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Ebeyer-Masotta M, Eichhorn T, Fischer MB, Weber V. Impact of production methods and storage conditions on extracellular vesicles in packed red blood cells and platelet concentrates. Transfus Apher Sci 2024; 63:103891. [PMID: 38336556 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2024.103891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The use of blood and blood products can be life-saving, but there are also certain risks associated with their administration and use. Packed red blood cells (pRBCs) and platelet concentrates are the most commonly used blood products in transfusion medicine to treat anemia or acute and chronic bleeding disorders, respectively. During the production and storage of blood products, red blood cells and platelets release extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a result of the storage lesion, which may affect product quality. EVs are subcellular structures enclosed by a lipid bilayer and originate from the endosomal system or from the plasma membrane. They play a pivotal role in intercellular communication and are emerging as important regulators of inflammation and coagulation. Their cargo and their functional characteristics depend on the cell type from which they originate, as well as on their microenvironment, influencing their capacity to promote coagulation and inflammatory responses. Hence, the potential involvement of EVs in transfusion-related adverse events is increasingly recognized and studied. Here, we review the knowledge regarding the effect of production and storage conditions of pRBCs and platelet concentrates on the release of EVs. In this context, the mode of processing and anticoagulation, the influence of additive solutions and leukoreduction, as well as the storage duration will be addressed, and we discuss potential implications of EVs for the clinical outcome of transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ebeyer-Masotta
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Tanja Eichhorn
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Michael B Fischer
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria; Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Weber
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria.
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2
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Rak-Pasikowska A, Hałucha K, Sapa-Wojciechowska A, Wrzyszcz A, Gałuszka W, Pęcak-Solińska A, Bil-Lula I. The Effect of Leukocyte Removal and Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition on Platelet Storage Lesions. Cells 2024; 13:506. [PMID: 38534349 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The reasons for unfavorable changes in platelet concentrate (PC) quality during storage are not fully understood yet. We aimed to evaluate whether leukocytes and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) lead to a decrease in the quality of PCs and examine whether MMP inhibition will slow down the platelets' aging. Nine PCs were divided into three parts: (1) leukocyte-depleted (F) PCs, (2) PCs with no additional procedures (NF), and (3) PCs with the addition of an MMP inhibitor-doxycycline (D). Each PC was stored for 144 h, and a sample for testing was separated from each part on the day of preparation and after 24, 48, 72 and 144 h of storage. Blood morphological analysis, platelet aggregation, and the expression of activation markers were evaluated. MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentration, activity, and gene expression were assessed. Platelet aggregation decreased, and platelet activation marker expression increased during the storage. D concentrates showed the lowest level of platelet activation. In turn, leukocyte-depleted PCs showed the highest level of platelet activation in general. MMP-9 platelet activity was higher in leukocyte-containing concentrates at the end of the storage period. We concluded that the filtration process leads to a higher platelet activation level. The presence of doxycycline in PCs reduces the expression of the activation markers as compared to leukocyte-depleted concentrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Rak-Pasikowska
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Haematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A St., 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kornela Hałucha
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Haematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A St., 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
- Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, 12 Hirszfeld Square, 53-413 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sapa-Wojciechowska
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Haematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A St., 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aneta Wrzyszcz
- Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, 12 Hirszfeld Square, 53-413 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wioletta Gałuszka
- Professor Tadeusz Dorobisz Regional Centre for Blood Donation and Haemotherapy in Wrocław, Red Cross 5/9 St., 50-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Pęcak-Solińska
- Professor Tadeusz Dorobisz Regional Centre for Blood Donation and Haemotherapy in Wrocław, Red Cross 5/9 St., 50-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Iwona Bil-Lula
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Haematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A St., 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
