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Sher C, Fusco C. Sports and sustainable development: the troubling absence of meat sourcing policies in the sports sector. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1341810. [PMID: 38504689 PMCID: PMC10948448 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1341810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The excessive use of antibiotics in industrial meat production in the U.S. incurs severe health implications for animals, humans, and the environment, thereby threatening the integrated health of the ecosystem and sustainable development. While the consumption of meat, including hot dogs, chicken wings, and hamburgers, is a hallmark of attending professional sports events in North America, the sourcing policies for meat in the realm of professional sports remain relatively obscure. We conducted a content analysis case study on the four major sports leagues in North America, their teams and stadium practices. Our objective was twofold: first, to investigate existing sustainability initiatives at the league, team, and stadium levels; and second, to examine whether there are any food sourcing programs, specifically meat sourcing policies that might encourage the consumption of meat produced without the use of antibiotics, in the sports sector that are designed to mitigate ecological ramifications of meat consumption within sports contexts. Results show that existing sustainability initiatives at the three levels are focused primarily on reducing carbon emissions and waste. There is, however, a notable neglect of food sourcing policies, which is concerning given that industrial animal agriculture is a leading cause of antibiotic resistance and environmental degradation. This suggests that meat sourcing policy is a missing piece in current sustainability initiatives. The major sports leagues should therefore consider incorporating pertinent policies, such as procuring meat-based products produced without the use of antibiotics to help strengthen their existing efforts in achieving their sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Sher
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Caroline Fusco
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Apley MD, Schrag NFD, Amrine DE, Lubbers BV, Singer RS. Antimicrobial use in 20 U.S. beef feedyards: 2018-2019. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1056362. [PMID: 37051510 PMCID: PMC10083271 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1056362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to report antimicrobial use in a convenience sample of U.S. beef feedyards for the years 2018 and 2019. In addition to antimicrobial use metrics, also reported are the indications for antimicrobial use and outcomes related to these indications. Antimicrobial use is characterized at the study and feedyard levels for a total of 1,141,846 head of cattle in 20 U.S. feedyards. Antimicrobial use is reported as milligrams of active antimicrobial ingredient per kilogram of liveweight sold (mg/kg-LW) and regimens of antimicrobials per animal year (Reg/AY). Regimens are described by antimicrobial class within use category as characterized by mg of active antimicrobial product per regimen (mg/Reg) and calendar days of administration per regimen (CDoA/Reg). A total of 1,128,515 regimens of medically important antimicrobials were captured from records. The number of regimens/100 head-in (Reg/100 head-in) are described in a subset of 10 feedyards with adequate data granularity to directly determine indications for antimicrobial administration. For the indications of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), Lameness (Lame), Liver Abscess Control (LAC), and Other (e.g., central nervous system disease, cellulitis) the Reg/100 head-in study-level values are 37.1, 0.8, 98.4, and 0.7, respectively, for 2018, with similar values for 2019. The regimens for BRD are further categorized in these 10 feedyards by the use categories in-feed, control of BRD, and individual animal therapy, yielding study level values of 4.6, 19.6, and 12.9 Reg/100 head-in, respectively, for 2018, with similar values for 2019. Outcomes of therapy for individual animal treatment of BRD, Lame, and Other are reported as treatment success, retreatment, or mortality by 30 days after the initial therapy of an animal for a disease. Treatment success rates (no treatment or mortality in the next 30 days) for 2018 in the 10 feedyards with sufficient data granularity are 76.5, 86.5, and 83.0% for BRD, Lame, and Other, respectively. The comparison of these results with other reports of antimicrobial use in North American feedyards highlights how differing approaches in calculating metric values may result in substantially different conclusions regarding antimicrobial use, especially in relation to long-duration uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Apley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | | | - David E. Amrine
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Brian V. Lubbers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Randall S. Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Mindwalk Consulting Group, LLC, Falcon Heights, MN, United States
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3
