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Boyd RF, Petersen-Jones SM. Techniques for subretinal injections in animals. Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38700998 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Subretinal injections are not commonly performed during clinical treatment of animals but are frequently used in laboratory animal models to assess therapeutic efficacy and safety of gene and cell therapy products. Veterinary ophthalmologists are often employed to perform the injections in the laboratory animal setting, due to knowledge of comparative ocular anatomy between species and familiarity with operating on non-human eyes. Understanding the different approaches used for subretinal injection in each species and potential complications that may be encountered is vital to achieving successful and reproducible results. This manuscript provides a summary of different approaches to subretinal injections in the most common animal model species, along with information from published literature and experience of the authors to educate novice or experienced surgeons tasked with performing these injections for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F Boyd
- Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, Michigan, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Beckwith-Cohen B, Petersen-Jones SM. Manifestations of systemic disease in the retina and fundus of cats and dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1337062. [PMID: 38444779 PMCID: PMC10912207 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1337062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The fundus is unique in that it is the only part of the body that allows for a noninvasive and uninterrupted view of vasculature and nervous tissue. Utilization of this can be a powerful tool in uncovering salient incidental findings which point to underlying systemic diseases, and for monitoring response to therapy. Retinal venules and arterioles allow the clinician to assess changes in vascular color, diameter, outline, and tortuosity. The retina and optic nerve may exhibit changes associated with increased or decreased thickness, inflammatory infiltrates, hemorrhages, and detachments. While some retinal manifestations of systemic disease may be nonspecific, others are pathognomonic, and may be the presenting sign for a systemic illness. The examination of the fundus is an essential part of the comprehensive physical examination. Systemic diseases which may present with retinal abnormalities include a variety of disease classifications, as represented by the DAMNIT-V acronym, for Degenerative/Developmental, Anomalous, Metabolic, Neoplastic, Nutritional, Inflammatory (Infectious/Immune-mediated/ischemic), Toxic, Traumatic and Vascular. This review details systemic illnesses or syndromes that have been reported to manifest in the fundus of companion animals and discusses key aspects in differentiating their underlying cause. Normal variations in retinal anatomy and morphology are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie Beckwith-Cohen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Mowat FM, Iwabe S, Aguirre GD, Petersen-Jones SM. Consensus guidelines for nomenclature of companion animal inherited retinal disorders. Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38334230 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Companion animals, namely dogs, cats, and horses, can be affected with many forms of hereditary retinal disease. The number of such diseases characterized in the last decade has increased substantially, and nomenclature is nonstandardized, heterogenous, and confusing. We provide in this viewpoint article consensus guidelines for naming of companion animal hereditary retinal diseases, either prospectively or retrospectively. These consensus guidelines have been developed with the purpose of standardizing nomenclature. We provide examples for the iterative nomenclature process and a comprehensive File S1 on proposed renaming of previously described diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya M Mowat
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Simone Iwabe
- Altasciences Preclinical Scranton, Scott Township, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gustavo D Aguirre
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Petersen-Jones SM, Komáromy AM. Canine and Feline Models of Inherited Retinal Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041286. [PMID: 37217283 PMCID: PMC10835616 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) in cats and dogs provide a rich source of potential models for human IRDs. In many cases, the phenotypes between the species with mutations of the homologous genes are very similar. Both cats and dogs have a high-acuity retinal region, the area centralis, an equivalent to the human macula, with tightly packed photoreceptors and higher cone density. This and the similarity in globe size to that of humans means these large animal models provide information not obtainable from rodent models. The established cat and dog models include those for Leber congenital amaurosis, retinitis pigmentosa (including recessive, dominant, and X-linked forms), achromatopsia, Best disease, congenital stationary night blindness and other synaptic dysfunctions, RDH5-associated retinopathy, and Stargardt disease. Several of these models have proven to be important in the development of translational therapies such as gene-augmentation therapies. Advances have been made in editing the canine genome, which necessitated overcoming challenges presented by the specifics of canine reproduction. Feline genome editing presents fewer challenges. We can anticipate the generation of specific cat and dog IRD models by genome editing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Schall PZ, Winkler PA, Petersen-Jones SM, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Kidd JM. Genome-wide methylation patterns from canine nanopore assemblies. G3 (Bethesda) 2023; 13:jkad203. [PMID: 37681359 PMCID: PMC10627269 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in long-read sequencing have enabled the creation of reference-quality genome assemblies for multiple individuals within a species. In particular, 8 long-read genome assemblies have recently been published for the canine model (dogs and wolves). These assemblies were created using a range of sequencing and computational approaches, with only limited comparisons described among subsets of the assemblies. Here we present 3 high-quality de novo reference assemblies based upon Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing: 2 Bernese Mountain Dogs (BD & OD) and a Cairn terrier (CA611). These breeds are of particular interest due to the enrichment of unresolved genetic disorders. Leveraging advancement in software technologies, we utilized published data of Labrador Retriever (Yella) to generate a new assembly, resulting in a ∼280-fold increase in continuity (N50 size of 91 kbp vs 25.75 Mbp). In conjunction with these 4 new assemblies, we uniformly assessed 8 existing assemblies for generalized quality metrics, sequence divergence, and a detailed BUSCO assessment. We identified a set of ∼400 conserved genes during the BUSCO analysis missing in all assemblies. Genome-wide methylation profiles were generated from the nanopore sequencing, resulting in broad concordance with existing whole-genome and reduced-representation bisulfite sequencing, while highlighting superior overage of mobile elements. These analyses demonstrate the ability of Nanopore sequencing to resolve the sequence and epigenetic profile of canine genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Z Schall
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Paige A Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Vilma Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Kidd
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Bortolini M, Winkler PA, Moreno JCD, Sato MT, Guareschi BLV, Petersen-Jones SM, Montiani-Ferreira F. Preliminary characterization of a novel form of progressive retinal atrophy in the German Spitz dog associated with a frameshift mutation in GUCY2D. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:532-547. [PMID: 36872573 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical, preliminary electroretinographic and optical coherence tomography features of a newly identified form of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in German Spitzes, and identify the causal gene mutation. ANIMALS Thirty-three client-owned German Spitz dogs were included. PROCEDURES All animals underwent a full ophthalmic examination, including vision testing. In addition, fundus photography, ERG, and OCT were performed. A DNA-marker-based association analysis was performed to screen potential candidate genes and the whole genomes of four animals were sequenced. RESULTS Initial fundus changes were pale papilla and mild vascular attenuation. Oscillatory nystagmus was noted in 14 of 16 clinically affected puppies. Vision was impaired under both scotopic and photopic conditions. Rod-mediated ERGs were unrecordable in all affected dogs tested, reduced cone-mediated responses were present in one animal at 3 months of age and unrecordable in the other affected animals tested. Multiple small retinal bullae were observed in three clinically affected animals (two with confirmed genetic diagnosis). OCT showed that despite loss of function, retinal structure was initially well-preserved, although a slight retinal thinning developed in older animals with the ventral retina being more severely affected. Pedigree analysis supported an autosomal recessive inheritance. A mutation was identified in GUCY2D, which segregated with the disease (NM_001003207.1:c.1598_1599insT; p.(Ser534GlufsTer20)). Human subjects with GUCY2D mutations typically show an initial disconnect between loss of function and loss of structure, a feature recapitulated in the affected dogs in this study. CONCLUSION We identified early-onset PRA in the German Spitz associated with a frameshift mutation in GUCY2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariza Bortolini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Puerto Rico, Brazil
| | - Paige A Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Mario Teruo Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, USA
| | | | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Occelli LM, Jones BW, Cervantes TJ, Petersen-Jones SM. Metabolic changes and retinal remodeling in Heterozygous CRX mutant cats (CRX RDY/+). Exp Eye Res 2023; 235:109630. [PMID: 37625575 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
CRX is a transcription factor essential for normal photoreceptor development and survival. The CRXRdy cat has a naturally occurring truncating mutation in CRX and is a large animal model for dominant Leber congenital amaurosis. This study investigated retinal remodeling that occurs as photoreceptors degenerate. CRXRdy/+ cats from 6 weeks to 10 years of age were investigated. In vivo structural changes of retinas were analyzed by fundus examination, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Histologic analyses included immunohistochemistry for computational molecular phenotyping with macromolecules and small molecules. Affected cats had a cone-led photoreceptor degeneration starting in the area centralis. Initially there was preservation of inner retinal cells such as bipolar, amacrine and horizontal cells but with time migration of the deafferented neurons occurred. Early in the process of degeneration glial activation occurs ultimately resulting in formation of a glial seal. With progression the macula-equivalent area centralis developed severe atrophy including loss of retinal pigmentary epithelium. Microneuroma formation occured in advanced stages as more marked retinal remodeling occurred. This study indicates that retinal degeneration in the CrxRdy/+ cat retina follows the progressive, phased revision of retina that have been previously described for retinal remodeling. These findings suggest that therapy dependent on targeting inner retinal cells may be useful in young adults with preserved inner retinas prior to advanced stages of retinal remodeling and neuronal cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Occelli
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Bryan W Jones
- Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Taylor J Cervantes
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Occelli LM, Zobel L, Stoddard J, Wagner J, Pasmanter N, Querubin J, Renner LM, Reynaga R, Winkler PA, Sun K, Marinho LFLP, O'Riordan CR, Frederick A, Lauer A, Tsang SH, Hauswirth WW, McGill TJ, Neuringer M, Michalakis S, Petersen-Jones SM. Development of a translatable gene augmentation therapy for CNGB1-retinitis pigmentosa. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2028-2041. [PMID: 37056049 PMCID: PMC10362398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigate a gene augmentation therapy candidate for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) due to cyclic nucleotide-gated channel beta 1 (CNGB1) mutations. We use an adeno-associated virus serotype 5 with transgene under control of a novel short human rhodopsin promoter. The promoter/capsid combination drives efficient expression of a reporter gene (AAV5-RHO-eGFP) exclusively in rod photoreceptors in primate, dog, and mouse following subretinal delivery. The therapeutic vector (AAV5-RHO-CNGB1) delivered to the subretinal space of CNGB1 mutant dogs restores rod-mediated retinal function (electroretinographic responses and vision) for at least 12 months post treatment. Immunohistochemistry shows human CNGB1 is expressed in rod photoreceptors in the treated regions as well as restoration of expression and trafficking of the endogenous alpha subunit of the rod CNG channel required for normal channel formation. The treatment reverses abnormal accumulation of the second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which occurs in rod photoreceptors of CNGB1 mutant dogs, confirming formation of a functional CNG channel. In vivo imaging shows long-term preservation of retinal structure. In conclusion, this study establishes the long-term efficacy of subretinal delivery of AAV5-RHO-CNGB1 to rescue the disease phenotype in a canine model of CNGB1-RP, confirming its suitability for future clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Occelli
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA
| | - Lena Zobel
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Stoddard
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185(th) Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97005, USA
| | - Johanna Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Pasmanter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA
| | - Janice Querubin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA
| | - Lauren M Renner
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185(th) Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97005, USA
| | - Rene Reynaga
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185(th) Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97005, USA
| | - Paige A Winkler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA
| | - Kelian Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA
| | - Luis Felipe L P Marinho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA
| | | | - Amy Frederick
- Genomic Medicine Unit, Sanofi, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Andreas Lauer
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 515 Campus Drive, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - William W Hauswirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Box 100284 HSC, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Trevor J McGill
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185(th) Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97005, USA; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 515 Campus Drive, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Martha Neuringer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185(th) Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97005, USA; Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 515 Campus Drive, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA.
