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Sinvani RT, Fogel-Grinvald H, Sapir S. Self-Rated Confidence in Vocal Emotion Recognition Ability: The Role of Gender. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2024; 67:1413-1423. [PMID: 38625128 DOI: 10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the role of gender in metacognition of voice emotion recognition ability (ERA), reflected by self-rated confidence (SRC). To this end, we guided our study in two approaches: first, by examining the role of gender in voice ERA and SRC independently and second, by looking for gender effects on the ERA association with SRC. METHOD We asked 100 participants (50 men, 50 women) to interpret a set of vocal expressions portrayed by 30 actors (16 men, 14 women) as defined by their emotional meaning. Targets were 180 repetitive lexical sentences articulated in congruent emotional voices (anger, sadness, surprise, happiness, fear) and neutral expressions. Trial by trial, the participants were assigned retrospective SRC based on their emotional recognition performance. RESULTS A binomial generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) estimating ERA accuracy revealed a significant gender effect, with women encoders (speakers) yielding higher accuracy levels than men. There was no significant effect of the decoder's (listener's) gender. A second GLMM estimating SRC found a significant effect of encoder and decoder genders, with women outperforming men. Gamma correlations were significantly greater than zero for women and men decoders. CONCLUSIONS In spite of varying interpretations of gender in each independent rating (ERA and SRC), our results suggest that both men and women decoders were accurate in their metacognition regarding voice emotion recognition. Further research is needed to study how individuals of both genders use metacognitive knowledge in their emotional recognition and whether and how such knowledge contributes to effective social communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shimon Sapir
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
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2
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Kasler J, Walter O, Elias MJ. Life satisfaction in emerging adults: The role of emotional and spiritual intelligences. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:849-858. [PMID: 35427462 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2058881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. The present research had two main objectives. The first was to examine the impact of emotional intelligence and aspects of spiritual intelligence on life satisfaction among emerging adults in high-income countries. The second objective was to study the interactions between the variables. Methods. First, we used predictive analysis to examine the impact of emotional and spiritual intelligences on life satisfaction beyond that accounted for by gender and by anxiety and depression. Second, we studied the interactions between the variables measured by means of decision-tree analysis. Results. Personal meaning production emerged as the primary determining factor of life satisfaction. In addition, the participants with both personal meaning production and emotional intelligence above a certain threshold had the highest average scores on life satisfaction. Conclusions. The results suggest that further research on emerging adults should investigate the critical issue of identity development, specifically regarding the impact of spiritual and emotional intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kasler
- Department of Education, Tel Hai College, Kiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Ofra Walter
- Department of Education, Tel Hai College, Kiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Maurice J Elias
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Mortillaro M, Schlegel K. Embracing the Emotion in Emotional Intelligence Measurement: Insights from Emotion Theory and Research. J Intell 2023; 11:210. [PMID: 37998709 PMCID: PMC10672494 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11110210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional intelligence (EI) has gained significant popularity as a scientific construct over the past three decades, yet its conceptualization and measurement still face limitations. Applied EI research often overlooks its components, treating it as a global characteristic, and there are few widely used performance-based tests for assessing ability EI. The present paper proposes avenues for advancing ability EI measurement by connecting the main EI components to models and theories from the emotion science literature and related fields. For emotion understanding and emotion recognition, we discuss the implications of basic emotion theory, dimensional models, and appraisal models of emotion for creating stimuli, scenarios, and response options. For the regulation and management of one's own and others' emotions, we discuss how the process model of emotion regulation and its extensions to interpersonal processes can inform the creation of situational judgment items. In addition, we emphasize the importance of incorporating context, cross-cultural variability, and attentional and motivational factors into future models and measures of ability EI. We hope this article will foster exchange among scholars in the fields of ability EI, basic emotion science, social cognition, and emotion regulation, leading to an enhanced understanding of the individual differences in successful emotional functioning and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Mortillaro
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katja Schlegel
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Waugh CE, Sali AW. Resilience as the Ability to Maintain Well-Being: An Allostatic Active Inference Model. J Intell 2023; 11:158. [PMID: 37623541 PMCID: PMC10455562 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11080158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Resilience is often characterized as the outcome of well-being maintenance despite threats to that well-being. We suggest that resilience can also be characterized as an emotional-intelligence-related ability to obtain this outcome. We formulate an allostatic active inference model that outlines the primary tools of this resilience ability as monitoring well-being, maintaining stable well-being beliefs while updating situational beliefs and flexibly prioritizing actions that are expected to lead to well-being maintenance or gathering the information needed to discern what those actions could be. This model helps to explain the role of positive emotions in resilience as well as how people high in resilience ability use regulatory flexibility in the service of maintaining well-being and provides a starting point for assessing resilience as an ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E. Waugh
