1
|
Ingratta GG, Stempler A, Fernández B, Colavecchia SB, Jolly A, Minatel L, Paolicchi FA, Mundo SL. Early-stage findings in an experimental calf model infected with Argentinean isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 259:110595. [PMID: 37058952 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an important pathogen that causes granulomatous enteritis known as Johne's disease or paratuberculosis (PTB). In this study an experimental model of calves infected with Argentinean isolates of MAP for 180 days was used to provide more data of the early PTB stages. Calves were challenged by oral route with MAP strain IS900-RFLPA (MA; n = 3), MAP strain IS900-RFLPC (MC; n = 2) or mock infected (MI; n = 2), and response to infection was evaluated through peripheral cytokine expression, MAP tissue distribution and histopathological early-stage findings. Specific and varied levels of IFN-γ were only detected at 80 days post-infection in infected calves. These data indicate that specific IFN-γ is not a useful indicator for early detection of MAP infection in our calf model. At 110 days post-infection, TNF-α expression was higher than IL-10 in 4 of the 5 infected animals and a significant decrease of TNF-α expression was detected in infected vs. non-infected calves. All calves challenged were identified as infected by mesenteric lymph node tissue culture and real time IS900 PCR. In addition, for lymph nodes samples, the agreement between these techniques was almost perfect (κ = 0.86). Colonization of tissues and levels of tissue infection varied between individuals. Evidence of early MAP dissemination to extraintestinal tissues such as the liver was detected by culture in one animal (MAP strain IS900-RFLPA). In both groups microgranulomatous lesions were observed predominantly in the lymph nodes, with giant cells present only in the MA group. In summary, the findings described herein may indicate that local MAP strains induced specific immune responses with particularities that could suggest differences in their biological behavior. Further studies should be carried out in order to obtain an in-depth understanding of the influence of MAP strains in host-pathogen interactions and the outcome of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Gabriela Ingratta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Stempler
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Silvia Beatriz Colavecchia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Jolly
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Minatel
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Patología, Av. San Martín 5285, C1417DSM Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Alberto Paolicchi
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, Balcarce B7620BEN, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Producción Animal, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, Balcarce B7620BEN, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Leonor Mundo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Can more information be extracted from bovine TB skin test outcomes to inform animal risk management? A retrospective observational animal-level study. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
3
|
Byrne AW, Barrett D, Breslin P, Fanning J, Casey M, Madden JM, Lesellier S, Gormley E. Bovine tuberculosis in youngstock cattle: A narrative review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1000124. [PMID: 36213413 PMCID: PMC9540495 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, remains a high-priority global pathogen of concern. The role of youngstock animals in the epidemiology of bTB has not been a focus of contemporary research. Here we have aimed to collate and summarize what is known about the susceptibility, diagnosis, transmission (infectiousness), and epidemiology to M. bovis in youngstock (up to 1-year of age). Youngstock are susceptible to M. bovis infection when exposed, with the capacity to develop typical bTB lesions. Calves can be exposed through similar routes as adults, via residual infection, contiguous neighborhood spread, wildlife spillback infection, and the buying-in of infected but undetected cattle. Dairy systems may lead to greater exposure risk to calves relative to other production systems, for example, via pooled milk. Given their young age, calves tend to have shorter bTB at-risk exposure periods than older cohorts. The detection of bTB varies with age when using a wide range of ante-mortem diagnostics, also with post-mortem examination and confirmation (histological and bacteriological) of infection. When recorded as positive by ante-mortem test, youngstock appear to have the highest probabilities of any age cohort for confirmation of infection post-mortem. They also appear to have the lowest false negative bTB detection risk. In some countries, many calves are moved to other herds for rearing, potentially increasing inter-herd transmission risk. Mathematical models suggest that calves may also experience lower force of infection (the rate that susceptible animals become infected). There are few modeling studies investigating the role of calves in the spread and maintenance of infection across herd networks. One study found that calves, without operating testing and control measures, can help to maintain infection and lengthen the time to outbreak eradication. Policies to reduce testing for youngstock could lead to infected calves remaining undetected and increasing onwards transmission. Further studies are required to assess the risk associated with changes to testing policy for youngstock in terms of the impact for within-herd disease control, and how this may affect the transmission and persistence of infection across a network of linked herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Byrne
- One-Health and Welfare Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Andrew W. Byrne ;
| | - Damien Barrett
- One-Health and Welfare Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
- ERAD, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip Breslin
- ERAD, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - June Fanning
- One-Health and Welfare Scientific Support Unit, National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Miriam Casey
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jamie M. Madden
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (LRFSN), ANSES, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Borham M, Oreiby A, El-Gedawy A, Hegazy Y, Khalifa HO, Al-Gaabary M, Matsumoto T. Review on Bovine Tuberculosis: An Emerging Disease Associated with Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium Species. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070715. [PMID: 35889961 PMCID: PMC9320398 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is a serious infectious disease affecting a wide range of domesticated and wild animals, representing a worldwide economic and public health burden. The disease is caused by Mycobacteriumbovis and infrequently by other pathogenic mycobacteria. The problem of bovine tuberculosis is complicated when the infection is associated with multidrug and extensively drug resistant M. bovis. Many techniques are used for early diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, either being antemortem or postmortem, each with its diagnostic merits as well as limitations. Antemortem techniques depend either on cellular or on humoral immune responses, while postmortem diagnosis depends on adequate visual inspection, palpation, and subsequent diagnostic procedures such as bacterial isolation, characteristic histopathology, and PCR to reach the final diagnosis. Recently, sequencing and bioinformatics tools have gained increasing importance for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, including, but not limited to typing, detection of mutations, phylogenetic analysis, molecular epidemiology, and interactions occurring within the causative mycobacteria. Consequently, the current review includes consideration of bovine tuberculosis as a disease, conventional and recent diagnostic methods, and the emergence of MDR-Mycobacterium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Borham
- Bacteriology Department, Animal Health Research Institute Matrouh Lab, Matrouh 51511, Egypt;
| | - Atef Oreiby
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheik 33516, Egypt; (A.O.); (Y.H.); (M.A.-G.)