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Apley MD, Schrag NFD, Amrine DE, Lubbers BV, Singer RS. The association of multiple metrics for evaluating antimicrobial use in U.S. beef feedyards. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1056476. [PMID: 36686188 PMCID: PMC9848654 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1056476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to accurately portray antimicrobial use in food animals, the need for standardized metrics, and an understanding of the characteristics of different metrics, has long been recognized. Fourteen U.S. feedyards were used to evaluate the effects of using centralized constants such as defined daily dose (DDD) and defined course dose (DCD) applied to the weight of medically important antimicrobials by class (mg) as opposed to using electronic individual animal treatment records and lot level in-feed antimicrobial records obtained from the same population. Three numerators were calculated directly from recorded data for each drug product: the number of antimicrobial regimens associated with indication (Reg), milligrams of drug administered per regimen (mg), and calendar days of administration for each regimen (CDoA). There were four use indications to which numerators were assigned: liver abscess control (LAC), bovine respiratory disease (BRD), lameness (lame), or all other indications combined (other). Three denominators were also calculated directly from the data, these being the number of days animals were present (head days), number of cattle received (head in), and kilograms of live weight sold (kg-LW). Numerators and denominators were calculated at the lot level. The use of DDD or DCD was explored to determine how their use would affect interpretation of comparisons between lots or feedyards. At the lot level across both study years, the lot estimate of nDDD differed from the CDoA value by >25% in 49.2% of the lots. The number of Defined Course Doses (nDCD) was then compared to the number of Regimens (Reg). Comparing nDCD to Reg at the lot level across both study years, the lot estimate of nDCD differed from the Reg value by >25% in 46.4% of lots. Both year and metric were also shown to affect numerical feedyard ranking by antimicrobial use according to seven different metrics. The analysis reported here adds to the body of literature reporting substantial effects of metric choice on the conclusions drawn from comparing antimicrobial use across multiple production sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Apley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | | | - David E. Amrine
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Brian V. Lubbers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Randall S. Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Mindwalk Consulting Group, LLC, Falcon Heights, MN, United States
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4
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Ruzante JM, Harris B, Plummer P, Raineri RR, Loy JD, Jacob M, Sahin O, Kreuder AJ. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine in the United States: Current efforts, challenges, and opportunities. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1068406. [PMID: 36605768 PMCID: PMC9807758 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1068406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem facing human, animal, plant, and environmental health by threatening our ability to effectively treat bacterial infections with antimicrobials. In the United States, robust surveillance efforts exist to collect, analyze, and disseminate AMR data in human health care settings. These tools enable the development of effective infection control methods, the detection of trends, and provide the evidence needed to guide stewardship efforts to reduce the potential for emergence and further spread of AMR. However, in veterinary medicine, there are currently no known equivalent tools. This paper reviews efforts in the United States related to surveillance of AMR in veterinary medicine and discusses the challenges and opportunities of using data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories to build a comprehensive AMR surveillance program that will support stewardship efforts and help control AMR in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M. Ruzante
- Center for Environmental Health Risk and Sustainability, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Beth Harris
- National Animal Health Laboratory Network, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paul Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Raissa R. Raineri
- National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA, United States,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Megan Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amanda J. Kreuder
- National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA, United States,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Amanda J. Kreuder
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5
