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Lefrançois J, Otis C, Moreau M, Visser M, Bessey L, Gonzales A, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Troncy E, Sauvé F. Comparison of intradermal and serum testing for environmental allergen-specific immunoglobulin E determination in a laboratory colony of cats with naturally acquired atopic syndrome. Vet Dermatol 2024; 35:305-316. [PMID: 38192079 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen testing is used to select antigens included in the desensitisation vaccine. Intradermal skin test (IDT) is the gold standard in cats, yet allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E serological testing (ASIS) is often used. Feline data are lacking regarding the agreement between IDT and ASIS results. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The first objective of the study was to establish a colony of cats with naturally acquired feline atopic syndrome (FAS). Further objectives were to define their hypersensitivity disorder to detail the allergen tests results, and to assess similarity between the allergen tests. ANIMALS Thirty-five cats with FAS and 10 control cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enrolled cats went through a five phase-screening and quarantine process before joining the colony. An elimination diet trial was performed on all FAS cats. ASIS and IDT were consecutively performed on all cats under sedation. RESULTS Reactions to 34 allergens were compiled for the 45 cats. Global sensitivity and specificity of ASIS were 34.7% and 78.9%, respectively. Only flea (ICC = 0.26, p = 0.040) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (ICC = 0.48, p < 0.001) allergens had a significant intraclass correlation (weak agreement). Two FAS cats had negative tests including one cat with a concomitant food allergy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study depicts the first reported colony of cats with naturally acquired FAS. This is the first feline study to compare and show the poor agreement between allergen tests with a panel of 34 allergens. This colony also harbours two cats with FAS with negative allergen tests. These may represent the first described cats with an intrinsic form of atopic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lefrançois
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Colombe Otis
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxim Moreau
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marike Visser
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development (VMRD), Zoetis Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Lauren Bessey
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development (VMRD), Zoetis Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrea Gonzales
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development (VMRD), Zoetis Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, CHUM Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, CHUM Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Sauvé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Xu B, Tang L, Huang W, Xie S, Ye J, Luo G. Meta-analysis of the adoption of omalizumab in the treatment of pediatric allergic diseases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29365. [PMID: 38681537 PMCID: PMC11053211 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Allergic diseases are common chronic conditions in children, omalizumab has a wide range of adoptions in various diseases. A meta-analysis was implemented to demonstrate the efficacy of omalizumab in the therapy of pediatric allergic diseases. Materials and methods English databases were searched. The search terms included "Omalizumab", "Children", "Allergic asthma", and "Atopic dermatitis". The literature was screened regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data were extracted and analyzed using RevMan5.3. Results a total of six suitable studies, comprising 2761 patients, were selected for inclusion. The meta-analysis results implied that at 24 weeks, OR for worsening of symptoms in children was 0.10 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.03-0.41), Z = 3.24, P = 0.001 (P < 0.05); at 52 weeks, OR was 0.27 (95 % CI 0.09-0.83), Z = 2.28, P = 0.02 (P < 0.05); and during treatment, OR for adverse events in children was 0.87 (95 % CI 0.60-1.29), Z = 0.68, P = 0.49 (P > 0.05). Conclusion the study comprised six investigations that examined the effectiveness of omalizumab in treating pediatric allergic diseases. The findings demonstrated that, in comparison to standard treatment, omalizumab can greatly alleviate allergy-related clinical symptoms in children, slow down disease progression, and has a higher safety profile with fewer adverse reactions. These results have practical implications and highlight the potential value of omalizumab in pediatric allergy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihua Xu
- Department of Pediatric, Dongguan Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523127, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lingqun Tang
- Department of Pediatric, Dongguan Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523127, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenzhen Huang