| | - Attia El-Gedawy
- Bacteriology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Yamen Hegazy
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheik 33516, Egypt; (A.O.); (Y.H.); (M.A.-G.)
| | - Hazim O. Khalifa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-0048, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.O.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Magdy Al-Gaabary
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheik 33516, Egypt; (A.O.); (Y.H.); (M.A.-G.)
| | - Tetsuya Matsumoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-0048, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.O.K.); (T.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Larenas-Muñoz F, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Galán-Relaño Á, Ruedas-Torres I, Vera-Salmoral E, Gómez-Gascón L, Maldonado A, Carrasco L, Tarradas C, Luque I, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Gómez-Laguna J. The Role of Histopathology as a Complementary Diagnostic Tool in the Monitoring of Bovine Tuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:816190. [PMID: 35647097 PMCID: PMC9136683 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.816190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is based on the single intradermal tuberculin test (SIT), interferon gamma, and compulsory slaughter of reactor animals. Culture and PCR from fresh tissue are regarded as gold standard techniques for post-mortem confirmation, with the former being time-consuming and presenting moderate to low sensitivity and the latter presenting promising results. Histopathology has the advantage to identify and categorize lesions in both reactor and non-reactor animals. Therefore, this study aims to highlight the role of histopathology in the systematic diagnosis of bTB to shorten the time to disclose positive animals. Blood (212) and lymph node (681) samples were collected for serological, bacteriological, and histopathological analyses from a total of 230 cattle subjected to the Spanish bTB eradication program. Seventy-one lymph nodes and 59 cattle yielded a positive result to bacteriology, with 59 lymph nodes and 48 cattle presenting a positive result in real-time PCR from fresh tissue. Roughly 19% (40/212) of sera samples gave a positive result to ELISA. Tuberculosis-like lesions (TBLs) were observed in 11.9% (81/681) of the lymph nodes and 30.9% (71/230) of cattle. Noteworthy, TBLs were evidenced in 18 out of 83 SIT− and real-time PCR and bacteriology negative animals, with 11/18 disclosing a positive result to Ziehl-Neelsen technique and two of them to ddPCR from paraffin blocks targeting IS6110. Six out of these 11 ZN+ corresponded with mesenteric LN and were confirmed positive to paratuberculosis. Histopathology yielded a sensitivity of 91.3% (CI95 83.2–99.4%) and a specificity of 84.4% (CI95 78.6–89.3%) with good agreement (κ = 0.626) when compared with real-time PCR. Our results confirm that histopathology allows a rapid confirmation of real-time PCR and bacteriology, emphasizing its contribution to bTB control and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Larenas-Muñoz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
- *Correspondence: Fernanda Larenas-Muñoz
| | - José M. Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ángela Galán-Relaño
- Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Vera-Salmoral
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lidia Gómez-Gascón
- Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Maldonado
- Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Tarradas
- Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Luque
- Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene M. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus ‘CeiA3’, Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Romero MP, Chang YM, Brunton LA, Parry J, Prosser A, Upton P, Drewe JA. Machine learning classification methods informing the management of inconclusive reactors at bovine tuberculosis surveillance tests in England. Prev Vet Med 2021; 199:105565. [PMID: 34954421 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains one of the most complex, challenging, and costly animal health problems in England. Identifying and promptly removing all infected cattle from affected herds is key to its eradication strategy; the imperfect sensitivity of the diagnostic testing regime remaining a serious obstacle. The main diagnostic test for bTB in cattle in England, the Single Intradermal Comparative Cervical Tuberculin Test (SICCT: also known as the skin test), can produce inconclusive results below the reactor threshold. The immediate isolation of inconclusive reactor (IR) animals followed by a 60-day retest may not prevent lateral spread within the herd (if it is substandard, allowing transmission) or transmission to wildlife. Over half of IR-only herds that went on to have a positive skin test result (a bTB herd 'incident') in 2020, had it triggered by at least one IR not clearing their 60-day retest, instead of by another test within the previous 15 months. Machine learning classification algorithms (classification tree analysis and random forest), applied to England's 2012-2020 IR-only surveillance herd tests, identified at-risk tests for an incident at the IRs' 60-day retest. In this period, 4 739 out of 22 946 (21 %) IR-only surveillance tests disclosing 6 296 out of 42 685 total IRs, had an incident at retest (2 716 IRs became reactors and 3 580 IRs became two-time IRs). Both models showed an AUC above 80 % in the 2012-2019 dataset. Classification tree analysis was preferred due to its easy-to-interpret outputs, 70 % sensitivity, and 93 % specificity in the 20 % of 2019-2020 testing dataset. The paper aimed to identify IR-only surveillance tests at-risk of an incident at the 60-day retest to target them with appropriate measures to mitigate the IRs' risk. Sixteen percent (341 out of 2 177) of IR-only herd tests were identified as high-risk in the 2020 dataset, with 265 (78 %) of these having at least one reactor or IR at retest. Severe-level reinterpretation of the high-risk IR-only disclosing tests identified in this dataset would turn 68 out of the 590 (12 %) IRs into reactors, generating 23 incidents, the majority (19 or 83 %) part of the 265 incidents that would have been declared at the retest. Classification tree analysis used to identify IR-only high-risk tests in herds eligible for severe interpretation would enhance the sensitivity of the test-and-slaughter regime, cornerstone of the bTB eradication programme in England, further mitigating the risk of disease spread posed by IRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Romero
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy A Brunton
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Parry