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Gens KD, Singer RS, Dilworth TJ, Heil EL, Beaudoin AL. Antimicrobials in Animal Agriculture in the United States: A Multidisciplinary Overview of Regulation and Utilization to Foster Collaboration: On Behalf Of the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac542. [PMID: 36340739 PMCID: PMC9629461 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the complexity of antimicrobial resistance and the dire implications of misusing antimicrobials, it is imperative to identify accurate and meaningful ways to understand and communicate the realities, challenges, and opportunities associated with antimicrobial utilization and measurement in all sectors, including in animal agriculture. The objectives of this article are to (i) describe how antimicrobials are regulated and used in US animal agriculture and (ii) highlight realities, challenges, and opportunities to foster multidisciplinary understanding of the common goal of responsible antimicrobial use. Recognition of the realities of medicine, practice, and policy in the agricultural setting is critical to identify realistic opportunities for improvement and collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista D Gens
- Department of Pharmacy, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Randall S Singer
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas J Dilworth
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emily L Heil
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Levent G, Schlochtermeier A, Vinasco J, Jennings J, Richeson J, Ives SE, Norman KN, Lawhon SD, Loneragan GH, Scott HM. Long-Term Effects of Single-Dose Cephalosporin or Macrolide Use on the Prevalence of AmpC and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in the Feces of Beef Cattle. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102071. [PMID: 36296347 PMCID: PMC9610231 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are serious public health threats. Due to an increasing number of reports of ESBL and AmpC producing Escherichia coli in agricultural settings, it is critical to understand the relationship between the use of two of the highest priority critically important human antibiotics (e.g., third generation cephalosporins [3GC] and macrolides) in food animals and their potential contribution to the selection of ESBL/AmpC E. coli. The objective of our randomized controlled feedlot trial was to measure the effects of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid and tulathromycin on 3GC resistant fecal E. coli populations in cattle before and at various time points after treatment up to and including at slaughter. Multi-level mixed-effects linear regression showed no effect of ceftiofur and tulathromycin on 3GC E. coli CFU counts at slaughter (Day 99); however, a significant (p < 0.05) population shift was observed from susceptible to 3GC resistant E. coli immediately after ceftiofur administration (Day 7). Among 799 fecal samples screened using selective media, 17.7% were ESBL/AmpC E. coli positive, which were further tested for phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility. The majority of the isolates from these plates were multidrug-resistant (94.3%) and expressed either AmpC (78.1%) or ESBL (28.1%) phenotype. A subset of isolates was whole-genome sequenced (n = 20) and identified to harbor chromosomal and/or plasmidal bla genes such as CMY-2, CTX-M, and TEM. Our findings show a time-dependent selection of antibiotics on 3GC-resistant E. coli. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant ESBL/AmpC E. coli found in cattle feces highlights the importance of prudent use of antibiotics in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Levent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | | | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Jenny Jennings
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016, USA
| | - John Richeson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016, USA
| | - Samuel E. Ives
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016, USA
| | - Keri N. Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Guy H. Loneragan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - H. Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Assessment of Rapid MinION Nanopore DNA Virus Meta-Genomics Using Calves Experimentally Infected with Bovine Herpes Virus-1. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091859. [PMID: 36146668 PMCID: PMC9501177 DOI: 10.3390/v14091859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD), which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cattle, is caused by numerous known and unknown viruses and is responsible for the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics despite the use of polymicrobial BRD vaccines. Viral metagenomics sequencing on the portable, inexpensive Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION sequencer and sequence analysis with its associated user-friendly point-and-click Epi2ME cloud-based pathogen identification software has the potential for point-of-care/same-day/sample-to-result metagenomic sequence diagnostics of known and unknown BRD pathogens to inform a rapid response and vaccine design. We assessed this potential using in vitro viral cell cultures and nasal swabs taken from calves that were experimentally challenged with a single known BRD-associated DNA virus, namely, bovine herpes virus 1. Extensive optimisation of the standard Oxford Nanopore library preparation protocols, particularly a reduction in the PCR bias of library amplification, was required before BoHV-1 could be identified as the main virus in the in vitro cell cultures and nasal swab samples within approximately 7 h from sample to result. In addition, we observed incorrect assignment of the bovine sequence to bacterial and viral taxa due to the presence of poor-quality bacterial and viral genome assemblies in the RefSeq database used by the EpiME Fastq WIMP pathogen identification software.