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3
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De Paoli SH, Patel M, Elhelu OK, Tarandovskiy ID, Tegegn TZ, Simak J. Structural analysis of platelet fragments and extracellular vesicles produced by apheresis platelets during storage. Blood Adv 2024; 8:207-218. [PMID: 37967384 PMCID: PMC10787271 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Platelets (PLTs) for transfusion can be stored for up to 7 days at room temperature (RT). The quality of apheresis PLTs decreases over storage time, which affects PLT hemostatic functions. Here, we characterized the membranous particles produced by PLT storage lesion (PSLPs), including degranulated PLTs, PLT ghosts, membrane fragments, and extracellular membrane vesicles (PEVs). The PSLPs generated in apheresis platelet units were analyzed on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of RT storage. A differential centrifugation and a sucrose density gradient were used to separate PSLP populations. PSLPs were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (EM), flow cytometry (FC), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). PSLPs have different morphologies and a broad size distribution; FC and NTA showed that the concentration of small and large PSLPs increases with storage time. The density gradient separated 3 PSLP populations: (1) degranulated PLTs, PLT ghosts, and large PLT fragments; (2) PEVs originated from PLT activation and organelles released by necrotic PLTs; and (3) PEV ghosts. Most PSLPs expressed phosphatidyl serine and induced thrombin generation in the plasma. PSLPs contained extracellular mitochondria and some had the autophagosome marker LC3. PSLPs encompass degranulated PLTs, PLT ghosts, large PLT fragments, large and dense PEVs, and low-density PEV ghosts. The activation-related PSLPs are released, particularly during early stage of storage (days 1-3), and the release of apoptosis- and necrosis-related PSLPs prevails after that. No elevation of LC3- and TOM20-positive PSLPs indicates that the increase of extracellular mitochondria during later-stage storage is not associated with PLT mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia H De Paoli
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Mehulkumar Patel
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Oumsalama K Elhelu
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Ivan D Tarandovskiy
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
- Hemostasis Branch, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center of Biologics Evaluations and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Tseday Z Tegegn
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Jan Simak
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
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4
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Burnouf T, Chou ML, Lundy DJ, Chuang EY, Tseng CL, Goubran H. Expanding applications of allogeneic platelets, platelet lysates, and platelet extracellular vesicles in cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and targeted drug delivery. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:79. [PMID: 37704991 PMCID: PMC10500824 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are small anucleated blood cells primarily known for their vital hemostatic role. Allogeneic platelet concentrates (PCs) collected from healthy donors are an essential cellular product transfused by hospitals to control or prevent bleeding in patients affected by thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunctions. Platelets fulfill additional essential functions in innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation, as well as in wound-healing and tissue-repair mechanisms. Platelets contain mitochondria, lysosomes, dense granules, and alpha-granules, which collectively are a remarkable reservoir of multiple trophic factors, enzymes, and signaling molecules. In addition, platelets are prone to release in the blood circulation a unique set of extracellular vesicles (p-EVs), which carry a rich biomolecular cargo influential in cell-cell communications. The exceptional functional roles played by platelets and p-EVs explain the recent interest in exploring the use of allogeneic PCs as source material to develop new biotherapies that could address needs in cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and targeted drug delivery. Pooled human platelet lysates (HPLs) can be produced from allogeneic PCs that have reached their expiration date and are no longer suitable for transfusion but remain valuable source materials for other applications. These HPLs can substitute for fetal bovine serum as a clinical grade xeno-free supplement of growth media used in the in vitro expansion of human cells for transplantation purposes. The use of expired allogeneic platelet concentrates has opened the way for small-pool or large-pool allogeneic HPLs and HPL-derived p-EVs as biotherapy for ocular surface disorders, wound care and, potentially, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoarthritis, and others. Additionally, allogeneic platelets are now seen as a readily available source of cells and EVs that can be exploited for targeted drug delivery vehicles. This article aims to offer an in-depth update on emerging translational applications of allogeneic platelet biotherapies while also highlighting their advantages and limitations as a clinical modality in regenerative medicine and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- International Ph.D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Li Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David J Lundy
