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Pye E, Ward R. Hyperkalaemia in a greyhound under general anaesthesia. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Pye
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus Roslin UK
| | - Rob Ward
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus Roslin UK
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Ivasovic F, Matos JN, Wyler M, Glaus TM. Effects of Breed, Exercise, and a Two-Month Training Period on NT-proBNP-Levels in Athletic Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010016. [PMID: 36611627 PMCID: PMC9817725 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) is a cardiac biomarker used to detect myocardial wall stress. Physical activity and cardiac disease can affect serum NTproBNP concentrations. In people, different types of physical activity have different effects on NTproBNP. Our hypothesis was that physical activity and training have an effect on NTproBNP concentrations depending on the type of exercise and the intensity. Seven German Shepherd dogs (GSD) under military training performing short bursts of fast-paced interval exercise and seven Eurohounds (EHs) training for racing competition with endurance exercise were included in the study. Blood samples were taken at enrollment (T0) and after a two-month (T2mth) training period; on both occasions, the samples were acquired before and after physical exercise. An echocardiographic evaluation was performed at T0. Echocardiographic heart size was larger in the EHs compared to the GSDs. The NTproBNP concentration was higher in the EHs than in the GSDs before and after exercise at T0 and T2mth. Echocardiographic parameters of heart size and wall thickness correlated with NTproBNP at T0 before and after exercise. Exercise induced an elevation of NTproBNP in the EHs at T0 and T2mth, while in the GSDs this was observed only at T0. In the EHs, post exercise was associated with higher NTproBNP at T2mth compared to T0, while in the GSDs the opposite pattern was noticed. From our study, the serum NTproBNP concentration differs between breeds. Intense physical activity causes an increase in NTproBNP. A two-month training period does not affect the NTproBNP concentration at rest. Intense physical activity may increase NTproBNP above the reference range in individual dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frane Ivasovic
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - J. Novo Matos
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Tony M. Glaus
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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Harr KE, Gordon SG, Baumwart RD, Feldgreber R, Spiro MR. Analytical validation of a novel point‐of‐care immunoassay for canine N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide analysis. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:398-407. [PMID: 35312100 PMCID: PMC9544283 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) is a widely used point‐of‐care (POC) cardiac biomarker in human medicine. Canine NT‐proBNP is used less in veterinary medicine, possibly due to the lack of a POC canine NT‐proBNP assay resulting in temporal delay, increased degradation in transport, and high reported variability in the available assay. A new quantitative POC analyzer allows fast, onsite measurement of NT‐proBNP, minimizing preanalytical error and reducing variability. Objective We aimed to analytically validate an NT‐proBNP assay (Vcheck) according to American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) specifications. Methods Archived and prospective plasma and serum samples were collected from male and female, client‐owned dogs of various breeds with cardiac abnormalities (n = 81) and a healthy control population (n = 225). Precision, accuracy, analytical sensitivity, and specificity, and other statistical analyses were performed. Results Imprecision was considered acceptable with a coefficient of variation ranging from 9% at 4000 pmol/L to 20% at 600 pmol/L. The lower limit of quantitation was 650 pmol/L based on repetitive measures evaluation. Comparison of the Vcheck assay with the Cardiopet NT‐proBNP assay revealed an excellent correlation with minimal bias when preanalytical factors were controlled. Significant degradation of NT‐proBNP occurred when current methods were used at refrigerated and room temperatures, which could change diagnostic and prognostic decision‐making. Age‐partitioned reference intervals have high reference values of 750 pmol/L and 1280 pmol/L for juvenile and adult dogs, respectively. Conclusions The Vcheck NT‐ProBNP assay provides analytically acceptable results. Onsite testing can minimize variability related to preanalytical error and provide clinically useful contemporaneous results. Samples should be centrifuged immediately and analyzed within 2 hours of collection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonya G. Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Ryan D. Baumwart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WA USA
