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Haug WB, Pain MTG. Using a simple model to systematically examine the influence of force-velocity profile and power on vertical jump performance with different constraints. Sports Biomech 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38739038 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2351615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Power, and recently force-velocity (F-V) profiling, are well-researched and oft cited critical components for sports performance but both are still debated; some would say misused. A neat, applied formulation of power and linear F-V in the literature is practically useful but there is a dearth of fundamental explanations of how power and F-V interact with human and environmental constraints. To systematically explore the interactions of a linear F-V profile, peak power, gravity, mass, range of motion (ROM), and initial activation conditions, a forward dynamics point mass model of vertical jumping was parameterised from an athlete. With no constraints and for a given peak power, F-V favouring higher velocity performed better, but were impacted more under real-world conditions of gravity and finite ROM meaning the better F-V was dependent on constraints. Increasing peak power invariably increased jump height but improvement was dependent on the initial F-V and if it was altered by changing maximal force or velocity. When mass was changed along with power and F-V there was a non-linear interaction and jump improvement could be almost as large for a F-V change as an increase in power. An ideal F-V profile cannot be identified without knowledge of mass and ROM.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Haug
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Matthew T G Pain
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Van Hooren B, Aagaard P, Monte A, Blazevich AJ. The role of pennation angle and architectural gearing to rate of force development in dynamic and isometric muscle contractions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14639. [PMID: 38686976 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between muscle architecture and rate of force development (RFD) have been largely studied during fixed-end (isometric) contractions. Fixed-end contractions may, however, limit muscle shape changes and thus alter the relationship between muscle architecture an RFD. AIM We compared the correlation between muscle architecture and architectural gearing and knee extensor RFD when assessed during dynamic versus fixed-end contractions. METHODS Twenty-two recreationally active male runners performed dynamic knee extensions at constant acceleration (2000°s-2) and isometric contractions at a fixed knee joint angle (fixed-end contractions). Torque, RFD, vastus lateralis muscle thickness, and fascicle dynamics were compared during 0-75 and 75-150 ms after contraction onset. RESULTS Resting fascicle angle was moderately and positively correlated with RFD during fixed-end contractions (r = 0.42 and 0.46 from 0-75 and 75-150 ms, respectively; p < 0.05), while more strongly (p < 0.05) correlated with RFD during dynamic contractions (r = 0.69 and 0.73 at 0-75 and 75-150 ms, respectively; p < 0.05). Resting fascicle angle was (very) strongly correlated with architectural gearing (r = 0.51 and 0.73 at 0-75 ms and 0.50 and 0.70 at 75-150 ms; p < 0.05), with gearing in turn also being moderately to strongly correlated with RFD in both contraction conditions (r = 0.38-0.68). CONCLUSION Resting fascicle angle was positively correlated with RFD, with a stronger relationship observed in dynamic than isometric contraction conditions. The stronger relationships observed during dynamic muscle actions likely result from different restrictions on the acute changes in muscle shape and architectural gearing imposed by isometric versus dynamic muscle contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andrea Monte
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Magris R, Nardello F, Bombieri F, Monte A, Zamparo P. Characterization of the vastus lateralis torque-length, and knee extensors torque-velocity and power-velocity relationships in people with Parkinson's disease. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1380864. [PMID: 38725475 PMCID: PMC11079174 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1380864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative condition observed primarily in the elderly population that gives rise to motor and non-motor symptoms, one of which is muscle weakness. The aim of this study was to characterize the vastus lateralis torque-fascicle length (T-L) and the knee extensors torque-angular velocity (T-V) and power-angular velocity (P-V) relationships in PD patients and to investigate the influence of muscle geometry on muscle mechanics. Methods Participants (11 PD: patients, 9 CR: age matched healthy controls; 10 CY: young healthy controls) performed: (i) isometric contractions (e.g., MVC) to obtain the torque-angle and T-L relationships; (ii) isokinetic (e.g., iso-velocity) contractions to obtain the T-V and P-V relationships. During the experiments, the architecture of vastus lateralis (pennation angle, fascicle length, muscle thickness) was also determined by using an ultrasound apparatus. Results Significant differences were observed between PD patients and physically matched control groups (CR and CY) in terms of maximum isometric force (calculated as the apex of the T-L curve) and maximum mechanical power (apex of the P-V curve), but not in maximum shortening velocity. Among the mechanical variables investigated, mechanical power was able to identify differences between the less and the more affected side in PD patients, suggesting that this parameter could be useful for clinical evaluation in this population. Conclusions The observed results cannot be explained by differences in muscle geometry at rest (similar in the three cohorts), but rather by the muscle capacity to change in shape during contraction, that is impaired in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Magris
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Sousa MV, Goethel M, Becker KM, Diefenthaeler F, Fernandes RJ, de Santana Toro Batista I, Vilas-Boas JP, Ervilha U. Effect of experimentally induced muscle pain on neuromuscular control of force production. Hum Mov Sci 2024; 95:103219. [PMID: 38636393 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neural and peripheral effects of induced muscle pain on explosive force production were investigated. METHODS Nine participants performed two maximal, six explosive, and six electrical stimulations induced (twitches and octets) isometric knee extensions before and after (15 min of rest) receiving an intramuscular injection of hypertonic saline (pain inducer) or isotonic (placebo) infusions in two laboratory visits separated by 7 days. RESULTS It was observed a reduction of peak torque production in maximal voluntary contraction in both conditions (9.3 and 3.3% for pain and placebo, respectively) and in the rate of torque development in placebo (7%). There was an increase in the rate of torque development for twitch and octets (10.5 and 15.8%, respectively) in the pain condition and peak torque for twitch (12%) in both conditions (as did the total rate of torque development for octets). CONCLUSION Force production decreases and increases during voluntary and involuntary contractions, respectively, suggesting that acute pain impairs force production via central mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoela Vieira Sousa
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal; Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal.
| | - Márcio Goethel
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal; Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal
| | - Klaus M Becker
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal; Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal
| | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal; Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal
| | - Isabella de Santana Toro Batista
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Sciences, School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, University of São Paulo, 03828-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal; Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal
| | - Ulysses Ervilha
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto 4200-450, Portugal; Laboratory of Physical Activity Sciences, School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, University of São Paulo, 03828-000 São Paulo, Brazil
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Tsai MS, Domroes T, Pentidis N, Koschinski S, Schroll A, Bohm S, Arampatzis A, Mersmann F. Effect of the temporal coordination and volume of cyclic mechanical loading on human Achilles tendon adaptation in men. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6875. [PMID: 38519507 PMCID: PMC10960029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56840-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human tendons adapt to mechanical loading, yet there is little information on the effect of the temporal coordination of loading and recovery or the dose-response relationship. For this reason, we assigned adult men to either a control or intervention group. In the intervention group, the two legs were randomly assigned to one of five high-intensity Achilles tendon (AT) loading protocols (i.e., 90% maximum voluntary contraction and approximately 4.5 to 6.5% tendon strain) that were systematically modified in terms of loading frequency (i.e., sessions per week) and overall loading volume (i.e., total time under loading). Before, at mid-term (8 weeks) and after completion of the 16 weeks intervention, AT mechanical properties were determined using a combination of inverse dynamics and ultrasonography. The cross-sectional area (CSA) and length of the free AT were measured using magnetic resonance imaging pre- and post-intervention. The data analysis with a linear mixed model showed significant increases in muscle strength, rest length-normalized AT stiffness, and CSA of the free AT in the intervention group (p < 0.05), yet with no marked differences between protocols. No systematic effects were found considering the temporal coordination of loading and overall loading volume. In all protocols, the major changes in normalized AT stiffness occurred within the first 8 weeks and were mostly due to material rather than morphological changes. Our findings suggest that-in the range of 2.5-5 sessions per week and 180-300 s total high strain loading-the temporal coordination of loading and recovery and overall loading volume is rather secondary for tendon adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shiuan Tsai
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Domroes
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Pentidis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophia Koschinski
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Schroll
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany.
