulate crop tolerance to saline-alkaline stress. The framework aids scientists produce stress-tolerant crops for smart agriculture. Salinity and alkalinity are frequently coexisting abiotic limitations that have emerged as archetypal mediators of low yield in many semi-arid and arid regions throughout the world. Saline-alkaline stress, which occurs in an environment with high concentrations of salts and a high pH, negatively impacts plant metabolism to a greater extent than either stress alone. Of late, saline stress has been the focus of the majority of investigations, and saline-alkaline mixed studies are largely lacking. Therefore, a thorough understanding and integration of how plants and crops rewire metabolic pathways to repair damage caused by saline-alkaline stress is of particular interest. This review discusses the multitude of resistance mechanisms that plants develop to cope with saline-alkaline stress, including morphological and physiological adaptations as well as molecular regulation. We examine the role of various ion transporters, transcription factors (TFs), differentially expressed genes (DEGs), microRNAs (miRNAs), or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) activated under saline-alkaline stress in achieving opportunistic modes of growth, development, and survival. The review provides a background for understanding the transport of micronutrients, specifically iron (Fe), in conditions of iron deficiency produced by high pH. Additionally, it discusses the role of calcium in enhancing stress tolerance. The review highlights that to encourage biomolecular architects to reconsider molecular responses as auxiliary for developing tolerant crops and raising crop production, it is essential to (a) close the major gaps in our understanding of saline-alkaline resistance genes, (b) identify and take into account crop-specific responses, and (c) target stress-tolerant genes to specific crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Sharma
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rujira Tisarum
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Ravinder Kumar Kohli
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- Amity University, Mohali Campus, Sector 82A, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Daizy R Batish
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Suriyan Cha-Um
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Harminder Pal Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ekim R, Arikan B, Alp-Turgut FN, Koyukan B, Ozfidan-Konakci C, Yildiztugay E. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated copper nanoparticles dose-dependently conferred tolerance to wheat under salinity and/or drought stress by improving photochemical activity and antioxidant system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117681. [PMID: 37984786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is one of the essential micronutrients for plants and has been used extensively in agricultural applications from the past to the present. However, excess copper causes toxic effects such as inhibiting photosynthesis, and disrupting biochemical processes in plants. Nanotechnology applications have offered a critical method for minimizing adverse effects and improving the effectiveness of copper nanoparticles. For this purpose, this study investigated the physiological and biochemical effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated Cu nanoparticles (PVP-Cu NP, N1, 100 mg L-1; N2, 400 mg L-1) in Triticum aestivum under alone or combined with salt (S, 150 mM NaCl) and/or drought (D, %10 PEG-6000) stress. Salinity and water deprivation caused 51% and 22% growth retardation in wheat seedlings. The combined stress condition (S + D) resulted in an approximately 3-fold reduction in the osmotic potential of the leaves. PVP-Cu NP treatments to plants under stress, especially N1 dose, were effective in restoring growth rate and regulating water relations. All stress treatments limited gas exchange in stomata and suppressed the maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm). More than 50% improvement was observed in stomatal permeability and carbon assimilation rate under S + N1 and S + N2 applications. Examination of OJIP transient parameters revealed that N1 treatments protected photochemical reactions by reducing the dissipated energy flux (DIo/RC) in drought and S + D conditions. Exposure to S and/or D stress caused high hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and lipid peroxidation in wheat leaves. The results indicated that S + N1 and S + N2 treatments reduced oxidative damage by stimulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Although similar effects were observed at D and S + D conditions with 100 mg L-1 PVP-Cu NP treatments (N1), the curative effect of the N2 dose was not observed. In D + N1 and S + D + N1 groups, AsA regeneration and GSH redox status were maintained by triggering APX, GR, and other enzyme activities belonging to the AsA-GSH cycle. In these groups, N2 treatment did not contribute to the availability of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. As a result, this study revealed that N1 dose PVP-Cu NP application was successful in providing stress tolerance and limiting copper-induced adverse effects under all stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rumeysa Ekim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Busra Arikan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Nur Alp-Turgut
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Buket Koyukan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram, 42090, Konya, Turkey
| | - Evren Yildiztugay
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130, Konya, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Min Y, Yu D, Yang J, Zhao W, Zhang L, Bai Y, Guo C. Bioinformatics and expression analysis of proline metabolism-related gene families in alfalfa under saline-alkali stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 205:108182. [PMID: 37977024 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the proline metabolic pathway is essential for the accumulation of proline under abiotic stress and for the amelioration of plant stress resistance. Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), ornithine transaminase (δ-OAT), proline dehydrogenase (PDH), pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH), and proline transporter (ProT) are the key enzymes in the proline metabolic pathway. However, the gene families responsible for proline metabolism have not yet been identified or reported in alfalfa. In this study, a total of 12 MsP5CSs, 4 MsP5CRs, 3 MsOATs, 6 MsPDHs, 2 MsP5CDHs, and 5 MsProTs were identified in the genome of alfalfa, and the members of the same subfamily had similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements revealed the presence of light-responsive, hormone-regulated, and stress-responsive elements in the promoter regions of alfalfa proline metabolism-related genes. Following treatment with saline-alkali, the expression of MsP5CSs, MsP5CRs, MsOATs, and MsProTs was significantly upregulated, whereas the expression of MsPDH1.1, MsPDH1.3, and MsP5CDH was significantly downregulated. The proline content and enzyme activity of P5CS gradually increased, whereas the enzyme activity of PDH gradually decreased as the duration of stress increased. Root growth rates decreased upon MsP5CS1a suppression (MsP5CS1a-RNAi) in the hairy roots of alfalfa compared to the empty vector line under saline-alkali stress. These results show that proline metabolism-related genes play an important role in the saline-alkali stress tolerance of alfalfa and provide a theoretical basis for further research on the functions of proline metabolism-related genes in alfalfa in response to saline-alkali stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Min