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Er-Yuan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Li Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hadi Goubran
- Saskatoon Cancer Centre and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
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5
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Widyaningrum R, Wu YW, Delila L, Lee DY, Wang TJ, Burnouf T. In vitro evaluation of platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs) for corneal endothelial regeneration. Platelets 2022; 33:1237-1250. [PMID: 35949054 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2022.2105829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) slowly decrease in number with increasing age, which is a clinical issue as these cells have very limited regenerative ability. Therapeutic platelet biomaterials are increasingly used in regenerative medicine and cell therapy because of their safety, cost-effective manufacture, and global availability from collected platelet concentrates (PCs). Platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are a complex mixture of potent bioactive vesicles rich in molecules believed to be instrumental in tissue repair and regeneration. In this study we investigated the feasibility of using a PEVs preparation as an innovative regenerative biotherapy for corneal endothelial dysfunction. The PEVs were isolated from clinical-grade human PC supernatants by 20,000 × g ultracentrifugation and resuspension. PEVs exhibited a regular, fairly rounded shape, with an average size of <200 nm and were present at a concentration of approximately 1011 /mL. PEVs expressed cluster of differentiation 41 (CD41) and CD61, characteristic platelets membrane markers, and CD9 and CD63. ELISA and LC-MS/MS proteomic analyses revealed that the PEVs contained mixtures of growth factors and multiple other trophic factors, as well as proteins related to extracellular exosomes with functional activities associated with cell cadherin and adherens pathways. CECs treated with PEVs showed increased viability, an enhanced wound-healing rate, stronger proliferation markers, and an improved adhesion rate. PEVs did not exert cellular toxicity as evidenced by the maintenance of cellular morphology and preservation of corneal endothelial proteins. These findings clearly support further investigations of PEV biomaterials in animal models for translation as a new CEC regeneration biotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifa Widyaningrum
- International PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yu-Wen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liling Delila
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Yao Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International PhD Program in Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Nebie O, Buée L, Blum D, Burnouf T. Can the administration of platelet lysates to the brain help treat neurological disorders? Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:379. [PMID: 35750991 PMCID: PMC9243829 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) and brain traumatic insults are characterized by complex overlapping pathophysiological alterations encompassing neuroinflammation, alterations of synaptic functions, oxidative stress, and progressive neurodegeneration that eventually lead to irreversible motor and cognitive dysfunctions. A single pharmacological approach is unlikely to provide a complementary set of molecular therapeutic actions suitable to resolve these complex pathologies. Recent preclinical data are providing evidence-based scientific rationales to support biotherapies based on administering neurotrophic factors and extracellular vesicles present in the lysates of human platelets collected from healthy donors to the brain. Here, we present the most recent findings on the composition of the platelet proteome that can activate complementary signaling pathways in vivo to trigger neuroprotection, synapse protection, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and neurorestoration. We also report experimental data where the administration of human platelet lysates (HPL) was safe and resulted in beneficial neuroprotective effects in established rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, and stroke. Platelet-based biotherapies, prepared from collected platelet concentrates (PC), are emerging as a novel pragmatic and accessible translational therapeutic strategy for treating neurological diseases. Based on this assumption, we further elaborated on various clinical, manufacturing, and regulatory issues that need to be addressed to ensure the ethical supply, quality, and safety of HPL preparations for treating neurodegenerative and traumatic pathologies of the CNS. HPL made from PC may become a unique approach for scientifically based treatments of neurological disorders readily accessible in low-, middle-, and high-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouada Nebie
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, 59045, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, 59045, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, 59000, Lille, France
- NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, 59045, Lille, France.
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, 59000, Lille, France.
- NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, Univ. Lille, Lille, France.
- NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- International PhD Program in Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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7
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Hermida-Nogueira L, García Á. Extracellular vesicles in the transfusion medicine field: The potential of proteomics. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000089. [PMID: 33754471 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In transfusion centres, blood components are divided and stored following specific guidelines. The storage temperature and time vary among the blood cells but all of them release extracellular vesicles (EVs) under blood bank conditions. The clinical impact of such vesicles in blood components for transfusion is an object of debate, but should be considered and is being investigated. In this context, proteomics is an excellent tool to study the cargo and composition of EVs derived from red blood cells and platelets, since such vesicles are enriched in lipids and proteins. The development of quantitative mass spectrometry techniques and the evolution of bioinformatics have allowed the identification of novel EVs biomarkers for different diseases. In this context, the application of high coverage proteomic tools to the analysis of EVs in the transfusion medicine field would provide information about storage lesions and possible transfusion adverse reactions. This viewpoint article approaches the potential of proteomics to investigate the impact of EVs in blood bank transfusion components, especially red blood cells and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Hermida-Nogueira
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ángel García
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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8
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Cacic D, Reikvam H, Nordgård O, Meyer P, Hervig T. Platelet Microparticles Protect Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Cells against Daunorubicin-Induced Apoptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081870. [PMID: 33919720 PMCID: PMC8070730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of platelets in cancer development and progression is increasingly evident, and several platelet-cancer interactions have been discovered, including the uptake of platelet microparticles (PMPs) by cancer cells. PMPs inherit a myriad of proteins and small RNAs from the parental platelets, which in turn can be transferred to cancer cells following internalization. However, the exact effect this may have in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is unknown. In this study, we sought to investigate whether PMPs could transfer their contents to the THP-1 cell line and if this could change the biological behavior of the recipient cells. Using acridine orange stained PMPs, we demonstrated that PMPs were internalized by THP-1 cells, which resulted in increased levels of miR-125a, miR-125b, and miR-199. In addition, co-incubation with PMPs protected THP-1 and primary AML cells against daunorubicin-induced cell death. We also showed that PMPs impaired cell growth, partially inhibited cell cycle progression, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and induced differentiation toward macrophages in THP-1 cells. Our results suggest that this altering of cell phenotype, in combination with decrease in cell activity may offer resistance to daunorubicin-induced apoptosis, as serum starvation also yielded a lower frequency of dead and apoptotic cells when treated with daunorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cacic
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway; (O.N.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (H.R.); (T.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Oddmund Nordgård
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway; (O.N.); (P.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Peter Meyer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway; (O.N.); (P.M.)
| | - Tor Hervig
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (H.R.); (T.H.)
- Laboratory of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haugesund Hospital, 5528 Haugesund, Norway
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9
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Cognasse F, Hally K, Fauteux-Daniel S, Eyraud MA, Arthaud CA, Fagan J, Mismetti P, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Laradi S, Garraud O, Larsen P. Effects and Side Effects of Platelet Transfusion. Hamostaseologie 2021; 41:128-135. [PMID: 33711849 DOI: 10.1055/a-1347-6551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from their canonical role in hemostasis, it is increasingly recognized that platelets have inflammatory functions and can regulate both adaptive and innate immune responses. The main topic this review aims to cover is the proinflammatory effects and side effects of platelet transfusion. Platelets prepared for transfusion are subject to stress injury upon collection, preparation, and storage. With these types of stress, they undergo morphologic, metabolic, and functional modulations which are likely to induce platelet activation and the release of biological response modifiers (BRMs). As a consequence, platelet concentrates (PCs) accumulate BRMs during processing and storage, and these BRMs are ultimately transfused alongside platelets. It has been shown that BRMs present in PCs can induce immune responses and posttransfusion reactions in the transfusion recipient. Several recent reports within the transfusion literature have investigated the concept of platelets as immune cells. Nevertheless, current and future investigations will face the challenge of encompassing the immunological role of platelets in the scope of transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Cognasse