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Tavoian D, Clark BC, Clark LA, Wages NP, Russ DW. Comparison of strategies for assessment of rate of torque development in older and younger adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:551-560. [PMID: 37624389 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05299-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing appreciation of the role of rate of torque development (RTD) in physical function of older adults (OAs). This study compared various RTD strategies and electromyography (EMG) in the knee extensors and focused on discriminating groups with potential limitations in voluntary activation (VA) and associations of different RTD indices with functional tests that may be affected by VA in OAs. Neuromuscular function was assessed in 20 younger adults (YAs, 22.0 ± 1.7 years) and 50 OAs (74.4 ± 7.0 years). Isometric ballistic and peak torque during maximal voluntary contractions (pkTMVC), doublet stimulation and surface EMG were assessed and used to calculate VA during pkTMVC and RTD and rate of EMG rise during ballistic contractions. Select mobility tests (e.g., gait speed, 5× chair rise) were also assessed in the OAs. Voluntary RTD and RTD normalized to pkTMVC, doublet torque, and peak doublet RTD were compared. Rate of EMG rise and voluntary RTD normalized to pkTMVC did not differ between OAs and YAs, nor were they associated with functional test scores. Voluntary RTD indices normalized to stimulated torque parameters were significantly associated with VA (r = 0.319-0.459), and both indices were significantly lower in OAs vs YAs (all p < 0.020). These RTD indices showed significant association with the majority of mobility tests, but there was no clear advantage among them. Thus, voluntary RTD normalized to pkTMVC was ill-suited for use in OAs, while results suggests that voluntary RTD normalized to stimulated torque parameters may be useful for identifying central mechanisms of RTD impairment in OAs.Clinical trial registration number NCT02505529; date of registration 07/22/2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallin Tavoian
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- University of Arizona, AHSC 4212, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Leatha A Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Nathan P Wages
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - David W Russ
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Richardson MC, English B, Chesterton P. The use of sand as an alternative surface for training, injury prevention and rehabilitation in English professional football and barriers to implementation: a cross-sectional survey of medical staff. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:413-421. [PMID: 36107139 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2125566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the use of sand as an alternative surface for training, injury prevention and rehabilitation interventions in English professional football. A Secondary aim was to explore the potential barriers to implementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS All 92 teams from the male English professional football pyramid during the 2021-22 season were eligible to take part. A cross-sectional survey of the medical personnel (one per club) was conducted between June 2021 and December 2021 based on the RE-AIM framework. A total of 58 respondents (63% of all clubs) completed the survey. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Only 18 (31%) of the clubs surveyed used sand-based interventions across the last 3 seasons. Respondents felt sand-based interventions would be effective at improving physiological gains (median 4, interquartile range [IQR] 4-5) and as part of injury prevention and rehabilitation strategies (4, IQR 3-4) but were indifferent in relation to its potential to improve sporting performance (3, IQR 3-4). Barriers to implementation of sand-based interventions within wider football were a lack of facilities, lack of awareness of its potential benefits, lack of high-quality evidence and the surface not being specific to the sport. Medical staff also did not perceive that coaches' positively viewed sand interventions as a training or injury management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Richardson
- Allied Health Professions Department, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Bryan English
- Head of Medicine, Leicester City Football Club Training Ground, Seagrave, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul Chesterton
- Allied Health Professions Department, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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Symons TB, Roberts AH, Carter KA, Caruso JF. The Addition of Sprint Interval Training to Field Lacrosse Training Increases Rate of Torque Development and Contractile Impulse in Female High School Field Lacrosse Players. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:89. [PMID: 37489302 PMCID: PMC10366844 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Field lacrosse requires sudden directional changes and rapid acceleration/deceleration. The capacity to perform these skills is dependent on explosive muscle force production. Limited research exists on the potential of sprint interval training (SIT) to impact explosive muscle force production in field lacrosse players. The purpose of this study is to examine SIT, concurrent to field-lacrosse-specific training, on the rate of torque development (RTD), contractile impulse, and muscle function in female high school field lacrosse players (n = 12; 16 ± 1 yrs.). SIT was performed three times per week, concurrent to field-lacrosse-specific training, for 12 weeks. Right lower-limb muscle performance was assessed pre-, mid-, and post-SIT training via isometric and isokinetic concentric knee extensor contractions. Outcomes included RTD (Nm·s-1), contractile impulse (Nm·s), and peak torque (Nm). RTD for the first 50 ms of contraction improved by 42% by midseason and remained elevated at postseason (p = 0.004, effect size (ES) = -577.3 to 66.5). Contractile impulse demonstrated a training effect across 0-50 ms (42%, p = 0.004, ES = -1.4 to 0.4), 0-100 ms (33%, p = 0.018, ES = 3.1 to 0.9), and 0-200 ms (22%, p = 0.031, ES = -7.8 to 1.6). Isometric (0 rad·s-1) and concentric (3.1 rad·s-1) strength increased by 20% (p = 0.002, ES = -60.8 to -20.8) and 9% (p = 0.038, ES = -18.2 to 0.0) from SIT and field-lacrosse-specific training, respectively (p < 0.05). SIT, concurrent to field-lacrosse-specific training, enhanced lower-limb skeletal muscle performance, which may enable greater sport-specific gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brock Symons
- Department of Counselling, Health, and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78224, USA
| | - Alexandra H Roberts
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kathleen A Carter
- College of Engineering, Science Technology, Agriculture, Central State University, Wilberforce, OH 45384, USA
| | - John F Caruso
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Kakavas G, Forelli F, Malliaropoulos N, Hewett TE, Tsaklis P. Periodization in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation: New Framework Versus Old Model? A Clinical Commentary. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:541-546. [PMID: 37020434 PMCID: PMC10069386 DOI: 10.26603/001c.73035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological and psychological changes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) do not always allow a return to sport in the best condition and at the same level as before. Moreover, the number of significant re-injuries, especially in young athletes should be considered and physical therapists must develop rehabilitation strategies and increasingly specific and ecological test batteries to optimize safe return to play. The return to sport and return to play of athletes after ACLR must progress through the recovery of strength, neuromotor control, and include cardiovascular training while considering different psychological aspects. Because motor control seems to be the key to a safe return to sport, it should be associated with the progressive development of strength, and cognitive abilities should also be considered throughout rehabilitation. Periodization, the planned manipulation of training variables (load, sets, and repetitions) to maximize training adaptations while minimizing fatigue and injury, is relevant to the optimization of muscle strengthening, athletic qualities, and neurocognitive qualities of athletes during rehabilitation after ACLR. Periodized programming utilizes the principle of overload, whereby the neuromuscular system is required to adapt to unaccustomed loads. While progressive loading is a well-established and widely used concept for strengthening, the variance of volume and intensity makes periodization effective for improving athletic skills and attributes, such as muscular strength, endurance, and power, when compared with non-periodized training. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to broadly apply concepts of periodization to rehabilitation after ACLR.
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Correia JM, Santos PDG, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico CS, Infante J, Mendonca GV. Effect of Time-Restricted Eating and Resistance Training on High-Speed Strength and Body Composition. Nutrients 2023; 15. [PMID: 36678156 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of four weeks of resistance training combined with time-restricted eating (TRE) vs. habitual diet on fat and fat-free mass as well as maximum and explosive force production in healthy, trained participants (18 males, aged 23.7 ± 2.6 years). The order of dieting was randomized and counterbalanced, and the participants served as their own controls. TRE involved an 8-h eating window and non-TRE involved a habitual meal pattern. Participants completed performance strength tests and body composition scans at baseline and post-intervention. The participants followed a structured training routine during each dietary intervention (four sets of maximum repetitions at 85% 1RM in five dynamic exercises, three times/week). Both interventions elicited deceases in fat mass (p < 0.05) but not in fat-free mass. After training (controlling for baseline values as covariates), non-TRE was compatible with better lower body jump performance than TRE (p < 0.05). Conversely, training with TRE elicited higher values in terms of peak force and dynamic strength index at the level of the upper body (p < 0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that there were no differences in fat mass and fat-free mass changes between interventions in already trained young males. Additionally, while the combination of TRE and resistance training might be beneficial for individuals focusing on developing high-speed strength performance at the upper body level, this is not applicable to those focusing on training the lower body.