- Department of Pediatric, Dongguan Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523127, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shubin Xie
- Department of Pediatric, Dongguan Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523127, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiaxin Ye
- Department of Pediatric, Dongguan Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523127, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guiping Luo
- Department of Pediatric, Dongguan Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, 523127, Guangdong Province, China
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Martini F, Rostaher A, Favrot C, Fischer NM. Open trial of recombinant Der f 2 pullulan-conjugated immunotherapy in cats. Vet Dermatol 2024; 35:175-183. [PMID: 38073305 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allermmune HDM (Zenoaq) is a recombinant Dermatophagoides farinae 2 (Der f 2) pullulan-based immunotherapy vaccine whose efficacy on house dust mite allergic dogs has been demonstrated. There is no published information on its use in cats. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to evaluate the safety and short-term effects of Allermmune HDM in Dermatophagoides farinae (Df)-sensitised cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven cats diagnosed with atopic skin syndrome received Allermmune weekly for six weeks then monthly for three months (total duration 18 weeks). On Weeks 0, 6 and 18 clinical lesions were assessed by the Feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (FEDESI); owners assessed pruritus with a 10-cm Visual Analog Scale (pVAS). Concurrent medication use was recorded. The allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E were measured before study inclusion with a commercial serological assay. RESULTS There were no evident adverse effects. FEDESI and pVAS improved significantly after six weeks (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively). The pretreatment Df-specific IgE levels were significantly higher in the cats with improved clinical scores than in the cats with no clinical score change (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Allermmune HDM may be safe in cats and has the potential to alleviate signs of atopic skin syndrome. Allergen-specific IgE levels may represent an efficacy marker. Controlled studies of longer duration and larger sample size are worth pursuing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Martini
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Rostaher
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina M Fischer
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Segarra S, Bošnjak I, Mioč I, Čurčija B, Csik VA, Krešić S, Romero-Rueda J, Rodríguez A, Martínez-Puig D. Yeast-Derived Nucleotides Enhance Fibroblast Migration and Proliferation and Provide Clinical Benefits in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2890. [PMID: 38474135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides, glycosaminoglycans, and omega-3 essential fatty acids (O3s) could be used for improving skin health, although their modes of action, alone or in combination, are not yet fully understood. To gain some insight into these mechanisms, we performed two in vitro tests and one in vivo pilot trial. The effects on human dermal fibroblast proliferation and migration were evaluated with the following compounds and combinations: 0.156 mg/mL O3s, 0.0017 mg/mL hyaluronic acid (HA), 0.0004 mg/mL dermatan sulfate (DS), 0.0818 mg/mL nucleotides, and [O3s + HA + DS] and [O3s + HA + DS + nucleotides] at the same concentrations. In both in vitro assays, adding nucleotides to [O3s + HA + DS] provided significant improvements. The resulting combination [O3s + HA + DS + nucleotides] was then tested in vivo in dogs with atopic dermatitis by oral administration of a supplement providing a daily amount of 40 mg/kg nucleotides, 0.9 mg/kg HA, 0.18 mg/kg DS, 53.4 mg/kg EPA, and 7.6 mg/kg DHA. After 30 days, the pruritus visual analog scale (pVAS) score was significantly reduced, and no adverse effects were observed. In conclusion, the combination of nucleotides plus glycosaminoglycans and O3s could serve as a useful therapeutic alternative in skin health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Segarra
- R&D Bioiberica S.A.U., Av. dels Països Catalans, 34, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ivica Bošnjak
- Veterinarska Ambulanta Bošnjak & Mioč doo, Dinka Šimunovića 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Igor Mioč
- Veterinarska Ambulanta Bošnjak & Mioč doo, Dinka Šimunovića 2A, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Bojana Čurčija
- Veterinarska Ambulanta Luna doo, Trg Matije Gupca 48, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | | | - Srećko Krešić
- Veterinarska Ambulanta RiVet doo, Istarska 15, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jessica Romero-Rueda
- Health & Biomedicine Department, LEITAT Technological Center, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Rodríguez
- Health & Biomedicine Department, LEITAT Technological Center, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Martínez-Puig