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Prosser
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Upton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Julian A Drewe
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gomez-Buendia A, Romero B, Bezos J, Lozano F, de Juan L, Alvarez J. Spoligotype-specific risk of finding lesions in tissues from cattle infected by Mycobacterium bovis. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:148. [PMID: 33827573 PMCID: PMC8028093 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the pathogenic effect of members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in susceptible hosts is well known, differences in clinical signs and pathological findings observed in infected animals have been reported, likely due to a combination of host and pathogen-related factors. Here, we investigated whether Mycobacterium bovis strains belonging to different spoligotypes were associated with a higher risk of occurrence of visible/more severe lesions in target organs (lungs and/or lymph nodes) from infected animals. A large collection of 8889 samples belonging to cattle were classified depending on the presence/absence of tuberculosis-like lesions and its degree of severity. All samples were subjected to culture irrespective of the presence of lesions, and isolates retrieved were identified and subjected to spoligotyping. The association between the presence/severity of the lesions and the isolation of strains from a given spoligotype was assessed using non-parametric tests and Bayesian mixed multivariable logistic regression models that accounted for origin (region and herd) effects. Results Results suggested a difference in severity in lesioned samples depending on the strain’s spoligotype. An association between specific spoligotypes and presence of lesions was observed, with a higher risk of finding lesions in animals infected with strains with spoligotypes SB0120, SB0295 and SB1142 compared with SB0121, and in those coming from certain regions in Spain. Conclusions Our results suggest that strains belonging to certain spoligotypes may be associated with a higher probability in the occurrence of gross/macroscopic lesions in infected cattle, although these observational findings should be confirmed in further studies that allow accounting for the effect of other possible confounders not considered here, and ultimately through experimental studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02848-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gomez-Buendia
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía de Juan
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lekko YM, Ooi PT, Omar S, Mazlan M, Ramanoon SZ, Jasni S, Jesse FFA, Che-Amat A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in wildlife: Review of current applications of antemortem and postmortem diagnosis. Vet World 2020; 13:1822-1836. [PMID: 33132593 PMCID: PMC7566238 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1822-1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, which affects various domestic animals, wildlife, and humans. Some wild animals serve as reservoir hosts in the transmission and epidemiology of the disease. Therefore, the monitoring and surveillance of both wild and domestic hosts are critical for prevention and control strategies. For TB diagnosis, the single intradermal tuberculin test or the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test, and the gamma-interferon test, which is regarded as an ancillary test, are used. Postmortem examination can identify granulomatous lesions compatible with a diagnosis of TB. In contrast, smears of the lesions can be stained for acid-fast bacilli, and samples of the affected organs can be subjected to histopathological analyses. Culture is the gold standard test for isolating mycobacterial bacilli because it has high sensitivity and specificity compared with other methods. Serology for antibody detection allows the testing of many samples simply, rapidly, and inexpensively, and the protocol can be standardized in different laboratories. Molecular biological analyses are also applicable to trace the epidemiology of the disease. In conclusion, reviewing the various techniques used in MTBC diagnosis can help establish guidelines for researchers when choosing a particular diagnostic method depending on the situation at hand, be it disease outbreaks in wildlife or for epidemiological studies. This is because a good understanding of various diagnostic techniques will aid in monitoring and managing emerging pandemic threats of infectious diseases from wildlife and also preventing the potential spread of zoonotic TB to livestock and humans. This review aimed to provide up-to-date information on different techniques used for diagnosing TB at the interfaces between wildlife, livestock, and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Madaki Lekko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, 1069 PMB, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharina Omar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mazlina Mazlan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabri Jasni
- Department of Paraclinical, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azlan Che-Amat
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Roy A, Infantes-Lorenzo JA, de la Cruz ML, Domínguez L, Álvarez J, Bezos J. Accuracy of tuberculosis diagnostic tests in small ruminants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105102. [PMID: 32739695 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) in small ruminants is a neglected disease despite its major impact on goat and sheep production and the global public health. The awareness of the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of animal TB has increased in the last two decades, however, there is a lack of standardization of procedures and robust quantitative estimates on the accuracy of diagnostic TB tests in the scientific literature. To address this knowledge gap, all the available information regarding the use of ante-mortem diagnostic techniques in small ruminants was collected and summarized through a systematic review process. Furthermore, a random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to separately estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of cell-based tests among the retrieved studies in goats. Studies included in the meta-analysis were also evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies included in systematic reviews adapted for animal diagnostic tests (VETQUADAS). Median pooled Se estimates of the single intradermal tuberculin (SIT) test (ranged from 0.51 to 0.59), the comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIT) test (ranged from 0.30 to 0.50) and the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) (ranged from 0.66 to 0.72) were lower than that reported previously in cattle, regardless the interpretation criteria and the reporting of MAP infection or vaccination. However, the specificity was adequate for all the tests (ranged from 0.95 to 0.99), except for the SIT test in MAP vaccinated herds (ranged from 0.78 to 0.90). This study provides an overview of the accuracy of diagnostic tests for TB in goats, however, the considerable between-study heterogeneity found hampered the conclusive interpretation of the pooled Se and Sp estimates. Therefore, further studies in small ruminants are necessary to optimize the diagnostic Se, which could help to design effective control strategies, accelerate the eradication of TB in these species and harmonize test procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Roy