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Lazarczuk SL, Maniar N, Opar DA, Duhig SJ, Shield A, Barrett RS, Bourne MN. Mechanical, Material and Morphological Adaptations of Healthy Lower Limb Tendons to Mechanical Loading: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2405-2429. [PMID: 35657492 PMCID: PMC9474511 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to increased mechanical loading during physical training can lead to increased tendon stiffness. However, the loading regimen that maximises tendon adaptation and the extent to which adaptation is driven by changes in tendon material properties or tendon geometry is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To determine (1) the effect of mechanical loading on tendon stiffness, modulus and cross-sectional area (CSA); (2) whether adaptations in stiffness are driven primarily by changes in CSA or modulus; (3) the effect of training type and associated loading parameters (relative intensity; localised strain, load duration, load volume and contraction mode) on stiffness, modulus or CSA; and (4) whether the magnitude of adaptation in tendon properties differs between age groups. METHODS Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE) were searched for studies detailing load-induced adaptations in tendon morphological, material or mechanical properties. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and data were pooled using a random effects model to estimate variance. Meta regression was used to examine the moderating effects of changes in tendon CSA and modulus on tendon stiffness. RESULTS Sixty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. The total number of participants in the included studies was 763. The Achilles tendon (33 studies) and the patella tendon (24 studies) were the most commonly studied regions. Resistance training was the main type of intervention (49 studies). Mechanical loading produced moderate increases in stiffness (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.86), large increases in modulus (SMD 0.82; 95% CI 0.58-1.07), and small increases in CSA (SMD 0.22; 95% CI 0.12-0.33). Meta-regression revealed that the main moderator of increased stiffness was modulus. Resistance training interventions induced greater increases in modulus than other training types (SMD 0.90; 95% CI 0.65-1.15) and higher strain resistance training protocols induced greater increases in modulus (SMD 0.82; 95% CI 0.44-1.20; p = 0.009) and stiffness (SMD 1.04; 95% CI 0.65-1.43; p = 0.007) than low-strain protocols. The magnitude of stiffness and modulus differences were greater in adult participants. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical loading leads to positive adaptation in lower limb tendon stiffness, modulus and CSA. Studies to date indicate that the main mechanism of increased tendon stiffness due to physical training is increased tendon modulus, and that resistance training performed at high compared to low localised tendon strains is associated with the greatest positive tendon adaptation. PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42019141299.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Lazarczuk
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Nirav Maniar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David A Opar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven J Duhig
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony Shield
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rod S Barrett
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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12
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Lindberg K, Lohne-Seiler H, Fosstveit SH, Sibayan EE, Fjeller JS, Løvold S, Kolnes T, Vårvik FT, Berntsen S, Paulsen G, Seynnes O, Bjørnsen T. Effectiveness of individualized training based on force-velocity profiling on physical function in older men. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1013-1025. [PMID: 35305276 PMCID: PMC9313882 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an individualized power training program based on force–velocity (FV) profiling on physical function, muscle morphology, and neuromuscular adaptations in older men. Forty‐nine healthy men (68 ± 5 years) completed a 10‐week training period to enhance muscular power. They were randomized to either a generic power training group (GPT) or an individualized power training group (IPT). Unlike generic training, individualized training was based on low‐ or high‐resistance exercises, from an initial force–velocity profile. Lower‐limb FV profile was measured in a pneumatic leg‐press, and physical function was assessed as timed up‐and‐go time (TUG), sit‐to‐stand power, grip strength, and stair‐climbing time (loaded [20kg] and unloaded). Vastus lateralis morphology was measured with ultrasonography. Rate of force development (RFD) and rate of myoelectric activity (RMA) were measured during an isometric knee extension. The GPT group improved loaded stair‐climbing time (6.3 ± 3.8 vs. 2.3% ± 7.3%, p = 0.04) more than IPT. Both groups improved stair‐climbing time, sit to stand, and leg press power, grip strength, muscle thickness, pennation angle, fascicle length, and RMA from baseline (p < 0.05). Only GPT increased loaded stair‐climbing time and RFD (p < 0.05). An individualized power training program based on FV profiling did not improve physical function to a greater degree than generic power training. A generic power training approach combining both heavy and low loads might be advantageous through eliciting both force‐ and velocity‐related neuromuscular adaptions with a concomitant increase in muscular power and physical function in older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolbjørn Lindberg
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Hilde Lohne-Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sindre H Fosstveit
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Erlend E Sibayan
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Joachim S Fjeller
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sondre Løvold
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Tommy Kolnes
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Fredrik T Vårvik
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivier Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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13
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Tsang SMH, Szeto GPY, So BCL, Lau RWL, Tai JJ. Using cervical movement velocity to assist the prediction of pain and functional recovery for people with chronic mechanical neck pain. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 93:105607. [PMID: 35245780 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired cervical kinematics particularly the movement velocity had been consistently found in people with neck pain. The recovery and potential of cervical movement velocity in assisting the prediction of recovery in individuals with chronic neck pain remained unknown. This study investigated the application of cervical movement velocity to predict the outcomes of pain intensity and functional disability for a cohort of participants with chronic mechanical pain after completion of a 12-week intervention program. METHODS Cervical movement velocity when performing neck motions in the anatomical planes, pain intensity and functional disability score were assessed before and after the physiotherapy program. Correlations between kinematic and clinical outcomes, and validity of applying the peak velocity values of the cervical spine measured at baseline for prediction of recovery of pain and function after the physiotherapy program were examined (n = 68). FINDINGS Significant improvements were found in the peak values of cervical velocity in all movement planes, pain intensity and functional disability score at post-program reassessment (p < 0.001). Significant negative correlations between peak values of cervical movement velocity and pain intensity (for specific directions, r = -0.163 to -0.191), and functional disability were found (for all directions, r = -0.158 to -0.282). Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics curve was >0.6 for cervical extension, flexion and right rotation velocity for predicting functional recovery post-program. INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that cervical velocity of selected planes measured at baseline may inform the prediction of recovery of functional disability but not pain intensity in people with chronic mechanical neck pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M H Tsang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Grace P Y Szeto
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong
| | - Billy C L So
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Rufina W L Lau
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong
| | - Jay J Tai
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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14
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Balshaw TG, Massey GJ, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Lanza MB, Folland JP. Effect of long-term maximum strength training on explosive strength, neural, and contractile properties. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:685-697. [PMID: 34978747 PMCID: PMC9305549 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to compare explosive strength and underpinning contractile, hypertrophic, and neuromuscular activation characteristics of long‐term maximum strength‐trained (LT‐MST; ie, ≥3 years of consistent, regular knee extensor training) and untrained individuals. Sixty‐three healthy young men (untrained [UNT] n = 49, and LT‐MST n = 14) performed isometric maximum and explosive voluntary, as well as evoked octet knee extension contractions. Torque, quadriceps, and hamstring surface EMG were recorded during all tasks. Quadriceps anatomical cross‐sectional area (QACSAMAX; via MRI) was also assessed. Maximum voluntary torque (MVT; +66%) and QACSAMAX (+54%) were greater for LT‐MST than UNT ([both] p < 0.001). Absolute explosive voluntary torque (25–150 ms after torque onset; +41 to +64%; [all] p < 0.001; 1.15≤ effect size [ES]≤2.36) and absolute evoked octet torque (50 ms after torque onset; +43, p < 0.001; ES = 3.07) were greater for LT‐MST than UNT. However, relative (to MVT) explosive voluntary torque was lower for LT‐MST than UNT from 100 to 150 ms after contraction onset (−11% to −16%; 0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.002; 0.98 ≤ ES ≤ 1.11). Relative evoked octet torque 50 ms after onset was lower (−10%; p < 0.001; ES = 1.14) and octet time to peak torque longer (+8%; p = 0.001; ES = 1.18) for LT‐MST than UNT indicating slower contractile properties, independent from any differences in torque amplitude. The greater absolute explosive strength of the LT‐MST group was attributable to higher evoked explosive strength, that in turn appeared to be due to larger quadriceps muscle size, rather than any differences in neuromuscular activation. In contrast, the inferior relative explosive strength of LT‐MST appeared to be underpinned by slower intrinsic/evoked contractile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Balshaw
