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Blaxill JE, Bennett PF. Evaluation of clinical response and prognostic factors in canine multicentric lymphoma treated with first rescue therapy. Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:265-277. [PMID: 38646859 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite an initial strong response in most dogs with multicentric lymphoma treated with chemotherapy, relapse remains common. There is no clearly superior first rescue protocol described either for resistant or relapsed canine multicentric lymphoma. The objectives of this study were to assess clinical response and outcomes for canine multicentric lymphoma treated with first rescue protocols. The secondary objective was to assess prognostic variables for dogs undergoing these protocols. This was a bi-institutional retrospective cohort study. Two hundred and sixty-five dogs were treated with first rescue chemotherapy, including anthracycline-based combination chemotherapy (CHOP-like, n = 50), nitrosourea alkylating agent-rich chemotherapy (n = 45), anthracycline-based or related compound chemotherapy (n = 34), or nitrosourea single-agent chemotherapy (n = 136). The overall median progression free survival time of first rescue protocol was 56.0 days (0-455 days). Important prognostic factors identified for first rescue protocol included the attainment of a complete response to the first rescue chemotherapy (p < .001), the use of a CHOP-like first rescue protocol (p = .009), duration of first remission (HR 0.997, p = .028), and if prednisolone was included in the first rescue protocol (HR 0.41, p = .003). Adverse events (AE) were common, with 81.1% of dogs experiencing at least one AE during first rescue chemotherapy. This study highlights the need for improved first rescue therapies to provide durable remission in canine resistant or relapsed lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Blaxill
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter F Bennett
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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Thamm DH. Novel Treatments for Lymphoma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:477-490. [PMID: 38199913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Lymphoma is a common disease in companion animals. While conventional chemotherapy has the potential to induce remission and prolong life, relapse is common and novel treatments are needed to improve outcome. This review discusses recent modifications/adjustments to conventional standard of care therapy for canine and feline lymphoma, options for treatment or relapsed/refractory disease, and cutting-edge immunotherapy and small molecule-based approaches that are in varying stages of regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1620 USA.
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Duckett ME, Curran KM, Bracha S, Leeper HJ. Retrospective Evaluation of Melphalan, Vincristine, and Cytarabine Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Relapsed Canine Lymphoma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2024; 60:7-14. [PMID: 38175982 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Dogs diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma often relapse following induction therapy within the first year of treatment. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerability of a novel drug combination using melphalan, vincristine, and cytarabine (MOC) for the treatment of relapsed lymphoma. On day 1, dogs were treated with vincristine (0.5-0.6 mg/m2 IV) and cytarabine (300 mg/m2 IV over 4-6 hr or subcutaneously over 2 days). On day 7, dogs were treated with melphalan (20 mg/m2per os). This 2 wk protocol was repeated for at least three cycles or until treatment failure. Twenty-six dogs were treated with MOC and met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-three dogs had toxicity data, and all experienced adverse events with the majority graded as mild. The overall response rate was 38%, which included 19% of dogs who achieved a complete response. The median progression-free survival was 29 days (range 1-280 days). The overall clinical benefit was 65% for a median of 37 days (range 33-280 days). MOC is a safe treatment option for relapsed lymphoma in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Duckett
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University (M.D., K.M.C., H.L.); and
| | - Katie M Curran
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University (M.D., K.M.C., H.L.); and
| | - Shay Bracha
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (S.B.)