- CZ Vaccines, Porriño, Pontevedra, Spain; VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Infantes-Lorenzo
- Servicio de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - M L de la Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Animal Health. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Álvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Animal Health. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Animal Health. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sabio Y García J, Bigi MM, Klepp LI, García EA, Blanco FC, Bigi F. Does Mycobacterium bovis persist in cattle in a non-replicative latent state as Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human beings? Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108758. [PMID: 32768211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) are responsible for tuberculosis in several mammals. In this complex, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis, which are closely related, show host preference for humans and cattle, respectively. Although human and bovine tuberculosis are clinically similar, M. tuberculosis mostly causes latent infection in humans, whereas M. bovis frequently leads to an acute infection in cattle. This review attempts to connect the pathology in experimental animal models as well as the cellular responses to M. bovis and M. tuberculosis regarding the differences in protein expression and regulatory mechanisms of both pathogens that could explain their apparent divergent latency behaviour. The occurrence of latent bovine tuberculosis (bTB) would represent a serious complication for the eradication of the disease in cattle, with the risk of onward transmission to humans. Thus, understanding the physiological events that may lead to the state of latency in bTB could assist in the development of appropriate prevention and control tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sabio Y García
- (Instituto de Biotecnología-IABIMO, INTA-CONICET), Institute of Biotechnology-IABIMO, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - María M Bigi
- (Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía), University of Buenos Aires, School of Agronomy Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Buenos Aires Argentina.
| | - Laura I Klepp
- (Instituto de Biotecnología-IABIMO, INTA-CONICET), Institute of Biotechnology-IABIMO, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Elizabeth A García
- (Instituto de Biotecnología-IABIMO, INTA-CONICET), Institute of Biotechnology-IABIMO, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Federico C Blanco
- (Instituto de Biotecnología-IABIMO, INTA-CONICET), Institute of Biotechnology-IABIMO, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Fabiana Bigi
- (Instituto de Biotecnología-IABIMO, INTA-CONICET), Institute of Biotechnology-IABIMO, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Howell AK, McCann CM, Wickstead F, Williams DJL. Co-infection of cattle with Fasciola hepatica or F. gigantica and Mycobacterium bovis: A systematic review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226300. [PMID: 31887151 PMCID: PMC6936813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver flukes, Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, are common trematode parasites of livestock. F. hepatica is known to modulate the immune response, including altering the response to co-infecting pathogens. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a chronic disease which is difficult to control and is of both animal welfare and public health concern. Previous research has suggested that infection with liver fluke may affect the accuracy of the bTB skin test, but direction of the effect differs between studies. In a systematic review of the literature, all experimental and observational studies concerning co-infection with these two pathogens were sought. Data were extracted on the association between fluke infection and four measures of bTB diagnosis or pathology, namely, the bTB skin test, interferon γ test, lesion detection and culture/bacterial recovery. Of a large body of literature dating from 1950 to 2019, only thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. These included studies of experimentally infected calves, case control studies on adult cows, cross sectional abattoir studies and a herd level study. All the studies had a medium or high risk of bias. The balance of evidence from the 13 studies included in the review suggests that liver fluke exposure was associated with either no effect or a decreased response to all of the four aspects of bTB diagnosis assessed: skin test, IFN γ, lesion detection and mycobacteria cultured or recovered. Most studies showed a small and/or non-significant effect so the clinical and practical importance of the observed effect is likely to be modest, although it could be more significant in particular groups of animals, such as dairy cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison K. Howell
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine M. McCann
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Wickstead
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Diana J. L. Williams
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