- R&D Bioiberica S.A.U., Av. dels Països Catalans, 34, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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Ji Y, Yang Y, Wu Z. Programming of metabolic and autoimmune diseases in canine and feline: linkage to the gut microbiome. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106436. [PMID: 37913827 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and autoimmune disorders have long represented challenging health problems because of their growing prevalence in companion animals. The gut microbiome, made up of trillions of microorganisms, is implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Similar to human beings, the complicated microbiome harbored in the gut of canines and felines emerges as a key factor determining a wide range of normal and disease conditions. Evidence accumulated from recent findings on canine and feline research uncovered that the gut microbiome is actively involved in host metabolism and immunity. Notably, the composition, abundance, activity, and metabolites of the gut microbiome are all elements that shape clinical outcomes concerning metabolism and immune function. This review highlights the implications of the gut microbiome for metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes, and hepatic lipidosis) and autoimmune diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis, asthma, and myasthenia gravis) in canine and feline animals, providing novel strategies and therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of pet diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Bradley CW, Mauldin EA, Morris DO. A review of cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in dogs: A diagnostician's guide to allergy. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:783-795. [PMID: 37515434 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231189298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Allergic dermatoses are common in people and domestic animals. Resultant lesions are routinely biopsied and submitted for histological examination to confirm a diagnosis or rule out diseases with overlapping or atypical clinical features. Diagnostic pathologists and clinicians are often faced with the difficult task of determining whether an allergic reaction pattern is present on both the microscopic and macroscopic levels and correlating histopathologic findings with clinical and historical data to achieve a precise clinical diagnosis. The bulk of the current veterinary literature on allergic dermatoses focuses on atopic dermatitis in dogs, distantly followed by cats, horses, and other animals. The objectives of this review are to demonstrate the key histopathologic and clinical diagnostic features of the various allergy-mediated reaction patterns, and to provide diagnosticians with a practical guide for clinicopathological correlations. Current concepts in the pathophysiology of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, with a focus on atopic dermatitis, are discussed. Points of potential histopathologic overlap between the "classic" allergic reaction pattern and less common inflammatory, predominately eosinophilic, conditions that may mimic this pattern will be discussed with the goal of highlighting the critical need for collaboration between pathologists and clinicians in furthering patient care.
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Miller J, Simpson A, Bloom P, Diesel A, Friedeck A, Paterson T, Wisecup M, Yu CM. 2023 AAHA Management of Allergic Skin Diseases in Dogs and Cats Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2023; 59:255-284. [PMID: 37883677 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
These guidelines present a systematic approach to diagnosis, treatment, and management of allergic skin diseases in dogs and cats. The guidelines describe detailed diagnosis and treatment plans for flea allergy, food allergy, and atopy in dogs and for flea allergy, food allergy, and feline atopic skin syndrome in cats. Management of the allergic patient entails a multimodal approach with frequent and ongoing communication with the client. Obtaining a comprehensive history is crucial for diagnosis and treatment of allergic skin diseases, and the guidelines describe key questions to ask when presented with allergic canine and feline patients. Once a detailed history is obtained, a physical examination should be performed, a minimum dermatologic database collected, and treatment for secondary infection, ectoparasites, and pruritus (where indicated) initiated. The process of diagnosing and managing allergic skin disease can be prolonged and frustrating for clients. The guidelines offer recommendations and tips for client communication and when referral to a dermatologist should be considered, to improve client satisfaction and optimize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Miller
- Animal Dermatology Clinic, Louisville, Kentucky (J.M.)
| | | | - Paul Bloom
- Allergy, Skin and Ear Clinic for Pets, Livonia, Michigan (P.B.)
| | - Alison Diesel
- Animal Dermatology Clinic-Austin, Austin, Texas (A.D.)
| | | | - Tara Paterson
- St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada (T.P.)