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM U1059, University of Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet-Saint-Etienne, France, France
| | - Kathryn Hally
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Cardiovascular Research Group, Wellington, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sebastien Fauteux-Daniel
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM U1059, University of Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet-Saint-Etienne, France, France
| | - Marie-Ange Eyraud
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM U1059, University of Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet-Saint-Etienne, France, France
| | - Charles-Antoine Arthaud
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM U1059, University of Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet-Saint-Etienne, France, France
| | - Jocelyne Fagan
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM U1059, University of Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet-Saint-Etienne, France, France
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM U1059, University of Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet-Saint-Etienne, France, France
| | - Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM U1059, University of Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet-Saint-Etienne, France, France
| | - Sandrine Laradi
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Étienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM U1059, University of Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet-Saint-Etienne, France, France
| | - Olivier Garraud
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM U1059, University of Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet-Saint-Etienne, France, France
| | - Peter Larsen
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Cardiovascular Research Group, Wellington, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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10
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Heinzmann AC, Karel MF, Coenen DM, Vajen T, Meulendijks NM, Nagy M, Suylen DP, Cosemans JM, Heemskerk JW, Hackeng TM, Koenen RR. Complementary roles of platelet αIIbβ3 integrin, phosphatidylserine exposure and cytoskeletal rearrangement in the release of extracellular vesicles. Atherosclerosis 2020; 310:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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The effect of pathogen inactivation on cryoprecipitate: a functional and quantitative evaluation. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2020; 18:454-464. [PMID: 33000752 DOI: 10.2450/2020.0077-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a pooled donor blood product, cryoprecipitate (cryo) carries risks of pathogen transmission. Pathogen inactivation (PI) improves the safety of cryoprecipitate, but its effects on haemostatic properties remain unclear. This study investigated protein expression in samples of pathogen inactivated cryoprecipitate (PI-cryo) using non-targeted quantitative proteomics and in vitro haemostatic capacity of PI-cryo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole blood (WB)- and apheresis (APH)-derived plasma was subject to PI with INTERCEPT® Blood System (Cerus Corporation, Concord, CA, USA) and cryo was prepared from treated plasma. Protein levels in PI-cryo and paired controls were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Functional haemostatic properties of PI-cryo were assessed using a microparticle (MP) prothrombinase assay, thrombin generation assay, and an in vitro coagulopathy model subjected to thromboelastometry. RESULTS Over 300 proteins were quantified across paired PI-cryo and controls. PI did not alter the expression of coagulation factors, but levels of platelet-derived proteins and platelet-derived MPs were markedly lower in the WB PI-cryo group. Compared to controls, WB (but not APH) cryo samples demonstrated significantly lower MP prothrombinase activity, prolonged clotting time, and lower clot firmness on thromboelastometry after PI. However, PI did not affect overall thrombin generation variables in either group. DISCUSSION Data from this study suggest that PI via INTERCEPT® Blood System does not significantly impact the coagulation factor content or function of cryo but reduces the higher MP content in WB-derived cryo. PI-cryo products may confer benefits in reducing pathogen transmission without affecting haemostatic function, but further in vivo assessment is warranted.
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Millar D, Hayes C, Jones J, Klapper E, Kniep JN, Luu HS, Noland DK, Petitti L, Poisson JL, Spaepen E, Ye Z, Maurer-Spurej E. Comparison of the platelet activation status of single-donor platelets obtained with two different cell separator technologies. Transfusion 2020; 60:2067-2078. [PMID: 32729161 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microparticle content (MP%) of apheresis platelets-a marker of platelet activation-is influenced by donor factors and by external stressors during collection and storage. This study assessed the impact of apheresis technology and other factors on the activation status (MP%) of single-donor apheresis platelets. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Data from six US hospitals that screened platelets by measuring MP% through dynamic light scattering (ThromboLUX) were retrospectively analyzed. Relative risks (RRs) were derived from univariate and multivariable regression models, with activation rate (MP% ≥15% for plasma-stored platelets; ≥10% for platelet additive solution [PAS]-stored platelets) and MP% as outcomes. Apheresis platform (Trima Accel vs Amicus), storage medium (plasma vs PAS), pathogen reduction, storage time, and testing location were used as predictors. RESULTS Data were obtained from 7511 platelet units collected using Trima (from 16 suppliers, all stored in plasma, 20.0% were pathogen-reduced) and 2456 collected using Amicus (from four different collection facilities of one supplier, 65.0% plasma-stored, 35.0% PAS-stored, none pathogen-reduced). Overall, 30.0% of Trima platelets were activated compared to 45.6% of Amicus platelets (P < .0001). Multivariable analysis identified apheresis platform as significantly associated with platelet activation, with a lower activation rate for Trima than Amicus (RR: 0.641, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.578; 0.711, P < .0001) and a 6.901% (95% CI: 5.926; 7.876, P < .0001) absolute reduction in MP%, when adjusting for the other variables. CONCLUSION Trima-collected platelets were significantly less likely to be activated than Amicus-collected platelets, irrespective of the storage medium, the use of pathogen reduction, storage time, and testing site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Millar
- Department of Integrated Engineering, University of British Columbia and MistyWest Research and Engineering Lab, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chelsea Hayes
- Department of Pathology, Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jessica Jones
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Ellen Klapper
- Department of Pathology, Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joel N Kniep
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hung S Luu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Health, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel K Noland
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Health, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Zhan Ye
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Elisabeth Maurer-Spurej
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Centre for Blood Research and Canadian Blood Services, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Poppe A, Moritz E, Geffken M, Schreiber J, Greiwe G, Amschler K, Wruck M, Schwedhelm E, Daum G, Kluge S, Peine S, Winkler MS. Analyses of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate in the context of transfusion: how much is in stored blood products and in patient blood? Transfusion 2019; 59:3071-3076. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Poppe
- Clinic and Policlinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Medicine Rostock Rostock Germany
| | - Eileen Moritz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of General PharmacologyUniversity Medicine Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - Maria Geffken
- Institute of Transfusion MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Joerg Schreiber
- Center for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy and Palliative MedicineBenedictus Krankenhaus Tutzing Tutzing Germany
| | - Gillis Greiwe
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Katharina Amschler
- Department of Allergology and VenerologyUniversity Medicine Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Marie‐Louise Wruck
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Edzard Schwedhelm
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Günter Daum
- Clinic and Policlinic for Vascular MedicineUniversity Heart Center, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute of Transfusion MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Martin Sebastian Winkler
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Medicine Göttingen Göttingen Germany
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14
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Lipid mediators in platelet concentrate and extracellular vesicles: Molecular mechanisms from membrane glycerophospholipids to bioactive molecules. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1168-1182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Valkonen S, Mallas B, Impola U, Valkeajärvi A, Eronen J, Javela K, Siljander PRM, Laitinen S. Assessment of Time-Dependent Platelet Activation Using Extracellular Vesicles, CD62P Exposure, and Soluble Glycoprotein V Content of Platelet Concentrates with Two Different Platelet Additive Solutions. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 46:267-275. [PMID: 31700509 DOI: 10.1159/000499958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel analytical measures are needed to accurately monitor the properties of platelet concentrates (PCs). Since activated platelets produce platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), analyzing EVs of PCs may provide additional information about the condition of platelets. The prospect of using EVs as an auxiliary measure of platelet activation state was investigated by examining the effect of platelet additive solutions (PASs) on EV formation and platelet activation during PC storage. The time-dependent activation of platelets in PCs with PAS-B or with the further developed PAS-E was compared by measuring the exposure of CD62P by flow cytometry and the content of soluble glycoprotein V (sGPV) of PCs by an immunoassay. Changes in the concentration and size distribution of EVs were determined using nanoparticle tracking analysis. A time-dependent increase in platelet activation in PCs was demonstrated by increased CD62P ex-posure, sGPV content, and EV concentration. Using these strongly correlating parameters, PAS-B platelets were shown to be more activated compared to PAS-E platelets. Since the EV concentration correlated well with the established platelet activation markers CD62P and sGPV, it could potentially be used as a complementary parameter for platelet activation for PCs. More detailed characterization of the resulting EVs could help to understand how the PC components contribute the functional effects of transfused PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Valkonen