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Brennan C, Gunasekaran T, Sanders RA. Evaluation of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels in healthy North American Salukis with normal echocardiographic measurements. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260079. [PMID: 35100273 PMCID: PMC8803176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels has been shown to have clinical significance for diagnosis and management of heart disease in dogs. Evaluation of current reference limits for specific breeds is necessary to ensure the test can accurately distinguish between healthy and diseased animals. The objective of this study is to evaluate the adequacy of currently established NT-proBNP reference limits for clinical use in healthy Salukis. Cardiac health of 33 clinically healthy Salukis was evaluated via echocardiography using available breed standards. Plasma concentrations of NT-proBNP were measured using a commercially available assay. A one-sided 97.5% upper reference limit for the NT-proBNP concentrations was calculated using non-parametric percentile method. The 97.5% upper reference limit was 769 pmol/L (90% CI, 547–1214 pmol/L) for the study dogs. This upper reference limit was within the currently established non-breed specific NT-proBNP upper reference limit of 900 pmol/L. No relationship between sex, age, or body weight on plasma levels of NT-proBNP was noted. Results of this study supports the use of currently available non-breed specific NT-proBNP cut-off values for clinical evaluation of healthy Salukis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Brennan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tamilselvam Gunasekaran
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Sanders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hanås S, Holst BS, Höglund K, Häggström J, Tidholm A, Ljungvall I. Effect of feline characteristics on plasma N-terminal-prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide concentration and comparison of a point-of-care test and an ELISA test. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1187-1197. [PMID: 32200578 PMCID: PMC7255655 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased plasma concentration of N-terminal-prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) can be detected in cats with cardiac disease. Potential effects of feline characteristics on NT-proBNP concentration may influence clinical usefulness. OBJECTIVES To evaluate potential effects of feline characteristics on NT-proBNP plasma concentration and to compare NT-proBNP plasma concentrations in healthy cats with results in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) cats with or without left atrial enlargement (LAE) using an ELISA and a point-of-care test (POCT), and assess if POCT results reflect ELISA results. ANIMALS One hundred healthy cats of 3 breeds and 39 HCM cats were included. METHODS Diseases other than HCM were excluded by physical examination, blood pressure measurement, echocardiography, hematology, and serum biochemistry. RESULTS Higher NT-proBNP concentrations were found in males than in females in healthy (P = .005) and in HCM cats (P = .0021), but breed had no effect on NT-proBNP concentrations. Using ≥100 pmol/L as a cutoff for abnormal samples, ELISA and POCT had similar sensitivity (SE; 72 and 74%) and specificity (SP; 97 and 98%) for detecting cats with HCM, cats with HCM and LAE (SE, both 100%; SP, 97 versus 98%), and cats with HCM without LAE (SE, both 69%; SP, 97 versus 98%), respectively, when compared to healthy cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Breed had no effect on plasma NT-proBNP concentrations, but higher concentrations were found in male than in female cats. The ELISA and POCT had similar SE and SP for detecting HCM. Both tests could identify all HCM cats with LAE but not all HCM cats without LAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Hanås
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital Strömsholm, Sweden
| | - Bodil S Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katja Höglund
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Tidholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Anicura Albano Animal Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mattin MJ, Boswood A, Church DB, Brodbelt DC. Prognostic factors in dogs with presumed degenerative mitral valve disease attending primary-care veterinary practices in the United Kingdom. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:432-444. [PMID: 30357909 PMCID: PMC6430873 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prognostic risk factors were identified for dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) monitored by veterinary cardiologists. The value of these measurements has not been determined in the wider primary care setting. Objectives To evaluate whether plasma cardiac biomarkers and data obtained from routine history‐taking and physical examination are predictive of survival in dogs with DMVD attending primary care practice. Animals Eight‐hundred and ninety‐three dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of DMVD recruited from 79 primary care veterinary practices in the United Kingdom. Methods Prospective cohort study. Primary care veterinary practitioners recorded clinical data. Plasma N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were measured at presentation. Cox regression models evaluated associations between risk factor variables and hazard of death (all‐cause mortality and cardiac‐related death). Flexible parametric models generated predicted survival probabilities for dogs with different combinations of prognostic risk factor variable values. Results Dogs with higher NT‐proBNP and cTnI concentrations, higher heart rates, older dogs, females, and those reported to be exercise intolerant, dyspneic, and diagnosed with selected comorbidities had an increased hazard of death due to any cause. Dogs with higher concentrations of plasma biomarkers, higher heart rates, and heart murmur intensities, those with exercise intolerance and those receiving potent diuretics had a higher hazard of cardiac‐related death. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Cardiac biomarkers and key clinical findings identified in this study can help primary care veterinary practitioners identify dogs with DMVD that are at highest risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Mattin
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, The United Kingdom
| | - A Boswood
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, The United Kingdom
| | - D B Church
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, The United Kingdom
| | - D C Brodbelt
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, The United Kingdom
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Santana C, Paiva J, Mucha C, Alencar N. Avaliação dos níveis plasmáticos do peptídeo natriurético NT-proBNP em cães da raça Poodle em diferentes estágios da doença valvar crônica mitral. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A doença valvar crônica mitral (DVCM) é comum em cães e pode não causar sintomas clínicos da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) durante anos. O peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP) é armazenado nos miócitos ventriculares e secretado para circulação com seu fragmento NT-proBNP, quando ocorre aumento. Este estudo avaliou os níveis plasmáticos do peptídeo natriurético NT-proBNP em cães da raça Poodle em diferentes estágios da DVCM, seguindo as diretrizes do American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM, 2009). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para determinação do biomarcador NT-proBNP para comparação entre grupos. As medianas do NT-proBNP nos grupos estudados foram: 551pmol/L (controle), 302pmol/L (grupo B1), 1.033pmol/L (grupo B2), 954pmol/L (grupo C) e 5.541pmol/L (grupo D). Mediante o uso de um ponto de corte ideal de >709pmol/L, foi possível identificar os cães com aumento cardíaco verdadeiro daqueles sem aumento cardíaco, com sensibilidade de 75% e especificidade de 100%. O NT-proBNP aumentou de acordo com o avanço dos estágios da DVCM, sendo os estágios B2, C e D aqueles com valores mais elevados desse biomarcador. Para o estágio B2, a mensuração do NT-proBNP mostrou ser uma excelente ferramenta para diagnosticar precocemente o aumento cardíaco em cães da raça Poodle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J.P. Paiva
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hunt H, Cave N, Bridges J, Gedye K, Hill K. Plasma NT-proBNP and Cell-Free DNA Concentrations after Prolonged Strenuous Exercise in Working Farm Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:135-141. [PMID: 29197094 PMCID: PMC5787186 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration is increased in dogs with myocardial dysfunction, and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) increases in numerous disease states. In humans, both of these biomarkers can be altered after endurance exercise. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of prolonged strenuous exercise on circulating NT-proBNP and cfDNA concentrations in working farm dogs. ANIMALS Six healthy, privately owned working farm dogs (4 Huntaways and 2 heading dogs) from the same hill country farm in New Zealand. METHODS Prospective, nonrandomised cohort study. Venous blood samples were collected before and after the dogs worked over 4 days. Plasma NT-proBNP concentrations were measured by a commercially available ELISA assay and cfDNA concentrations were determined by fluorometry without prior DNA extraction. RESULTS The baseline (before work, Day 1) median plasma NT-proBNP concentration was 664 pmol/L. A linear mixed-effects model showed that work increased plasma NT-proBNP concentrations by 101 ± 9% (P < 0.001), but with each consecutive day of work, NT-proBNP concentrations declined by 16 ± 4% (P < 0.001). The baseline median plasma cfDNA concentration was 653 ng/mL, and plasma cfDNA concentrations increased by 138 ± 45 ng/mL after work (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The plasma concentration of NT-proBNP in healthy Huntaways and heading dogs after work can exceed the upper limit of the reference range. Results in dogs sampled on the day of prolonged strenuous exercise should be interpreted with caution. Plasma concentrations of cfDNA also increase with exercise, but further studies are needed to establish reference ranges in healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Hunt
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - N. Cave
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - J. Bridges
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - K. Gedye
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - K. Hill