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Occelli LM, Tran NM, Chen S, Petersen-Jones SM. Cat LCA-CRX Model, Homozygous for an Antimorphic Mutation Has a Unique Phenotype. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:15. [PMID: 37351895 PMCID: PMC10292669 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.6.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mutations in the CRX transcription factor are associated with dominant retinopathies often with more severe macular changes. The CRX-mutant cat (Rdy-A182d2) is the only animal model with the equivalent of the critical retinal region for high-acuity vision, the macula. Heterozygous cats (CRXRdy/+) have a severe phenotype modeling Leber congenital amaurosis. This study reports the distinct ocular phenotype of homozygous cats (CRXRdy/Rdy). Methods Gene expression changes were assessed at both mRNA and protein levels. Changes in globe morphology and retinal structure were analyzed. Results CRXRdy/Rdy cats had high levels of mutant CRX mRNA and protein. The expression of photoreceptor target genes was severely impaired although there were variable effects on the expression of other transcription factors. The photoreceptor cells remained immature and failed to elaborate outer segments consistent with the lack of retinal function. The retinal layers displayed a progressive remodeling with cell loss but maintained overall retinal thickness due to gliosis. Rapid photoreceptor loss largely occurred in the macula-equivalent retinal region. The homozygous cats developed markedly increased ocular globe length. Conclusions The phenotype of CRXRdy/Rdy cats was more severe compared to CRXRdy/+ cats by several metrics. Translational Relevance The CRX-mutant cat is the only model for CRX-retinopathies with a macula-equivalent region. A prominent feature of the CRXRdy/Rdy cat phenotype not detectable in homozygous mouse models was the rapid degeneration of the macula-equivalent retinal region highlighting the value of this large animal model and its future importance in the testing of translational therapies aiming to restore vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M. Occelli
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Tran
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shiming Chen
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Gerhardt MJ, Petersen-Jones SM, Michalakis S. CNG channel-related retinitis pigmentosa. Vision Res 2023; 208:108232. [PMID: 37054604 PMCID: PMC10373105 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The genes CNGA1 and CNGB1 encode the alpha and beta subunits of the rod CNG channel, a ligand-gated cation channel whose activity is controlled by cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Autosomal inherited mutations in either of the genes lead to a progressive rod-cone retinopathy known as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The rod CNG channel is expressed in the plasma membrane of the outer segment and functions as a molecular switch that converts light-mediated changes in cGMP into a voltage and Ca2+ signal. Here, we will first review the molecular properties and physiological role of the rod CNG channel and then discuss the characteristics of CNG-related RP. Finally, we will summarize recent activities in the field of gene therapy aimed at developing therapies for CNG-related RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Gerhardt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Mathildenstraße 8, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Mathildenstraße 8, 80336 München, Germany.
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11
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Minella AL, Narfström Wiechel K, Petersen-Jones SM. Alternative splicing in CEP290 mutant cats results in a milder phenotype than LCA CEP290 patients. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:4-11. [PMID: 36495011 PMCID: PMC10107307 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The rdAc cat has an intronic mutation in the centrosomal 290 kDa (CEP290) gene resulting in a frameshift and a premature stop codon (c.6960 + 9 T > G, p.Ile2321AlafsTer3) predicted to truncate the protein by 157 amino acids. CEP290 mutations in human patients cause a range or phenotypes including syndromic conditions and severe childhood loss of vision while the rdAc cat has a milder phenotype. We sought to further characterize the effect of rdAc mutation on CEP290 expression. METHODS TaqMan quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were used to compare wildtype and truncated transcript levels. Relative protein abundance was analyzed by Western blot. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect CEP290 protein. RESULTS CEP290 mutant cats show low-level (17.4% of wildtype cats) use of the wildtype splice site and usage of the mutant splice site. Western analysis shows retina from cats homozygous for the mutation has CEP290 protein that likely comprises a combination of both wildtype and truncated protein. IHC detects CEP290 in affected and control retina labeling the region of the interconnecting cilium. CONCLUSIONS The comparably milder phenotype of CEP290 mutant cats is likely due to the retained production of some full-length CEP290 protein with possible functional contributions from presence of truncated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Minella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristina Narfström Wiechel
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mssouri, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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12
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Occelli LM, Sun K, Winkler PA, Morgan BJ, Petersen-Jones SM. Elevated retinal cGMP is not associated with elevated circulating cGMP levels in a canine model of retinitis pigmentosa. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279437. [PMID: 36584140 PMCID: PMC9803105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether raised levels of retinal cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) was reflected in plasma levels in PDE6A-/- dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retina was collected from 2-month-old wildtype dogs (PDE6A+/+, N = 6), heterozygous dogs (PDE6A+/-, N = 4) and affected dogs (PDE6A-/-, N = 3) and plasma was collected from 2-month-old wildtype dogs (PDE6A+/+, N = 5), heterozygous dogs (PDE6A+/-, N = 5) and affected dogs (PDE6A-/-, N = 5). Retina and plasma samples were measured by ELISA. RESULTS cGMP levels in retinal samples of PDE6A-/- dogs at 2 months of age were significantly elevated. There was no significant difference in plasma cGMP levels between wildtype and PDE6A-/- or PDE6A+/- puppies. However, the plasma cGMP levels of the PDE6A-/- puppies were significantly lower than that of PDE6A+/- puppies. CONCLUSION cGMP levels in the plasma from PDE6A-/- was not elevated when compared to control dogs. At the 2-month timepoint, cGMP plasma levels would not be a useful biomarker for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M. Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kelian Sun
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Paige A. Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brandy J. Morgan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Occelli LM, Petersen-Jones SM. Large Animal Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa in Therapy Development and Preclinical Testing. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2560:233-248. [PMID: 36481900 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2651-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Large animal models are valuable for developing and testing translational therapies for inherited retinal dystrophies such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Gene augmentation therapy has been developed utilizing such models. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have been frequently utilized and delivered by intravitreal or subretinal injection. In vivo longitudinal assessments of therapeutic outcomes are essential. These include regular ophthalmic examinations as well as detailed fundus assessments including confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) and high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of the retina by spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Retinal function assessment includes vision testing and electroretinography (ERG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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14
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Pasmanter N, Petersen-Jones SM. Characterization of scotopic and mesopic rod signaling pathways in dogs using the On-Off electroretinogram. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:422. [PMID: 36463174 PMCID: PMC9719241 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The On-Off, or long flash, full field electroretinogram (ERG) separates retinal responses to flash onset and offset. Depending on degree of dark-adaptation and stimulus strength the On and Off ERG can be shaped by rod and cone photoreceptors and postreceptoral cells, including ON and OFF bipolar cells. Interspecies differences have been shown, with predominantly positive Off-response in humans and other primates and a negative Off-response in rodents and dogs. However, the rod signaling pathways that contribute to these differential responses have not been characterized. In this study, we designed a long flash protocol in the dog that varied in background luminance and stimulus strength allowing for some rod components to be present to better characterize how rod pathways vary from scotopic to mesopic conditions. RESULTS With low background light the rod a-wave remains while the b-wave is significantly reduced resulting in a predominantly negative waveform in mesopic conditions. Through modeling and subtraction of the rod-driven response, we show that rod bipolar cells saturate with dimmer backgrounds than rod photoreceptors, resulting in rod hyperpolarization contributing to a large underlying negativity with mesopic backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS Reduction in rod bipolar cell responses in mesopic conditions prior to suppression of rod photoreceptor responses may reflect the changes in signaling pathway of rod-driven responses needed to extend the range of lighting conditions over which the retina functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate Pasmanter
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D208 East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D208 East Lansing, MI USA
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15
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Petersen-Jones SM, Pasmanter N, Occelli LM, Gervais KJ, Mowat FM, Querubin J, Winkler PA. An unusual inherited electroretinogram feature with an exaggerated negative component in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25:385-397. [PMID: 35713167 PMCID: PMC9540982 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess an inherited abnormal negative response electroretinogram (NRE) that originated in a family of Papillon dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED Thirty-eight dogs (Papillons, or Papillon cross Beagles or Beagles). PROCEDURES Dogs underwent routine ophthalmic examination and a detailed dark-adapted, light-adapted and On-Off electroretinographic study. Vision was assessed using a four-choice exit device. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was performed on a subset of dogs. Two affected males were outcrossed to investigate the mode of inheritance of the phenotype. RESULTS The affected dogs had an increased underlying negative component to the ERG. This was most pronounced in the light-adapted ERG, resulting in a reduced b-wave and an exaggerated photopic negative response (PhNR). Changes were more pronounced with stronger flashes. Similarly, the On-response of the On-Off ERG had a reduced b-wave and a large post-b-wave negative component. The dark-adapted ERG had a significant increase in the scotopic threshold response (STR) and a significant reduction in the b:a-wave ratio. Significant changes could be detected at 2 months of age but became more pronounced with age. Vision testing using a four-choice device showed affected dogs had reduced visual performance under the brightest light condition. There was no evidence of a degenerative process in the affected dogs up to 8.5 years of age. Test breeding results suggested the NRE phenotype had an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. CONCLUSIONS We describe an inherited ERG phenotype in Papillon dogs characterized by an underlying negative component affecting both dark- and light-adapted ERG responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nate Pasmanter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristen J Gervais
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,South Shore Animal Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Freya M Mowat
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Surgical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Janice Querubin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Paige A Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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16
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Occelli LM, Daruwalla A, De Silva SR, Winkler PA, Sun K, Pasmanter N, Minella A, Querubin J, Lyons LA, Robson AG, Heon E, Michaelides M, Webster AR, Palczewski K, Vincent A, Mahroo OA, Kiser PD, Petersen-Jones SM. A large animal model of RDH5-associated retinopathy recapitulates important features of the human phenotype. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:1263-1277. [PMID: 34726233 PMCID: PMC9029234 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in retinol dehydrogenase 5 (RDH5) attenuate supply of 11-cis-retinal to photoreceptors leading to a range of clinical phenotypes including night blindness because of markedly slowed rod dark adaptation and in some patients, macular atrophy. Current animal models (such as Rdh5-/- mice) fail to recapitulate the functional or degenerative phenotype. Addressing this need for a relevant animal model we present a new domestic cat model with a loss-of-function missense mutation in RDH5 (c.542G > T; p.Gly181Val). As with patients, affected cats have a marked delay in recovery of dark adaptation. In addition, the cats develop a degeneration of the area centralis (equivalent to the human macula). This recapitulates the development of macular atrophy that is reported in a subset of patients with RDH5 mutations and is shown in this paper in seven patients with biallelic RDH5 mutations. There is notable variability in the age at onset of the area centralis changes in the cat, with most developing changes as juveniles but some not showing changes over the first few years of age. There is similar variability in development of macular atrophy in patients and while age is a risk factor, it is hypothesized that genetic modifying loci influence disease severity, and we suspect the same is true in the cat model. This novel cat model provides opportunities to improve molecular understanding of macular atrophy and test therapeutic interventions for RDH5-associated retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing. MI 48824, USA