May E, Prosser A, Downs SH, Brunton LA. Exploring the Risk Posed by Animals with an Inconclusive Reaction to the Bovine Tuberculosis Skin Test in England and Wales. Vet Sci 2019; 6:E97. [PMID: 31801188 PMCID: PMC6958475 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test is the primary test for ante-mortem diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in England and Wales. When an animal is first classified as an inconclusive reactor (IR) using this test, it is not subject to compulsory slaughter, but it must be isolated from the rest of the herd. To understand the risk posed by these animals, a case-control study was conducted to measure the association between IR status of animals and the odds of them becoming a reactor to the SICCT at a subsequent test. The study included all animals from herds in which only IR animals were found at the first whole herd test in 2012 and used data from subsequent tests up until the end of 2016. Separate mixed-effects logistic regression models were developed to examine the relationship between IR status and subsequent reactor status for each risk area of England and for Wales, adjusting for other explanatory variables. The odds of an animal becoming a subsequent reactor during the study period were greater for IR animals than for negative animals in the high-risk area (odds ratio (OR): 6.85 (5.98-7.86)) and edge area (OR: 8.79 (5.92-13.04)) of England and in Wales (OR: 6.87 (5.75-8.22)). In the low-risk area of England, the odds were 23 times greater, although the confidence interval around this estimate was larger due to the smaller sample size (11-48, p < 0.001). These findings support the need to explore differential controls for IR animals to reduce the spread of TB, and they highlight the importance of area-specific policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth May
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Alison Prosser
- Data Systems Group, Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Sara H. Downs
- Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Lucy A. Brunton
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Junqueira Junior DG, de Souza MA, Nunes Júnior SC, Lima AMC. Correlation between carcass condemnations in slaughterhouses and official notifications of cattle testing positive for tuberculosis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:823-828. [PMID: 31617050 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between condemnations in slaughterhouses situated in Minas Gerais State and notifications to the Brazilian Official Veterinary Service of cattle that were positive for intradermal tuberculin tests. Data were obtained from three slaughterhouses under different surveillance conditions and from the Brazilian Agriculture and Livestock Health Agency for 2011 to 2017. During this period, there was an increase in the number of condemnations of females aged over 36 months, despite the number of females testing with intradermal tests and being reported as positive decreasing. Therefore, there is a discrepancy between the analyzed variables. Since there is a belief that slaughter condemnations can be used as tools for epidemiological surveys in beef and dairy farms, it is advisable for there to be a greater integration of the Brazilian Health Inspection Services in slaughterhouses and Brazilian Agriculture and Livestock defense department. This will ensure safe animal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Guedes Junqueira Junior
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia/MG. Rua Ceará, Bloco 2D, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Assunção de Souza
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia/MG. Rua Ceará, Bloco 2D, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Corrêa Nunes Júnior
- College of Veterinary Medicine Unipam/Patos de Minas, Street Major Gote, 808, Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, 38700-208, Brazil
| | - Anna Monteiro Correia Lima
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia/MG. Rua Ceará, Bloco 2D, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oc Byrne J, Byrne AW, Zintl A, Jankowska K, Coulange E, de Waal T, McCarthy G, O'Keeffe J, Hamnes IS, Fogarty U. Identification and epidemiological analysis of Perostrongylus falciformis infestation in Irish badgers. Ir Vet J 2019; 72:7. [PMID: 31333818 PMCID: PMC6617904 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-019-0144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lungworm, Perostrongylus falciformis (fomerly known as Aelurostrongylus falciformis) has been identified in badgers (Meles meles) in Britain, the Russian Federation, Italy, Norway, Poland, Ukraine, Bosnia Herzegovina and Romania, while Aelurostrongylus pridhami has been reported from badgers in Spain. Results Pulmonary tissue from 1580 Irish badgers was examined and an estimated prevalence of 32.09% (95% CI: 29.79–34.45%) of this parasite was detected. Confirmation of its occurrence was made by PCR analysis on a subset of the population. Conclusion Infestation was widely distributed throughout the Republic of Ireland, with a trend towards higher infestation risk in western versus eastern counties. In addition males were at a higher risk of infestation than females and juveniles were at a significantly higher risk than adult badgers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew W Byrne
- 2Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast, BT4 3SD Northern Ireland
| | - Annetta Zintl
- 3UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karolina Jankowska
- 3UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Theo de Waal
- 3UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grainne McCarthy
- 3UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James O'Keeffe
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM), Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Inger S Hamnes
- 6Section of Parasitology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ursula Fogarty
- 1Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, County Kildare Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Byrne AW, Graham J, McConville J, Milne G, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M, McDowell S. Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) co-infection with bovine tuberculosis in cattle: A prospective herd-level assessment of herd bTB risk in dairy enterprises. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1727-1736. [PMID: 31012527 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Co-infection of tuberculosis (TB) and helminths is recognized as a significant problem in regions where such pathogens are endemic and chronic cases exist. Co-infection can modulate the immune system leading to interference with diagnostic tests, increased pathological impacts and pathogen persistence. However, research has found that such interactions between pathogens can be context and species specific. Recent studies have suggested that liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, infection may impact on immunological responses and diagnostics for bovine tuberculosis (bTB; caused by Mycobacterium bovis) in cattle. Where evidence of such interaction exists, there would be an onus on policy makers to adjust eradication programs to minimize impacts. We assessed the association between herd-level bTB breakdown risk and seasonal variation in liver fluke exposure based on 5,753 bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from 1,494 dairy herds across