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Weidi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lishuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu M, Yang C, Mu R. Effect of soil water-phosphorus coupling on the photosynthetic capacity of Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings in semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:932. [PMID: 37432491 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Afforestation can improve soil erosion in the ecologically fragile areas of the Loess Plateau; however, the amount of water and phosphorus fertilizer that can promote vegetation survival is unclear, which hinders the improvement of the local ecological environment and the waste of water and fertilizer. In this study, based on field surveys, water and fertilizer control tests on Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings in experimental fields, and fitting CO2 response curves to R. pseudoacacia seedlings using a Li-6400 portable photosynthesizer, we measured their leaf nutrient contents and calculated resource use efficiency. The results showed that (1) under the same moisture gradient, except for photosynthetic phosphorus utilization efficiency (PPUE), light use efficiency (LUE), water use efficiency (WUE), carbon utilization efficiency (CUE), and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) all increased with increasing phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the same phosphorus fertilizer gradient, WUE increased with decreasing water application, and LUE, CUE, PNUE, and PPUE all reached the maximum at 55-60% of field water holding capacity. (2) Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of R. pseudoacacia seedlings increased with increasing intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and as Ci continued to increase, the increase in Pn became slower, but no maximal electron transport rate (TPU) occurred. Under the same CO2 concentration, Pn reached a maximum at 55-60% of field water holding capacity and phosphorus fertilizer at 30 gPm-2·a-1. (3) Leaf maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax), maximum electron transport rate (Jmax), daily respiration (Rd), stomatal conductance (Gs), and mesophyll conductance (Gm) reached their maximum at 30 gPm-2·a-1 of phosphorus fertilizer. Vcmax, Jmax, and Rd reached their maximum at 55-60% of field water holding capacity; Gs and Gm reached their maximum at 75-80% of field water holding capacity. (4) The higher the soil phosphorus content, the lower the biochemical (lb), stomatal (ls), and mesophyll (lm). With the increase of soil moisture, lb and ls are higher, and lm is lower. (5) Structural equation modeling showed that water-phosphorus coupling had a less direct effect on Rd and a more direct impact on Gs and Gm. Relative photosynthetic limitation directly affected the photosynthetic rate, indicating that water and phosphorus affected the photosynthetic rate through relative plant limitation. It was concluded that the resource use efficiency and photosynthetic capacity reached the maximum when 55-60% of field water holding capacity was maintained, and phosphorus fertilization was at 30 gP m-2·a-1. Therefore, maintaining suitable soil moisture and phosphorus fertilizer levels in the semi-arid zone of the Loess Plateau can improve the photosynthetic capacity of R. pseudoacacia seedlings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Chunliang Yang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ruolan Mu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Balasubramaniam T, Shen G, Esmaeili N, Zhang H. Plants' Response Mechanisms to Salinity Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2253. [PMID: 37375879 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinization is a severe abiotic stress that negatively affects plant growth and development, leading to physiological abnormalities and ultimately threatening global food security. The condition arises from excessive salt accumulation in the soil, primarily due to anthropogenic activities such as irrigation, improper land uses, and overfertilization. The presence of Na⁺, Cl-, and other related ions in the soil above normal levels can disrupt plant cellular functions and lead to alterations in essential metabolic processes such as seed germination and photosynthesis, causing severe damage to plant tissues and even plant death in the worst circumstances. To counteract the effects of salt stress, plants have developed various mechanisms, including modulating ion homeostasis, ion compartmentalization and export, and the biosynthesis of osmoprotectants. Recent advances in genomic and proteomic technologies have enabled the identification of genes and proteins involved in plant salt-tolerance mechanisms. This review provides a short overview of the impact of salinity stress on plants and the underlying mechanisms of salt-stress tolerance, particularly the functions of salt-stress-responsive genes associated with these mechanisms. This review aims at summarizing recent advances in our understanding of salt-stress tolerance mechanisms, providing the key background knowledge for improving crops' salt tolerance, which could contribute to the yield and quality enhancement in major crops grown under saline conditions or in arid and semiarid regions of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guoxin Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Nardana Esmaeili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ran X, Huang X, Wang X, Liang H, Wang Y, Li J, Huo Z, Liu B, Ma C. Ion absorption, distribution and salt tolerance threshold of three willow species under salt stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:969896. [PMID: 35982705 PMCID: PMC9379094 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.969896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the response mechanism and salt tolerance threshold of three willow seedlings (Salix matsudana, Salix gordejevii, Salix linearistipularis), the absorption, transport and distribution of salt ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+) were studied under hydroponic conditions with different salt concentrations (CK, 171, 342, 513, and 684 mm) and treatment times (1, 3, 5, 8, 11, and 15 days). Salix linearistipularis has the weakest ability to maintain its apparent shape, while Salix matsudana has the strongest ability. The three plants have a certain Na+ interception ability, and the interception abilities of Salix matsudana and Salix gordejevii are higher than that of Salix linearistipularis. The leaf S AK,Na of Salix linearistipularis were higher than those of Salix matsudana and Salix gordejevii. The leaf selection ability was the highest, and the selection ability of the root system was the lowest in Salix linearistipularis. The long-term low salt concentration and the short-term high salt concentration can increase the root and leaf salinity. Salix matsudana grows more stably in a long-term high-salt stress environment, and Salix gordejevii grows stably in a short-term high-salt stress environment. However, Salix linearistipularis is more suitable for planting as an indicative plant because of its sensitivity to salt stress. The root Na+ content of Salix matsudana and Salix gordejevii was 34.21 mg/g, which was the maximum root retention capacity. Once the accumulation of Na+ content in roots exceeds this value, the rejection capacity of roots is broken through, and the selective ion absorption capacity will rapidly become weak, which easily leads to the death of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ran