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8
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Cheng TY, Almeida BG, Pempek JA, Masterson MA, Habing GG. The use of common antimicrobial agents in US veal calves. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:359-369. [PMID: 35188339 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in food animals and the selection of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens continue to be prominent concerns for human food safety and public health. To provide optimal stewardship programs, antimicrobial use in animal production operations must be quantified and standardized for benchmarking and creating goals, monitoring temporal trends, and identifying causes of emerging resistance. In the United States, quantified estimates of antimicrobial use are available in dairy and beef cattle, but these data have not been generated for veal calf herds. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the treatment incidence (TI) of antimicrobials for eight US veal calf farms in one rearing cycle. Treatment incidences were compared between calculated doses defined by the labeled daily dose (LDD), animal-defined daily dose (ADD) from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guideline, and the used daily dose (UDD) from the farm treatment protocols. Among eight farms, veal calves received a mean of 34.40 LDD, 34.88 ADD, and 28.68 UDD of an antimicrobial per 100 days. The lower TI based on the UDD administration was a result of higher farm protocol dosing relative to the labeled and EMA daily doses. Higher quantities of antimicrobial administration were observed in the first three weeks (day 1-21) of rearing (Tukey-adjusted p < .05). This study is the first to quantitatively estimate the TI of antimicrobials on the US veal calf operations and serves as an important step toward the development of antimicrobial stewardship programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Breanna G Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jessica A Pempek
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Margaret A Masterson
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregory G Habing
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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9
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Fajt VR, Lehenbauer TW, Plummer PJ, Robbins RC, Scheftel JM, Singer RS, Canon AJ, Frey E, Gaunt PS, Papich MG, Parker TM, Brookshire C, Cervantes H, Jay-Russell MT, Schnabel LV, Smith DR, Wright LR, Costin M. A call to action for veterinarians and partners in animal health to collect antimicrobial use data for the purposes of supporting medical decision-making and antimicrobial stewardship. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:853-859. [PMID: 35271460 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.09.0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Rutten-Ramos SC, Simjee S, Calvo-Lorenzo MS, Bargen JL. Population-level analysis of antibiotic use and death rates in beef feedlots over ten years in three cattle-feeding regions of the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:1344-1350. [PMID: 34727064 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.10.0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess antibiotic use and other factors associated with death rates in beef feedlots in 3 regions of the US over a 10-year period. SAMPLE Data for 186,297 lots (groups) of finished cattle marketed between 2010 and 2019 were obtained from a database representing feedlots in the central, high, and north plains of the US. PROCEDURES Descriptive statistics were generated. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate lot death rates for each region, sex (steer or heifer), and cattle origin (Mexico or the US) combination. Death rate was calculated as the (number of deaths/number of cattle placed in the lot) × 100. Lot antibiotic use (TotalActiveMG/KGOut) was calculated as the total milligrams of active antibiotics assigned to the lot per live weight (in kilograms) of cattle marketed from the lot. Rate ratios were calculated to evaluate the respective associations between lot death rate and characteristics of cattle and antibiotic use. RESULTS Mean death rate increased during the 10-year period, peaking in 2018. Mean number of days on feed also increased over time. Mean TotalActiveMG/KGOut was greatest in 2014 and 2015, lowest in 2017, and moderated in 2018 and 2019. Death rate was positively associated with the number of days on feed and had a nonlinear association with TotalActiveMG/KGOut. Feeding medicated feed articles mitigated death rate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested a balance between disease prevention and control in feedlots for cattle with various risk profiles. Additional data sources are needed to assess TotalActiveMG/KGOut across the cattle lifetime.
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11
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Enrofloxacin Alters Fecal Microbiota and Resistome Irrespective of Its Dose in Calves. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102162. [PMID: 34683483 PMCID: PMC8537546 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone drug used to prevent and control bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex in multiple or single doses, ranging from 7.5 to 12.5 mg/kg body weight. Here, we examined the effects of high and low doses of a single subcutaneously injected enrofloxacin on gut microbiota and resistome in calves. Thirty-five calves sourced for this study were divided into five groups: control (n = 7), two low dose groups (n = 14, 7.5 mg/kg), and two high dose groups (n = 14, 12.5 mg/kg). One group in the low and high dose groups was challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica to induce BRD. Both alpha and beta diversities were significantly different between pre- and post-treatment microbial communities (q < 0.05). The high dose caused a shift in a larger number of genera than the low dose. Using metagenomic ProxiMeta Hi-C, 32 unique antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) conferring resistance to six antibiotic classes were detected with their reservoirs, and the high dose favored clonal expansion of ARG-carrying bacterial hosts. In conclusion, enrofloxacin treatment can alter fecal microbiota and resistome irrespective of its dose. Hi-C sequencing provides significant benefits for unlocking new insights into the ARG ecology of complex samples; however, limitations in sample size and sequencing depth suggest that further work is required to validate the findings.