| | - Anahita Daruwalla
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Samantha R De Silva
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College, London, UK
| | - Paige A Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing. MI 48824, USA
| | - Kelian Sun
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing. MI 48824, USA
| | - Nathaniel Pasmanter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing. MI 48824, USA
| | - Andrea Minella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing. MI 48824, USA
| | - Janice Querubin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing. MI 48824, USA
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Anthony G Robson
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College, London, UK
| | - Elise Heon
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michel Michaelides
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College, London, UK
| | - Andrew R Webster
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College, London, UK
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Center for Translational Vision Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- The Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ajoy Vincent
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Omar A Mahroo
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College, London, UK
- Section of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
- Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip D Kiser
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Center for Translational Vision Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Research Service, The Veterans Affairs Long Beach Health Care System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing. MI 48824, USA
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Pasmanter N, Occelli LM, Komáromy AM, Petersen-Jones SM. Use of extended protocols with nonstandard stimuli to characterize rod and cone contributions to the canine electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 2022; 144:81-97. [PMID: 35247111 PMCID: PMC10426558 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-022-09866-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we assessed several extended electroretinographic protocols using nonstandard stimuli. Our aim was to separate and quantify the contributions of different populations of retinal cells to the overall response, both to assess normal function and characterize dogs with inherited retinal disease. METHODS We investigated three different protocols for measuring the full-field flash electroretinogram-(1) chromatic dark-adapted red and blue flashes, (2) increasing luminance blue-background, (3) flicker with fixed frequency and increasing luminance, and flicker with increasing frequency at a fixed luminance-to assess rod and cone contributions to electroretinograms recorded in phenotypically normal control dogs and dogs lacking rod function. RESULTS Temporal separation of the rod- and cone-driven responses is possible in the fully dark-adapted eye using dim red flashes. A- and b-wave amplitudes decrease at different rates with increasing background luminance in control dogs. Flicker responses elicited with extended flicker protocols are well fit with mathematical models in control dogs. Dogs lacking rod function demonstrated larger amplitude dark-adapted compared to light-adapted flicker responses. CONCLUSIONS Using extended protocols of the full-field electroretinogram provides additional characterization of the health and function of different populations of cells in the normal retina and enables quantifiable comparison between phenotypically normal dogs and those with retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate Pasmanter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D-208, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D-208, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D-208, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D-208, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Quantz K, Anderson AL, Harman CD, Noland EL, Del Valle JM, Occelli LM, Burn JB, Petersen-Jones SM, Langlois DK, Pirie CG, Petersen AD, Komáromy AM. Localized alopecia and suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in dogs following treatment with difluprednate 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion (Durezol®). BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:366. [PMID: 34847929 PMCID: PMC8638448 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the common use of topical ophthalmic corticosteroids in dogs, detailed reports on systemic and dermatologic adverse effects are limited. Results Nine purpose-bred research Beagles were treated with difluprednate 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion in one or both eyes 2–3 times daily. Some difluprednate treated dogs developed mild to severe alopecia of the periocular region, face, and distal pinna (5/9). The median duration of treatment prior to onset of dermatologic signs for difluprednate treated dogs was 550 days (453–1160 days). Diagnostic testing included complete blood count (CBC) and serum biochemistry, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing combined with endogenous ACTH measurement, and skin biopsy. The CBC and chemistry were within normal limits for all dogs. There were varying degrees of suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis with difluprednate treatment. Dogs with the most profound alopecic changes had less pronounced HPA axis suppression compared to dogs with no integumentary changes. Skin biopsies demonstrated follicular atrophy and follicular keratosis. When topical difluprednate was reduced to unilateral therapy, the hair regrew on the untreated side of the face. In addition to the affected research dogs, a 7-year old female spayed Chihuahua that was being treated as a clinical patient with long-term difluprednate 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion developed generalized hypotrichosis on the head and body and a potbellied appearance. ACTH stimulation testing revealed suppression of the HPA axis with a mild increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and a urine specific gravity of 1.016. The combination of clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities was supportive of iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism. Conclusions In dogs long-term use of difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion results in HPA axis suppression and in some cases iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism. A novel pattern of localized alopecia is suspected to be related to dermal absorption and local action due to superior potency and penetration compared to other commonly utilized ophthalmic corticosteroids. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03072-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelin Quantz
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Amanda L Anderson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Christine D Harman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Erica L Noland
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jessica B Burn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Daniel K Langlois
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Chris G Pirie
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Annette D Petersen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Marinho LFLP, Occelli LM, Bortolini M, Sun K, Winkler PA, Montiani-Ferreira F, Petersen-Jones SM. Development of retinal bullae in dogs with progressive retinal atrophy. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25:109-117. [PMID: 34708922 PMCID: PMC10074838 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the development of focal bullous retinal detachments (bullae) in dogs with different forms of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA). PROCEDURES Dogs with three distinct forms of PRA (PRA-affected Whippets, German Spitzes and CNGB1-mutant Papillon crosses) were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Retinal bullae were monitored over time. One CNGB1-mutant dog was treated with gene augmentation therapy. The canine BEST1 gene coding region and flanking intronic sequence was sequenced in at least one affected dog of each breed. RESULTS Multiple focal bullous retinal detachments (bullae) were identified in PRA-affected dogs of all three types. They developed in 4 of 5 PRA-affected Whippets, 3 of 8 PRA-affected Germans Spitzes and 15 of 20 CNGB1-mutant dogs. The bullae appeared prior to marked retinal degeneration and became less apparent as retinal degeneration progressed. Bullae were not seen in any heterozygous animals of any of the types of PRA. Screening of the coding region and flanking intronic regions of the canine BEST1 gene failed to reveal any associated pathogenic variants. Retinal gene augmentation therapy in one of the CNGB1-mutant dogs appeared to prevent formation of bullae. CONCLUSIONS Retinal bullae were identified in dogs with three distinct forms of progressive retinal atrophy. The lesions develop prior to retinal thinning. This clinical change should be monitored for in dogs with PRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe L P Marinho
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Mariza Bortolini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Kelian Sun
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Paige A Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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20
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Wagner JE, Zobel L, Gerhardt MJ, O'Riordan CR, Frederick A, Petersen-Jones SM, Biel M, Michalakis S. In vivo potency testing of subretinal rAAV5.hCNGB1 gene therapy in the Cngb1 knockout mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1158-1170. [PMID: 34376057 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa type 45 (RP45) is an autosomal-recessively inherited blinding disease caused by mutations in the cyclic nucleotide gated channel subunit beta 1 (CNGB1) gene. In this study, we developed and tested a novel gene supplementation therapy suitable for clinical translation. To this end, we designed a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector carrying a genome that features a novel human rhodopsin promoter (hRHO194) driving rod-specific expression of full-length human CNGB1 (rAAV5.hCNGB1). rAAV5.hCNGB1 was evaluated for efficacy in the Cngb1 knockout (Cngb1-/-) mouse model of RP45. In particular, increasing doses of rAAV5.hCNGB1 were delivered via single subretinal injection in 4-week-old Cngb1-/- mice and the treatment effect was assessed over a follow-up period of 9 months at the level of (i) retinal morphology, (ii) retinal function, (iii) vision-guided behavior, and (iv) transgene expression. We found that subretinal treatment with rAAV5.hCNGB1 resulted in efficient expression of the human CNGB1 protein in mouse rods and was able to normalize the expression of the endogenous mouse CNGA1 subunit, which together with CNGB1 forms the native heterotetrameric cGMP-gated cation channel in rod photoreceptors. The treatment led to a dose-dependent recovery of rod photoreceptor-driven function and preservation of retinal morphology in Cngb1-/- mice. In summary, these results demonstrate the efficacy of hCNGB1 gene supplementation therapy in the Cngb1-/- mouse model of RP45 and support the translation of this approach towards future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E Wagner
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Munich, Bayern, Germany;
| | - Lena Zobel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Munich, Bayern, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, University Hospital - Department of Ophthalmology, Munich, Bayern, Germany;
| | - Maximilian Joachim Gerhardt
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, University Hospital - Department of Ophthalmology, Munich, Bayern, Germany;
| | - Catherine R O'Riordan
- Sanofi Genzyme, 2194, Gene Therapy, Rare Diseases, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States; Catherine.O'
| | - Amy Frederick
- Sanofi Genzyme, 2194, Gene Therapy, Rare Diseases, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, East Lansing, Michigan, United States;
| | - Martin Biel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Munich, Bayern, Germany;
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Munich, Bayern, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, University Hospital - Department of Ophthalmology, Munich, Bayern, Germany;
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21
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Occelli LM, Marinho F, Singh RK, Binette F, Nasonkin IO, Petersen-Jones SM. Subretinal Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Tissue in a Feline Large Animal Model. J Vis Exp 2021:10.3791/61683. [PMID: 34424232 PMCID: PMC10029721 DOI: 10.3791/61683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative (RD) conditions associated with photoreceptor loss such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) cause progressive and debilitating vision loss. There is an unmet need for therapies that can restore vision once photoreceptors have been lost. Transplantation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived retinal tissue (organoids) into the subretinal space of an eye with advanced RD brings retinal tissue sheets with thousands of healthy mutation-free photoreceptors and has a potential to treat most/all blinding diseases associated with photoreceptor degeneration with one approved protocol. Transplantation of fetal retinal tissue into the subretinal space of animal models and people with advanced RD has been developed successfully but cannot be used as a routine therapy due to ethical concerns and limited tissue supply. Large eye inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) animal models are valuable for developing vision restoration therapies utilizing advanced surgical approaches to transplant retinal cells/tissue into the subretinal space. The similarities in globe size, and photoreceptor distribution (e.g., presence of macula-like region area centralis) and availability of IRD models closely recapitulating human IRD would facilitate rapid translation of a promising therapy to the clinic. Presented here is a surgical technique of transplanting hPSC-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of a large animal model allowing assessment of this promising approach in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Occelli