- Department of Forest Cultivation, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Forest Cultivation, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Forest Cultivation, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Haiyong Liang
- Department of Forest Cultivation, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Xingtai University, Xingtai, China
| | - Jiajing Li
- Department of Forest Cultivation, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zihan Huo
- Department of Forest Cultivation, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Bingxiang Liu
- Department of Forest Cultivation, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Urban Forest Health Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, China
| | - Changming Ma
- Department of Forest Cultivation, College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Y, Kaiser E, Li T, Marcelis LFM. NaCl affects photosynthetic and stomatal dynamics by osmotic effects and reduces photosynthetic capacity by ionic effects in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3637-3650. [PMID: 35218186 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
NaCl stress affects stomatal behavior and photosynthesis by a combination of osmotic and ionic components, but it is unknown how these components affect stomatal and photosynthetic dynamics. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants were grown in a reference nutrient solution [control; electrical conductivity (EC)=2.3 dS m-1], a solution containing additional macronutrients (osmotic effect; EC=12.6 dS m-1), or a solution with additional 100 mM NaCl (osmotic and ionic effects; EC=12.8 dS m-1). Steady-state and dynamic photosynthesis, and leaf biochemistry, were characterized throughout leaf development. The osmotic effect decreased steady-state stomatal conductance while speeding up stomatal responses to light intensity shifts. After 19 d of treatment, photosynthetic induction was reduced by the osmotic effect, which was attributable to lower initial stomatal conductance due to faster stomatal closing under low light. Ionic effects of NaCl were barely observed in dynamic stomatal and photosynthetic behavior, but led to a reduction in leaf photosynthetic capacity, CO2 carboxylation rate, and stomatal conductance in old leaves after 26 d of treatment. With increasing leaf age, rates of light-triggered stomatal movement and photosynthetic induction decreased across treatments. We conclude that NaCl impacts dynamic stomatal and photosynthetic kinetics by osmotic effects and reduces photosynthetic capacity by ionic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Leo F M Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Y, Wang K, Kong Y, Lv Y, Xu K. Toxicity and tissue accumulation characteristics of the herbicide pendimethalin under silicon application in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:25263-25275. [PMID: 34839461 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental health and food safety issues potentially caused by the dinitroaniline herbicide pendimethalin (PM) are a worldwide concern. The toxicity response of ginger and tissue accumulation effects of PM on ginger biomass were studied by utilizing PM (CK (clean water), PM1 (0.4%), PM2 (0.67%), PM3 (1.0%), and PM4 (1.67%)) in a dose-response study. It significantly reduced the biomass of ginger under PM4, which is attributed to root damage. The net photosynthetic rate of ginger under PM4 was 11.37% lower than that of CK, which is mainly caused by stomatal limitation. In addition, the ultrastructure of chloroplasts has changed. PM4 caused the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ginger. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) increased accordingly, maintaining the dynamic balance of ROS content. PM had no significant effect on the expression of ginger α-tubulin genes. PM was significantly accumulated in ginger roots, but not rhizomes. Si increased the productivity of ginger under PM4, which is mainly related to the increase of root development (root application of silicon) and photosynthetic efficiency (foliar application of silicon). Si reduced the ROS content due to the increase in SOD, POD, and catalase (CAT) activity and photosynthetic efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Yuwen Kong
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Yao Lv
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Taian, 271018, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taian, 271018, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Taian, 271018, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taian, 271018, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Taian, 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
On the world stage, the increase in temperatures due to global warming is already a reality that has become one of the main challenges faced by the scientific community. Since agriculture is highly dependent on climatic conditions, it may suffer a great impact in the short term if no measures are taken to adapt and mitigate the agricultural system. Plant responses to abiotic stresses have been the subject of research by numerous groups worldwide. Initially, these studies were concentrated on model plants, and, later, they expanded their studies in several economically important crops such as rice, corn, soybeans, coffee, and others. However, agronomic evaluations for the launching of cultivars and the classical genetic improvement process focus, above all, on productivity, historically leaving factors such as tolerance to abiotic stresses in the background. Considering the importance of the impact that abiotic stresses can have on agriculture in the short term, new strategies are currently being sought and adopted in breeding programs to understand the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses to environmental disturbances in plants of agronomic interest, thus ensuring the world food security. Moreover, integration of these approaches is bringing new insights on breeding. We will discuss how water deficit, high temperatures, and salinity exert effects on plants.