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Segarra S, Sanmiguel D, Zuriaga E, Leclerc S, Cabañas J, Seigneuric E, Miquel A, Vázquez A, Ferrer L. Sphingomyelin-Rich Lipid Extract Collar for Canine Atopic Dermatitis. Vet Sci 2023; 10:389. [PMID: 37368775 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is complex, and it needs to be multimodal, combining topical and systemic therapies. Given that the currently available options are not always totally effective and might have some associated adverse effects, novel alternatives are needed. For this reason, a new collar for CAD was developed with 2.5% of a sphingomyelin-rich lipid extract (LE) with proven benefits for skin health. The release of the active ingredient when incorporated into the collar was tested in vitro, showing an adequate kinetic profile. Then, the efficacy and safety of the collar were assessed in 12 client-owned dogs with CAD in a pilot study. After eight weeks, the dogs experienced significant clinical improvements on the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)-4, Pruritus Index for Canine Atopic Dermatitis (PCAD) and Pruritus Visual Analogue Scale (PVAS) scores, without any adverse effects. Additionally, further in vitro studies were performed, indicating that this LE collar should be compatible with antiparasitic collars (with deltamethrin or imidacloprid/flumethrin) if worn simultaneously. Given the observed benefits of this LE collar, combining it with other CAD therapies could potentially allow for drug sparing, reduction in adverse effects, enhanced owner compliance, and reduced treatment costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Segarra
- R&D Bioiberica S.A.U., Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 34, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - David Sanmiguel
- Clínica Veterinaria Wecan De Carreres, Avinguda Mutxamel, 1, Local 2, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Eliseo Zuriaga
- Hospital Veterinario Global, Carrer Laminacio, 18, 46520 Port de Sagunt, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Cabañas
- R&D Bioiberica S.A.U., Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 34, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Vázquez
- Servei d'Estadística Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, C5b/111, Edifici C, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, S/N, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Vargo C, Howerth EW, Banovic F. Transcriptome analysis of selected cytokine and chemokines in the eosinophilic plaques of cats with atopic skin syndrome. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:40-45. [PMID: 36193628 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous evaluations of cytokine and chemokine gene expressions [messenger (m)RNA] in the skin of allergic cats were mostly unsuccessful in detecting the T-helper 2 (Th2) pathway, which is associated with the major effector cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To evaluate differences in the mRNA expression in eosinophilic plaques of cats diagnosed with feline atopic skin syndrome (FASS) compared to healthy controls. ANIMALS Four client-owned cats with FASS with eosinophilic plaques and five healthy control cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gene expressions (mRNA) of 14 cytokines and chemokines from eosinophilic plaque skin of cats with FASS and site-matched skin samples from healthy controls were analysed using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis. RESULTS Eosinophilic plaques were characterized by upregulation of Th2 cytokines IL-4 (p ≤ 0.01), IL-5 (p ≤ 0.01) and IL-13 (p ≤ 0.01) and Th2-attracting chemokine CCL17 (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, there was higher expression of S100 calcium-binding protein A 8 (p ≤ 0.01) as well as C-X-C Motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10; p ≤ 0.01), IL-10 (p ≤ 0.05) and the Th17 cytokine IL-17A (p ≤ 0.01) in lesional skin compared to healthy samples. There was no difference in gene expressions of IL-12A, IL-31, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or CCL5. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results demonstrate that eosinophilic plaques feature dominant Th2 and IL-17A inflammatory responses in the skin. Further larger-sample transcriptome studies are needed to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of different skin lesions in FASS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Vargo
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Kifleyohannes T, Olstad I, Jiménez-Meléndez A, Lambert EBJ, Ingvaldsen I, Robertson LJ. Nothrus mite as a potential cause of exacerbation of pruritus in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2023; 9:20551169231165640. [PMID: 37187464 PMCID: PMC10176559 DOI: 10.1177/20551169231165640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Morphological and molecular approaches were used to identify arthropods associated with feline pruritus. The literature associated with the arthropod genus identified was reviewed. Methods On two occasions (summer 2020 and summer 2021), the owner of a cat with seasonal pruritus (commenced 2020) found the cat's bed was substantially infested with arthropods suspected of being associated with exacerbated pruritus. The pruritus was largely itching and hair loss, particularly on the abdomen, and flaking skin patches. On the second occasion (2021), examples of the arthropods were sent to the parasitology laboratory at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences for identification. They were examined by stereomicroscopy and tentatively identified based on morphology. DNA was extracted, and identification confirmed by PCR and sequencing. The literature was reviewed to determine whether this arthropod genus has previously been considered to be associated with pruritus or the infestation of mammals. Results Based on morphological characteristics, the arthropods were tentatively identified as Nothrus species mites. This was confirmed by PCR. A literature review found no previous reports of pruritus or other clinical signs associated with Nothrus species mites, and mites were not found on the cat. However, this mite has previously been found on small mammals at densities exceeding that expected of incidental stragglers. Conclusions and relevance The large number of Nothrus species mites could have exacerbated the cat's pruritus. By publishing this study, we hope to alert veterinarians to the possibility that Nothrus species mites may cause or exacerbate pruritus in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Olstad
- Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Elliott Brice J Lambert
- Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Lucy J Robertson PhD, Parasitology, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15,
Ås, N-1433, Norway
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Hunter E, Place E, Foster A. Is oclacitinib a suitable alternative to oral glucocorticoids for the control of pruritus in cats? Vet Rec 2022; 191:304-306. [DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Place
- Bristol Veterinary School University of Bristol Langford UK
| | - Aiden Foster
- Bristol Veterinary School University of Bristol Langford UK
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Carrasco I, Ferrer L, Puigdemont A. Efficacy of oclacitinib for the control of feline atopic skin syndrome: correlating plasma concentrations with clinical response. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:787-793. [PMID: 34612749 PMCID: PMC10812271 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211048458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a new therapeutic regimen of oclacitinib for the control of feline atopic skin syndrome (FASS) and to correlate plasma levels of this drug with clinical effects. METHODS Twenty-eight client-owned cats with a clinical diagnosis of FASS were recruited. Oclacitinib was administered at 1 mg/kg q12h for 2 weeks and then at 1 mg/kg q24h for a further 2 weeks. At the study outset (D0), and 7 (D7) and 28 (D28) days after starting treatment, clinical lesions were assessed using a validated scoring system (SCORing Feline Allergic Dermatitis [SCORFAD]) and pruritus was graded via an adapted visual analogue scale (PVAS). At the same time points, plasma oclacitinib levels and haematological variables were measured. RESULTS Among 18 cats completing the study, PVAS and SCORFAD improved by ⩾50% in 61% and 88% of animals, respectively. Mean PVAS decreased significantly between D0 and D7 and between D0 and D28 (both P <0.001) but not between D7 and D28. Likewise, mean SCORFAD values decreased significantly between D0 and D7 and between D0 and D28 (both P <0.001) but not between D7 and D28. On D7 and D28, plasma oclacitinib concentrations varied widely from 0 to 1443.2 ng/ml and from from 0 to 1177.7 ng/ml, respectively. Oclacitinib concentrations showed no correlation with clinical effects (SCORFAD and PVAS). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Oclacitinib emerged as being safe and effective to control clinical signs of FASS. A mean dose of 1 mg/kg, even without extending twice-daily treatment beyond the first 2 weeks, could be a suitable therapeutic regimen. Plasma drug levels did not seem useful to predict clinical response during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Carrasco
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Ferrer
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Puigdemont
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Brame BE, Canning P, Morris DO, Drobatz KJ, Rook K, Cain CL. Interobserver reliability of Feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (FEDESI) and Scoring Feline Allergic Dermatitis (SCORFAD) and the relationship between lesion scores and pruritus. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:492-e135. [PMID: 34338388 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (FEDESI) and Scoring Feline Allergic Dermatitis (SCORFAD) are scales used to assess lesion severity in cats with allergic dermatitis. Interobserver reliability has not been assessed for either. HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVES To determine interobserver reliability for FEDESI and SCORFAD, and the relationship between lesion scores and pruritus. ANIMALS Thirty-eight cats presenting for pruritus. METHODS AND MATERIALS Each cat's lesions were scored by two observers at each visit using both FEDESI and SCORFAD (n = 117 paired observations). Spearman's rho was calculated to assess correlation between scales and between each scale and the owner-reported pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS). Concordance correlation coefficients were calculated between observers for each scale, and Bland-Altman plots were used to visually represent the relationship between paired scores. RESULTS FEDESI and SCORFAD were strongly positively correlated with one another (rho = 0.84, P < 0.001). Each scale showed fair correlation with pVAS (rho = 0.42, P < 0.001; rho = 0.38, P < 0.001, respectively). There was good concordance between observers for both scales, with a correlation coefficient of 0.77 for FEDESI and 0.80 for SCORFAD [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 95%, confidence interval (CI) 0.69-0.83; ICC 95%, CI 0.72-0.86, respectively]. Median lesion score was low (FEDESI 20; SCORFAD 4), which may improve interobserver reliability. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE There is good interobserver reliability for both FEDESI and SCORFAD. FEDESI and SCORFAD are positively correlated with one another and with pVAS. These findings support use of both scales in clinical research and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey E Brame