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University
| | - Felipe Marinho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University
| | | | | | | | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University;
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22
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Nassisi M, Smirnov VM, Solis Hernandez C, Mohand-Saïd S, Condroyer C, Antonio A, Kühlewein L, Kempf M, Kohl S, Wissinger B, Nasser F, Ragi SD, Wang NK, Sparrow JR, Greenstein VC, Michalakis S, Mahroo OA, Ba-Abbad R, Michaelides M, Webster AR, Degli Esposti S, Saffren B, Capasso J, Levin A, Hauswirth WW, Dhaenens CM, Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Tsang SH, Zrenner E, Sahel JA, Petersen-Jones SM, Zeitz C, Audo I. CNGB1-related rod-cone dystrophy: A mutation review and update. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:641-666. [PMID: 33847019 PMCID: PMC8218941 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide‐gated channel β1 (CNGB1) encodes the 240‐kDa β subunit of the rod photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide‐gated ion channel. Disease‐causing sequence variants in CNGB1 lead to autosomal recessive rod‐cone dystrophy/retinitis pigmentosa (RP). We herein present a comprehensive review and analysis of all previously reported CNGB1 sequence variants, and add 22 novel variants, thereby enlarging the spectrum to 84 variants in total, including 24 missense variants (two of which may also affect splicing), 21 nonsense, 19 splicing defects (7 at noncanonical positions), 10 small deletions, 1 small insertion, 1 small insertion–deletion, 7 small duplications, and 1 gross deletion. According to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics classification criteria, 59 variants were considered pathogenic or likely pathogenic and 25 were variants of uncertain significance. In addition, we provide further phenotypic data from 34 CNGB1‐related RP cases, which, overall, are in line with previous findings suggesting that this form of RP has long‐term retention of useful central vision despite the early onset of night blindness, which is valuable for patient counseling, but also has implications for it being considered a priority target for gene therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Nassisi
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Ophthalmological Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Vasily M Smirnov
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Exploration de la vision et Neuro-Ophthalmologie, CHU de Lille, Lille, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cyntia Solis Hernandez
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Saddek Mohand-Saïd
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France
| | - Christel Condroyer
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Aline Antonio
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Laura Kühlewein
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Kempf
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fadi Nasser
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara D Ragi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Omar A Mahroo
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rola Ba-Abbad
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michel Michaelides
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew R Webster
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simona Degli Esposti
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brooke Saffren
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Alex Levin
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, Pediatric Genetics, Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - William W Hauswirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Claire-Marie Dhaenens
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | | | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI), Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jose-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France.,University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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23
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Singh RK, Winkler PA, Binette F, Petersen-Jones SM, Nasonkin IO. Comparison of Developmental Dynamics in Human Fetal Retina and Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Tissue. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:399-417. [PMID: 33677999 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive vision loss, caused by retinal degenerative (RD) diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and Leber congenital amaurosis, severely impacts quality of life and affects millions of people. Finding efficient treatment for blinding diseases is among the greatest unmet clinical needs. The evagination of optic vesicles from developing pluripotent stem cell-derived neuroepithelium and self-organization, lamination, and differentiation of retinal tissue in a dish generated considerable optimism for developing innovative approaches for treating RD diseases, which previously were not feasible. Retinal organoids may be a limitless source of multipotential retinal progenitors, photoreceptors (PRs), and the whole retinal tissue, which are productive approaches for developing RD disease therapies. In this study we compared the distribution and expression level of molecular markers (genetic and epigenetic) in human fetal retina (age 8-16 weeks) and human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived retinal tissue (organoids) by immunohistochemistry, RNA-seq, flow cytometry, and mass-spectrometry (to measure methylated and hydroxymethylated cytosine level), with a focus on PRs to evaluate the clinical application of hESC-retinal tissue for vision restoration. Our results revealed high correlation in gene expression profiles and histological profiles between human fetal retina (age 8-13 weeks) and hESC-derived retinal tissue (10-12 weeks). The transcriptome signature of hESC-derived retinal tissue from retinal organoids maintained for 24 weeks in culture resembled the transcriptome of human fetal retina of more advanced developmental stages. The histological profiles of 24 week-old hESC-derived retinal tissue displayed mature PR immunophenotypes and presence of developing inner and outer segments. Collectively, our work highlights the similarity of hESC-derived retinal tissue at early stages of development (10 weeks), and human fetal retina (age 8-13 weeks) and it supports the development of regenerative medicine therapies aimed at using tissue from hESC-derived retinal organoids (hESC-retinal implants) for mitigating vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paige A Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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24
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Singh RK, Binette F, Seiler M, Petersen-Jones SM, Nasonkin IO. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Organoid Technologies for Developing Next-Generation Vision Restoration Therapies of Blindness. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 37:147-156. [PMID: 33052761 PMCID: PMC8060716 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blindness, associated with death of retinal cells at the back of the eye, is caused by a number of conditions with high prevalence such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. In addition, a large number of orphan inherited (mostly monogenic) conditions, such as retinitis pigmentosa and Leber Congenital Amaurosis, add to the overall number of patients with blinding retinal degenerative diseases. Blindness caused by deterioration and loss of retina is so far incurable. Modern biomedical research leveraging molecular and regenerative medicine approaches had a number of groundbreaking discoveries and proof-of-principle treatments of blindness in animals. However, these methods are slow to be standardized and commercialized as therapies to benefit people losing their eyesight due to retinal degenerative conditions. In this review, we will outline major regenerative medicine approaches, which are emerging as promising for preserving or/and restoring vision. We discuss the potential of each of these approaches to reach commercialization step and be converted to treatments, which could at least ameliorate blindness caused by retinal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magdalene Seiler
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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25
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Annear MJ, Mowat FM, Occelli LM, Smith AJ, Curran PG, Bainbridge JW, Ali RR, Petersen-Jones SM. A Comprehensive Study of the Retinal Phenotype of Rpe65-Deficient Dogs. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010115. [PMID: 33435495 PMCID: PMC7827248 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rpe65-deficient dog has been important for development of translational therapies of Leber congenital amaurosis type 2 (LCA2). The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive report of the natural history of retinal changes in this dog model. Rpe65-deficient dogs from 2 months to 10 years of age were assessed by fundus imaging, electroretinography (ERG) and vision testing (VT). Changes in retinal layer thickness were assessed by optical coherence tomography and on plastic retinal sections. ERG showed marked loss of retinal sensitivity, with amplitudes declining with age. Retinal thinning initially developed in the area centralis, with a slower thinning of the outer retina in other areas starting with the inferior retina. VT showed that dogs of all ages performed well in bright light, while at lower light levels they were blind. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) inclusions developed and in younger dogs and increased in size with age. The loss of photoreceptors was mirrored by a decline in ERG amplitudes. The slow degeneration meant that sufficient photoreceptors, albeit very desensitized, remained to allow for residual bright light vision in older dogs. This study shows the natural history of the Rpe65-deficient dog model of LCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Annear
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.J.A.); (F.M.M.); (L.M.O.)
| | - Freya M Mowat
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.J.A.); (F.M.M.); (L.M.O.)
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.J.A.); (F.M.M.); (L.M.O.)
| | - Alexander J Smith
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (A.J.S.); (J.W.B.); (R.R.A.)
| | - Paul G Curran
- Center for Statistical Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - James W Bainbridge
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (A.J.S.); (J.W.B.); (R.R.A.)
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Robin R Ali
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (A.J.S.); (J.W.B.); (R.R.A.)
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.J.A.); (F.M.M.); (L.M.O.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Letko A, Minor KM, Friedenberg SG, Shelton GD, Salvador JP, Mandigers PJJ, Leegwater PAJ, Winkler PA, Petersen-Jones SM, Stanley BJ, Ekenstedt KJ, Johnson GS, Hansen L, Jagannathan V, Mickelson JR, Drögemüller C. A CNTNAP1 Missense Variant Is Associated with Canine Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1426. [PMID: 33261176 PMCID: PMC7761076 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal paralysis associated with a generalized polyneuropathy (LPPN) most commonly exists in geriatric dogs from a variety of large and giant breeds. The purpose of this study was to discover the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms in a younger-onset form of this neurodegenerative disease seen in two closely related giant dog breeds, the Leonberger and Saint Bernard. Neuropathology of an affected dog from each breed showed variable nerve fiber loss and scattered inappropriately thin myelinated fibers. Using across-breed genome-wide association, haplotype analysis, and whole-genome sequencing, we identified a missense variant in the CNTNAP1 gene (c.2810G>A; p.Gly937Glu) in which homozygotes in both studied breeds are affected. CNTNAP1 encodes a contactin-associated protein important for organization of myelinated axons. The herein described likely pathogenic CNTNAP1 variant occurs in unrelated breeds at variable frequencies. Individual homozygous mutant LPPN-affected Labrador retrievers that were on average four years younger than dogs affected by geriatric onset laryngeal paralysis polyneuropathy could be explained by this variant. Pathologic changes in a Labrador retriever nerve biopsy from a homozygous mutant dog were similar to those of the Leonberger and Saint Bernard. The impact of this variant on health in English bulldogs and Irish terriers, two breeds with higher CNTNAP1 variant allele frequencies, remains unclear. Pathogenic variants in CNTNAP1 have previously been reported in human patients with lethal congenital contracture syndrome and hypomyelinating neuropathy, including vocal cord palsy and severe respiratory distress. This is the first report of contactin-associated LPPN in dogs characterized by a deleterious variant that most likely predates modern breed establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Letko
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.J.); (C.D.)
| | - Katie M. Minor
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Steven G. Friedenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - G. Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0709, USA; (G.D.S.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Jill Pesayco Salvador
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0709, USA; (G.D.S.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Paul J. J. Mandigers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.J.J.M.); (P.A.J.L.)
| | - Peter A. J. Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.J.J.M.); (P.A.J.L.)
| | - Paige A. Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (P.A.W.); (S.M.P.-J.); (B.J.S.)