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Garry J Massey
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marcel B Lanza
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, US
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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15
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Del Vecchio A, Casolo A, Dideriksen JL, Aagaard P, Felici F, Falla D, Farina D. Lack of increased rate of force development after strength training is explained by specific neural, not muscular, motor unit adaptations. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 132:84-94. [PMID: 34792405 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00218.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While maximal force increases following short-term isometric strength training, the rate of force development (RFD) may remain relatively unaffected. The underlying neural and muscular mechanisms during rapid contractions after strength training are largely unknown. Since strength training increases the neural drive to muscles, it may be hypothesized that there are distinct neural or muscular adaptations determining the change in RFD independently of an increase in maximal force. Therefore, we examined motor unit population data acquired from surface electromyography during the rapid generation of force before and after four weeks of strength training. We observed that strength training did not change the RFD because it did not influence the number of motor units recruited per second or their initial discharge rate during rapid contractions. While strength training did not change motoneuron behaviour in the force increase phase of rapid contractions, it increased the discharge rate of motoneurons (by ~4 spikes/s) when reaching the plateau phase (~150 ms) of the rapid contractions, determining an increase in maximal force production. Computer simulations with a motor unit model that included neural and muscular properties, closely matched the experimental observations and demonstrated that the lack of change in RFD following training is primarily mediated by an unchanged maximal recruitment speed of motoneurons. These results demonstrate that maximal force and contraction speed are determined by different adaptations in motoneuron behaviour following strength training and indicate that increases in the recruitment speed of motoneurons are required to evoke training-induced increases in RFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Department of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Andrea Casolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Francesco Felici
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Deborah Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Monte A, Bertucco M, Magris R, Zamparo P. Muscle Belly Gearing Positively Affects the Force-Velocity and Power-Velocity Relationships During Explosive Dynamic Contractions. Front Physiol 2021; 12:683931. [PMID: 34456744 PMCID: PMC8387943 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.683931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in muscle shape could play an important role during contraction allowing to circumvent some limits imposed by the fascicle force–velocity (F–V) and power–velocity (P–V) relationships. Indeed, during low-force high-velocity contractions, muscle belly shortening velocity could exceed muscle fascicles shortening velocity, allowing the muscles to operate at higher F–V and P–V potentials (i.e., at a higher fraction of maximal force/power in accordance to the F–V and P–V relationships). By using an ultrafast ultrasound, we investigated the role of muscle shape changes (vastus lateralis) in determining belly gearing (muscle belly velocity/fascicle velocity) and the explosive torque during explosive dynamic contractions (EDC) at angular accelerations ranging from 1000 to 4000°.s–2. By means of ultrasound and dynamometric data, the F–V and P–V relationships both for fascicles and for the muscle belly were assessed. During EDC, fascicle velocity, belly velocity, belly gearing, and knee extensors torque data were analysed from 0 to 150 ms after torque onset; the fascicles and belly F–V and P–V potentials were thus calculated for each EDC. Absolute torque decreased as a function of angular acceleration (from 80 to 71 Nm, for EDC at 1000 and 4000°.s–1, respectively), whereas fascicle velocity and belly velocity increased with angular acceleration (P < 0.001). Belly gearing increased from 1.11 to 1.23 (or EDC at 1000 and 4000°.s–1, respectively) and was positively corelated with the changes in muscle thickness and pennation angle (the changes in latter two equally contributing to belly gearing changes). For the same amount of muscle’s mechanical output (force or power), the fascicles operated at higher F–V and P–V potential than the muscle belly (e.g., P–V potential from 0.70 to 0.56 for fascicles and from 0.65 to 0.41 for the muscle belly, respectively). The present results experimentally demonstrate that belly gearing could play an important role during explosive contractions, accommodating the largest part of changes in contraction velocity and allowing the fascicle to operate at higher F–V and P–V potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monte
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Bertucco
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Magris
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Zamparo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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17
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Kiely N, Pickering Rodriguez L, Watsford M, Reddin T, Hardy S, Duffield R. The influence of technique and physical capacity on ball release speed in cricket fast-bowling. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2361-2369. [PMID: 34096462 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1933349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationships between physical capacity, bowling technique and ball speed in 20 fast-bowlers. Technique factors correlated with ball speed were; bowling action duration (r = -0.639, p = 0.002), run-up velocity (r = 0.616, p = 0.004), back foot contact (BFC) time (r = -0.608, p = 0.004), front foot contact (FFC)-ball release (BR) duration (r = -0.602, p = 0.005), delivery stride phase acceleration (r = -0.582, p = 0.007), delivery stride duration (r = -0.547, p = 0.012), time of peak horizontal braking force (r = -0.538, p=0.014), peak pelvis COM velocity (BFC-BR) (r = 0.469, p = 0.037) and peak vertical GRF time (r = -0.461, p = 0.041). Physical capacities were; 10-30 m split (r = -0.554, p = 0.011), 30 m sprint (r = -0.482, p = 0.031) and IMTP (r = 0.471, p = 0.036). Stepwise regression showed bowling action duration and 10-30 m split explained 54% (p = 0.001) of ball speed variation. Ball speed was associated with faster run-ups, shorter BFC times and abrupt FFC GRF application. Coaches should also consider sprint speed and lower-body strength as important modifiable factors for fast-bowlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Kiely
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sport Science and Sports Medicine Department, Cricket New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Mark Watsford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Reddin
- Sport Science and Sports Medicine Department, Cricket New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Hardy
- Sport Science and Sports Medicine Department, Cricket New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Pereira LA, Freitas TT, Marín-Cascales E, Bishop C, McGuigan MR, Loturco I. Effects of Training on Sand or Hard Surfaces on Sprint and Jump Performance of Team-Sport Players: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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19
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Mackala K, Rauter S, Zawartka M, Čoh M, Vodičar J. The Relationship between Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Jumps and Their Influence on Speed Abilities: Gender Consideration. Symmetry (Basel) 2021; 13:694. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13040694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Plyometric exercises, in the form of jumping, are extreme physical activities. The aim of the study was to determine how symmetrical-single versus asymmetrical-continued plyometric exercises differ between men and women and affect speed abilities. Methods: Twenty-two healthy females and forty-four males from different sports practices participated in the investigation. The countermovement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) of 40/60 cm box were performed on two independent and synchronized force platforms (Bilateral Tensiometric Platform S2P, Ljubljana, Slovenia). The measurement of a standing long jump (SLJ) and all continuous jumps: standing five jumps (SFJ), standing bounce triple jump (SBTJ), five double-leg jumps (FD-LJ), and a 10 m horizontal single leg jump (HSLJ-10mL/R) were performed using OptoJump–Next Microgate (OptoJump, Bolzano, Italy). Results: Statistically significant differences were noted in all jump kinematic and somatic parameters, in favor of the men. The correlations between values of height of symmetrical jumps (bilateral) and distance (SLJ) were stronger in women despite the shorter jumps than the men. When an alpha-level of 0.01 was set, this study demonstrated a stronger correlation between symmetrical-single and asymmetrical-continuous plyometrics exercises and sprints, both men and women. This relationship is due to their similar kinematic and dynamic structures with sprinting steps. Conclusions: The results showed a large dispersion of the relationship (p < 0.05) between jumps and sprints divided into 10, 20 and 30 m, both in men and women. Both types of exercises implemented as a plyometric training regime are an extremely important tool for sprint speed development.