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12
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Danofloxacin Treatment Alters the Diversity and Resistome Profile of Gut Microbiota in Calves. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102023. [PMID: 34683343 PMCID: PMC8538188 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones, such as danofloxacin, are used to control bovine respiratory disease complex in beef cattle; however, little is known about their effects on gut microbiota and resistome. The objectives were to evaluate the effect of subcutaneously administered danofloxacin on gut microbiota and resistome, and the composition of Campylobacter in calves. Twenty calves were injected with a single dose of danofloxacin, and ten calves were kept as a control. The effects of danofloxacin on microbiota and the resistome were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, and metagenomic Hi-C ProxiMeta. Alpha and beta diversities were significantly different (p < 0.05) between pre-and post-treatment samples, and the compositions of several bacterial taxa shifted. The patterns of association between the compositions of Campylobacter and other genera were affected by danofloxacin. Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) conferring resistance to five antibiotics were identified with their respective reservoirs. Following the treatment, some ARGs (e.g., ant9, tet40, tetW) increased in frequencies and host ranges, suggesting initiation of horizontal gene transfer, and new ARGs (aac6, ermF, tetL, tetX) were detected in the post-treatment samples. In conclusion, danofloxacin induced alterations of gut microbiota and selection and enrichment of resistance genes even against antibiotics that are unrelated to danofloxacin.
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13
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Bueno I, Beaudoin A, Arnold WA, Kim T, Frankson LE, LaPara TM, Kanankege K, Wammer KH, Singer RS. Quantifying and predicting antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes in waterbodies through a holistic approach: a study in Minnesota, United States. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18747. [PMID: 34548591 PMCID: PMC8455696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment plays a key role in the spread and persistence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) are released into the environment from sources such as wastewater treatment plants, and animal farms. This study describes an approach guided by spatial mapping to quantify and predict antimicrobials and ARG in Minnesota’s waterbodies in water and sediment at two spatial scales: macro, throughout the state, and micro, in specific waterbodies. At the macroscale, the highest concentrations across all antimicrobial classes were found near populated areas. Kernel interpolation provided an approximation of antimicrobial concentrations and ARG abundance at unsampled locations. However, there was high uncertainty in these predictions, due in part to low study power and large distances between sites. At the microscale, wastewater treatment plants had an effect on ARG abundance (sul1 and sul2 in water; blaSHV, intl1, mexB, and sul2 in sediment), but not on antimicrobial concentrations. Results from sediment reflected a long-term history, while water reflected a more transient record of antimicrobials and ARG. This study highlights the value of using spatial analyses, different spatial scales, and sampling matrices, to design an environmental monitoring approach to advance our understanding of AMR persistence and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bueno
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Amanda Beaudoin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Minnesota Department of Health, P.O. Box 64975, St. Paul, MN, 55164-0975, USA
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Water Resources Science Program, University of Minnesota, 1985 Buford Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Taegyu Kim
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lara E Frankson
- Water Resources Science Program, University of Minnesota, 1985 Buford Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Timothy M LaPara
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kaushi Kanankege
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1354 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Kristine H Wammer
- College of Arts & Sciences, University of St. Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - Randall S Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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14
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Schmidt JW, Vikram A, Doster E, Thomas K, Weinroth MD, Parker J, Hanes A, Geornaras I, Morley PS, Belk KE, Wheeler TL, Arthur TM. Antimicrobial Resistance in U.S. Retail Ground Beef with and without Label Claims Regarding Antibiotic Use. J Food Prot 2021; 84:827-842. [PMID: 33302298 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Antibiotics used during food animal production account for approximately 77% of U.S. antimicrobial consumption by mass. Ground beef products labeled as raised without antibiotics (RWA) are perceived to harbor lower levels of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria than conventional (CONV) products with no label claims regarding antimicrobial use. Retail ground beef samples were obtained from six U.S. cities. Samples with an RWA or U.S. Department of Agriculture Organic claim (n = 299) were assigned to the RWA production system. Samples lacking these claims (n = 300) were assigned to the CONV production system. Each sample was cultured for the detection of five antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Genomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and a quantitative PCR assay was used to determine the abundance of 10 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Prevalence of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (CONV, 46.3%; RWA, 34.4%; P < 0.01) and erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus (CONV, 48.0%; RWA, 37.5%; P = 0.01) was higher in CONV ground beef. Salmonella was detected in 1.2% of samples. The AMR gene blaCTX-M (CONV, 4.1 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 3.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) was more abundant in CONV ground beef. The AMR genes mecA (CONV, 4.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.9 log-normalized abundance; P = 0.05), tet(A) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), tet(B) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), and tet(M) (CONV, 5.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 5.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) were more abundant in RWA ground beef. Although these results suggest that antimicrobial use during U.S. cattle production does not increase human exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria via ground beef, quantitative microbiological risk assessments are required for authoritative determination of the human health impacts of the use of antimicrobial agents during beef production. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.]
| | - Amit Vikram
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933
| | - Enrique Doster
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-8988 [E.D.]