| | - Haley J Leeper
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University (M.D., K.M.C., H.L.); and
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Bennett P, Williamson P, Taylor R. Review of Canine Lymphoma Treated with Chemotherapy-Outcomes and Prognostic Factors. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050342. [PMID: 37235425 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
While canine lymphoma is a relatively common and important disease seen by veterinarians, there are limited comprehensive reviews of the literature regarding the remission and survival times following chemotherapy, and the associated prognostic factors. This comprehensive thematic review covers the available veterinary literature covering treatment outcomes and identified prognostic factors. A lack of standardised approaches to evaluate and report the outcomes was identified, including factors that would alter the duration of responses by weeks, or occasionally months. After publication of the suggested reporting criteria, this has improved but is still not uniformly applied. The prognostic factors included for evaluation varied from as few as three to seventeen, with over 50 studies using only univariate analysis. Individual papers reported much longer outcomes than others, but assessing the outcomes overall, there has been minimal change over the last 40 years. This supports the belief that novel approaches for lymphoma therapy will be required to substantively improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bennett
- The Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter Williamson
- The Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rosanne Taylor
- The Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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Limmer S, Nerschbach V, Eberle N, Teske E, Simon Betz D. Efficacy and tolerability of a 12-week combination chemotherapy followed by lomustine consolidation treatment in canine B- and T-cell lymphoma. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:36. [PMID: 36503518 PMCID: PMC9743771 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00660-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade lymphoma in dogs is a chemotherapy-responsive neoplasia with remission rates exceeding 80% under combination chemotherapy protocols. Usually these protocols are intensive and 24 + weeks. The objective of the present study was to investigate if a shorter protocol combined with an oral lomustine maintenance treatment (3 × in 8 weeks) would present an acceptable result, both for B- and T-cell lymphomas, and for the different types of lymphomas normally encountered in private veterinary practice. RESULTS 144 dogs entered the study. Lymphoma types included multicentric (n = 123), alimentary (n = 13), miscellaneous (n = 7), and mediastinal lymphoma (n = 1). Overall response rate was 83.3% (B-cell: 86.6%, T-cell: 79.4%). Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 72.2% (B-cell: 77.3%, T-cell: 67.6%) and partial remission (PR) in 11.1% (B-cell: 9.3%, T-cell: 11.8%) of the dogs. Median duration of first CR amounted to 242 days (B-cell: 263 d, T-cell: 161 d). Median survival in dogs with CR was 374 days (B-cell: 436 d, T-cell: 252 d), and median overall survival time was 291 days (B-cell: 357d, T-cell: 210d). Immunophenotype demonstrated an independent significant influence on duration of remission and survival in the whole group. Findings of splenic and hepatic cytology were not significant associated with patient outcome. Treatment was well tolerated; the majority of adverse events were classified as grade 1 or 2. CONCLUSIONS Short-term chemotherapy followed by lomustine consolidation leads to compara-ble remission and survival times compared to conventional protocols with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone with acceptable toxicosis in dogs with both B-cell and T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Limmer
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Small Animal Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, Gebäude 280, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Nerschbach
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Small Animal Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, Gebäude 280, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Eberle
- Center for Small Animal Medicine, VetSpezial, Im Kornfeld 7, 31275 Lehrte, Germany
| | - Erik Teske
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.154, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Simon Betz
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Small Animal Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, Gebäude 280, 30559 Hannover, Germany ,Independent Scientific Writing, Translation & Consultancy Clinical Oncology, Bünteweg 9, Gebäude 280, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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O'Connell K, Thomson M, Morgan E, Henning J. Procarbazine, prednisolone and cyclophosphamide (PPC) oral combination chemotherapy protocol for canine lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:613-622. [PMID: 35338560 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Orally administered daily chemotherapy offers a novel treatment approach for canine lymphoma in a population of dogs that have failed or not tolerated maximum tolerable dose chemotherapy. A multidrug oral chemotherapy protocol was designed and implemented for the treatment of fifty dogs with multicentric lymphoma with minimal side effects. The protocol consisted of oral procarbazine, prednisolone and cyclophosphamide (PPC) administered daily. Efficacy and toxicity were evaluated by clinical and laboratory evaluation. An overall response rate of 70% was achieved, with 24% and 46% of dogs having a partial and complete response, respectively, to treatment with the PPC protocol. Response to the PPC protocol (complete or partial) and age were the only factors identified as prognostic for time from initiation of the PPC chemotherapy until death. Overall, the protocol was very well tolerated with only one dog requiring protocol discontinuation due to grade 4 thrombocytopenia. Eight dogs recorded gastrointestinal toxicities, seven grade I and one grade II toxicity. These findings demonstrate that the administration of a continuous oral combination chemotherapy can provide comparable survival times in the rescue setting in dogs with multicentric lymphoma with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen O'Connell
- Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, 532 Seventeen Mile Rocks Road, Sinnamon Park QLD 4073
| | - Maurine Thomson
- Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, 532 Seventeen Mile Rocks Road, Sinnamon Park QLD 4073
| | - Elizabeth Morgan
- Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, 532 Seventeen Mile Rocks Road, Sinnamon Park QLD 4073
| | - Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