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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de Lima GV, Ferreira FDS. N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptides in dogs and cats: A technical and clinical review. Vet World 2017; 10:1072-1082. [PMID: 29062197 PMCID: PMC5639106 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1072-1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are quantitative indicators of biological processes performed by an organ or system. In recent years, natriuretic peptides (NPs) have emerged as important tools in the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of heart diseases. Research has shown that serum and plasma levels of N-terminal pro brain NP (NT-proBNP) in dogs and cats are the only biomarkers that afford to diagnose and monitor congestive processes and, indirectly, the myocardial function of small animals. The present review discusses the peer-reviewed specialized literature about NT-proBNP and presents and compares the potential clinical applications of this NP in veterinary medicine of small animals, considering diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis of myocardial or systemic diseases. The relevance of NT-proBNP is associated with sample stability, easy determination in laboratory, sensitivity, accuracy, and the possibility to analyze myocardial function. These advantages are specially important when NT-proBNP is compared with other cardiac biomarkers, mostly those that indicate the integrity of the myocardial cell. Fast NT-proBNP assays are marketed today and may be used in association with complementary tests. Together, these methods are an important source of information in differential diagnosis of heart and lung diseases as well in the early diagnosis of cardiopathy in dogs and cats, proving valuable tools in treatment and prognosis.
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Pelander L, Häggström J, Ley CJ, Ljungvall I. Cardiac Troponin I and Amino-Terminal Pro B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Dogs With Stable Chronic Kidney Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:805-813. [PMID: 28370332 PMCID: PMC5435054 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased concentrations of N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in dogs with azotemia have been documented. Knowledge of mechanisms behind increased concentrations of cardiac biomarkers in dogs with azotemia is warranted for correct interpretation of test results. Objectives The aim of the article was to investigate possible associations between plasma concentrations of cTnI and NT‐proBNP, respectively, and patient characteristics, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a plasma volume factor (PVF) derived from scintigraphic examination (PVf), systolic blood pressure (SBP), selected hematologic and biochemical variables, and echocardiographic measurements in dogs with stable chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in healthy dogs. Animals Fifty student‐, staff‐, and client‐owned dogs were included. Twenty‐three of the dogs were healthy and 27 were diagnosed with CKD. Methods In this cross‐sectional observational study, dogs with a previous diagnosis of CKD and healthy control dogs were included. At inclusion, all dogs were characterized by physical examination, repeated blood pressure measurements, complete urinalysis, hematology and biochemistry panel, echocardiography, abdominal ultrasound examination of the entire urinary tract, and scintigraphic examination for measurement of GFR. Results Plasma volume factor and PCV were independently associated with NT‐proBNP (Radj2 = 0.42; P < .0001). Age, body weight (BW), and SBP were independently associated with cTnI (Radj2 = 0.50; P < .0001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Neither NT‐proBNP nor cTnI concentrations were independently associated with measured GFR. Thus, findings were not suggestive of passive accumulation of either marker, suggesting that increased circulating concentrations of cTnI and NT‐proBNP can be interpreted similarly in dogs with stable CKD as in dogs without CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pelander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C J Ley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
This article summarizes the relevant definitions related to biomarkers; reviews the general processes related to biomarker discovery and ultimate acceptance and use; and finally summarizes and reviews, to the extent possible, examples of the types of biomarkers used in animal species within veterinary clinical practice and human and veterinary drug development. We highlight opportunities for collaboration and coordination of research within the veterinary community and leveraging of resources from human medicine to support biomarker discovery and validation efforts for veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Myers
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20855;
| | - Emily R Smith
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20855;
| | - Phillip G Turfle
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20855;
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Locatelli C, Spalla I, Zanaboni AM, Brambilla PG, Bussadori C. Assessment of right ventricular function by feature-tracking echocardiography in conscious healthy dogs. Res Vet Sci 2016; 105:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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