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20
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Wang IL, Wang J, Chen YM, Hu R, Su Y, Yao S, Ho CS. Effect of Acupuncture on the Timeliness of Explosive Forces Generated by the Male Shoulder Joint. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021; 2021:5585605. [PMID: 33815552 PMCID: PMC7987443 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5585605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Athletes aim to improve muscle strength to optimize sports performance and gain a competitive edge. Although modern sports medicine includes rehabilitation treatment methods for improving the explosive force of athletes, including acupuncture, a common alternative therapy, research on the effectiveness of acupuncture in improving the timeliness of explosive forces is limited. There is uncertainty regarding how long the effects of acupuncture treatment persist after treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of acupuncture on the timeliness of explosive forces generated by the male shoulder joint. Eighteen healthy men underwent tests of shoulder adduction/abduction (Add/Abd) and flexion/extension (Flex/Ext) through an isokinetic measurement system. Acupuncture was used to stimulate LU1 (Zhongfu), LU3 (Tianfu), LU4 (Xiabai), LI14 (Binao), SJ13 (Naohui), SJ14 (Jianliao), and SJ12 (Xiaoluo), and the isokinetic parameters were recorded before and after acupuncture. After acupuncture, isokinetic muscle force parameters including the maximum (Max) torque, the average power, the average peak power, the average work, and the total work increased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the average max torque Abd/Flex did not. Additionally, the preintervention values of the shoulder joints for Add/Abd and Flex/Ext were significantly greater than those at post 1 and post 2 (P < 0.05). The isokinetic results suggest that acupuncture can increase the explosive force of the male shoulder joint Add/Abd and Flex/Ext. Muscle cannot be fully activated when calcium saturation is below the maximal level. In this case, the postactivation potentiation (PAP) may enhance voluntary muscle force production. The effect of acupuncture is time-dependent, that is, the effects of acupuncture gradually weaken and disappear by approximately 10 minutes after acupuncture. Therefore, we suggest that acupuncture is used as an alternative therapy in sports competitions to increase the explosive forces of the shoulder joint, thereby improving sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lin Wang
- College of Physical Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jilin Sports University, No. 2476, Freedom Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin Provice 130022, China
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- College of Physical Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Jilin Sports University, No. 2476, Freedom Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin Provice 130022, China
| | - Yu Su
- Jilin Sports University, No. 2476, Freedom Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin Provice 130022, China
| | - Shun Yao
- Jilin Sports University, No. 2476, Freedom Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, Jilin Provice 130022, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Ho
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Inc., Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 26546, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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21
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Monte A. In vivo
manipulation of muscle shape and tendinous stiffness affects the human ability to generate torque rapidly. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:486-495. [DOI: 10.1113/ep089012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Monte
- Department of Neurosciences Biomedicine and Movement Sciences University of Verona Verona Italy
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22
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Taberner M, Haddad FS, Dunn A, Newall A, Parker L, Betancur E, Cohen DD. Managing the return to sport of the elite footballer following semimembranosus reconstruction. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000898. [PMID: 33178446 PMCID: PMC7640780 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring strains are the most common injury in elite football and typically occur during high-speed running. Despite its important contribution to power production in the late swing phase, injury to the semimembranosus (SM) is less common than to the biceps femoris, but may involve the free tendon and depending on the degree of retraction, warrant surgical repair. Few case reports detail clinical reasoning, supported by objective data during rehabilitation in elite footballers, and none have described the return to sport (RTS) process following this type of hamstring injury. In this article, we outline the management and RTS of an English Premier League (EPL) footballer who suffered a high-grade SM proximal tendon tear during training. Due to the degree of retraction of the free tendon, the player underwent surgical reconstruction at the recommendation of an orthopaedic surgeon. Early physiotherapy care, nutritional support, on- and off-pitch injury-specific reconditioning and global athletic development are outlined, alongside strength and power diagnostic and global positioning systems data, assessment of pain, player feedback and MRI informed clinical reasoning and shared decision-making during the RTS process. 18 weeks post-surgery the player returned to team training, transferring to a new club 3 weeks later. 2.5 years post RTS, the player remains free of re-injury playing regularly in the EPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Taberner
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fares S Haddad
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, UK
| | - Andy Dunn
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
- The OrthTeam, Spire Healthcare Ltd, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Newall
- Medical Department, Everton Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lloyd Parker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Nutrition Department, Everton Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | - Esteban Betancur
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia
| | - Daniel D Cohen
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia
- Masira Research Institute, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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23
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Farney TM, MacLellan MJ, Hearon CM, Johannsen NM, Nelson AG. The Effect of Aspartate and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Muscle Contractile Properties Among Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:763-770. [PMID: 30095737 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Farney, TM, MacLellan, MJ, Hearon, CM, Johannsen, NM, and Nelson, AG. The effect of aspartate and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on muscle contractile properties among trained men. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 763-770, 2020-The focus of this investigation was to examine the effects of aspartate and NaHCO3 supplementation on muscle contractile properties within trained men. Eleven men (21.9 ± 1.5 years) ingested supplementation as 4 conditions all separated by 1 week and included the following: placebo (PLA), L-aspartate (12.5 mg) (ASP), NaHCO3 (0.3 g·kg) (SBC), or combination of ASP and SBC (CBO). For each day of testing, participants performed 1 high-intensity exercise session along with a pre- and postexercise (pre- or postex) isometric mid thigh pull test to measure peak force (PF) production and rate of force development (RFD). Blood was collected for all testing sessions before and after the high-intensity exercise to determine ammonia accumulation (AMM). Exercise sessions consisted of 4 exercises: barbell thrusters, squat jumps, lunge jumps, and forward jumps, with the total amount of work being equated for all 4 exercises across all 4 testing sessions. Participants performed the exercises in the aforementioned order, which was designated as 1 round. Each participant performed 3 rounds, with the work-to-rest ratio being 20-second work, 30-second rest. A 1-minute rest was given between the rounds. There were no treatment effects (p > 0.05) for PF, RFD, or AMM. However, there was a significant main effect for supplement consumption for the total time of work with the ASP, SBC, and CBO treatments having a lower time to completion compared with the PLA treatment. Ammonia was significantly elevated postexercise (p = 0.004), whereas there were no differences from preexercise to postexercise for PF or RFD (p > 0.05). The only significant treatment × time interaction was for RFD (p = 0.03) with CBO increasing postexercise, with the other 3 treatments all decreasing postexercise. The combination of ASP and SBC together may have the potential to reduce fatigue by mitigating the effects of metabolic by-product accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Farney
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas; and.,Biomechanics/Neuromuscular Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Michael J MacLellan
- Biomechanics/Neuromuscular Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Christopher M Hearon
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas; and
| | - Neil M Johannsen
- Biomechanics/Neuromuscular Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Arnold G Nelson
- Biomechanics/Neuromuscular Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Maestroni L, Read P, Bishop C, Turner A. Strength and Power Training in Rehabilitation: Underpinning Principles and Practical Strategies to Return Athletes to High Performance. Sports Med 2020; 50:239-252. [PMID: 31559567 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Injuries have a detrimental impact on team and individual athletic performance. Deficits in maximal strength, rate of force development (RFD), and reactive strength are commonly reported following several musculoskeletal injuries. This article first examines the available literature to identify common deficits in fundamental physical qualities following injury, specifically strength, rate of force development and reactive strength. Secondly, evidence-based strategies to target a resolution of these residual deficits will be discussed to reduce the risk of future injury. Examples to enhance practical application and training programmes have also been provided to show how these can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maestroni
- Smuoviti, Viale Giulio Cesare, 29, 24121, Bergamo, BG, Italy.
- StudioErre, Via della Badia, 18, 25127, Brescia, BS, Italy.
| | - Paul Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
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Comfort P, Dos'Santos T, Jones PA, McMahon JJ, Suchomel TJ, Bazyler C, Stone MH. Normalization of Early Isometric Force Production as a Percentage of Peak Force During Multijoint Isometric Assessment. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:478-482. [PMID: 31600134 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the reliability of early force production (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ms) relative to peak force (PF) during an isometric mid-thigh pull and to assess the relationships between these variables. METHODS Male collegiate athletes (N = 29; age 21.1 [2.9] y, height 1.71 [0.07] m, body mass 71.3 [13.6] kg) performed isometric mid-thigh pulls during 2 separate testing sessions. Net PF and net force produced at each epoch were calculated. Within- and between-session reliabilities were determined using intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficient of variation percentages. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficients and coefficient of determination were calculated to examine the relationships between PF and time-specific force production. RESULTS Net PF and time-specific force demonstrated very high to almost perfect reliability both within and between sessions (intraclass correlation coefficients .82-.97; coefficient of variation percentages 0.35%-1.23%). Similarly, time-specific force expressed as a percentage of PF demonstrated very high to almost perfect reliability both within and between sessions (intraclass correlation coefficients .76-.86; coefficient of variation percentages 0.32%-2.51%). Strong to nearly perfect relationships (r = .615-.881) exist between net PF and time-specific net force, with relationships improving over longer epochs. CONCLUSION Based on the smallest detectable difference, a change in force at 50 milliseconds expressed relative to PF > 10% and early force production (100, 150, 200, and 250 ms) expressed relative to PF of >2% should be considered meaningful. Expressing early force production as a percentage of PF is reliable and may provide greater insight into the adaptations to the previous training phase than PF alone.