Northern Ireland. BTM was tested by an IDEXX antibody specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the 'f2' antigen as a detection agent. The ELISA determined the result based on a sample to (known) positive ratio (S/P%) from which binary status and categories of exposure were derived. Associations were tested using multivariable random effects models. Models predicting bTB risk were not improved with the inclusion of liver fluke exposure levels. Variations in modelling liver fluke exposure (S/P%, binary, categories of exposure) and bTB risk (skin test breakdowns, post-mortem confirmed breakdowns, breakdown size and lag effects) also failed to support associations (neither positive nor negative) between the pathogens at herd-level. These results, along with previously published animal-level data from Northern Ireland, suggest that the nexus between bTB and F. hepatica may have small size effects at the population-level. However, our results also highlight the high prevalence of F. hepatica in cattle in our study population, and therefore we cannot fully discount the potential hypothesis of population-level depression of immune response to M. bovis due to co-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Byrne
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Jordon Graham
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - James McConville
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Georgina Milne
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Maria Guelbenzu-Gonzalo
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK.,Animal Health Ireland, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Stanley McDowell
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Byrne AW, Graham J, Milne G, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M, Strain S. Is There a Relationship Between Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) Herd Breakdown Risk and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Status? An Investigation in bTB Chronically and Non-chronically Infected Herds. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:30. [PMID: 30838221 PMCID: PMC6382694 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB; Mycobacterium bovis) remains a significant problem in a number of countries, and is often found where M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is also present. In the United Kingdom, bTB has been difficult to eradicate despite long-term efforts. Co-infection has been proposed as one partial mechanism thwarting eradication. Methods: A retrospective case-control study of 4,500 cattle herds in Northern Ireland, where serological testing of cattle for MAP, was undertaken (2004–2015). Blood samples were ELISA tested for MAP; infection of M. bovis was identified in herds by the comparative tuberculin test (CTT) and through post-mortem evidence of infection. Case-herds were those experiencing a confirmed bTB breakdown; control-herds were not experiencing a breakdown episode at the time of MAP testing. A second model included additional testing data of feces samples (culture and PCR results) to better inform herd MAP status. Multi-level hierarchical models were developed, controlling for selected confounders. A sensitivity analysis of the effect of MAP sample numbers per event and the prior timing of tuberculin-testing was undertaken. Results: 45.2% (n = 250) of case observations and 36.0% (3,480) of control observations were positive to MAP by ELISA (45.8% and 36.4% when including ancillary fecal testing, respectively). Controlling for known confounders, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for this association was 1.339 (95%CI:1.085–1.652; including ancillary data aOR:1.356;95%CI:1.099–1.673). The size-effect of the association increased with the increasing number of samples per event used to assign herd MAP status (aOR:1.883 at >2 samples, to aOR:3.863 at >10 samples), however the estimated CI increased as N decreased. 41.7% of observations from chronic herds were MAP serology-positive and 32.2% from bTB free herds were MAP positive (aOR: 1.170; 95%ci: 0.481–2.849). Discussion: Cattle herds experiencing a bTB breakdown were associated with increased risk of having a positive MAP status. Chronic herds tended to exhibit higher risk of a positive MAP status than bTB free herds, however there was less support for this association when controlling for repeated measures and confounding. MAP co-infection may be playing a role in the success of bTB eradiation schemes, however further studies are required to understand the mechanisms and to definitively establish causation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Byrne
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jordon Graham
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Milne
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Guelbenzu-Gonzalo
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Animal Health Ireland, Carrick on Shannon, Ireland
| | - Sam Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Byrne AW, McBride S, Graham J, Lahuerta-Marin A, McNair J, Skuce RA, McDowell SW. Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) co-infection with bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle: A retrospective animal-level assessment of bTB risk in dairy and beef cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:785-796. [PMID: 30484969 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, remains a persistent problem for cattle industries in endemic countries. The frequency, quality, and performance of tests, and the presence of wildlife reservoirs, have been identified as impediments to eradication. Recently, exposure to helminth infection (Fasciola hepatica) has been associated negatively with the disclosure of bTB. Here, for the first time, we assess impact of concurrent infections of Fasciola hepatica and the disclosure of bTB at the animal-level using large surveillance datasets. We utilized a dataset of 138,566 animal records from an abattoir from Northern Ireland (2011-2013). The presence of F. hepatica infection was assessed from macroscopic tissue inspection at abattoir. Multivariable models were developed to assess co-infection associations with bTB status based on: Single Intradermal Comparative Tuberculin Test (SICTT), lesion, bacteriological confirmation, including either all animals, or only skin-test negative animals (lesions at routine slaughter; LRS; confirmed nonreactors at routine slaughter; cNRs) or positive (reactors) animals alone, respectively. The relationship between skin tuberculin reaction sizes and fluke status was also explored for a subset of animals with field recordings (n = 24,680). Controlling for known risk factors (e.g., climatic, herd, and individual level characteristics), we did not find significant associations between the SICTT (standard or severe interpretation), lesion, nor confirmation status of animals and their liver fluke status. The only exception was a negative association between liver fluke positivity, and LRS or cNRs, respectively; though effect-sizes were small (e.g., LRS Odds-Ratio: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.76-1.00). There was limited evidence of a relationship between tuberculin reaction sizes during SICTT testing and liver fluke infection status. These data do not support the contention that the detection of bTB using skin-tests or reactor postmortem follow-up may be compromised by co-infection at a population level, but the relationship with lesion formation (pathogenesis) may indicate an impact for postmortem surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Byrne