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (P.A.W.); (S.M.P.-J.); (B.J.S.)
| | - Bryden J. Stanley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (P.A.W.); (S.M.P.-J.); (B.J.S.)
| | - Kari J. Ekenstedt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Gary S. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (G.S.J.); (L.H.)
| | - Liz Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (G.S.J.); (L.H.)
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.J.); (C.D.)
| | - James R. Mickelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (V.J.); (C.D.)
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27
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Winkler PA, Ramsey HD, Petersen-Jones SM. A novel mutation in PDE6B in Spanish Water Dogs with early-onset progressive retinal atrophy. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:792-796. [PMID: 32639685 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the underlying mutation in a recently identified early-onset progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in the Spanish Water Dog (SWD) breed. ANIMAL STUDIED Eighteen SWDs were used in this study. Six SWDs diagnosed with PRA and 12 phenotypically normal SWDs. PROCEDURES An exclusion analysis using an established microsatellite panel to screen PRA candidate genes was combined with whole genome sequencing of two affected SWD siblings and two phenotypically normal SWDs (a sibling and the dam). RESULTS A 6-bp deletion was identified in exon 19 of PDE6B removing two highly conserved amino acids from the enzymatic domain of the PDE6B protein (c.2218-2223del; p.Phe740_Phe741del). This segregated with the disease status in the small study pedigree. CONCLUSIONS Identification of this novel PDE6B mutation adds to the already described PDE6B mutations responsible for PRA in the Irish Setter, Sloughi, and American Staffordshire Terrier dog breeds. A DNA-based test was designed to allow breeders to genotype their animals and make informed breeding decisions in the effort to eradicate PRA from the SWD breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige A Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Harrison D Ramsey
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Biology Program, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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28
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Occelli LM, Pasmanter N, Ayoub EE, Petersen-Jones SM. Changes in retinal layer thickness with maturation in the dog: an in vivo spectral domain - optical coherence tomography imaging study. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:225. [PMID: 32605619 PMCID: PMC7329457 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal diseases are common in dogs. Some hereditary retinal dystrophies in dogs are important not only because they lead to vision loss but also because they show strong similarities to the orthologous human conditions. Advances in in vivo non-invasive retinal imaging allow the capture of retinal cross-section images that parallel low power microscopic examination of histological sections. Spectral domain - optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) allows the measurement of retinal layer thicknesses and gives the opportunity for repeat examination to investigate changes in thicknesses in health (such as changes with maturation and age) and disease (following the course of retinal degenerative conditions). The purpose of this study was to use SD-OCT to measure retinal layer thicknesses in the dog during retinal maturation and over the first year of life. SD-OCT was performed on normal beagle cross dogs from 4 weeks of age to 52 weeks of age. To assess changes in layer thickness with age, measurements were taken from fixed regions in each of the 4 quadrants and the area centralis (the region important for most detailed vision). Additionally, changes in retinal layer thickness along vertical and horizontal planes passing through the optic nerve head were assessed. RESULTS In the four quadrants an initial thinning of retinal layers occurred over the first 12 to 15 weeks of life after which there was little change in thickness. However, in the area centralis there was a thickening of the photoreceptor layer over this time period which was mostly due to a lengthening of the photoreceptor inner/outer segment layer. The retina thinned with greater distances from the optic nerve head in both vertical and horizontal planes with the dorsal retina being thicker than the ventral retina. Most of the change in thickness with distance from the optic nerve head was due to difference in thickness of the inner retinal layers. The outer retinal layers remained more constant in thickness, particularly in the horizontal plane and dorsal to the optic nerve head. CONCLUSIONS These measurements will provide normative data for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M. Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D-208, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Nate Pasmanter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D-208, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Elias E. Ayoub
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D-208, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, D-208, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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29
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Cogné B, Latypova X, Senaratne LDS, Martin L, Koboldt DC, Kellaris G, Fievet L, Le Meur G, Caldari D, Debray D, Nizon M, Frengen E, Bowne SJ, Cadena EL, Daiger SP, Bujakowska KM, Pierce EA, Gorin M, Katsanis N, Bézieau S, Petersen-Jones SM, Occelli LM, Lyons LA, Legeai-Mallet L, Sullivan LS, Davis EE, Isidor B, Buckley RM, Aberdein D, Alves PC, Barsh GS, Bellone RR, Bergström TF, Boyko AR, Brockman JA, Casal ML, Castelhano MG, Distl O, Dodman NH, Ellinwood NM, Fogle JE, Forman OP, Garrick DJ, Ginns EI, Häggström J, Harvey RJ, Hasegawa D, Haase B, Helps CR, Hernandez I, Hytönen MK, Kaukonen M, Kaelin CB, Kosho T, Leclerc E, Lear TL, Leeb T, Li RH, Lohi H, Longeri M, Magnuson MA, Malik R, Mane SP, Munday JS, Murphy WJ, Pedersen NC, Rothschild MF, Rusbridge C, Shapiro B, Stern JA, Swanson WF, Terio KA, Todhunter RJ, Warren WC, Wilcox EA, Wildschutte JH, Yu Y. Mutations in the Kinesin-2 Motor KIF3B Cause an Autosomal-Dominant Ciliopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:893-904. [PMID: 32386558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-2 enables ciliary assembly and maintenance as an anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) motor. Molecular motor activity is driven by a heterotrimeric complex comprised of KIF3A and KIF3B or KIF3C plus one non-motor subunit, KIFAP3. Using exome sequencing, we identified heterozygous KIF3B variants in two unrelated families with hallmark ciliopathy phenotypes. In the first family, the proband presents with hepatic fibrosis, retinitis pigmentosa, and postaxial polydactyly; he harbors a de novo c.748G>C (p.Glu250Gln) variant affecting the kinesin motor domain encoded by KIF3B. The second family is a six-generation pedigree affected predominantly by retinitis pigmentosa. Affected individuals carry a heterozygous c.1568T>C (p.Leu523Pro) KIF3B variant segregating in an autosomal-dominant pattern. We observed a significant increase in primary cilia length in vitro in the context of either of the two mutations while variant KIF3B proteins retained stability indistinguishable from wild type. Furthermore, we tested the effects of KIF3B mutant mRNA expression in the developing zebrafish retina. In the presence of either missense variant, rhodopsin was sequestered to the photoreceptor rod inner segment layer with a concomitant increase in photoreceptor cilia length. Notably, impaired rhodopsin trafficking is also characteristic of recessive KIF3B models as exemplified by an early-onset, autosomal-recessive, progressive retinal degeneration in Bengal cats; we identified a c.1000G>A (p.Ala334Thr) KIF3B variant by genome-wide association study and whole-genome sequencing. Together, our genetic, cell-based, and in vivo modeling data delineate an autosomal-dominant syndromic retinal ciliopathy in humans and suggest that multiple KIF3B pathomechanisms can impair kinesin-driven ciliary transport in the photoreceptor.
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Thompson DA, Iannaccone A, Ali RR, Arshavsky VY, Audo I, Bainbridge JWB, Besirli CG, Birch DG, Branham KE, Cideciyan AV, Daiger SP, Dalkara D, Duncan JL, Fahim AT, Flannery JG, Gattegna R, Heckenlively JR, Heon E, Jayasundera KT, Khan NW, Klassen H, Leroy BP, Molday RS, Musch DC, Pennesi ME, Petersen-Jones SM, Pierce EA, Rao RC, Reh TA, Sahel JA, Sharon D, Sieving PA, Strettoi E, Yang P, Zacks DN. Advancing Clinical Trials for Inherited Retinal Diseases: Recommendations from the Second Monaciano Symposium. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:2. [PMID: 32832209 PMCID: PMC7414644 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.7.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Major advances in the study of inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) have placed efforts to develop treatments for these blinding conditions at the forefront of the emerging field of precision medicine. As a result, the growth of clinical trials for IRDs has increased rapidly over the past decade and is expected to further accelerate as more therapeutic possibilities emerge and qualified participants are identified. Although guided by established principles, these specialized trials, requiring analysis of novel outcome measures and endpoints in small patient populations, present multiple challenges relative to study design and ethical considerations. This position paper reviews recent accomplishments and existing challenges in clinical trials for IRDs and presents a set of recommendations aimed at rapidly advancing future progress. The goal is to stimulate discussions among researchers, funding agencies, industry, and policy makers that will further the design, conduct, and analysis of clinical trials needed to accelerate the approval of effective treatments for IRDs, while promoting advocacy and ensuring patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alessandro Iannaccone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robin R Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vadim Y Arshavsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | | | - Cagri G Besirli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Kari E Branham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Artur V Cideciyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven P Daiger
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jacque L Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abigail T Fahim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John G Flannery
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - John R Heckenlively
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elise Heon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Thiran Jayasundera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Naheed W Khan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Henry Klassen
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bart P Leroy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Center Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital and University, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of Ophthalmology and Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert S Molday
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David C Musch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark E Pennesi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Eric A Pierce
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajesh C Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jose A Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dror Sharon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Paul A Sieving
- Department of Ophthalmology and Center for Ocular Regenerative Therapy, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.,National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Enrica Strettoi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Paul Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Winkler PA, Occelli LM, Petersen-Jones SM. Large Animal Models of Inherited Retinal Degenerations: A Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040882. [PMID: 32260251 PMCID: PMC7226744 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies utilizing large animal models of inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) have proven important in not only the development of translational therapeutic approaches, but also in improving our understanding of disease mechanisms. The dog is the predominant species utilized because spontaneous IRD is common in the canine pet population. Cats are also a source of spontaneous IRDs. Other large animal models with spontaneous IRDs include sheep, horses and non-human primates (NHP). The pig has also proven valuable due to the ease in which transgenic animals can be generated and work is ongoing to produce engineered models of other large animal species including NHP. These large animal models offer important advantages over the widely used laboratory rodent models. The globe size and dimensions more closely parallel those of humans and, most importantly, they have a retinal region of high cone density and denser photoreceptor packing for high acuity vision. Laboratory rodents lack such a retinal region and, as macular disease is a critical cause for vision loss in humans, having a comparable retinal region in model species is particularly important. This review will discuss several large animal models which have been used to study disease mechanisms relevant for the equivalent human IRD.
