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Beckwith-Cohen B, Petersen-Jones SM. Manifestations of systemic disease in the retina and fundus of cats and dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1337062. [PMID: 38444779 PMCID: PMC10912207 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1337062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The fundus is unique in that it is the only part of the body that allows for a noninvasive and uninterrupted view of vasculature and nervous tissue. Utilization of this can be a powerful tool in uncovering salient incidental findings which point to underlying systemic diseases, and for monitoring response to therapy. Retinal venules and arterioles allow the clinician to assess changes in vascular color, diameter, outline, and tortuosity. The retina and optic nerve may exhibit changes associated with increased or decreased thickness, inflammatory infiltrates, hemorrhages, and detachments. While some retinal manifestations of systemic disease may be nonspecific, others are pathognomonic, and may be the presenting sign for a systemic illness. The examination of the fundus is an essential part of the comprehensive physical examination. Systemic diseases which may present with retinal abnormalities include a variety of disease classifications, as represented by the DAMNIT-V acronym, for Degenerative/Developmental, Anomalous, Metabolic, Neoplastic, Nutritional, Inflammatory (Infectious/Immune-mediated/ischemic), Toxic, Traumatic and Vascular. This review details systemic illnesses or syndromes that have been reported to manifest in the fundus of companion animals and discusses key aspects in differentiating their underlying cause. Normal variations in retinal anatomy and morphology are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie Beckwith-Cohen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Stanbury K, Stavinohova R, Pettitt L, Dixon C, Schofield EC, Mclaughlin B, Pettinen I, Lohi H, Ricketts SL, Oliver JA, Mellersh CS. Multiocular defect in the Old English Sheepdog: A canine form of Stickler syndrome type II associated with a missense variant in the collagen-type gene COL11A1. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295851. [PMID: 38153936 PMCID: PMC10754463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiocular defect has been described in different canine breeds, including the Old English Sheepdog. Affected dogs typically present with multiple and various ocular abnormalities. We carried out whole genome sequencing on an Old English Sheepdog that had been diagnosed with hereditary cataracts at the age of five and then referred to a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist due to owner-reported visual deterioration. An ophthalmic assessment revealed that there was bilateral vitreal degeneration, macrophthalmos, and spherophakia in addition to cataracts. Follow-up consultations revealed cataract progression, retinal detachment, uveitis and secondary glaucoma. Whole genome sequence filtered variants private to the case, shared with another Old English Sheepdog genome and predicted to be deleterious were genotyped in an initial cohort of six Old English Sheepdogs (three affected by multiocular defect and three control dogs without evidence of inherited eye disease). Only one of the twenty-two variants segregated correctly with multiocular defect. The variant is a single nucleotide substitution, located in the collagen-type gene COL11A1, c.1775T>C, that causes an amino acid change, p.Phe1592Ser. Genotyping of an additional 14 Old English Sheepdogs affected by multiocular defect revealed a dominant mode of inheritance with four cases heterozygous for the variant. Further genotyping of hereditary cataract-affected Old English Sheepdogs revealed segregation of the variant in eight out of nine dogs. In humans, variants in the COL11A1 gene are associated with Stickler syndrome type II, also dominantly inherited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Stanbury
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Louise Pettitt
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ellen C. Schofield
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Mclaughlin
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Inka Pettinen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sally L. Ricketts
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Cathryn S. Mellersh
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Mischi E, Soukup P, Harman CD, Oikawa K, Kowalska ME, Hartnack S, McLellan GJ, Komáromy AM, Pot SA. Outer retinal thickness and visibility of the choriocapillaris in four distinct retinal regions imaged with spectral domain optical coherence tomography in dogs and cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25 Suppl 1:122-135. [PMID: 35611616 PMCID: PMC9246961 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the outer retinal band thickness and choriocapillaris (CC) visibility in four distinct retinal regions in dogs and cats imaged with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT). To attempt delineation of a fovea‐like region in canine and feline SD‐OCT scans, aided by the identification of outer retinal thickness differences between retinal regions. Methods Spectralis® HRA + OCT SD‐OCT scans from healthy, anesthetized dogs (n = 10) and cats (n = 12) were analyzed. Scanlines on which the CC was identifiable were counted and CC visibility was scored. Outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and the distances from external limiting membrane (ELM) to retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch's membrane complex (RPE/BM) and ELM to CC were measured in the area centralis (AC), a visually identified fovea‐like region, and in regions superior and inferior to the optic nerve head (ONH). Measurements were analyzed using a multilevel regression. Results The CC was visible in over 90% of scanlines from dogs and cats. The ONL was consistently thinnest in the fovea‐like region. The outer retina (ELM‐RPE and ELM‐CC) was thickest within the AC compared with superior and inferior to the ONH in dogs and cats (p < .001 for all comparisons). Conclusions The CC appears a valid, albeit less than ideal outer retinal boundary marker in tapetal species. The AC can be objectively differentiated from the surrounding retina on SD‐OCT images of dogs and cats; a fovea‐like region was identified in dogs and its presence was suggested in cats. These findings allow targeted imaging and image evaluation of these regions of retinal specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mischi
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petr Soukup