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA;
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5
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Kafetsios K, Hess U. Reconceptualizing Emotion Recognition Ability. J Intell 2023; 11:123. [PMID: 37367525 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11060123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion decoding accuracy (EDA) plays a central role within the emotional intelligence (EI) ability model. The EI-ability perspective typically assumes personality antecedents and social outcomes of EI abilities, yet, traditionally, there has been very limited research to support this contention. The present paper argues that the way in which EDA has been conceptualized and operationalized in EI research has ignored developments in social perception theory and research. These developments point, on one hand, to the importance of embedding emotion expressions in a social context and, on the other, to reformulating the definitions of emotion decoding accuracy. The present paper outlines the importance of context in the framework of a truth and bias model of the social perception of emotions (Assessment of Contextualized Emotions, ACE) for EI abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kafetsios
- School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Psychology Department, Palacký University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ursula Hess
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt University, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Gottfredson RK, Becker WJ. How past trauma impacts emotional intelligence: Examining the connection. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1067509. [PMID: 37275697 PMCID: PMC10234103 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1067509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Backed by both research and practice, the organizational psychology field has come to value emotional intelligence (EI) as being vital for leader and employee effectiveness. While this field values EI, it has paid little attention to the antecedents of emotional intelligence, leaving the EI domain without clarity on (1) why EI might vary across individuals, and (2) how to best develop EI. In this article, we rely on neuroscience and psychology research to make the case that past psychological trauma impacts later EI capabilities. Specifically, we present evidence that psychological trauma impairs the brain areas and functions that support EI. Establishing psychological trauma has valuable theoretical and practical implications that include providing an explanation of why EI might vary across individuals and providing a focus for improving EI: healing from past trauma. Further theoretical and practical implications for the field of organizational psychology are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Gottfredson
- Department of Management, College of Business and Economics, California State University, Fullerton, CA, United States
| | - William J Becker
- Department of Management, Pamplin College of Business, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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7
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Williams TF, Vehabovic N, Simms LJ. Developing and Validating a Facial Emotion Recognition Task With Graded Intensity. Assessment 2023; 30:761-781. [PMID: 34991368 DOI: 10.1177/10731911211068084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Facial emotion recognition (FER) tasks are often digitally altered to vary expression intensity; however, such tasks have unknown psychometric properties. In these studies, an FER task was developed and validated-the Graded Emotional Face Task (GEFT)-which provided an opportunity to examine the psychometric properties of such tasks. Facial expressions were altered to produce five intensity levels for six emotions (e.g., 40% anger). In Study 1, 224 undergraduates viewed subsets of these faces and labeled the expressions. An item selection algorithm was used to maximize internal consistency and balance gender and ethnicity. In Study 2, 219 undergraduates completed the final GEFT and a multimethod battery of validity measures. Finally, in Study 3, 407 undergraduates oversampled for borderline personality disorder (BPD) completed the GEFT and a self-report BPD measure. Broad FER scales (e.g., overall anger) demonstrated evidence of reliability and validity; however, more specific subscales (e.g., 40% anger) had more variable psychometric properties. Notably, ceiling/floor effects appeared to decrease both internal consistency and limit external validity correlations. The findings are discussed from the perspective of measurement issues in the social cognition literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niko Vehabovic
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Leonard J Simms
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
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8
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Abstract
The workplace elicits a wide range of emotions and, likewise, emotions change our experience of the workplace. This article reviews the scientific field of emotion in organizations, drawing from classic theories and cutting-edge advances to integrate a disparate body of research. The review is organized around the definition of emotion as an unfolding sequence of processes: We interpret the world around us for its subjective meaning, which results in emotional experience. Emotional experience, in turn, has consequences for behaviors, attitudes, and cognition. Emotional experience also elicits expressive cues that can be recognized by others. Each process in the emotion sequence can be regulated. Processes can also iterate until emotion is shared throughout workgroups and even entire organizations. A distinct body of organizationally relevant research exists for each process, and emotional intelligence refers to effectiveness across all. Differences across culture and gender, future research directions, and practical implications are discussed.