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Staniszewski M, Mastalerz A, Urbanik C. Effect of a strength or hypertrophy training protocol, each performed using two different modes of resistance, on biomechanical, biochemical and anthropometric parameters. Biol Sport 2020; 37:85-91. [PMID: 32205914 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.92517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to analyse the effectiveness of two variants of 8-week strength training (hypertrophy, strength) with different modes of resistance. Healthy male subjects (n=75) were allocated to five groups of equal size: hypertrophy training with a variable cam (Hyp-Cam), hypertrophy training with disc plates (Hyp-Disc), maximal strength training with a variable cam (Str-Cam), maximal strength training with disc plates (Str-Disc), and a control group (CG). The Hyp-Cam and Str-Cam groups trained with a machine where the load was adjusted to the strength capabilities of the elbow flexors. The Hyp-Disc and Str-Disc groups trained on a separate machine in which a load was applied with disc plates. The CG did not train. All groups were assessed for changes and differences in one-repetition (1RM) lifts, isokinetic muscle torque, arm circumference and arm skinfold thickness, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity. Within the 8-week training period the 1RM increased (p<.001) in all groups by over 20%, without significant between-group differences. Muscle torque increased significantly (p<.001) only in the Hyp-Cam group (by 13.7%). Arm circumference at rest increased by 1.7 cm (p<.001) and 1.1 cm (p<.001) in the Hyp-Cam and Hyp-Disc groups, respectively, but not in the Str-Cam (0.3 cm; p>.05) or Str-Disc (0.2 cm; p>.05) group. Skinfold thickness of the biceps and triceps decreased more within the 8-week period in Str-Cam (by 1.1 and 2.1 cm; p<.001 and p<.001 respectively) and Str-Disc (0.7 and 1.5 cm; p<.001 and p<.01 respectively) than in Hyp-Cam (by 0.4 and 1.8 cm; p>.05 and p<.01 respectively) and Hyp-Disc groups (by 0.2 and 1.4 cm; p>.05 and p<.05 respectively). CK activity was significantly (p<.05) elevated in each training group except Hyp-Cam (p>.05). The 8-week hypertrophy training with a variable cam results in greater peak muscle torque improvement than in the other examined protocols, with an insignificant increase in training-induced muscle damage indices.
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Sibley AR, Strike S, Moudy SC, Tillin NA. The effects of long‐term muscle disuse on neuromuscular function in unilateral transtibial amputees. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:408-418. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Sibley
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Roehampton London UK
- School of Health and Social CareLondon South Bank University London UK
| | - Siobhán Strike
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Roehampton London UK
| | - Sarah C. Moudy
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Roehampton London UK
- Department of Family MedicineUniversity of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth TX USA
| | - Neale A. Tillin
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Roehampton London UK
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CASOLO ANDREA, FARINA DARIO, FALLA DEBORAH, BAZZUCCHI ILENIA, FELICI FRANCESCO, DEL VECCHIO ALESSANDRO. Strength Training Increases Conduction Velocity of High-Threshold Motor Units. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:955-967. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stien N, Saeterbakken AH, Hermans E, Vereide VA, Olsen E, Andersen V. Comparison of climbing-specific strength and endurance between lead and boulder climbers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222529. [PMID: 31536569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Albeit differences in climbing-specific strength of the forearms have been demonstrated between lead and boulder climbers, little is known about the potential differences in force and power output of the upper body pulling-apparatus between disciplines. The aim of this study was to compare the climbing-specific upper-body strength and finger flexor endurance between lead and boulder climbers, as well as to examine the relative utilization of force when testing on a ledge hold compared to a jug hold. Sixteen boulder climbers (red-point climbing grade 17.9 ± 3.3) and fifteen lead climbers (red-point climbing grade 20.5 ± 3.5) performing on an advanced level volunteered for the study. Peak force, average force and rate of force development (RFD) were measured during an isometric pull-up, average velocity in dynamic pull-up, and finger flexor endurance in an intermittent test to fatigue. The isometric pull-up was performed on a ledge hold (high finger strength requirements) and on a jug hold (very low finger strength requirements). Boulder climbers demonstrated a higher maximal and explosive strength in all strength and power measurements (26.2–52.9%, ES = 0.90–1.12, p = 0.006–0.023), whereas the finger flexor endurance test showed no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.088). Both groups were able to utilize 57–69% of peak force, average force and RFD in the ledge condition compared to the jug condition, but the relative utilization was not different between the groups (p = 0.290–0.996). In conclusion, boulder climbers were stronger and more explosive compared to lead climbers, whereas no differences in finger flexor endurance were observed. Performing climbing-specific tests on a smaller hold appears to limit the force and power output equally between the two groups.
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Lanza MB, Balshaw TG, Folland JP. Is the joint-angle specificity of isometric resistance training real? And if so, does it have a neural basis? Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2465-2476. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bogdanis GC, Tsoukos A, Kaloheri O, Terzis G, Veligekas P, Brown LE. Comparison Between Unilateral and Bilateral Plyometric Training on Single- and Double-Leg Jumping Performance and Strength. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:633-640. [PMID: 28445230 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bogdanis, GC, Tsoukos, A, Kaloheri, O, Terzis, G, Veligekas, P, and Brown, LE. Comparison between unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on single- and double-leg jumping performance and strength. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 633-640, 2019-This study compared the effects of unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on single- and double-leg jumping performance, maximal strength, and rate of force development (RFD). Fifteen moderately trained subjects were randomly assigned to either a unilateral (U, n = 7) or bilateral group (B, n = 8). Both groups performed maximal effort plyometric leg exercises 2 times per week for 6 weeks. The B group performed all exercises with both legs, whereas the U group performed half the repetitions with each leg, so that total exercise volume was the same. Jumping performance was assessed by countermovement jumps (CMJs) and drop jumps (DJs), whereas maximal isometric leg press strength and RFD were measured before and after training for each leg separately and both legs together. Countermovement jump improvement with both legs was not significantly different between U (12.1 ± 7.2%) and B (11.0 ± 5.5%) groups. However, the sum of right- and left-leg CMJ only improved in the U group (19.0 ± 7.1%, p < 0.001) and was unchanged in the B group (3.4 ± 8.4%, p = 0.80). Maximal isometric leg press force with both legs was increased similarly between groups (B: 20.1 ± 6.5%, U: 19.9 ± 6.2%). However, the sum of right- and left-leg maximal force increased more in U compared with B group (23.8 ± 9.1% vs. 11.9 ± 6.2%, p = 0.009, respectively). Similarly, the sum of right- and left-leg RFD0-50 and RFD0-100 were improved only in the U group (34-36%, p < 0.01). Unilateral plyometric training was more effective at increasing both single- and double-leg jumping performance, isometric leg press maximal force, and RFD when compared with bilateral training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of P. E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of P. E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Kaloheri
- School of P. E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- School of P. E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Veligekas
- School of P. E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lee E Brown
- Human Performance Laboratory, California State University, Fullerton, California
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Bassan N, Denadai BS, Lima LCR, Caritá RAC, Abdalla LHP, Greco CC. Effects of resistance training on impulse above end‐test torque and muscle fatigue. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1115-1125. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Bassan
- Human Performance LaboratorySão Paulo State University Rio Claro SP Brazil
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Buckthorpe M. Optimising the Late-Stage Rehabilitation and Return-to-Sport Training and Testing Process After ACL Reconstruction. Sports Med 2019; 49:1043-1058. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Carr JC, Ye X, Stock MS, Bemben MG, DeFreitas JM. The time course of cross-education during short-term isometric strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1395-1407. [PMID: 30949806 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the time course of contralateral adaptations in maximal isometric strength (MVC), rate of force development (RFD), and rate of electromyographic (EMG) rise (RER) during 4 weeks of unilateral isometric strength training with the non-dominant elbow flexors. METHODS Twenty participants were allocated to strength training (n = 10, three female, two left hand dominant) or control (n = 10, three female, two left hand dominant) groups. Both groups completed testing at baseline and following each week of training to evaluate MVC strength, EMG amplitude, RFD and RER at early (RFD50, RER50) and late (RFD200, RER200) contraction phases for the dominant 'untrained' elbow flexors. The training group completed 11 unilateral isometric training sessions across 4 weeks. RESULTS The contralateral improvements for MVC strength (P < 0.01) and RFD200 (P = 0.017) were evidenced after 2 weeks, whereas RFD50 (P < 0.01) and RER50 (P = 0.02) showed significant improvements after 3 weeks. Each of the dependent variables was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than baseline values at the end of the training intervention for the trained arm. No changes in any of the variables were observed for the control group (P > 0.10). CONCLUSIONS Unilateral isometric strength training for 2-3 weeks can produce substantial increases in isometric muscle strength and RFD for both the trained and untrained arms. These data have implications for rehabilitative exercise design and prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Carr
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, 1401 Asp Ave, Room 104, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Michael G Bemben