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Peter Canning
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel O Morris
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth J Drobatz
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn Rook
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christine L Cain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Marsella R. Atopic Dermatitis in Domestic Animals: What Our Current Understanding Is and How This Applies to Clinical Practice. Vet Sci 2021; 8:124. [PMID: 34357916 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8070124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a clinical syndrome that affects both people and animals. Dogs closely mimic the complexity of the human skin disease, and much progress has been made in recent years in terms of our understanding of the role of skin impairment and the identification of new treatments. Cats and horses also develop atopic syndromes which include both cutaneous and respiratory signs, yet studies in these species are lagging. It is now recognized that atopic dermatitis is not a single disease but a multifaceted clinical syndrome with different pathways in various subgroups of patients. Appreciating this complexity is clinically relevant as we develop more targeted treatments which may work well in some patients but not in others. Different phenotypes of atopic dermatitis have been described in dogs, and it is possible that phenotypes related to breed and age may exist in other animals similar to how they are described in people. The awareness of different mechanisms of disease leads to the desire to correlate different phenotypes with specific biomarkers and responses to treatment. In this review, the current understanding and updated information on atopic syndrome in animals are described, highlighting opportunities for further studies in the future.
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Vargo C, Gogal R, Barber J, Austel M, Banovic F. Characterisation of the serum cytokine profile in feline atopic skin syndrome. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:485-e133. [PMID: 34180094 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline atopic skin syndrome (FASS) is a pruritic and inflammatory skin disease commonly encountered in cats. Three previous reports evaluated cytokine immune activation in cats diagnosed with feline allergic dermatitis. However, no significant upregulations were observed in allergic cats compared to healthy controls. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To evaluate differences in the serum cytokine profile of cats diagnosed with FASS compared to healthy cats, and correlate serum markers with the extent of FASS skin disease using clinical scoring systems. ANIMALS Thirteen client-owned FASS cats and 12 healthy control cats. METHODS AND MATERIALS Thirteen cytokine and chemokines from the serum of FASS cats and healthy controls were analysed using a commercially available feline-specific multiplex assay. RESULTS Patients with FASS had a significant increase in serum concentrations of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-13 and IL-18. In addition, cytokine/chemokines involved in inflammation and chemotaxis [IL-8, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand (CCL)5, CCL2 and CXCL12], as well as growth factors, stem cell factor and Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), also were significantly elevated. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.64) between the serum levels of Flt3L and Scoring Feline Allergic Dermatitis (SCORFAD) score was observed. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the activation of a broad array of immune secretory cytokines in the serum of cats with FASS, which are largely associated with a mixed Th1 and Th2 inflammatory response along with specific growth factors. Further larger-sample studies are needed to assess the modulation of serum biomarkers in FASS by pharmacological/therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Vargo
- Departments of, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Robert Gogal
- Department of, Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - James Barber
- Department of, Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michaela Austel
- Departments of, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Frane Banovic