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Smallwood K, Harper A, Blackwood L. Lomustine, methotrexate and cytarabine chemotherapy as a rescue treatment for feline lymphoma. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 23:722-729. [PMID: 33176543 PMCID: PMC8311916 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20972066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of lomustine, methotrexate and cytarabine chemotherapy as rescue treatment for feline lymphoma. Methods The medical records of 13 cats treated with lomustine, methotrexate and cytarabine for relapsed high-grade feline lymphoma, at a single institution between 2013 and 2018, were examined. All anatomical types were included. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results Nine cats received all three drugs and four cats received only two drugs owing to progressive disease. In cats that received (or in which there was intention to treat with) all three drugs, 6/13 (46%) demonstrated a complete or partial response to chemotherapy. Treatment was generally well tolerated, although two cats experienced Veterinary Comparative Oncology Group (VCOG) grade 3 neutropenia and one cat experienced VCOG grade 3 thrombocytopenia. The median progression-free survival was 61 days (range 16–721 days). Conclusions and relevance CHOP-(cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone) and COP-based protocols are established first-line chemotherapy for feline lymphoma, but standard rescue protocols are lacking. Lomustine has become a popular single-agent option, but prolonged or cumulative myelosuppression can result in treatment delays, risking relapse. Therefore, a multidrug lomustine-based protocol may be advantageous, and, from first principles, should also better overcome resistance. This study suggests that lomustine, methotrexate and cytarabine may represent an efficacious and well-tolerated protocol for feline lymphoma rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Smallwood
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Laura Blackwood
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Bohannan Z, Pudupakam RS, Koo J, Horwitz H, Tsang J, Polley A, Han EJ, Fernandez E, Park S, Swartzfager D, Qi NSX, Tu C, Rankin WV, Thamm DH, Lee HR, Lim S. Predicting likelihood of in vivo chemotherapy response in canine lymphoma using ex vivo drug sensitivity and immunophenotyping data in a machine learning model. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:160-171. [PMID: 33025640 PMCID: PMC7894155 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a precision medicine platform that evaluates the probability of chemotherapy drug efficacy for canine lymphoma by combining ex vivo chemosensitivity and immunophenotyping assays with computational modelling. We isolated live cancer cells from fresh fine needle aspirates of affected lymph nodes and collected post‐treatment clinical responses in 261 canine lymphoma patients scheduled to receive at least 1 of 5 common chemotherapy agents (doxorubicin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, lomustine and rabacfosadine). We used flow cytometry analysis for immunophenotyping and ex vivo chemosensitivity testing. For each drug, 70% of treated patients were randomly selected to train a random forest model to predict the probability of positive Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VCOG) clinical response based on input variables including antigen expression profiles and treatment sensitivity readouts for each patient's cancer cells. The remaining 30% of patients were used to test model performance. Most models showed a test set ROC‐AUC > 0.65, and all models had overall ROC‐AUC > 0.95. Predicted response scores significantly distinguished (P < .001) positive responses from negative responses in B‐cell and T‐cell disease and newly diagnosed and relapsed patients. Patient groups with predicted response scores >50% showed a statistically significant reduction (log‐rank P < .05) in time to complete response when compared to the groups with scores <50%. The computational models developed in this study enabled the conversion of ex vivo cell‐based chemosensitivity assay results into a predicted probability of in vivo therapeutic efficacy, which may help improve treatment outcomes of individual canine lymphoma patients by providing predictive estimates of positive treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jamin Koo
- ImpriMed, Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA.,ImpriMed Korea, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chantal Tu
- SAGE Veterinary Centers, Dublin, California, USA
| | | | - Douglas H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Hye-Ryeon Lee
- ImpriMed, Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA.,ImpriMed Korea, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Lim
- ImpriMed, Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA.,ImpriMed Korea, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Subcutaneous B Cell Lymphoma in a Dog from the West Indies. Case Rep Vet Med 2020; 2020:3695130. [PMID: 32047701 PMCID: PMC7007956 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3695130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A 9-year-old male castrated mixed-breed dog from the West Indies was presented for multiple, nonpainful, nodular, circumscribed, subcutaneous masses located on the dorsum, lateral thorax, head, forelimbs, and scrotum. En bloc surgical resection of a mass on the right paw, left forehead, and left medial forelimb with proportional margins was performed. Three punch biopsies were taken from the masses located along the right lateral flank. Histopathologic and immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination of the skin lesions revealed a diagnosis of subcutaneous B cell lymphoma. Thoracic radiographs and abdominal ultrasound were negative for signs of gross metastatic disease. Chemotherapeutic intervention included intravenous doxorubicin (30 mg/m2) administered at 3-week intervals for 3 treatments and oral prednisone (2 mg/kg/d) for 3 weeks. There were no complications following the chemotherapy protocol. As of 3 years, there has been no regrowth of the tumors and the patient continues to be cancer free. To date, this is the first reported case of subcutaneous B cell lymphoma diagnosed in a dog treated successfully with gross tumor resection and chemotherapy.
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Smallwood K, Tanis J, Grant IA, Blackwood L, Killick DR, Amores‐Fuster I, Elliott J, Mas A, Harper A, Marrington M, Finotello R. Evaluation of a multi‐agent chemotherapy protocol combining dexamethasone, melphalan, actinomycin D, and cytarabine for the treatment of resistant canine non‐Hodgkin high‐grade lymphomas: a single centre's experience. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:165-173. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Smallwood
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston UK
| | - Jean‐Benoit Tanis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston UK
| | - Iain A. Grant
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston UK
| | - Laura Blackwood
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston UK
| | - David R. Killick
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston UK
| | - Isabel Amores‐Fuster
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston UK
| | - James Elliott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston UK
| | - Aran Mas
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston UK
| | - Aaron Harper
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston UK
| | - Mary Marrington
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston UK
| | - Riccardo Finotello
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus Neston UK
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