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Suslow T, Hoepfel D, Günther V, Kersting A, Bodenschatz CM. Positive attentional bias mediates the relationship between trait emotional intelligence and trait affect. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20733. [PMID: 36456618 PMCID: PMC9715682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional intelligence and, in particular, the component emotion regulation may increase well-being and improve mood and coping with negative emotions. In the present eye-tracking study, we examined whether attention allocation to positive stimuli mediates the relationship between emotion regulation abilities and trait affect. Gaze behavior of 104 healthy adults was analyzed in a free-viewing task, in which happy, sad, angry, and neutral faces were shown simultaneously for ten seconds. Dwell time on facial expressions was used as indicator of attention allocation. Trait emotional intelligence was assessed using the Self-Rated Emotional Intelligence Scale. Self-report measures of state and trait positive and negative affect, trait anxiety, and depression were administered. In general, participants viewed longer at happy than at negative or neutral faces. The results of mediation analyses indicated that intrapersonal and interpersonal emotion regulation abilities were indirectly related to trait positive affect through attention to happy faces. Moreover, dwell time on happy faces had a mediating effect on the relationship between interpersonal emotion regulation ability and trait anxiety. Preference for positive social signals might form one attentional pathway through which emotion regulation abilities promote positive mood and buffer the development of anxiety reactions in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Suslow
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dennis Hoepfel
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vivien Günther
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Charlott Maria Bodenschatz
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Suhairy MS, Mohamed N, Ahmad N, Kaidi HM, Dziyauddin RA, Sam SM. Emotional Intelligence Impacts on Work Performance: the Case in Telecommunication Malaysia Research Company. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s021987702240003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study of the correlation between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and work performance is crucial for the organisation. Some of the organisations do not consider EI skills as the work performed. This study investigates the correlation between EI and the work performance of a telecommunication research company in Malaysia. There are 66 participants involved in this study: senior researchers and researchers. A set of questionnaires was distributed to assess their employees’ background, EI, and work performance. As a predictor of research employees’ work performance and EI, the results show that EI had a significant positive relationship with work performance. The findings also show that employees with high EI experience a greater level of task performance. Moreover, the authors also present the relationship of EI with work performance over employees’ background such as gender, marital status, age and work experience. It was found that married employees have a higher correlation than single employees. The study recommends that organisations introduce EI development programs for existing staff to improve their performance at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shazni Suhairy
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Norliza Mohamed
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Norulhusna Ahmad
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Hazilah Mad Kaidi
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Rudzidatul Akmam Dziyauddin
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Suriani Mohd Sam
- Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
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11
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Reina CS, Kreiner GE, Rheinhardt A, Mihelcic CA. Your Presence Is Requested: Mindfulness Infusion in Workplace Interactions and Relationships. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2022.1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In an increasingly fast-paced work environment filled with distractions, an overabundance of information, and complex decision making, scholars and practitioners alike have begun to recognize the need to slow down and direct attention to the present moment. As such, the study and implementation of mindfulness in the workplace has received growing attention in recent years. This body of work, however, is preoccupied with the outcomes of individual- and collective-level mindfulness, largely ignoring mindfulness as brought into workplace interactions and relationships. In this study, we take a qualitative, grounded theory approach wherein we put forth and unpack a model of interpersonal mindfulness infusion: the process whereby individuals instill their mindfulness into their workplace interactions and relationships. We further distinguish between formal and informal and self- and other-focused mindfulness practices. We show how these practices underlie the mindfulness infusion process and can enhance workplace interactions and relationships. In doing so, we contribute to the organizational literature on mindfulness and positive relationships at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Reina
- Management and Entrepreneurship, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284
| | - Glen E. Kreiner