- EV Group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Birte Mallas
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla Impola
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Juha Eronen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaija Javela
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia R-M Siljander
- EV Group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Lotens A, de Valensart N, Najdovski T, Acquart S, Cognasse F, Rapaille A. Influence of platelet preparation techniques on in vitro storage quality after psoralen-based photochemical treatment using new processing sets for triple-dose units. Transfusion 2018; 58:2942-2951. [PMID: 30362131 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The INTERCEPT Blood System (IBS) for platelets (PLTs) uses a combination of psoralen and ultraviolet-A light to inactivate pathogens that may contaminate PLT concentrates (PCs). However, no data are available on the quality of IBS-treated PLTs from different apheresis and buffy-coat PC preparation platforms using the new triple storage (TS) set. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The objective of this study was to evaluate the TS set on three different preparation platforms compared with the large-volume (LV) set, as control. PLT in vitro metabolic and activation parameters were studied over 7 days. RESULTS Several statistical differences are observed between the two sets, particularly for pH, oxygen pressure (pO2 ), carbonic gaz pressure (pCO2 ), and bicarbonate. The three different preparation techniques influence PLT parameters, and the difference is statistically significant for all the studied parameters, except for pCO2 . The TS set has the advantage of shorter compound adsorption device time, higher PLT recoveries, and less PLT activation. CONCLUSION Results from the measured metabolic parameters and PLT variables obtained from PCs treated by LV and TS sets indicated good PLT function preservation up to 7 days of storage. The in vitro assessment results demonstrated acceptable PLT function for transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Lotens
- Service du Sang, Belgian Red Cross, Namur, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Fabrice Cognasse
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Saint-Etienne, France.,Université de Lyon, GIMAP-EA3064, Saint-Etienne, France
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17
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De Paoli SH, Tegegn TZ, Elhelu OK, Strader MB, Patel M, Diduch LL, Tarandovskiy ID, Wu Y, Zheng J, Ovanesov MV, Alayash A, Simak J. Dissecting the biochemical architecture and morphological release pathways of the human platelet extracellular vesiculome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3781-3801. [PMID: 29427073 PMCID: PMC11105464 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs) have emerged as potential mediators in intercellular communication. PEVs exhibit several activities with pathophysiological importance and may serve as diagnostic biomarkers. Here, imaging and analytical techniques were employed to unveil morphological pathways of the release, structure, composition, and surface properties of PEVs derived from human platelets (PLTs) activated with the thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP). Based on extensive electron microscopy analysis, we propose four morphological pathways for PEVs release from TRAP-activated PLTs: (1) plasma membrane budding, (2) extrusion of multivesicular α-granules and cytoplasmic vacuoles, (3) plasma membrane blistering and (4) "pearling" of PLT pseudopodia. The PLT extracellular vesiculome encompasses ectosomes, exosomes, free mitochondria, mitochondria-containing vesicles, "podiasomes" and PLT "ghosts". Interestingly, a flow cytometry showed a population of TOM20+LC3+ PEVs, likely products of platelet mitophagy. We found that lipidomic and proteomic profiles were different between the small PEV (S-PEVs; mean diameter 103 nm) and the large vesicle (L-PEVs; mean diameter 350 nm) fractions separated by differential centrifugation. In addition, the majority of PEVs released by activated PLTs was composed of S-PEVs which have markedly higher thrombin generation activity per unit of PEV surface area compared to L-PEVs, and contribute approximately 60% of the PLT vesiculome procoagulant potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia H De Paoli
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Room 4210, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Tseday Z Tegegn
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Room 4210, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Oumsalama K Elhelu
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Room 4210, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michael B Strader
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Mehulkumar Patel
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Room 4210, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lukas L Diduch
- Dakota Consulting, Inc., 1110 Bonifant St., Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ivan D Tarandovskiy
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Room 4210, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail V Ovanesov
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Abdu Alayash
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Jan Simak
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, WO Bldg. 52/72, Room 4210, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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