- AFBI Stormont, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Stewart McBride
- AFBI Stormont, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, UK
| | - Jordon Graham
- AFBI Stormont, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, UK
| | | | - Jim McNair
- AFBI Stormont, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, UK
| | - Robin A Skuce
- AFBI Stormont, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kelly RF, Callaby R, Egbe NF, Williams DJL, Victor NN, Tanya VN, Sander M, Ndip L, Ngandolo R, Morgan KL, Handel IG, Mazeri S, Muwonge A, de C Bronsvoort BM. Association of Fasciola gigantica Co-infection With Bovine Tuberculosis Infection and Diagnosis in a Naturally Infected Cattle Population in Africa. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:214. [PMID: 30238010 PMCID: PMC6136300 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, remains a major livestock and public health problem in both high and low-income countries. With the current absence of an effective vaccine, control in cattle populations is reliant on regular testing and removal of positive animals. However, surveillance and control are hampered by imperfect diagnostic tests that have poorly described properties in naturally infected populations. Recent research in cattle co-infected with the temperate liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, has raised concerns about the performance of the intradermal skin test in high fluke incidence areas. Further, recent studies of parasitic co-infections have demonstrated their impact on Th1 and Th2 responses, concurrent disease pathology and susceptibility to mycobacterial infections. Here we report for the first time the association of co-infection with the tropical liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica, with the presence of bTB-like lesions and the IFN-γ response in naturally infected African cattle. After adjusting for age and sex we observed a complex interaction between fluke status and breed. Fulani cattle had a higher risk of having bTB-like lesions than the mixed breed group. The risk of bTB-like lesions increased in the mixed breed group if they had concurrent evidence of fluke pathology but was less clear in the coinfected Fulani breed. Further, we observed a slight decline in the IFN-γ levels in fluke infected animals. Finally we explored factors associated with IFN-γ false negative results compared to the presence of bTB-like lesions. Fulani cattle had a higher risk of having a false negative result compared to the mixed breed group. Further, the mixed breed cattle had an increased risk of being false negative if also co-infected with fluke. Interesting, as with the risk of bTB-like lesions, this association was less clear in the Fulani cattle with weak evidence of a slight decrease in risk of having a false negative test result when fluke pathology positive. This interesting interaction where different breeds appear to have different responses to co-infections is intriguing but further work is needed to confirm and understand more clearly the possible confounding effects of different other co-infections not measured here, breed, management or exposure risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Kelly
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Callaby
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Nkongho F. Egbe
- Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Faculty of Allied Medical Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Diana J. L. Williams
- Veterinary Parasitology, Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ngu Ngwa Victor
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | | | - Melissa Sander
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Bamenda, Hospital Roundabout, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Lucy Ndip
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Richard Ngandolo
- Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Kenton L. Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G. Handel
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Barend M. de C Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Serrano M, Sevilla IA, Fuertes M, Geijo M, Risalde MÁ, Ruiz-Fons JF, Gortazar C, Juste RA, Domínguez L, Elguezabal N, Garrido JM. Different lesion distribution in calves orally or intratracheally challenged with Mycobacterium bovis: implications for diagnosis. Vet Res 2018; 49:74. [PMID: 30053884 PMCID: PMC6064182 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis (TB) remains a major problem in some countries despite the existence of control programmes focused mainly on cattle. In this species, aerogenous transmission is accepted as the most frequent infection route, affecting mainly the respiratory system. Under the hypothesis that the oral route could be playing a more relevant role in transmission, diagnosis and disease persistence than previously thought, this study was performed to assess the course of TB infection in cattle and its effects on diagnosis depending on the route of entry of Mycobacterium bovis. Two groups of five calves each were either endotracheally (EC) or orally (OC) challenged. Necropsies were carried out 12 weeks after challenge except for three OC calves slaughtered 8 weeks later. All animals reacted to the tuberculin skin test and the entire EC group was positive to the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) 2 weeks after challenge and thereafter. The first positive IGRA results for OC calves (3/5) were recorded 4 weeks after challenge. Group comparison revealed significant differences in lesion and positive culture location and scoring. TB-compatible gross lesions and positive cultures were more frequently found in the thorax (p < 0.001) and lung (p < 0.05) of EC animals, whereas OC animals presented lesions (p = 0.23) and positive cultures (p < 0.05) mainly located in the abdomen. These results indicate that the infection route seems to be a determining factor for both the distribution and the time needed for the development of visible lesions. Our study suggests that confirmation of TB infection in some skin reactor animals can be problematic if current post-mortem examination and diagnostics are not improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Serrano