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine D Harman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kazuya Oikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Malwina E Kowalska
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Simon A Pot
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Collin GB, Shi L, Yu M, Akturk N, Charette JR, Hyde LF, Weatherly SM, Pera MF, Naggert JK, Peachey NS, Nishina PM, Krebs MP. A Splicing Mutation in Slc4a5 Results in Retinal Detachment and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042220. [PMID: 35216333 PMCID: PMC8875008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid and solute transporters of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are core components of the outer blood–retinal barrier. Characterizing these transporters and their role in retinal homeostasis may provide insights into ocular function and disease. Here, we describe RPE defects in tvrm77 mice, which exhibit hypopigmented patches in the central retina. Mapping and nucleotide sequencing of tvrm77 mice revealed a disrupted 5’ splice donor sequence in Slc4a5, a sodium bicarbonate cotransporter gene. Slc4a5 expression was reduced 19.7-fold in tvrm77 RPE relative to controls, and alternative splice variants were detected. SLC4A5 was localized to the Golgi apparatus of cultured human RPE cells and in apical and basal membranes. Fundus imaging, optical coherence tomography, microscopy, and electroretinography (ERG) of tvrm77 mice revealed retinal detachment, hypopigmented patches corresponding to neovascular lesions, and retinal folds. Detachment worsened and outer nuclear layer thickness decreased with age. ERG a- and b-wave response amplitudes were initially normal but declined in older mice. The direct current ERG fast oscillation and light peak were reduced in amplitude at all ages, whereas other RPE-associated responses were unaffected. These results link a new Slc4a5 mutation to subretinal fluid accumulation and altered light-evoked RPE electrophysiological responses, suggesting that SLC4A5 functions at the outer blood–retinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle B. Collin
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (L.S.); (N.A.); (J.R.C.); (L.F.H.); (S.M.W.); (M.F.P.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Lanying Shi
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (L.S.); (N.A.); (J.R.C.); (L.F.H.); (S.M.W.); (M.F.P.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Minzhong Yu
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (M.Y.); (N.S.P.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nurten Akturk
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (L.S.); (N.A.); (J.R.C.); (L.F.H.); (S.M.W.); (M.F.P.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Jeremy R. Charette
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (L.S.); (N.A.); (J.R.C.); (L.F.H.); (S.M.W.); (M.F.P.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Lillian F. Hyde
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (L.S.); (N.A.); (J.R.C.); (L.F.H.); (S.M.W.); (M.F.P.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Sonia M. Weatherly
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (L.S.); (N.A.); (J.R.C.); (L.F.H.); (S.M.W.); (M.F.P.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Martin F. Pera
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (L.S.); (N.A.); (J.R.C.); (L.F.H.); (S.M.W.); (M.F.P.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Jürgen K. Naggert
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (L.S.); (N.A.); (J.R.C.); (L.F.H.); (S.M.W.); (M.F.P.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Neal S. Peachey
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (M.Y.); (N.S.P.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Patsy M. Nishina
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (L.S.); (N.A.); (J.R.C.); (L.F.H.); (S.M.W.); (M.F.P.); (J.K.N.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.N.); (M.P.K.)
| | - Mark P. Krebs
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (L.S.); (N.A.); (J.R.C.); (L.F.H.); (S.M.W.); (M.F.P.); (J.K.N.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.N.); (M.P.K.)
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Gray AP, Sato Y, Miyadera K, Aguirre GD. Novel insights into chorioretinal and juxtapapillary colobomas by optical coherence tomography. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25 Suppl 1:136-143. [PMID: 35092136 PMCID: PMC9247035 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose was to describe the in vivo microanatomy of typical and atypical chorioretinal and juxtapapillary colobomas in the dog. METHODS Three cross-breed dogs were found to be affected with colobomas. Two of the cases were NEHJ1 homozygous and Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA) affected and had the typical optic nerve head colobomas seen with the disease. The third case had an unexpected atypical coloboma. In vivo retinal photography and non-invasive retinal imaging by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were done, and the eye affected with the atypical coloboma was collected and processed for histopathological evaluation. RESULTS The majority of the defining features within the CEA defects were similar, with the extent of change to the choroid being of note. Similar to the first two cases, the atypical coloboma demonstrated absent normal retina, RPE, and choroid within the coloboma. Prominent intercalary membranes and vitreal strands attached to the depth of the coloboma were also apparent in all affected eyes. However, unlike the CEA-associated colobomas, the atypical coloboma possessed normal choroid surrounding the lesion and the depth of the lesion was apparent throughout. CONCLUSIONS Advanced retinal imaging enables the appreciation of microanatomical changes that occur in the living eye. The ability of OCT to enhance visualization of abnormal retinal structures and detect subtle neurosensory retinal defects has allowed for the in vivo characterization of features observed in typical and atypical colobomas, as well as the appreciation of some of the resulting structural changes not visible by ophthalmoscopy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa P Gray
- Section of Ophthalmology and Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Sato
- Section of Ophthalmology and Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keiko Miyadera
- Section of Ophthalmology and Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gustavo D Aguirre