- Department of Management, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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12
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Brown MI, Speer AB, Tenbrink AP, Chabris CF. Using game-like animations of geometric shapes to simulate social interactions: An evaluation of group score differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 30:167-181. [PMID: 35935096 PMCID: PMC9355331 DOI: 10.1111/ijsa.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study introduces a novel, game-like method for measuring social intelligence: the Social Shapes Test. Unlike other existing video or game-based tests, the Shapes Test uses animations of abstract shapes to represent social interactions. We explore demographic differences in Shapes Test scores compared to a written situational judgment test. Gender and race/ethnicity only had meaningful effects on written SJT scores while no effects were found for Shapes Test scores. This pattern of results remained after controlling for general mental ability and English language exposure. We also found metric invariance between demographic groups for both tests. Our results demonstrate the potential for using animated shape tasks as an alternative to written SJTs when designing future game-based assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt I. Brown
- Geisinger Health System, Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Lewisburg, PA
| | - Andrew B. Speer
- Wayne State University, Department of Psychology, Detroit, MI
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13
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Zarifsanaiey N, Mehrabi Z, Kashefian-Naeeini S, Mustapha R. The effects of digital storytelling with group discussion on social and emotional intelligence among female elementary school students. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2021.2004872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Zarifsanaiey
- Associate Professor, Department of E-learning, Virtual School, and Center of Excellence for e-Learning in Medical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Mehrabi
- Department of English Language, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Kashefian-Naeeini
- Assistant Professor, Department of English Language, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Philosophy of Life and Healthy Lifestyle Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramlee Mustapha
- Professor, Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education, Sultan Idris Education University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Investigating individual differences in emotion recognition ability using the ERAM test. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 220:103422. [PMID: 34592586 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals vary in emotion recognition ability (ERA), but the causes and correlates of this variability are not well understood. Previous studies have largely focused on unimodal facial or vocal expressions and a small number of emotion categories, which may not reflect how emotions are expressed in everyday interactions. We investigated individual differences in ERA using a brief test containing dynamic multimodal (facial and vocal) expressions of 5 positive and 7 negative emotions (the ERAM test). Study 1 (N = 593) showed that ERA was positively correlated with emotional understanding, empathy, and openness, and negatively correlated with alexithymia. Women also had higher ERA than men. Study 2 was conducted online and replicated the recognition rates from Study 1 (which was conducted in lab) in a different sample (N = 106). Study 2 also showed that participants who had higher ERA were more accurate in their meta-cognitive judgments about their own accuracy. Recognition rates for visual, auditory, and audio-visual expressions were substantially correlated in both studies. Results provide further clues about the underlying structure of ERA and its links to broader affective processes. The ERAM test can be used for both lab and online research, and is freely available for academic research.
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Espino-Díaz L, Fernández-Caminero G, Hernández-Lloret CM, González-González H, Álvarez-Castillo JL. Emotional Intelligence and Executive Functions in the Prediction of Prosocial Behavior in High School Students. An InterDisciplinary Approach between Neuroscience and Education. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8090759. [PMID: 34572199 PMCID: PMC8468829 DOI: 10.3390/children8090759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the most analyzed variables in educational research is prosocial behavior, given its relevance and its application in favor of a culture of peace, the construction of solid democratic societies and the development of social justice. For this reason, it is necessary to extend the knowledge of predictors of prosocial behavior so that they can be transferred to teaching practice. The research reported here was carried out using a quantitative methodology through a survey, based on data collection instruments, whose data were treated statistically by means of descriptive, correlational and predictive analyses. The results obtained suggest that emotional intelligence has a strong predictive capacity for prosocial behavior while executive functions show a mild-moderate predictive behavior. In the conclusions and discussion, we provide a series of arguments on some of the results obtained in contrast with previous literature, as well as incorporating limitations of the study and prospects for future research.