Collapse
|
10
|
Laoué J, Fernandez C, Ormeño E. Plant Flavonoids in Mediterranean Species: A Focus on Flavonols as Protective Metabolites under Climate Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020172. [PMID: 35050060 PMCID: PMC8781291 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are specialized metabolites largely widespread in plants where they play numerous roles including defense and signaling under stress conditions. These compounds encompass several chemical subgroups such as flavonols which are one the most represented classes. The most studied flavonols are kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin to which research attributes antioxidative properties and a potential role in UV-defense through UV-screening mechanisms making them critical for plant adaptation to climate change. Despite the great interest in flavonol functions in the last decades, some functional aspects remain under debate. This review summarizes the importance of flavonoids in plant defense against climate stressors and as signal molecules with a focus on flavonols in Mediterranean plant species. The review emphasizes the relationship between flavonol location (at the organ, tissue and cellular scales) and their function as defense metabolites against climate-related stresses. It also provides evidence that biosynthesis of flavonols, or flavonoids as a whole, could be a crucial process allowing plants to adapt to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean area which is considered as one of the most sensitive regions to climate change over the globe.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen L, Luo W, Huang J, Peng S, Xiong D. Leaf photosynthetic plasticity does not predict biomass responses to growth irradiance in rice. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:2155-2165. [PMID: 34537975 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity, the capacity of an organism to generate alternative phenotypes in response to different environments, is a particularly important characteristic to enable sessile plants to adapt to rapid changes in their surroundings. Leaf anatomical and physiological traits exhibit plasticity in response to growth irradiances, but it is relatively unclear if the plasticity varies among genotypes for a species. Equally importantly, empirical results on how leaf-level plasticity influences whole-plant growth are largely absent. We conducted an integrated investigation into the light-introduced plasticity by measuring 48 traits involving plant growth, leaf anatomy, leaf biochemistry, and leaf physiology of five rice genotypes grown under two irradiances. More than half of the estimated traits were significantly affected by growth light intensities, and the sizes of the cumulative effect of growth light ranged from -25.04% (stomatal conductance at high measurement light) to 135.2% (tiller number). Growth irradiance levels dramatically shifted the relationship between photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. However, the relationship between photosynthetic rate and mesophyll conductance was rarely influenced by growth light levels. Importantly, the present study highlights the significant variation in trait plasticity across rice genotypes and that the light-introduced biomass changes were rarely predicted by leaf photosynthetic plasticity. Our findings imply that the genotypes with high productivity at the low growth light conditions do not necessarily have high productivity under high light conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wanzhen Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xue F, Liu W, Cao H, Song L, Ji S, Tong L, Ding R. Stomatal conductance of tomato leaves is regulated by both abscisic acid and leaf water potential under combined water and salt stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:2070-2078. [PMID: 33905534 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal conductance (gs ) affects water use efficiency (WUE) through coordinating photosynthesis and transpiration and is regulated by chemical and/or hydraulic signals. However, the regulation mechanism of gs of tomato leaves has not been fully explored under combined water and salt stress. Here, we set up four salt treatments and two water treatments in a climate greenhouse and measured stomatal morphologies and conductance and other photosynthesis parameters. Water and salt stress reduced stomatal length (SL), width, perimeter, area (amax ), density (SD), and the maximum stomatal conductance (gsmax ). Water and salt stress had a separate weakening effect on net photosynthetic rate (A) and transpiration rate but interactively reduced gs . The contents of abscisic acid (ABA) and Na+ in tomato leaves increased with the NaCl concentration, while leaf water potential (Ψl ) and chlorophyll content decreased. Under full irrigation, gsmax was coordinated by SD and amax , and gs by ABA content under salt stress. Under water and salt combined stress, gsmax was affected by amax , and gs was coordinated with ABA and Ψl . The decrease of A was caused by both a reduction of chlorophyll content and gs under water and salt stress. Intrinsic WUE did not reduce under full irrigation or mild to moderate salt stress but decreased under a combination of water and severe salt stress, indicating that the leaves of the tested tomato cultivar performed better under moderate salt stress. Collectively, these results can provide useful insights for the efficient management of water and salt to adapt to drought and high salt environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fulan Xue
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Wuwei Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei, China
| | - Weilu Liu
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Wuwei Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei, China
| | - Heli Cao
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Wuwei Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei, China
| | - Lijin Song
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Wuwei Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei, China
| | - Shasha Ji
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Wuwei Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei, China
| | - Ling Tong
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Wuwei Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei, China
| | - Risheng Ding
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Wuwei Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ganie SA, Wani SH, Henry R, Hensel G. Improving rice salt tolerance by precision breeding in a new era. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 60:101996. [PMID: 33444976 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a premier staple food that constitutes the bulk of the daily diet of the majority of people in Asia. Agricultural productivity must be boosted to support this huge demand for rice. However, production is jeopardized by soil salinity. Advances in whole-genome sequencing, marker-assisted breeding strategies, and targeted mutagenesis have substantially improved the toolbox of today's breeders. Given that salinity has a major influence on rice at both the seedling and reproductive stages, understanding and manipulating this trait will have an enormous impact on sustainable production. This article summarizes recent developments in the understanding of the mechanisms of salt tolerance and how state-of-the-art tools such as RNA guided CRISPR endonuclease technology including targeted mutagenesis or base and prime editing can help in gene discovery and functional analysis as well as in transferring favorable alleles into elite breeding material to speed the breeding of salt-tolerant rice cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India.