- Section of Ophthalmology and Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ripolles-Garcia A, Holle DM, Cohen JA, Beltran WA, Aguirre GD. Retinal structural and microvascular abnormalities in retinal dysplasia imaged by OCT and OCT angiography. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25 Suppl 1:193-200. [PMID: 34808028 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the in vivo structural characteristics of multifocal and geographic retinal dysplasia visualized with advanced retinal imaging including confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO), optical coherence tomography (OCT), en face OCT, and the novel vascular imaging technique OCT angiography (OCTA). DOGS STUDIED AND PROCEDURES Two dogs were diagnosed with unilateral multifocal or geographic retinal dysplasia and underwent advanced retinal imaging under general anesthesia at the Retinal Disease Studies Facility of the University of Pennsylvania. RESULTS In both cases, the morphological pattern of the lesions was similar including outer retinal folds that invaginated and formed tubular retinal rosettes, surrounding a central inner retinal thickening (multifocal) or plaque (geographic). The two dogs had multiple vascular anomalies in the lesions such as increased tortuosity, abnormal change of vessel diameter including aneurysms and capillary network disruption. We also identified increased autofluorescence by AF cSLO with short wavelength light source (488 nm and barrier filter at 500 nm), and several areas of photoreceptor loss associated with the lesions. CONCLUSION The use of OCTA allowed the identification of microvascular abnormalities associated with multifocal and geographic retinal dysplasia in two dogs. To our knowledge, this is the first report where the dye-free OCTA technique is used to study vascular lesions in canine retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ripolles-Garcia
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - William A Beltran
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gustavo D Aguirre
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Joyce H, Burmeister LM, Wright H, Fleming L, Oliver JAC, Mellersh C. Identification of a variant in NDP associated with X-linked retinal dysplasia in the English cocker spaniel dog. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251071. [PMID: 33945575 PMCID: PMC8096109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Three related male English Cocker Spaniels (ECS) were reported to be congenitally blind. Examination of one of these revealed complete retinal detachment. A presumptive diagnosis of retinal dysplasia (RD) was provided and pedigree analysis was suggestive of an X-linked mode of inheritance. We sought to investigate the genetic basis of RD in this family of ECS. Methods Following whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the one remaining male RD-affected ECS, two distinct investigative approaches were employed: a candidate gene approach and a whole genome approach. In the candidate gene approach, COL9A2, COL9A3, NHEJ1, RS1 and NDP genes were investigated based on their known associations with RD and retinal detachment in dogs and humans. In the whole genome approach, affected WGS was compared with 814 unaffected canids to identify candidate variants, which were filtered based on appropriate segregation and predicted pathogenic effects followed by subsequent investigation of gene function. Candidate variants were tested for appropriate segregation in the ECS family and association with disease was assessed using samples from a total of 180 ECS. Results The same variant in NDP (c.653_654insC, p.Met114Hisfs*16) that was predicted to result in 15 aberrant amino acids before a premature stop in norrin protein, was identified independently by both approaches and was shown to segregate appropriately within the ECS family. Association of this variant with X-linked RD was significant (P = 0.0056). Conclusions For the first time, we report a variant associated with canine X-linked RD. NDP variants are already known to cause X-linked RD, along with other abnormalities, in human Norrie disease. Thus, the dog may serve as a useful large animal model for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Joyce
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Louise M. Burmeister
- Department of Canine Genetics, Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Hattie Wright
- Department of Canine Genetics, Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Fleming
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - James A. C. Oliver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn Mellersh
- Department of Canine Genetics, Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, United Kingdom
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Osinchuk SC, Sandmeyer LS, Grahn BH. In vivo imaging comparison of unilateral circular retinal plaques in retriever dogs to dysplasia and detachment in the English Springer Spaniel. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:957-963. [PMID: 32990375 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein angiography (FA) findings in retrievers with a single unilateral circular retinal plaque to those of an English springer spaniel with bilateral retinal dysplasia. PROCEDURES A retrospective record review identified three dogs with circular retinal plaques that underwent SLO and OCT; in two of the three dogs, FA was also completed. Morphologic changes, lesion measurements, and angiogram characteristics were documented. An English springer spaniel with bilateral retinal dysplasia that had undergone SLO, OCT, and FA was used for comparison. RESULTS Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy of the retriever dogs revealed circular retinal plaques with a dark periphery located in the tapetal retina. OCT revealed a thickening of the nerve fiber layer corresponding to the circular pattern observed on SLO. Within the circular plaque, the retina was predominantly of normal architecture. FA revealed variable hypofluorescence of both the rim and the center of the circular lesion throughout the early angiogram phases. In the late recirculation phase, small multifocal areas of hyperfluorescence were observed. OCT of geographic retinal dysplasia in the English springer spaniel revealed disorganization of both inner and outer retinal layers, and retinal detachment. CONCLUSIONS Circular plaques observed in the tapetal retina are predominantly formed by a thickening of inner retina, while retinal dysplasia has disorganization of both inner and outer retinal layers. Further etiologic research is needed, including pedigree mapping to determine whether retinal plaques are an acquired or inherited condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Osinchuk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lynne S Sandmeyer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Bruce H Grahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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