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16
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Lane RD, Smith R. Levels of Emotional Awareness: Theory and Measurement of a Socio-Emotional Skill. J Intell 2021; 9:42. [PMID: 34449662 PMCID: PMC8395748 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional awareness is the ability to conceptualize and describe one's own emotions and those of others. Over thirty years ago, a cognitive-developmental theory of emotional awareness patterned after Piaget's theory of cognitive development was created as well as a performance measure of this ability called the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS). Since then, a large number of studies have been completed in healthy volunteers and clinical populations including those with mental health or systemic medical disorders. Along the way, there have also been further refinements and adaptations of the LEAS such as the creation of a digital version in addition to further advances in the theory itself. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the evolving theoretical background, measurement methods, and empirical findings with the LEAS. The LEAS is a reliable and valid measure of emotional awareness. Evidence suggests that emotional awareness facilitates better emotion self-regulation, better ability to navigate complex social situations and enjoy relationships, and better physical and mental health. This is a relatively new but promising area of research in the domain of socio-emotional skills. The paper concludes with some recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, USA;
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Rebele RW, Koval P, Smillie LD. Personality-informed intervention design: Examining how trait regulation can inform efforts to change behavior. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211016251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research that helps people change their behavior has the potential to improve the quality of lives, but it is too often approached in a way that divorces behavior from the people who need to enact it. In this paper, we propose a personality-informed approach to classifying behavior-change problems and designing interventions to address them. In particular, we argue that interventions will be most effective when they target the appropriate psychological process given the disposition of the participant and the desired duration of change. Considering these dimensions can help to reveal the differences among common types of behavior-change problems, and it can guide decisions about what kinds of intervention solutions will most effectively solve them. We review key concepts and findings from the personality literature that can help us understand the dynamic nature of dispositions and to identify the psychological processes that best explain both short-term variance in behavior and long-term development of personality. Drawing on this literature, we argue that different types of behavior-change problems require different forms of “trait regulation,” and we offer a series of propositions to be evaluated as potential guides for the design of intervention strategies to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Rebele
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
- Wharton People Analytics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter Koval
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luke D Smillie
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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Simonet DV, Miller KE, Askew KL, Sumner KE, Mortillaro M, Schlegel K. How Multidimensional Is Emotional Intelligence? Bifactor Modeling of Global and Broad Emotional Abilities of the Geneva Emotional Competence Test. J Intell 2021; 9:14. [PMID: 33807593 PMCID: PMC8006218 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drawing upon multidimensional theories of intelligence, the current paper evaluates if the Geneva Emotional Competence Test (GECo) fits within a higher-order intelligence space and if emotional intelligence (EI) branches predict distinct criteria related to adjustment and motivation. Using a combination of classical and S-1 bifactor models, we find that (a) a first-order oblique and bifactor model provide excellent and comparably fitting representation of an EI structure with self-regulatory skills operating independent of general ability, (b) residualized EI abilities uniquely predict criteria over general cognitive ability as referenced by fluid intelligence, and (c) emotion recognition and regulation incrementally predict grade point average (GPA) and affective engagement in opposing directions, after controlling for fluid general ability and the Big Five personality traits. Results are qualified by psychometric analyses suggesting only emotion regulation has enough determinacy and reliable variance beyond a general ability factor to be treated as a manifest score in analyses and interpretation. Findings call for renewed, albeit tempered, research on EI as a multidimensional intelligence and highlight the need for refined assessment of emotional perception, understanding, and management to allow focused analyses of different EI abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V. Simonet
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA; (K.L.A.); (K.E.S.)
| | - Katherine E. Miller
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Kevin L. Askew
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA; (K.L.A.); (K.E.S.)
| | - Kenneth E. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA; (K.L.A.); (K.E.S.)
| | - Marcello Mortillaro
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Katja Schlegel
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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Lim MD, Birney DP. Experiential and Strategic Emotional Intelligence Are Implicated When Inhibiting Affective and Non-Affective Distractors: Findings from Three Emotional Flanker N-Back Tasks. J Intell 2021; 9:jintelligence9010012. [PMID: 33804557 PMCID: PMC8006228 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to a set of competencies to process, understand, and reason with affective information. Recent studies suggest ability measures of experiential and strategic EI differentially predict performance on non-emotional and emotionally laden tasks. To explore cognitive processes underlying these abilities further, we varied the affective context of a traditional letter-based n-back working-memory task. In study 1, participants completed 0-, 2-, and 3-back tasks with flanking distractors that were either emotional (fearful or happy faces) or non-emotional (shapes or letters stimuli). Strategic EI, but not experiential EI, significantly influenced participants’ accuracy across all n-back levels, irrespective of flanker type. In Study 2, participants completed 1-, 2-, and 3-back levels. Experiential EI was positively associated with response times for emotional flankers at the 1-back level but not other levels or flanker types, suggesting those higher in experiential EI reacted slower on low-load trials with affective context. In Study 3, flankers were asynchronously presented either 300 ms or 1000 ms before probes. Results mirrored Study 1 for accuracy rates and Study 2 for response times. Our findings (a) provide experimental evidence for the distinctness of experiential and strategic EI and (b) suggest that each are related to different aspects of cognitive processes underlying working memory.