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani - 192101, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, J&K, India
| | - Robert Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Centre for Plant Genome Engineering, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstraße 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany; Division of Molecular Biology, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agriculture Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Taj Z, Challabathula D. Protection of Photosynthesis by Halotolerant Staphylococcus sciuri ET101 in Tomato ( Lycoperiscon esculentum) and Rice ( Oryza sativa) Plants During Salinity Stress: Possible Interplay Between Carboxylation and Oxygenation in Stress Mitigation. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:547750. [PMID: 33488529 PMCID: PMC7820118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.547750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Lycoperiscon esculentum) and rice (Oryza sativa) are the two most important agricultural crops whose productivity is severely impacted by salinity stress. Soil salinity causes an irreversible damage to the photosynthetic apparatus in plants at all developmental stages leading to significant reduction in agricultural productivity. Reduction in photosynthesis is the primary response that is observed in all glycophytic plants during salt stress. Employment of salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) is an economical and viable approach for the remediation of saline soils and improvement of plant growth. The current study is aimed towards investigating the growth patterns and photosynthetic responses of rice and tomato plants upon inoculation with halotolerant PGPB Staphylococcus sciuri ET101 under salt stress conditions. Tomato and rice plants inoculated with PGPB showed increased growth rate and stimulated root growth, along with higher transpiration rates (E), stomatal conductance (g s ), and intracellular CO2 accumulation (Ci). Additionally, correlation of relative water content (RWC) to electrolyte leakage (EL) in tomato and rice plants showed decreased EL in inoculated plants during salt stress conditions, along with higher proline and glycine betaine content. Energy dissipation by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and increased photorespiration of 179.47% in tomato and 264.14% in rice plants were observed in uninoculated plants subjected to salinity stress. Furthermore, reduced photorespiration with improved salinity tolerance is observed in inoculated plants. The higher rates of photosynthesis in inoculated plants during salt stress were accompanied by increased quantum efficiency (ΦPSII) and maximum quantum yield (F v /F m ) of photosystem II. Furthermore, inoculated plants showed increased carboxylation efficiency of RuBisCO, along with higher photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) (J) during salinity stress. Although the total cellular ATP levels are drastically affected by salt stress in tomato and rice plants along with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, the restoration of cellular ATP levels in leaves of inoculated plants along with decreased ROS accumulation suggests the protective role of PGPB. Our results reveal the beneficial role of S. sciuri ET101 in protection of photosynthesis and amelioration of salinity stress responses in rice and tomato plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dinakar Challabathula
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fang S, Hou X, Liang X. Response Mechanisms of Plants Under Saline-Alkali Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:667458. [PMID: 34149764 PMCID: PMC8213028 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.667458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As two coexisting abiotic stresses, salt stress and alkali stress have severely restricted the development of global agriculture. Clarifying the plant resistance mechanism and determining how to improve plant tolerance to salt stress and alkali stress have been popular research topics. At present, most related studies have focused mainly on salt stress, and salt-alkali mixed stress studies are relatively scarce. However, in nature, high concentrations of salt and high pH often occur simultaneously, and their synergistic effects can be more harmful to plant growth and development than the effects of either stress alone. Therefore, it is of great practical importance for the sustainable development of agriculture to study plant resistance mechanisms under saline-alkali mixed stress, screen new saline-alkali stress tolerance genes, and explore new plant salt-alkali tolerance strategies. Herein, we summarized how plants actively respond to saline-alkali stress through morphological adaptation, physiological adaptation and molecular regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Fang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- *Correspondence: Shumei Fang,
| | - Xue Hou
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xilong Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Plant Growth Regulator Engineering Technology Research Center, Daqing, China
- Xilong Liang,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hussain T, Koyro HW, Zhang W, Liu X, Gul B, Liu X. Low Salinity Improves Photosynthetic Performance in Panicum antidotale Under Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:481. [PMID: 32547567 PMCID: PMC7273886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Salinity and drought are two often simultaneously occurring abiotic stresses that limit the production of food crops worldwide. This study aimed to distinguish between the separate and combined impacts of drought and salinity on the plant response. Panicum antidotale was cultivated in a greenhouse under the following growth conditions: control, 100 mM NaCl (100) and 300 mM NaCl (300) salinity, drought (D; 30% irrigation), and two combinations of salinity and drought (100 + D and 300 + D). The growth response was as follows: 0 ≈ 100 > 100 + D > > D ≈ 300 ≈ 300 + D. Growth correlated directly with photosynthesis. The net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2, transpiration, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration, and triose phosphate utilization protein (e.g., phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) were highest in the control and declined most at 300 + D, while 100 + D performed significantly better as compared to drought. Maximum and actual photosystem II (PSII) efficiencies, along with photochemical quenching during light harvesting, resemble the plant growth and contemporary CO2/H2O gas exchange parameters in the given treatments. Plant improves water use efficiency under salt and drought treatments, which reflects the high water conservation ability of Panicum. Our findings indicate that the combination of low salinity with drought was able to minimize the deleterious effects of drought alone on growth, chlorophyll content, cell integrity, photosynthesis, leaf water potential, and water deficit. This synergetic effect demonstrates the positive role of Na+ and Cl- in carbon assimilation and osmotic adjustment. In contrast, the combination of high salinity and drought enforced the negative response of plants in comparison to single stress, demonstrating the antagonistic impact of water availability and ion toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tabassum Hussain