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, 1401 Asp Ave, Room 104, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Jason M DeFreitas
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Hangping Z, Xiaona Q, Qi Z, Qingchun L, Na Y, Lijin J, Siying L, Shuo Z, Xiaoming Z, Xiaoxia L, Qian X, Jaimovich D, Yiming L, Bin L. The impact on glycemic control through progressive resistance training with bioDensity TM in Chinese elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: The PReTTy2 (Progressive Resistance Training in Type 2 Diabetes) Trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 150:64-71. [PMID: 30779971 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effects of a novel, low-volume, high-intensity Progressive Resistance Training (PRT) technique on blood glucose control in elderly Chinese patients with Type 2 Diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PReTTy2 trial enrolled 300 male and female patients with Type 2 Diabetes in a randomized resistance training program with the bioDensity™ technique. 100 were control patients with no training intervention and 200 had resistance training. Anthropometry, biochemical parameters, HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were measured at baseline, 3-month and 6-month intervals. RESULTS 265 patients completed the study with no adverse events. There were no statistically significant differences in HbA1c for all patients, control and PRT groups, at baseline (p = 0.60), 3 months (p = 0.42) and 6-months (p = 0.45). Subgroup analysis with baseline HbA1c > 7.5% (58 mmol/mol), showed statistically significant differences in HbA1c and FPG between groups at 6 months (p < 0.05). All PRT group patients had statistically significant differences from baseline at 6 months for HDL (1.25 + 0.32 vs. 1.17 + 0.26 mmol/L, p < 0.001), LDL (3.23 ± 0.89 vs. 2.93 ± 0.80 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and total cholesterol (4.97 ± 1.22 vs. 4.58 ± 1.03 mmol/L, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS PRT improves glycemic indices in elderly patients with Type 2 Diabetes with poor glucose control as an adjunct to diet and medication. Progressive Resistance Training with bioDensity™ is feasible, safe and effective in elderly patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hangping
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Xiaona
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Qi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Qingchun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Na
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Lijin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Siying
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Shuo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu Xiaoming
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Xiaoxia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Qian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Li Yiming
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu Bin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Hester GM, Magrini MA, Colquhoun RJ, Barrera-curiel A, Estrada CA, Olmos AA, Bailly AR, Ha PL, Defreitas JM. Cross-education: effects of age on rapid and maximal voluntary contractile characteristics in males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1313-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Franchi MV, Monti E, Carter A, Quinlan JI, Herrod PJJ, Reeves ND, Narici MV. Bouncing Back! Counteracting Muscle Aging With Plyometric Muscle Loading. Front Physiol 2019; 10:178. [PMID: 30890953 PMCID: PMC6411845 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of muscle power is crucial in aging for maintaining mobility and performing daily tasks. Resistance training involving high movement velocities represents a valid strategy to slow down the rate of sarcopenia, counteracting the loss of muscle mass and muscle power. Plyometric exercise may represent an effective training modality for increasing muscle power; however, its application in older populations has been sparingly investigated, as the high impact actions involved may reduce its feasibility for older individuals. By adopting a safer modality of plyometric training, we investigated if a 6-week plyometric training intervention could increase knee extensor muscle size, architecture, force and power in 14 young (YM, age = 25.4 ± 3.5 y; means ± SD) and nine older males (OM, age = 69.7 ± 3.4 y). Volunteers trained 3 times/week using a device similar to a leg press machine where the user was required to bounce against his body mass on a trampoline. Pre-to-post training changes in isometric maximum voluntary torque (MVT), leg extension power and vastus lateralis (VL) architecture were assessed. Muscle power increased in both groups (+27% OM -P < 0.001, 20% YM -P < 0.001), although the total external work performed during the training period was significantly lower for OM (i.e., ~-47%). Both groups showed significant increases in muscle thickness (MT) (+5.8 OM -P < 0.01 vs. +3.8% YM -P < 0.01), fascicle length (Lf) (+8% OM -P < 0.001 vs. +6% YM -P < 0.001), and pennation angle (PA) (+7.5% OM -P < 0.001 vs. +4.1% YM -P < 0.001). The current study shows that trampoline-based plyometric training is an effective intervention producing a rapid increase in muscle mass and power in both young and older individuals. The training modality used in this study seems to particularly benefit the older population, targeting the morphological and functional effects of sarcopenia in human muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino V Franchi
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sports Medicine Research Group, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Austin Carter
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan I Quinlan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J J Herrod
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D Reeves
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marco V Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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McKinlay BJ, Wallace P, Dotan R, Long D, Tokuno C, Gabriel DA, Falk B. Effects of Plyometric and Resistance Training on Muscle Strength, Explosiveness, and Neuromuscular Function in Young Adolescent Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 32:3039-3050. [PMID: 29337833 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
McKinlay, BJ, Wallace, P, Dotan, R, Long, D, Tokuno, C, Gabriel, D, and Falk, B. Effects of plyometric and resistance training on muscle strength, explosiveness, and neuromuscular function in young adolescent soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3039-3050, 2018-This study examined the effect of 8 weeks of free-weight resistance training (RT) and plyometric (PLYO) training on maximal strength, explosiveness, and jump performance compared with no added training (CON), in young male soccer players. Forty-one 11- to 13-year-old soccer players were divided into 3 groups (RT, PLYO, and CON). All participants completed isometric and dynamic (240°·s) knee extensions before and after training. Peak torque (pT), peak rate of torque development (pRTD), electromechanical delay (EMD), rate of muscle activation (Q50), m. vastus lateralis thickness (VLT), and jump performance were examined. Peak torque, pRTD, and jump performance significantly improved in both training groups. Training resulted in significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in isometric pT (23.4 vs. 15.8%) and pRTD (15.0 vs. 17.6%), in RT and PLYO, respectively. During dynamic contractions, training resulted in significant increases in pT (12.4 and 10.8% in RT and PLYO, respectively), but not in pRTD. Jump performance increased in both training groups (RT = 10.0% and PLYO = 16.2%), with only PLYO significantly different from CON. Training resulted in significant increases in VLT (RT = 6.7% and PLYO = 8.1%). There were no significant EMD changes. In conclusion, 8-week free-weight resistance and plyometric training resulted in significant improvements in muscle strength and jump performance. Training resulted in similar muscle hypertrophy in the 2 training modes, with no clear differences in muscle performance. Plyometric training was more effective in improving jump performance, whereas free-weight RT was more advantageous in improving peak torque, where the stretch reflex was not involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J McKinlay
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario Canada
| | - Phillip Wallace
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario Canada
| | - Raffy Dotan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario Canada
| | - Devon Long
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario Canada
| | - Craig Tokuno
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario Canada
| | - David A Gabriel
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Center for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario Canada
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Thompson BJ. Influence of signal filtering and sample rate on isometric torque – time parameters using a traditional isokinetic dynamometer. J Biomech 2019; 83:235-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Green LA, Gabriel DA. The effect of unilateral training on contralateral limb strength in young, older, and patient populations: a meta-analysis of cross education. Physical Therapy Reviews 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10833196.2018.1499272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara A. Green
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - David A. Gabriel
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Massey GJ, Balshaw TG, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Tillin NA, Folland JP. Tendinous Tissue Adaptation to Explosive- vs. Sustained-Contraction Strength Training. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1170. [PMID: 30233387 PMCID: PMC6131493 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of different strength training regimes, and in particular training utilizing brief explosive contractions, on tendinous tissue properties is poorly understood. This study compared the efficacy of 12 weeks of knee extensor explosive-contraction (ECT; n = 14) vs. sustained-contraction (SCT; n = 15) strength training vs. a non-training control (n = 13) to induce changes in patellar tendon and knee extensor tendon-aponeurosis stiffness and size (patellar tendon, vastus-lateralis aponeurosis, quadriceps femoris muscle) in healthy young men. Training involved 40 isometric knee extension contractions (three times/week): gradually increasing to 75% of maximum voluntary torque (MVT) before holding for 3 s (SCT), or briefly contracting as fast as possible to ∼80% MVT (ECT). Changes in patellar tendon stiffness and Young's modulus, tendon-aponeurosis complex stiffness, as well as quadriceps femoris muscle volume, vastus-lateralis aponeurosis area and patellar tendon cross-sectional area were quantified with ultrasonography, dynamometry, and magnetic resonance imaging. ECT and SCT similarly increased patellar tendon stiffness (20% vs. 16%, both p < 0.05 vs. control) and Young's modulus (22% vs. 16%, both p < 0.05 vs. control). Tendon-aponeurosis complex high-force stiffness increased only after SCT (21%; p < 0.02), while ECT resulted in greater overall elongation of the tendon-aponeurosis complex. Quadriceps muscle volume only increased after sustained-contraction training (8%; p = 0.001), with unclear effects of strength training on aponeurosis area. The changes in patellar tendon cross-sectional area after strength training were not appreciably different to control. Our results suggest brief high force muscle contractions can induce increased free tendon stiffness, though SCT is needed to increase tendon-aponeurosis complex stiffness and muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry J Massey