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Hedberg PH. One step ahead in the game: Predicting negotiation outcomes with guessing‐games measures. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per H. Hedberg
- Department of Marketing and Strategy Stockholm School of Economics Stockholm Sweden
- Stockholm School of Economics Russia St. Petersburg Russia
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences Södertörn University Huddinge Sweden
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Davis SK, Morningstar M, Qualter P. Ability EI predicts recognition of dynamic facial emotions, but not beyond the effects of crystallized IQ. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schlegel K, Gugelberg HMV, Makowski LM, Gubler DA, Troche SJ. Emotion Recognition Ability as a Predictor of Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550620982851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined emotion recognition ability (ERA) as a predictor of positive and negative affect in two Australian and one German-speaking samples (total N = 469) during the first 2 weeks of major public life restrictions in the COVID-19 pandemic in March/April 2020. Individuals with higher ERA did not report more positive affect, but they felt less burdened and reported less negative affect. This association was fully mediated by lower COVID-19-related media consumption and less negative affect after reading an eyewitness report from an Italian city with a high COVID-19 death toll. However, higher ERA was also related to arguing more with close others. For low-to-medium ERA, an adaptive cognitive emotion regulation style predicted lower media consumption and for medium-to-high ERA, a maladaptive regulation style marginally increased the perceived likelihood of experiencing a similar situation as in Italy, suggesting that regulation style may moderate the ERA–affect relationship.
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Bucich M, Maccann C. Emotional intelligence research in Australia: Past contributions and future directions. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Bucich
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Carolyn Maccann
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
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Schlaegel C, Engle RL, Lang G. The unique and common effects of emotional intelligence dimensions on job satisfaction and facets of job performance: an exploratory study in three countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2020.1811368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schlaegel
- Faculty of Economics and Management Department of Global Economics and Management, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert L. Engle
- Department of Entrepreneurship, International Business, & Strategy, School of Business, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA
| | - Guido Lang
- Department of Entrepreneurship, Computer Information Systems, School of Business, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA
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da Motta C, Castilho P, Pato MT, Barreto Carvalho C. Rasch model analysis of the Situational Test of Emotional Understanding – brief in a large Portuguese sample. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00862-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Davis SK, Morningstar M, Dirks MA, Qualter P. Ability emotional intelligence: What about recognition of emotion in voices? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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MacCann C, Erbas Y, Dejonckheere E, Minbashian A, Kuppens P, Fayn K. Emotional Intelligence Relates to Emotions, Emotion Dynamics, and Emotion Complexity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Emotional intelligence (EI) should relate to people’s emotional experiences. We meta-analytically summarize associations of felt affect with ability EI branches (perception, facilitation, understanding, and management) and total scores ( k = 7–14; N = 1,584–2,813). We then use experience sampling ( N = 122 undergraduates over 5 days, 24 beeps) to test whether EI predicts emotion dynamics and complexity. Meta-analyses show that EI correlates significantly with lower negative affect (NA; ρ = −.21) but not higher positive affect (PA; ρ = .05). PA (but not NA) shows a significantly stronger relationship with emotion management (ρ = .23) versus other EI branches (ρ = −.01 to .07). In the experience sampling study, only management significantly related to higher PA, whereas lower NA was significantly related to total EI, perception, facilitation, and management. After controlling for mean affect: (a) only understanding significantly predicted NA dynamics whereas only management and facilitation significantly predicted PA dynamics; (b) management and facilitation predicted lower PA differentiation (EI was unrelated to NA differentiation); and (c) perception and facilitation predicted greater bipolarity. Results show that EI predicts affect, emotion dynamics, and emotion complexity. We discuss the importance of distinguishing between different branches of ability EI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kirill Fayn
- KU Leuven, Belgium
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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An Examination of Ability Emotional Intelligence and Its Relationships with Fluid and Crystallized Abilities in a Student Sample. J Intell 2020; 8:jintelligence8020018. [PMID: 32344642 PMCID: PMC7713006 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence8020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated correlative, factorial, and structural relationships between scores for ability emotional intelligence in the workplace (measured with the Geneva Emotional Competence Test), as well as fluid and crystallized abilities (measured with the Intelligence Structure Battery), carried out by a 188-participant student sample. Confirming existing research, recognition, understanding, and management of emotions were related primarily to crystallized ability tests measuring general knowledge, verbal fluency, and knowledge of word meaning. Meanwhile, emotion regulation was the least correlated with any other cognitive or emotional ability. In line with research on the trainability of emotional intelligence, these results may support the notion that emotional abilities are subject to acquired knowledge, where situational (i.e., workplace-specific) emotional intelligence may depend on accumulating relevant experiences.