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Dr. Muhammad Ajmal Khan Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hans-Werner Koyro
- Institute of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bilquees Gul
- Dr. Muhammad Ajmal Khan Institute of Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Knauer J, Zaehle S, De Kauwe MG, Haverd V, Reichstein M, Sun Y. Mesophyll conductance in land surface models: effects on photosynthesis and transpiration. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:858-873. [PMID: 31659806 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 transfer conductance within plant leaves (mesophyll conductance, gm ) is currently not considered explicitly in most land surface models (LSMs), but instead treated implicitly as an intrinsic property of the photosynthetic machinery. Here, we review approaches to overcome this model deficiency by explicitly accounting for gm , which comprises the re-adjustment of photosynthetic parameters and a model describing the variation of gm in dependence of environmental conditions. An explicit representation of gm causes changes in the response of photosynthesis to environmental factors, foremost leaf temperature, and ambient CO2 concentration, which are most pronounced when gm is small. These changes in leaf-level photosynthesis translate into a stronger climate and CO2 response of gross primary productivity (GPP) and transpiration at the global scale. The results from two independent studies show consistent latitudinal patterns of these effects with biggest differences in GPP in the boreal zone (up to ~15%). Transpiration and evapotranspiration show spatially similar, but attenuated, changes compared with GPP. These changes are indirect effects of gm caused by the assumed strong coupling between stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in current LSMs. Key uncertainties in these simulations are the variation of gm with light and the robustness of its temperature response across plant types and growth conditions. Future research activities focusing on the response of gm to environmental factors and its relation to other plant traits have the potential to improve the representation of photosynthesis in LSMs and to better understand its present and future role in the Earth system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Knauer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Michael-Stifel Center Jena for Data-Driven and Simulation Science, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin G De Kauwe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes and the Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Markus Reichstein
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Michael-Stifel Center Jena for Data-Driven and Simulation Science, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Du T, Meng P, Huang J, Peng S, Xiong D. Fast photosynthesis measurements for phenotyping photosynthetic capacity of rice. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:6. [PMID: 31998402 PMCID: PMC6979334 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-0553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decades, the structural and functional genomics of rice have been deeply studied, and high density of molecular genetic markers have been developed. However, the genetic variation in leaf photosynthesis, the most important trait for rice yield improvement, was rarely studied. The lack of photosynthesis phenotyping tools is one of the bottlenecks, as traditional direct photosynthesis measurements are very low-throughput, and recently developed high-throughput methods are indirect measurements. Hence, there is an urgent need for a fast, accurate and direct measurement approach. RESULT We reported a fast photosynthesis measurement (FPM) method for phenotyping photosynthetic capacity of rice, which measures photosynthesis of excised tillers in environment-controlled lab conditions. The light response curves measured using FPM approach coped well with that the curves measured using traditional gas exchange approach. Importantly, the FPM technique achieved an average throughput of 5.4 light response curves per hour, which was 3 times faster than the 1.8 light response curves per hour using the traditional method. Tillers sampled at early morning had the highest photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and the lowest variability. In addition, even 12 h after sampling, there was no significant difference of photosynthesis rate between excised tillers and in situ. We finally investigated the genetic variations of photosynthetic traits across 568 F2 lines using the FPM technique and discussed the logistics of screening several hundred samples per day per instrumental unit using FPM to generate a wealth of photosynthetic phenotypic data, which might help to improve the selection power in large populations of rice with the ultimate aim of improving yield through improved photosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Here we developed a high-throughput method that can measure the rice leaf photosynthetic capacity approximately 10 times faster than traditional gas exchange approaches. Importantly, this method can overcome measurement errors caused by environmental heterogeneity under field conditions, and it is possible to measure 12 or more hours per day under lab conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Ping Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zait Y, Shtein I, Schwartz A. Long-term acclimation to drought, salinity and temperature in the thermophilic tree Ziziphus spina-christi: revealing different tradeoffs between mesophyll and stomatal conductance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:701-716. [PMID: 30597082 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is limited by three main factors: stomatal conductance (gs), mesophyll conductance (gm) and maximum capacity for Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax). It is unclear how limiting factors vary under stress, particularly during long-term stress acclimation. In this work, we compared for the first time photosynthesis limitation resulting from long-term acclimation to three major abiotic stresses: drought, salinity and temperature. We used saplings of Ziziphus spina-christi, a thermophilic and drought-tolerant tree, which recently became more abundant in the Mediterranean, presumably due to increased winter temperatures. Stress acclimation was investigated by measuring growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf structure. For each stress, photosynthesis-limiting factors were compared. We developed an integrative stress index that allowed us to precisely define stress level, enabling a comparison between stress types. Photosynthesis under all stresses was limited mostly by gs and gm (80-90%); whereas biochemistry (Vcmax) made a minor contribution (10-20%). The relative contribution of gs and gm on photosynthetic limitation was influenced by stress type. During acclimation to drought or salinity, photosynthesis was limited by a decline in gs, while intolerance to low temperatures was driven by decline in gm. In all the stresses, gm decreased only under progressive reduction in leaf physiological functionality and was associated with low turgor under drought, an increase in leaf Na+ under salinity and low leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) at low temperatures. Mesophyll structure (mesophyll surface area exposed to the intercellular air spaces, leaf thickness, % intercellular air spaces) did not explain gm acclimation to stress. Current work gives methodology for stress studies, and defines the main factors underlying the plant response to climate change. The ability to minimize mesophyll-imposed limitations on photosynthesis was found as a strong indicator of progressive stress tolerance. Moreover, the results demonstrate how warming climate benefits the photosynthetic function in thermophilic species, such as Ziziphus spina-christi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Zait