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Pasmanter N, Petersen-Jones SM. A review of electroretinography waveforms and models and their application in the dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:418-435. [PMID: 32196872 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Electroretinography (ERG) is a commonly used technique to study retinal function in both clinical and research ophthalmology. ERG responses can be divided into component waveforms, analysis of which can provide insight into the health and function of different types and populations of retinal cells. In dogs, ERG has been used in the characterization of normal retinal function, as well as the diagnosis of retinal diseases and measuring effects of treatment. While many components of the recorded waveform are similar across species, dogs have several notable features that should be differentiated from the responses in humans and other animals. Additionally, modifications of standard protocols, such as changing flash frequency and stimulus color, and mathematical models of ERG waveforms have been used in studies of human retinal function but have been infrequently applied to visual electrophysiology in dogs. This review provides an overview of the origins and applications of ERG in addition to potential avenues for further characterization of responses in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Pasmanter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the phosphodiesterase 6 alpha subunit (PDE6A) account for 3-4% of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and currently no treatment is available. There are four animal models for PDE6A-RP: a dog with a frameshift truncating mutation (p.Asn616ThrfsTer39) and three mouse models with missense mutations (Val685Met, Asp562Trp, and Asp670Gly) showing a range of phenotype severities. Initial proof-of-concept gene augmentation studies in the Asp670Gly mouse model and dog model used a subretinally delivered adeno-associated virus serotype 8 with a 733 tyrosine capsid mutation delivering species-specific Pde6a cDNAs. These restored some rod-mediated function and preserved retinal structure. Subsequently, a translatable vector (AAV8 with a human rhodopsin promoter and human PDE6A cDNA) was tested in the dog and the Asp670Gly mouse model. In the dog, there was restoration of rod function, a robust rod-mediated ERG, and introduction of dim-light vision. Treatment improved morphology of the photoreceptor layer, and the retina was preserved in the treated region. In the Asp670Gly mouse, therapy also preserved photoreceptors with cone survival being reflected by maintenance of cone-mediated ERG responses. These studies are an important step toward a translatable therapy for PDE6A-RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Singh RK, Winkler P, Binette F, Glickman RD, Seiler M, Petersen-Jones SM, Nasonkin IO. Development of a protocol for maintaining viability while shipping organoid-derived retinal tissue. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:388-394. [PMID: 31908157 DOI: 10.1002/term.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinal organoid technology enables generation of an inexhaustible supply of three-dimensional retinal tissue from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for regenerative medicine applications. The high similarity of organoid-derived retinal tissue and transplantable human fetal retina provides an opportunity for evaluating and modeling retinal tissue replacement strategies in relevant animal models in the effort to develop a functional retinal patch to restore vision in patients with profound blindness caused by retinal degeneration. Because of the complexity of this very promising approach requiring specialized stem cell and grafting techniques, the tasks of retinal tissue derivation and transplantation are frequently split between geographically distant teams. Delivery of delicate and perishable neural tissue such as retina to the surgical sites requires a reliable shipping protocol and also controlled temperature conditions with damage-reporting mechanisms in place to prevent transplantation of tissue damaged in transit into expensive animal models. We have developed a robust overnight tissue shipping protocol providing reliable temperature control, live monitoring of the shipment conditions and physical location of the package, and damage reporting at the time of delivery. This allows for shipping of viable (transplantation-competent) hPSC-derived retinal tissue over large distances, thus enabling stem cell and surgical teams from different parts of the country to work together and maximize successful engraftment of organoid-derived retinal tissue. Although this protocol was developed for preclinical in vivo studies in animal models, it is potentially translatable for clinical transplantation in the future and will contribute to developing clinical protocols for restoring vision in patients with retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnesh K Singh
- Research & Development, Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc, Alameda, CA
| | - Paige Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Francois Binette
- Research & Development, Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc, Alameda, CA
| | - Randolph D Glickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Magdalene Seiler
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Igor O Nasonkin
- Research & Development, Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc, Alameda, CA
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Singh RK, Occelli LM, Binette F, Petersen-Jones SM, Nasonkin IO. Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Tissue in the Subretinal Space of the Cat Eye. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1151-1166. [PMID: 31210100 PMCID: PMC6708274 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop biological approaches to restore vision, we developed a method of transplanting stem cell-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of a large-eye animal model (cat). Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) were differentiated to retinal organoids in a dish. hESC-derived retinal tissue was introduced into the subretinal space of wild-type cats following a pars plana vitrectomy. The cats were systemically immunosuppressed with either prednisolone or prednisolone plus cyclosporine A. The eyes were examined by fundoscopy and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging for adverse effects due to the presence of the subretinal grafts. Immunohistochemistry was done with antibodies to retinal and human markers to delineate graft survival, differentiation, and integration into cat retina. We successfully delivered hESC-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of the cat eye. We observed strong infiltration of immune cells in the graft and surrounding tissue in the cats treated with prednisolone. In contrast, we showed better survival and low immune response to the graft in cats treated with prednisolone plus cyclosporine A. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies (STEM121, CALB2, DCX, and SMI-312) revealed large number of graft-derived fibers connecting the graft and the host. We also show presence of human-specific synaptophysin puncta in the cat retina. This work demonstrates feasibility of engrafting hESC-derived retinal tissue into the subretinal space of large-eye animal models. Transplanting retinal tissue in degenerating cat retina will enable rapid development of preclinical in vivo work focused on vision restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnesh K Singh
- Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly BioTime Inc.), Carlsbad, California
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lasing, Michigan
| | - Francois Binette
- Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly BioTime Inc.), Carlsbad, California
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lasing, Michigan
| | - Igor O Nasonkin
- Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (formerly BioTime Inc.), Carlsbad, California
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Pierce KE, Curran PG, Zelinka CP, Fischer AJ, Petersen-Jones SM, Bartoe JT. Sildenafil Administration in Dogs Heterozygous for a Functional Null Mutation in Pde6a: Suppressed Rod-Mediated ERG Responses and Apparent Retinal Outer Nuclear Layer Thinning. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019; 1185:371-376. [PMID: 31884640 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27378-1_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess risk for retinal toxicity associated with administration of high-dose sildenafil citrate to dogs heterozygous for a functionally null mutation in Pde6a over a 4-month period. Three Pde6a +/- dogs were administered 14.3 mg/kg sildenafil per os and two Pde6a +/- dogs placebo once daily for 16 weeks. Three Pde6a +/+ dogs were administered sildenafil for 7 days. Ophthalmic examination, vision testing, and electroretinography (ERG) were regularly performed. At study termination, dogs were euthanized and globes collected. Retinal layer thickness and photoreceptor nuclei counts were determined from plastic sections. In both Pde6a +/- and Pde6a +/+ sildenafil-treated (ST) dogs, elevation of dark-adapted b-wave threshold and unmasking of the scotopic threshold response (STR) were observed. Sildenafil treated Pde6a +/- dogs had significantly thinner ONL (24.90 +/-1.88 μm, p = 0.004) and lower photoreceptor nuclei counts (273.6 +/- 29.3 cells/100 μm, p = 0.008) compared to measurements (35.90 +/- 1.63 μm) and counts (391.5 +/-27.0 cells/100 μm) from archived untreated Pde6a +/- dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Pierce
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Paul G Curran
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Joshua T Bartoe
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Dawson-Baglien EM, Noland EL, Sledge DG, Kiupel M, Petersen-Jones SM. Physiological characterization of ocular melanosis-affected canine melanocytes. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:132-146. [PMID: 29701286 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cairn terriers with ocular melanosis (OM) accumulate large, heavily pigmented melanocytes in the anterior uvea. Darkly pigmented plaques develop within the sclera, leading us to hypothesize that OM uveal melanocytes may have an abnormal migratory capacity. ANIMALS STUDIED Globes from OM-affected Cairn terriers and unaffected control eyes enucleated for reasons unrelated to this study were used for immunohistochemistry and to culture melanocytes for in vitro cell behavior assays. PROCEDURES The scleral plaques of six dogs were immunolabeled for HMB-45, MelanA, PNL2, CD18, CD204, and Iba-1 and compared with the pigment cells accumulated within the irides. Cultured uveal melanocytes from OM-affected and control dogs were compared using conventional assays measuring cell proliferation, invasion capability, and melanin production. RESULTS Melanocytes isolated from OM eyes had significantly elevated levels of per-cell melanin content and production compared to controls. The majority of pigmented cells in the scleral plaques were HMB45 positive indicating a melanocytic origin. Many were also CD18 positive. No differences were observed between cultured melanocytes from OM-affected and control uvea for standard in vitro proliferation or invasion assays. CONCLUSION Pigmented cells which accumulate in the sclera of OM-affected Cairn terriers are predominantly melanocytes; however, in vitro assays of uveal melanocytes did not reveal differences in migratory behavior between OM and control cells. Migratory behavior of OM-melanocytes may be environment-dependent. We suggest that RNA sequencing and differential expression analysis would be a useful next step in understanding this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Dawson-Baglien
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Genetics Program, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Erica L Noland
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Dodd G Sledge
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Genetics Program, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
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38
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Gao S, Kahremany S, Zhang J, Jastrzebska B, Querubin J, Petersen-Jones SM, Palczewski K. Retinal-chitosan Conjugates Effectively Deliver Active Chromophores to Retinal Photoreceptor Cells in Blind Mice and Dogs. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:438-452. [PMID: 29453250 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoid (visual) cycle consists of a series of biochemical reactions needed to regenerate the visual chromophore 11-cis-retinal and sustain vision. Genetic or environmental factors affecting chromophore production can lead to blindness. Using animal models that mimic human retinal diseases, we previously demonstrated that mechanism-based pharmacological interventions can maintain vision in otherwise incurable genetic diseases of the retina. Here, we report that after 9-cis-retinal administration to lecithin:retinol acyltransferase-deficient (Lrat-/- ) mice, the drug was rapidly absorbed and then cleared within 1 to 2 hours. However, when conjugated to form chitosan-9-cis-retinal, this prodrug was slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in sustainable plasma levels of 9-cis-retinol and recovery of visual function without causing elevated levels, as occurs with unconjugated drug treatment. Administration of chitosan-9-cis-retinal conjugate intravitreally in retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 retinoid isomerase (RPE65)-deficient dogs improved photoreceptor function as assessed by electroretinography. Functional rescue was dose dependent and maintained for several weeks. Dosing via the gastrointestinal tract in canines was found ineffective, most likely due to peculiarities of vitamin A blood transport in canines. Use of the chitosan conjugate in combination with 11-cis-6-ring-retinal, a locked ring analog of 11-cis-retinal that selectively blocks rod opsin consumption of chromophore while largely sparing cone opsins, was found to prolong cone vision in Lrat-/- mice. Development of such combination low-dose regimens to selectively prolong useful cone vision could not only expand retinal disease treatments to include Leber congenital amaurosis but also the age-related decline in human dark adaptation from progressive retinoid cycle deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songqi Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (S.G., S.K., J.Z., B.J., K.P.) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (J.Q., S.M.P.-J.)
| | - Shirin Kahremany
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (S.G., S.K., J.Z., B.J., K.P.) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (J.Q., S.M.P.-J.)