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Mansel B, Einion A. 'It's the relationship you develop with them': emotional intelligence in nurse leadership. A qualitative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:1400-1408. [PMID: 31778341 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2019.28.21.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM to investigate emotional intelligence (EI) and its relationship to nursing leadership. BACKGROUND strong, effective leadership is core to organisational competency and significantly influences care quality. EI is the ability to understand one's own feelings and to assess and respond to the feelings of others. It is linked to self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and social skills, all of which are vital in leadership roles. However, insufficient research explores EI in nursing leadership from the perspective of nurse leaders. DESIGN a qualitative study employed interpretive phenomenological analysis methods, using a purposive sample of band 7 sisters/charge nurses/team managers (n=5) from one Welsh health board. Semistructured interviews were recorded and analysed in four stages. FINDINGS four clusters of themes were identified, each with two to three subthemes. These were: sensing others-the empathetic leader; experiencing the affected sense of self; strategies employed to build the team; and reading the flux of the organisation. CONCLUSION although the nurse leaders were unfamiliar with the concept of EI, their narratives reflected some core values of EI. However, significant barriers around time, pressure and staffing levels impeded their potential to use EI to become more effective leaders. Nurse leaders should harness the power of emotions to influence others to achieve excellent care.
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Abstract
Abstract
In light of Jaswal & Akhtar's compelling argument, we argue there should instead be more focus on deficits in socio-emotional abilities. However, current research is limited by the psychometric problems with most measures. We discuss specific problems, outlining examples for theory of mind. We conclude with recommendations for new lines of research derived from findings in the individual differences literature.
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Whichever intelligence makes you happy: The role of academic, emotional, and practical abilities in predicting psychological well-being. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Perceived emotional intelligence and life satisfaction: the mediating role of the positivity ratio. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2018.75650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionEmotional intelligence is a positive predictor of well-being,
and positive and negative affect were demonstrated to mediate
this relationship. In two studies the balance between
positive and negative affect (positivity ratio) is examined
as a mediating factor between perceived emotional intelligence
and satisfaction with life.Participants and procedureThree-hundred and sixteen individuals (50% female) participated
in the first study. Participants completed the
Self-perceived emotional intelligence questionnaire,
the Positive and negative affect scale, and the Satisfaction
with life scale. One hundred individuals (79% women)
participated in the second study. In the first measurement
participants completed the Emotional intelligence questionnaire,
the general Positive and negative affect scale,
and the Satisfaction with life scale, while in the second
measurement participants completed the Positive and
negative affect in the past week scale and the Satisfaction
with life scale.ResultsIn the first study perceived emotional intelligence was positively
correlated with positivity ratio and satisfaction with
life, while positive ratio mediated between perceived emotional
intelligence and satisfaction with life. In the second
study, perceived emotional intelligence was positively correlated
with satisfaction with life and positivity ratios in
both measurements. The relationships between perceived
emotional intelligence and satisfaction with life (Time 2)
were fully mediated by satisfaction with life (Time 1), and
sequentially by positivity ratio (general) and satisfaction
with life (Time 1), and positivity ratio (general) and positivity
ratio (Time 2).ConclusionsIndividuals with high emotional intelligence tend to be
more satisfied with their lives, while higher positivity ratio
mediated between perceived emotional intelligence and
satisfaction with life.
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A further step towards unpacking the variance in trait and ability emotional intelligence: The specific contribution of attachment quality. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bochkova V, Meshkova N. Emotional intelligence and social interaction: foreign studies. СОВРЕМЕННАЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНАЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЯ 2018. [DOI: 10.17759/jmfp.2018070205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The article considers the current state of the problem of emotional intelligence as one of the key competencies with increasing relevance. Approaches of foreign authors to the structure and diagnostics of emotional intelligence are presented. Particular attention is paid to the influence exerted by emotional intelligence and its components on the types of social interaction. The results of studies of its connection with prosocial and deviant behavior are analyzed. The mediators of this connection are given. Directions are offered for further study of emotional intelligence in the context of its connection with aggression and manipulation in interaction with others. Attention is drawn to the gender characteristics of emotional intelligence in behavior. Attention is paid to the development of emotional intelligence. It is concluded that when the emotional intelligence of a subject develops, its personality traits should be taken into account in order to prevent its realization in deviant and delinquent behavior
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