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Shtein
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amnon Schwartz
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu Y, Feng Z, Shang B, Dai L, Uddling J, Tarvainen L. Mesophyll conductance limitation of photosynthesis in poplar under elevated ozone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:136-145. [PMID: 30537576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Finite mesophyll conductance (gm) reduces the rate of CO2 diffusion from the leaf intercellular space to the chloroplast and constitutes a major limitation of photosynthesis in trees. While it is well established that gm is decreased by stressors such as drought and high temperature, few studies have investigated if the phytotoxic air pollutant ozone (O3) affects gm. We quantified the relative importance of three different types of limitations of photosynthesis in poplar trees exposed to elevated O3: decreases in stomatal conductance, gm and biochemical photosynthetic capacity. The O3-induced reductions in light-saturated net photosynthesis were linked to significant declines in gm and biochemical photosynthetic capacity (in particular carboxylation). There was no significant effect of O3 on stomatal conductance. Of the O3-induced limitations on photosynthesis, gm limitation was by far the most important (-16%) while biochemical limitation (-8%) was rather small. Both limitations grew in magnitude over the study period and varied in response to leaf-specific O3 exposure. Our findings suggest that declines in gm may play a key role in limiting photosynthesis of plants exposed to elevated O3, an effect hitherto overlooked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yansen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bo Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lulu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lasse Tarvainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lekklar C, Pongpanich M, Suriya-arunroj D, Chinpongpanich A, Tsai H, Comai L, Chadchawan S, Buaboocha T. Genome-wide association study for salinity tolerance at the flowering stage in a panel of rice accessions from Thailand. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:76. [PMID: 30669971 PMCID: PMC6343365 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt stress, a major plant environmental stress, is a critical constraint for rice productivity. Dissecting the genetic loci controlling salt tolerance in rice for improving productivity, especially at the flowering stage, remains challenging. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of salt tolerance based on exome sequencing of the Thai rice accessions. RESULTS Photosynthetic parameters and cell membrane stability under salt stress at the flowering stage; and yield-related traits of 104 Thai rice (Oryza sativa L.) accessions belonging to the indica subspecies were evaluated. The rice accessions were subjected to exome sequencing, resulting in 112,565 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) called with a minor allele frequency of at least 5%. LD decay analysis of the panel indicates that the average LD for SNPs at 20 kb distance from each other was 0.34 (r2), which decayed to its half value (~ 0.17) at around 80 kb. By GWAS performed using mixed linear model, two hundred loci containing 448 SNPs on exons were identified based on the salt susceptibility index of the net photosynthetic rate at day 6 after salt stress; and the number of panicles, filled grains and unfilled grains per plant. One hundred and forty six genes, which accounted for 73% of the identified loci, co-localized with the previously reported salt quantitative trait loci (QTLs). The top four regions that contained a high number of significant SNPs were found on chromosome 8, 12, 1 and 2. While many are novel, their annotation is consistent with potential involvement in plant salt tolerance and in related agronomic traits. These significant SNPs greatly help narrow down the region within these QTLs where the likely underlying candidate genes can be identified. CONCLUSIONS Insight into the contribution of potential genes controlling salt tolerance from this GWAS provides further understanding of salt tolerance mechanisms of rice at the flowering stage, which can help improve yield productivity under salinity via gene cloning and genomic selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chakkree Lekklar
- Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellent in Environment and Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monnat Pongpanich
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Suriya-arunroj
- Nakhon Ratchasima Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Aumnart Chinpongpanich
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Helen Tsai
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Luca Comai
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Supachitra Chadchawan
- Center of Excellent in Environment and Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Buaboocha
- Center of Excellent in Environment and Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Torralbo F, González-Moro MB, Baroja-Fernández E, Aranjuelo I, González-Murua C. Differential Regulation of Stomatal Conductance as a Strategy to Cope With Ammonium Fertilizer Under Ambient Versus Elevated CO 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:597. [PMID: 31178873 PMCID: PMC6542952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