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (S.G., S.K., J.Z., B.J., K.P.) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (J.Q., S.M.P.-J.)
| | - Beata Jastrzebska
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (S.G., S.K., J.Z., B.J., K.P.) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (J.Q., S.M.P.-J.)
| | - Janice Querubin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (S.G., S.K., J.Z., B.J., K.P.) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (J.Q., S.M.P.-J.)
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (S.G., S.K., J.Z., B.J., K.P.) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (J.Q., S.M.P.-J.)
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (S.G., S.K., J.Z., B.J., K.P.) and Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (J.Q., S.M.P.-J.)
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Occelli LM, Schön C, Seeliger MW, Biel M, Michalakis S, Petersen-Jones SM. Gene Supplementation Rescues Rod Function and Preserves Photoreceptor and Retinal Morphology in Dogs, Leading the Way Toward Treating Human PDE6A-Retinitis Pigmentosa. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28:1189-1201. [PMID: 29212382 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the phosphodiesterase 6A gene (PDE6A) result in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) type 43 (RP43) and are responsible for about 4% of autosomal recessive RP. There is currently no treatment for this blinding condition. The aim of this project was to use a large-animal model to test a gene supplementation viral vector designed to be translated for use in a clinical trial for the treatment of RP43. Seven Pde6a-/- puppies were given sub-retinal injections of an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) serotype 2/8 delivering human PDE6A cDNA under control of a short rhodopsin promoter (AAV8-PDE6A). Three puppies received ∼1 × 1011 vg in one eye and four puppies ∼5 × 1011 vg/per eye, with both eyes being injected in two animals. In vivo outcome measures included vision testing and electroretinography (ERG), as well as fundus and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography imaging. Some puppies were euthanized and their eyes processed for immunohistochemistry. All puppies had improved rod-mediated vision in the treated eye. ERGs showed improved rod-mediated responses in the higher-dose group but in only one of the lower-dose group animals. Receptor+ thickness was preserved and photoreceptor morphology improved in the treated retinal regions in all puppies. Treatment resulted in PDE6A transgene expression, accompanied by much increased levels of Pde6b, in rod outer segments in the injected retinal regions. There were several indications of improved retinal health in the PDE6A-expressing regions, including lack of abnormal cyclic guanosine monophosphate accumulation, appropriate rod opsin localization to the outer segments with a large reduction in mislocalization to other regions of the rod cell, and reduced Müller cell activation. Additionally, cone photoreceptors showed morphological improvement in the treated region, with normal-appearing inner and outer segments. AAV8-PDE6A gene supplementation therapy restored rod vision in Pde6a-/- puppies and preserved retinal morphology. These positive outcomes are an important step toward a human clinical trial to treat PDE6A-RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Christian Schön
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias W Seeliger
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Petersen-Jones SM, Occelli LM, Winkler PA, Lee W, Sparrow JR, Tsukikawa M, Boye SL, Chiodo V, Capasso JE, Becirovic E, Schön C, Seeliger MW, Levin AV, Michalakis S, Hauswirth WW, Tsang SH. Patients and animal models of CNGβ1-deficient retinitis pigmentosa support gene augmentation approach. J Clin Invest 2017; 128:190-206. [PMID: 29202463 PMCID: PMC5749539 DOI: 10.1172/jci95161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a major cause of blindness that affects 1.5 million people worldwide. Mutations in cyclic nucleotide-gated channel β 1 (CNGB1) cause approximately 4% of autosomal recessive RP. Gene augmentation therapy shows promise for treating inherited retinal degenerations; however, relevant animal models and biomarkers of progression in patients with RP are needed to assess therapeutic outcomes. Here, we evaluated RP patients with CNGB1 mutations for potential biomarkers of progression and compared human phenotypes with those of mouse and dog models of the disease. Additionally, we used gene augmentation therapy in a CNGβ1-deficient dog model to evaluate potential translation to patients. CNGB1-deficient RP patients and mouse and dog models had a similar phenotype characterized by early loss of rod function and slow rod photoreceptor loss with a secondary decline in cone function. Advanced imaging showed promise for evaluating RP progression in human patients, and gene augmentation using adeno-associated virus vectors robustly sustained the rescue of rod function and preserved retinal structure in the dog model. Together, our results reveal an early loss of rod function in CNGB1-deficient patients and a wide window for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, the identification of potential biomarkers of outcome measures, availability of relevant animal models, and robust functional rescue from gene augmentation therapy support future work to move CNGB1-RP therapies toward clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Paige A Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Winston Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology Pathology & Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology Pathology & Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mai Tsukikawa
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sanford L Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Vince Chiodo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jenina E Capasso
- Ocular Genetics, Wills Eye Hospital (WEH), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elvir Becirovic
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schön
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias W Seeliger
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alex V Levin
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Ocular Genetics, Wills Eye Hospital (WEH), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - William W Hauswirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology Pathology & Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA.,Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC), Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York, New York, USA
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41
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Kim MJ, Oh HJ, Kim GA, Setyawan EMN, Choi YB, Lee SH, Petersen-Jones SM, Ko CJ, Lee BC. Birth of clones of the world's first cloned dog. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15235. [PMID: 29127382 PMCID: PMC5681657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cloning has gained popularity as a method to produce genetically identical animals or superior animals for research or industrial uses. However, the long-standing question of whether a cloned animal undergoes an accelerated aging process is yet to be answered. As a step towards answering this question, we compared longevity and health of Snuppy, the world’s first cloned dog, and its somatic cell donor, Tai, a male Afghan hound. Briefly, both Snuppy and Tai were generally healthy until both developed cancer to which they succumbed at the ages of 10 and 12 years, respectively. The longevity of both the donor and the cloned dog was close to the median lifespan of Afghan hounds which is reported to be 11.9 years. Here, we report creation of 4 clones using adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from Snuppy as donor cells. Clinical and molecular follow-up of these reclones over their lives will provide us with a unique opportunity to study the health and longevity of cloned animals compared with their cell donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Oh
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon A Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Erif Maha Nugraha Setyawan
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Bin Choi
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hee Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road D-208, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - CheMyong J Ko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 3806 VMBSB, MC-002, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61802, USA
| | - Byeong Chun Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Mowat FM, Gervais KJ, Occelli LM, Annear MJ, Querubin J, Bainbridge JW, Smith AJ, Ali RR, Petersen-Jones SM. Early-Onset Progressive Degeneration of the Area Centralis in RPE65-Deficient Dogs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:3268-3277. [PMID: 28662231 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal epithelium-specific protein 65 kDa (RPE65)-deficient dogs are a valuable large animal model species that have been used to refine gene augmentation therapy for Leber congenital amaurosis type-2 (LCA2). Previous studies have suggested that retinal degeneration in the dog model is slower than that observed in humans. However, the area centralis of the dog retina is a cone and rod photoreceptor rich region comparable to the human macula, and the effect of RPE65 deficiency specifically on this retinal region, important for high acuity vision, has not previously been reported. Methods Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, fundus photography, and immunohistochemistry of retinal wholemounts and sagittal frozen sections were used to define the time-course and cell-types affected in degeneration of the area centralis in affected dogs. Results Area centralis photoreceptor degeneration was evident from 6 weeks of age, and progressed to involve the inner retina. Immunohistochemistry showed that RPE65-deficient dogs developed early loss of S-cone outer segments, with slower loss of L/M-cone outer segments and rods. Conclusions Early-onset severe photoreceptor degeneration in the area centralis of dogs with RPE65-deficiency offers a model of the early foveal/perifoveal degeneration in some patients with LCA2. This model could be used to refine interventions aiming to improve function and halt the progression of foveal/perifoveal photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya M Mowat
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States 2Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen J Gervais
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Matthew J Annear
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Janice Querubin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - James W Bainbridge
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J Smith
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin R Ali
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
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Yeh CY, Koehl KL, Harman CD, Iwabe S, Guzman JM, Petersen-Jones SM, Kardon RH, Komáromy AM. Assessment of Rod, Cone, and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Contributions to the Canine Chromatic Pupillary Response. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:65-78. [PMID: 28061512 PMCID: PMC5231906 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate a chromatic pupillometry protocol for specific functional assessment of rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in dogs. Methods Chromatic pupillometry was tested and compared in 37 dogs in different stages of primary loss of rod, cone, and combined rod/cone and optic nerve function, and in 5 wild-type (WT) dogs. Eyes were stimulated with 1-s flashes of dim (1 cd/m2) and bright (400 cd/m2) blue light (for scotopic conditions) or bright red (400 cd/m2) light with 25-cd/m2 blue background (for photopic conditions). Canine retinal melanopsin/Opn4 was cloned, and its expression was evaluated using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results Mean ± SD percentage of pupil constriction amplitudes induced by scotopic dim blue (scDB), scotopic bright blue (scBB), and photopic bright red (phBR) lights in WT dogs were 21.3% ± 10.6%, 50.0% ± 17.5%, and 19.4% ± 7.4%, respectively. Melanopsin-mediated responses to scBB persisted for several minutes (7.7 ± 4.6 min) after stimulus offset. In dogs with inherited retinal degeneration, loss of rod function resulted in absent scDB responses, followed by decreased phBR responses with disease progression and loss of cone function. Primary loss of cone function abolished phBR responses but preserved those responses to blue light (scDB and scBB). Although melanopsin/Opn4 expression was diminished with retinal degeneration, melanopsin-expressing ipRGCs were identified for the first time in both WT and degenerated canine retinas. Conclusions Pupil responses elicited by light stimuli of different colors and intensities allowed differential functional assessment of canine rods, cones, and ipRGCs. Chromatic pupillometry offers an effective tool for diagnosing retinal and optic nerve diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Y Yeh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States 2School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kristin L Koehl
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Christine D Harman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Simone Iwabe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - José M Guzman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Randy H Kardon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 4Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - András M Komáromy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States 2School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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44