- Departments of, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Santoro D, Archer L, Fagman L. Intradermal immunotherapy with actinomycetales preparations as treatment for feline atopic syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:638-e170. [PMID: 33890342 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline atopic syndrome (FAS) is a common disease. Single intradermal injections of heat-killed actinomycetales have shown beneficial effects in canine allergies. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical effects of heat-killed actinomycetales [Gordonia bronchialis (GB) and Rodococcus coprophilus (RC)], alone or in combination, in FAS. METHODS AND MATERIALS Privately owned cats with a diagnosis of FAS were assigned randomly in three treatment groups (GB, RC and GB/RC combination) or placebo. Five intradermal injections were performed over a one year period. At each visit [Day (D)0, D20, D40, D60, D90, D180 and D365], clinical signs, global owner assessment score, use of rescue medications, clinical adverse effects, skin hydration and cutaneous pH were assessed. RESULTS Seventeen cats were enrolled. When compared to the placebo group and improvement in treatment GB was sustained from D90. When compared with D0 significant improvement in the GB group was seen from D60. Over one year, a complete remission of the clinical signs was seen in 30-67% of cats in the treatment groups. A reduction in the pruritus score was seen for RC after 365 days of treatment (P = 0.04). Differences in the other variables were not seen. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The use of multiple intradermal injections of heat-killed GB shows promise as effective and well-tolerated treatment for FAS. Because of the low cost and the lack of adverse effects, GB could be a beneficial treatment option for FAS. A larger study is needed to confirm these data and to evaluate the immunological changes occurring in the treated cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Linda Archer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lana Fagman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Mueller RS, Nuttall T, Prost C, Schulz B, Bizikova P. Treatment of the feline atopic syndrome - a systematic review. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:43-e8. [PMID: 33470011 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline allergic skin disease and asthma occur regularly in small animal practice. OBJECTIVES To provide evidence-based recommendations for small animal practitioners on the treatment of feline atopic syndrome (FAS). METHODS AND MATERIALS The authors reviewed the literature available before February 2020, prepared a detailed evidence-based literature review and made recommendations based on the evaluated evidence. RESULTS Sixty-six papers and abstracts were identified describing treatment interventions for FAS and evaluated to establish treatment recommendations. For many treatment options, the papers were retrospective, open studies or case reports. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this review, there was good evidence for the efficacy of systemic glucocorticoids and ciclosporin, and limited evidence for the efficacy of topical glucocorticoids, oclacitinib and allergen-specific immunotherapy in feline atopic skin syndrome. Evidence pointed to low-to-moderate efficacy for antihistamines, fatty acids and palmitoyl ethanolamide. In feline asthma, there was good evidence for the efficacy of oral and inhaled glucocorticoids, and limited evidence of moderate efficacy for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Evidence supported low-to-moderate efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells, inhaled lidocaine and oclacitinib as treatments for feline asthma. For almost all therapeutic options (with the exception of glucocorticoids and ciclosporin), more randomised controlled trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf S Mueller
- Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Bianka Schulz
- Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline diseases of possible allergic origin with similar clinical phenotypes can have a varied underlying pathogenesis. Clinical phenotype, precise aetiology and underlying immunopathogenesis all need to be considered if advances in this neglected area of dermatology are to be made. OBJECTIVES To document the status of research into the immunopathogenesis of the diseases that fall within the spectrum of the feline atopic syndrome (FAS ), to summarize the conclusions, identify the limitations and recommend future research directions. METHODS AND MATERIALS A search of the literature was undertaken. The strengths and validity of the data and the contributions to our current understanding of the immunopathogenesis were analysed. Skin diseases of presumed allergic aetiology and asthma were assessed separately, as was the role of antibodies, cells and cytokines in each. RESULTS The research varied in its quality and its impact often was limited by a failure to employ strict criteria in case selection. This reflected the difficulties of skin reaction patterns associated with a number of inciting causes. Research into feline asthma was handicapped by the difficulties of investigating clinical material, and much of the useful information was derived from experimental models. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The evidence reviewed was supportive of a role for immunoglobulin (Ig)E in the pathogenesis of both feline atopic skin syndrome (FASS) and asthma, albeit not strongly so. The inflammation noted in both FASS and asthma is accompanied by eosinophils and lymphocytes, and these findings, together with the cytokine expression, are suggestive in some (not all) cats of T-helper type 2 immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Halliwell
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr 13, Munich, Germany
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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