While nitrogen (N) derived from ammonium would be energetically less expensive than nitrate-derived N, the use of ammonium-based fertilizer is limited by the potential for toxicity symptoms. Nevertheless, previous studies have shown that exposure to elevated CO2 favors ammonium assimilation in plants. However, little is known about the impact of different forms of N fertilizer on stomatal opening and their consequent effects on CO2 and H2O diffusion in wheat plants exposed to ambient and elevated CO2. In this article, we have examined the response of the photosynthetic machinery of durum wheat (Triticum durum, var. Amilcar) grown with different types of N fertilizer (NO3 -, NH4 +, and NH4NO3) at 400 versus 700 ppm of CO2. Alongside gas exchange and photochemical parameters, the expression of genes involved in CO2 (PIP1.1 and PIP2.3) and H2O (TIP1) diffusion as well as key C and N primary metabolism enzymes and metabolites were studied. Our results show that at 400 ppm CO2, wheat plants fertilized with ammonium as the N source had stress symptoms and a strong reduction in stomatal conductance, which negatively affected photosynthetic rates. The higher levels of PIP1.1 and PIP2.3 expression in ammonium-fertilized plants at 400 ppm CO2 might reflect the need to overcome limitations to the CO2 supply to chloroplasts due to restrictions in stomatal conductance. This stomatal limitation might be associated with a strategy to reduce ammonium transport toward leaves. On the other hand, ammonium-fertilized plants at elevated CO2 did not show stress symptoms, and no differences were detected in stomatal opening or water use efficiency (WUE). Moreover, similar gene expression of the aquaporins TIP1, PIP1.1, and PIP2.3 in ammonium-fertilized plants grown at 700 ppm compared to nitrate and ammonium nitrate plants would suggest that an adjustment in CO2 and H2O diffusion is not required. Therefore, in the absence of a stress context triggered by elevated CO2, ammonium- and ammonium nitrate-fertilized plants were able to increase their photosynthetic rates, which were translated eventually into higher leaf protein content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Torralbo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
- *Correspondence: Fernando Torralbo,
| | | | | | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB)-CSIC, Mutilva, Spain
- Iker Aranjuelo,
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xiong D, Flexas J. Leaf economics spectrum in rice: leaf anatomical, biochemical, and physiological trait trade-offs. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5599-5609. [PMID: 30189099 PMCID: PMC6255696 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The leaf economics spectrum (LES) is an ecophysiological concept describing the trade-offs of leaf structural and physiological traits, and has been widely investigated on multiple scales. However, the effects of the breeding process on the LES in crops, as well as the mechanisms of the trait trade-offs underlying the LES, have not been thoroughly elucidated to date. In this study, a dataset that included leaf anatomical, biochemical, and functional traits was constructed to evaluate the trait covariations and trade-offs in domesticated species, namely rice (Oryza species). The slopes and intercepts of the major bivariate correlations of the leaf traits in rice were significantly different from the global LES dataset (Glopnet), which is based on multiple non-crop species in natural ecosystems, although the general patterns were similar. The photosynthetic traits responded differently to leaf structural and biochemical changes, and mesophyll conductance was the most sensitive to leaf nitrogen (N) status. A further analysis revealed that the relative limitation of mesophyll conductance declined with leaf N content; however, the limitation of the biochemistry increased relative to leaf N content. These findings indicate that breeding selection and high-resource agricultural environments lead crops to deviate from the leaf trait covariation in wild species, and future breeding to increase the photosynthesis of rice should primarily focus on improvement of the efficiency of photosynthetic enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Xiong
- MARA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, University of Sydney, Brownlow Hill, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean conditions, Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA)–Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Iqbal MN, Rasheed R, Ashraf MY, Ashraf MA, Hussain I. Exogenously applied zinc and copper mitigate salinity effect in maize (Zea mays L.) by improving key physiological and biochemical attributes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:23883-23896. [PMID: 29881963 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Zinc or copper deficiency and salinity are known soil problems and often occur simultaneously in agriculture soils. Plants undergo various changes in physiological and biochemical processes to respond to high salt in the growing medium. There is lack of information on the relation of exogenous application of Zn and Cu with important salinity tolerance mechanisms in plants. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of foliar Zn and Cu on two maize cultivars (salt-tolerant cv. Yousafwala Hybrid and salt-sensitive cv. Hybrid 1898). Salinity caused a significant reduction in water and turgor potentials, stomatal conductance, and transpiration and photosynthetic rate, while increase in glycine betaine, proline, total soluble sugars, and total free amino acids was evident in plants under saline regimes. Furthermore, there was significant decline in P, N, Ca, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu and increase in Na and Cl contents in plants fed with NaCl salinity. Nitrate reductase activity was lower in salt-stressed plants. However, foliar application of Zn and Cu circumvented salinity effect on water relations, photosynthesis, and nutrition and this was attributed to the better antioxidant system and enhanced accumulation of glycine betaine, proline, total free amino acids, and sugars. The results of the present study suggested that Zn application was superior to Cu for mediating plant defense responses under salinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Rasheed
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Yasin Ashraf
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), PO Box 128, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arslan Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang X, Du T, Huang J, Peng S, Xiong D. Leaf hydraulic vulnerability triggers the decline in stomatal and mesophyll conductance during drought in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4033-4045. [PMID: 29788146 PMCID: PMC6054168 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the physiological responses of crops to drought is important for ensuring sustained crop productivity under climate change, which is expected to exacerbate the frequency and intensity of periods of drought. Drought responses involve multiple traits, and the correlations between these traits are poorly understood. Using a variety of techniques, we estimated the changes in gas exchange, leaf hydraulic conductance, and leaf turgor in rice (Oryza sativa) in response to both short- and long-term soil drought. We performed a photosynthetic limitation analysis to quantify the contributions of each limiting factor to the resultant overall decrease in photosynthesis during drought. Biomass, leaf area, and leaf width significantly decreased during the 2-week drought treatment, but leaf mass per area and leaf vein density increased. Light-saturated photosynthetic rate declined dramatically during soil drought, mainly due to the decrease in stomatal conductance (gs) and mesophyll conductance (gm). Stomatal modeling suggested that the decline in leaf hydraulic conductance explained most of the decrease in stomatal closure during the drought treatment, and may also trigger the drought-related decrease of stomatal conductance and mesophyll conductance. The results of this study provide insight into the regulation of carbon assimilation under drought conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tingting Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|