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Mowat FM, Occelli LM, Bartoe JT, Gervais KJ, Bruewer AR, Querubin J, Dinculescu A, Boye SL, Hauswirth WW, Petersen-Jones SM. Gene Therapy in a Large Animal Model of PDE6A-Retinitis Pigmentosa. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:342. [PMID: 28676737 PMCID: PMC5476745 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite mutations in the rod phosphodiesterase 6-alpha (PDE6A) gene being well-recognized as a cause of human retinitis pigmentosa, no definitive treatments have been developed to treat this blinding disease. We performed a trial of retinal gene augmentation in the Pde6a mutant dog using Pde6a delivery by capsid-mutant adeno-associated virus serotype 8, previously shown to have a rapid onset of transgene expression in the canine retina. Subretinal injections were performed in 10 dogs at 29–44 days of age, and electroretinography and vision testing were performed to assess functional outcome. Retinal structure was assessed using color fundus photography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and histology. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine transgene expression and expression of other retinal genes. Treatment resulted in improvement in dim light vision and evidence of rod function on electroretinographic examination. Photoreceptor layer thickness in the treated area was preserved compared with the contralateral control vector treated or uninjected eye. Improved rod and cone photoreceptor survival, rhodopsin localization, cyclic GMP levels and bipolar cell dendrite distribution was observed in treated areas. Some adverse effects including foci of retinal separation, foci of retinal degeneration and rosette formation were identified in both AAV-Pde6a and control vector injected regions. This is the first description of successful gene augmentation for Pde6a retinitis pigmentosa in a large animal model. Further studies will be necessary to optimize visual outcomes and minimize complications before translation to human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya M Mowat
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, United States
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Joshua T Bartoe
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Kristen J Gervais
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Ashlee R Bruewer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Janice Querubin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Astra Dinculescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sanford L Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesville, FL, United States
| | - William W Hauswirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, United States
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Occelli LM, Tran NM, Narfström K, Chen S, Petersen-Jones SM. CrxRdy Cat: A Large Animal Model for CRX-Associated Leber Congenital Amaurosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:3780-92. [PMID: 27427859 PMCID: PMC4960999 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mutations in the retinal transcription factor cone-rod homeobox (CRX) gene result in severe dominant retinopathies. A large animal model, the Rdy cat, carrying a spontaneous frameshift mutation in Crx, was reported previously. The present study aimed to further understand pathogenesis in this model by thoroughly characterizing the Rdy retina. Methods Structural and functional changes were found in a comparison between the retinas of CrxRdy/+ kittens and those of wild-type littermates and were determined at various ages by fundus examination, electroretinography (ERG), optical coherence tomography, and histologic analyses. RNA and protein expression changes of Crx and key target genes were analyzed using quantitative reverse-transcribed PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Transcription activity of the mutant Crx was measured by a dual-luciferase transactivation assay. Results CrxRdy/+ kittens had no recordable cone ERGs. Rod responses were delayed in development and markedly reduced at young ages and lost by 20 weeks. Photoreceptor outer segment development was incomplete and was followed by progressive outer retinal thinning starting in the cone-rich area centralis. Expression of cone and rod Crx target genes was significantly down-regulated. The mutant Crx allele was overexpressed, leading to high levels of the mutant protein lacking transactivation activity. Conclusions The CrxRdy mutation exerts a dominant negative effect on wild-type Crx by overexpressing mutant protein. These findings, consistent with those of studies in a mouse model, support a conserved pathogenic mechanism for CRX frameshift mutations. The similarities between the feline eye and the human eye with the presence of a central region of high cone density makes the CrxRdy/+ cat a valuable model for preclinical testing of therapies for dominant CRX diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Occelli
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Nicholas M Tran
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Kristina Narfström
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Shiming Chen
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
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Winkler PA, Davis JA, Petersen-Jones SM, Venta PJ, Bartoe JT. A tool set to allow rapid screening of dog families with PRA for association with candidate genes. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:372-376. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paige A. Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- Genetics Program; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Jennifer A. Davis
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL 35294 USA
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- Genetics Program; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Patrick J. Venta
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- Genetics Program; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- Microbiology & Molecular Genetics; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Joshua T. Bartoe
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824 USA
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47
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Boyd RF, Boye SL, Conlon TJ, Erger KE, Sledge DG, Langohr IM, Hauswirth WW, Komáromy AM, Boye SE, Petersen-Jones SM, Bartoe JT. Reduced retinal transduction and enhanced transgene-directed immunogenicity with intravitreal delivery of rAAV following posterior vitrectomy in dogs. Gene Ther 2016; 23:548-56. [PMID: 27052802 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-based gene therapy is a promising treatment strategy for delivery of neurotrophic transgenes to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma patients. Retinal distribution of transgene expression following intravitreal injection (IVT) of AAV is variable in animal models and the vitreous humor may represent a barrier to initial vector penetration. The primary goal of our study was to investigate the effect of prior core vitrectomy with posterior hyaloid membrane peeling on pattern and efficiency of transduction of a capsid amino acid substituted AAV2 vector, carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter transgene following IVT in dogs. When progressive intraocular inflammation developed starting 4 weeks post IVT, the study plan was modified to allow detailed characterization of the etiology as a secondary goal. Unexpectedly, surgical vitrectomy was found to significantly limit transduction, whereas in non-vitrectomized eyes transduction efficiency reached upwards to 37.3% of RGC layer cells. The developing retinitis was characterized by mononuclear cell infiltrates resulting from a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, which we suspect was directed at the GFP transgene. Our results, in a canine large animal model, support caution when considering surgical vitrectomy before IVT for retinal gene therapy in patients, as prior vitrectomy appears to significantly reduce transduction efficiency and may predispose the patient to development of vector-induced immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Boyd
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - S L Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - T J Conlon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - K E Erger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - D G Sledge
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I M Langohr
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - W W Hauswirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - S E Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - J T Bartoe
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Pierce KE, Wilkie DA, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Curran PG, Townsend WM, Petersen-Jones SM, Bartoe JT. An association between systemic cyclosporine administration and development of acute bullous keratopathy in cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19 Suppl 1:77-85. [PMID: 26880480 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether any association exists between the onset of feline acute bullous keratopathy (ABK) and administration of systemic corticosteroid or immunosuppressive therapy. ANIMALS STUDIED Medical records of cats diagnosed with ABK between the years of 2000 and 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Breed, age at diagnosis, weight, systemic disease status, eye affected, ophthalmic examination findings, systemic and topical therapy instituted, dosage and duration of therapy, visual outcome and histopathological analyses were recorded in cases meeting the inclusion criteria. RESULTS A total of 12 cats of a surveyed population of 70 167 met the inclusion criteria with 17/24 eyes affected by ABK. Medical and/or surgical therapy was utilized for management of ABK with 13/17 eyes remaining sighted at the time of last follow-up. In a subset of cases corneal cytology, aerobic bacterial culture, FHV-1 PCR, virus isolation and/or histopathology were performed; no infectious organisms were identified. A rupture in Descemet's membrane of the cornea was identified histologically in two globes. A total of 10 of 12 cats had been previously diagnosed with ongoing systemic disease. A total of 10 of 12 cats were receiving systemic therapy, and a significant association (P < 0.001) was noted between systemic administration of corticosteroids and/or cyclosporine A and the development of ABK. A total of 8 of 10 cats were administered oral prednisolone at doses between 1-2 mg/kg every 12-24 h. A total of 5 of 8 cats receiving oral prednisolone were concurrently administered oral cyclosporine at doses of 1.5-7 mg/kg every 12-24 h. Systemic cyclosporine therapy was found to be a significant risk factor (P < 0.001) for ABK development, while systemic prednisolone was not significant (P = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS Systemic cyclosporine administration appears to be a risk factor for development of ABK in the population of cats studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Pierce
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David A Wilkie
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Paul G Curran
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Wendy M Townsend
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joshua T Bartoe
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Abstract
Primary glaucomas are a leading cause of incurable vision loss in dogs. Based on their specific breed predilection, a genetic cause is suspected to be responsible, and affected dogs should be excluded from breeding. Despite the high prevalence of primary glaucomas in dogs, their genetics have been studied in only a small number of breeds. The identification of canine glaucoma disease genes, and the development of genetic tests, will help to avoid the breeding of affected dogs in the future and will allow for earlier diagnosis and potentially more effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- András M Komáromy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, Room D-208, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, Room D-208, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Svensson M, Olsén L, Winkler PA, Petersen-Jones SM, Bergström T, Garncarz Y, Narfström K. Progressive retinal atrophy in the Polski Owczarek Nizinny dog: a clinical and genetic study. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:195-205. [PMID: 26009980 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe ophthalmic, functional, structural, and genetical characteristics of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in the polski owczarek nizinny (PON) breed of dog. ANIMALS STUDIED CLINICALLY Client-owned PON dogs (n = 82) from Sweden. PROCEDURES Routine examination for presumed inherited eye disease was performed in all dogs. Bilateral full-field electroretinography (ERG) was performed in 11 affected and 4 control dogs. Eyes from one affected dog were studied with light microscopy. DNA samples from 34 Swedish and 30 PON dogs collected by Michigan State University (MSU) were tested for the mutations causing the rcd4 and prcd forms of PRA. RESULTS Sixteen of the eighty-two Swedish dogs were diagnosed with PRA. Slight vascular attenuation, first seen at 4.5 years of age, preceded changes in tapetal reflectivity. The initial ERG changes in affected dogs showed markedly diminished rod responses, while cone responses were barely affected. Eventually, cone responses were also reduced. Retinal morphology showed approximately a 50% reduction of photoreceptor nuclei in the outer nuclear layer. Fourteen of fifteen PRA-affected Swedish dogs and eighteen of twenty of the MSU PRA-affected dogs tested genetically were positive for the rcd4 mutation. All tested dogs were negative for the mutation causing prcd-PRA. CONCLUSIONS PRA of PON dogs is a late-onset degenerative disease with slow progression. There is early loss of rod function, while the cone system deteriorates later. The rcd4 mutation in the C2ORF71 gene was associated with the majority of the PRA cases tested. The possibility of additional forms of PRA in the breed cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Svensson
- Blue Star Animal Hospital, Gjutjärnsgatan 4, Gothenburg, 417 07, Sweden
| | - Lena Olsén
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Paige A Winkler
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road D, 208, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road D, 208, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yacek Garncarz
- Veterinary Eye Clinic, Grupy AK Polnoc 2/u10, Warsaw, 00-713, Poland
| | - Kristina Narfström
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Retvet KB, Karlsuddsvägen 14b, Vaxholm, 185 93, Sweden
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