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miguel Fuertes
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mariví Geijo
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Risalde
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain.,Dpto. de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceia3), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ramón A Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,SERIDA, Agri-food Research and Development Regional Service, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Allen AR, Skuce RA, Byrne AW. Bovine Tuberculosis in Britain and Ireland - A Perfect Storm? the Confluence of Potential Ecological and Epidemiological Impediments to Controlling a Chronic Infectious Disease. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:109. [PMID: 29951489 PMCID: PMC6008655 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful eradication schemes for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) have been implemented in a number of European and other countries over the last 50 years. However, the islands of Britain and Ireland remain a significant aberration to this trend, with the recent exception of Scotland. Why have eradication schemes failed within these countries, while apparently similar programs have been successful elsewhere? While significant socio-economic and political factors have been discussed elsewhere as key determinants of disease eradication, here we review some of the potential ecological and epidemiological constraints that are present in these islands relative to other parts of Europe. We argue that the convergence of these potential factors may interact additively to diminish the potential of the present control programs to achieve eradication. Issues identified include heterogeneity of diagnostic testing approaches, the presence of an abundant wildlife reservoir of infection and the challenge of sustainably managing this risk effectively; the nature, size, density and network structure of cattle farming; potential effects of Mycobacterium bovis strain heterogeneity on disease transmission dynamics; possible impacts of concurrent endemic infections on the disclosure of truly infected animals; climatological differences and change coupled with environmental contamination. We further argue that control and eradication of this complex disease may benefit from an ecosystem level approach to management. We hope that this perspective can stimulate a new conversation about the many factors potentially impacting bTB eradication schemes in Britain and Ireland and possibly stimulate new research in the areas identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. A. Skuce
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Byrne AW, Graham J, Brown C, Donaghy A, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M, McNair J, Skuce R, Allen A, McDowell S. Bovine tuberculosis visible lesions in cattle culled during herd breakdowns: the effects of individual characteristics, trade movement and co-infection. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:400. [PMID: 29284483 PMCID: PMC5747088 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, remains a significant problem for livestock industries in many countries worldwide including Northern Ireland, where a test and slaughter regime has utilised the Single Intradermal Comparative Cervical Tuberculin (SICCT) test since 1959. We investigated the variation in post-mortem confirmation based on bTB visible lesion (VL) presence during herd breakdowns using two model suites. We investigated animal-level characteristics, while controlling for herd-level factors and clustering. We were interested in potential impacts of concurrent infection, and therefore we assessed whether animals with evidence of liver fluke infection (Fasciola hepatica; post-mortem inspection), M. avium reactors (animals with negative M. bovis-avium (b-a) tuberculin reactions) or Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV; RT-PCR tested) were associated with bTB confirmation. RESULTS The dataset included 6242 animals removed during the 14 month study period (2013-2015). bTB-VL presence was significantly increased in animals with greater b-a reaction size at the disclosing SICCT test (e.g. b-a = 5-9 mm vs. b-a = 0 mm, adjusted Odds ratio (aOR): 14.57; p < 0.001). M. avium reactor animals (b-a < 0) were also significantly more likely to disclose VL than non-reactor animals (b-a = 0; aOR: 2.29; p = 0.023). Animals had a greater probability of exhibiting lesions with the increasing number of herds it had resided within (movement; log-herds: aOR: 2.27-2.42; p < 0.001), if it had an inconclusive penultimate test result (aOR: 2.84-3.89; p < 0.001), and with increasing time between tests (log-time; aOR: 1.23; p = 0.003). Animals were less likely to have VL if they were a dairy breed (aOR: 0.79; p = 0.015) or in an older age-class (e.g. age-quartile 2 vs. 4; aOR: 0.65; p < 0.001). Liver fluke or BVDV variables were not retained in either multivariable model as they were non-significantly associated with bTB-VL status (p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that neither co-infection of liver fluke nor BVDV had a significant effect on the presence of VLs in this high-risk cohort. M. avium tuberculin reactors had a significantly increased risk of disclosing with a bTB lesion, which could be related to the impact of co-infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) affecting the performance of the SICCT however further research in this area is required. Movements, test history, breed and age were important factors influencing confirmation in high-risk animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Byrne
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT43SD, UK. .,School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Jordon Graham
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT43SD, UK
| | - Craig Brown
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT43SD, UK
| | - Aoibheann Donaghy
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT43SD, UK
| | - Maria Guelbenzu-Gonzalo
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT43SD, UK
| | - Jim McNair
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT43SD, UK
| | - Robin Skuce
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT43SD, UK
| | - Adrian Allen
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT43SD, UK
| | - Stanley McDowell
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT43SD, UK
| |
Collapse
|