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Margaret D Weinroth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8351-395X [M.D.W.]
| | - Jennifer Parker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Ayanna Hanes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Ifigenia Geornaras
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-2628 [I.G.]
| | - Paul S Morley
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach Program, Texas A&M University and West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8138-2714 [P.S.M.])
| | - Keith E Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]
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15
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Hope KJ, Apley MD, Schrag NFD, Lubbers BV, Singer RS. Comparison of surveys and use records for quantifying medically important antimicrobial use in 18 U.S. Beef Feedyards. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 67 Suppl 1:111-123. [PMID: 33201605 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate agreement between medically important antimicrobial use metrics derived from in-person surveys of feedyard management as opposed to metrics derived from production unit-level antimicrobial use records. Survey respondents were asked to estimate values which would allow calculation of the metrics of regimens per animal year (Reg/AY) and milligrams of antimicrobial per kilogram of liveweight sold (mg/kg-LW). At the study level, values were calculated by antimicrobial class within the use categories of in-feed use, control of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and individual animal treatment. At the feedyard level, values were calculated by total overall use and total use within use category. Feedyard level correlation coefficients between survey and record values for total use were 0.76 (p = .0004) and 0.73 (p = .0009) for Reg/AY and mg/kg-LW, respectively. Correlation coefficients for use category within metric ranged from 0.25 (p = .3224) to 0.65 (p = .0061). Comparing feedyard level survey and record values for total Reg/AY and mg/kg-LW using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test resulted in p-values (95% CI) of 0.3247 (-1.06, 0.25) and 0.7019 (-14.49, 10.387), respectively. Evaluation of comparative rankings as total use by metric indicated that for Reg/AY, only two of the five top-ranked feedyards were consistent between the two data sources. The relationship for mg/kg-LW demonstrated the lowest two and highest three values were consistent between sources; however, the ranking similarities appear to markedly decline in the middle ranks. This report demonstrates that survey-based antimicrobial use data may closely reflect summary values determined from records across multiple beef feedyards. However, individual feedyard relationships between their record and survey values vary widely and ranking by survey may lead to different conclusions as to highest and lowest use than ranking by data collected from use records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Hope
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Michael D Apley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nora F D Schrag
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Brian V Lubbers
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Randall S Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Mindwalk Consulting Group, LLC, Falcon Heights, MN, USA
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16
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Davies PR, Singer RS. Antimicrobial use in wean to market pigs in the United States assessed via voluntary sharing of proprietary data. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67 Suppl 1:6-21. [PMID: 33201609 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Data on antimicrobial use were collected for the 2016 and 2017 calendar years from swine producers in the United States. Nine large systems, collectively producing over 20 million market pigs annually, voluntarily provided data to advance understanding of antimicrobial use in the industry and to support antimicrobial stewardship initiatives. The scope of the study was limited to growing pigs, and the granularity of data varied across the systems. Data were summarized both qualitatively and quantitatively by antimicrobial class, active ingredient and route of administration (injection, water and feed). Data on the purpose of administration, doses and durations of administration were not available, but some information was provided by the responsible veterinarians. Aggregate data were similar both qualitatively and quantitatively in 2016 and 2017, although marked changes between years were evident within systems for some antimicrobials. Antimicrobial use (by weight) was dominated by the tetracycline class (approximately 60% of total use). Antimicrobials in classes categorized as critically important constituted 4.5% and 5.3% of total use in 2016 and 2017, respectively. In both years, fluoroquinolone (0.23%, 0.46%) and 3rd generation cephalosporin (0.15%, 0.11%) use collectively accounted for <1% of total use. Administration was predominantly oral in feed and water, and injection comprised approximately 2% of use overall, but around 12% for critically important antimicrobials. There was considerable variability among systems in patterns of antimicrobial use. This pilot project demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring antimicrobial use data via voluntary sharing. It is currently being expanded among larger swine production systems, and further efforts to enable confidential data sharing and benchmarking for smaller producers are being pursued by the swine industry. Recognized biases in the data caution against over-interpretation of these data as an index of national use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Davies
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Epitome Consulting, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Randall S Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Mindwalk Consulting Group, Falcon Heights, MN, USA
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