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Balshaw
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Neale A Tillin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Cross education is the strength gain or skill improvement transferred to the contralateral limb following unilateral training or practice. The present study examined the transfer of both strength and skill following a strength training program. Forty participants (20M, 20F) completed a 6-wk unilateral training program of dominant wrist flexion or dorsiflexion. Strength, force variability, and muscle activity were assessed pretraining, posttraining, and following 6 wk of detraining (retention). Analyses of covariance compared the experimental limb (trained or untrained) to the control (dominant or nondominant). There were no sex differences in the training response. Cross education of strength at posttraining was 6% ( P < 0.01) in the untrained arm and 13% ( P < 0.01) in the untrained leg. Contralateral strength continued to increase following detraining to 15% in the arm ( P < 0.01) and 14% in the leg ( P < 0.01). There was no difference in strength gains between upper and lower limbs ( P > 0.05). Cross education of skill (force variability) demonstrated greater improvements in the untrained limbs compared with the control limbs during contractions performed without concurrent feedback. Significant increases in V-wave amplitude ( P = 0.02) and central activation ( P < 0.01) were highly correlated with contralateral strength gains. There was no change in agonist amplitude or motor unit firing rates in the untrained limbs ( P > 0.05). The neuromuscular mechanisms mirrored the force increases at posttraining and retention supporting central drive adaptations of cross education. The continued strength increases at retention identified the presence of motor learning in cross education, as confirmed by force variability. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined cross education of strength and skill following 6 wk of unilateral training and 6 wk of detraining. A novel finding was the continued increase in contralateral strength following both training and detraining. Neuromuscular adaptations were highly correlated with strength gains in the trained and contralateral limbs. Motor learning was evident in the trained and contralateral limbs during contractions performed without concurrent feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Green
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario , Canada
| | - David A Gabriel
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario , Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training is an integral component of physical preparation for athletes. A growing body of evidence indicates that eccentric strength training methods induce novel stimuli for neuromuscular adaptations. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effects of eccentric training in comparison to concentric-only or traditional (i.e. constrained by concentric strength) resistance training. METHODS Searches were performed using the electronic databases MEDLINE via EBSCO, PubMed and SPORTDiscus via EBSCO. Full journal articles investigating the long-term (≥4 weeks) effects of eccentric training in healthy (absence of injury or illness during the 4 weeks preceding the training intervention), adult (17-35 years), human participants were selected for the systematic review. A total of 40 studies conformed to these criteria. RESULTS Eccentric training elicits greater improvements in muscle strength, although in a largely mode-specific manner. Superior enhancements in power and stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function have also been reported. Eccentric training is at least as effective as other modalities in increasing muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), while the pattern of hypertrophy appears nuanced and increased CSA may occur longitudinally within muscle (i.e. the addition of sarcomeres in series). There appears to be a preferential increase in the size of type II muscle fibres and the potential to exert a unique effect upon fibre type transitions. Qualitative and quantitative changes in tendon tissue that may be related to the magnitude of strain imposed have also been reported with eccentric training. CONCLUSIONS Eccentric training is a potent stimulus for enhancements in muscle mechanical function, and muscle-tendon unit (MTU) morphological and architectural adaptations. The inclusion of eccentric loads not constrained by concentric strength appears to be superior to traditional resistance training in improving variables associated with strength, power and speed performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Douglas
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. .,High Performance Sport New Zealand (HPSNZ), AUT Millennium, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Simon Pearson
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Angus Ross
- High Performance Sport New Zealand (HPSNZ), AUT Millennium, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Mike McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Green LA, Gabriel DA. The cross education of strength and skill following unilateral strength training in the upper and lower limbs. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:468-479. [PMID: 29668382 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00116.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross education is the strength gain or skill improvement transferred to the contralateral limb following unilateral training or practice. The present study examined the transfer of both strength and skill following a strength training program. Forty participants (20M, 20F) completed a 6-wk unilateral training program of dominant wrist flexion or dorsiflexion. Strength, force variability, and muscle activity were assessed pretraining, posttraining, and following 6 wk of detraining (retention). Analyses of covariance compared the experimental limb (trained or untrained) to the control (dominant or nondominant). There were no sex differences in the training response. Cross education of strength at posttraining was 6% ( P < 0.01) in the untrained arm and 13% ( P < 0.01) in the untrained leg. Contralateral strength continued to increase following detraining to 15% in the arm ( P < 0.01) and 14% in the leg ( P < 0.01). There was no difference in strength gains between upper and lower limbs ( P > 0.05). Cross education of skill (force variability) demonstrated greater improvements in the untrained limbs compared with the control limbs during contractions performed without concurrent feedback. Significant increases in V-wave amplitude ( P = 0.02) and central activation ( P < 0.01) were highly correlated with contralateral strength gains. There was no change in agonist amplitude or motor unit firing rates in the untrained limbs ( P > 0.05). The neuromuscular mechanisms mirrored the force increases at posttraining and retention supporting central drive adaptations of cross education. The continued strength increases at retention identified the presence of motor learning in cross education, as confirmed by force variability. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined cross education of strength and skill following 6 wk of unilateral training and 6 wk of detraining. A novel finding was the continued increase in contralateral strength following both training and detraining. Neuromuscular adaptations were highly correlated with strength gains in the trained and contralateral limbs. Motor learning was evident in the trained and contralateral limbs during contractions performed without concurrent feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Green
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario , Canada
| | - David A Gabriel
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University , St. Catharines, Ontario , Canada
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Giboin LS, Weiss B, Thomas F, Gruber M. Neuroplasticity following short-term strength training occurs at supraspinal level and is specific for the trained task. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222:e12998. [PMID: 29144602 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Different modalities of strength training cause performance enhancements, which are specific for the trained task. However, the involved mechanisms are still largely unknown. It has been demonstrated that strength training could induce neuroplasticity, which might underlie the performance improvements during the first training sessions. Thus, we hypothesized to find task-specific neuroplasticity after a short-term strength training of two distinct strength tasks. METHODS Young healthy male subjects were exposed to 4 sessions of either maximal isometric explosive (EXPL group, N = 9) or slow sustained (SUS group, N = 10) knee extensions. Pre- and post-training, we measured H-reflexes and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the vastus lateralis (VL) at the onset of both strength tasks. RESULTS Pre- and post-training, H-reflexes remained unchanged in both groups. MEP areas were lower in the trained task in both groups and remained unchanged in the untrained task. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that short-term strength training induces specific neuroplasticity for the trained task only. The fact that MEPs were lower but H-reflex amplitudes remained unchanged at the onset of the trained tasks suggests that strength training elicited neuroplasticity at supraspinal level that most likely reflect an improved task-specific corticospinal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.-S. Giboin
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab; Department of Sport Science; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - B. Weiss
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab; Department of Sport Science; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - F. Thomas
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab; Department of Sport Science; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - M. Gruber
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab; Department of Sport Science; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
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Behringer M, Behlau D, Montag JCK, McCourt ML, Mester J. Low-Intensity Sprint Training With Blood Flow Restriction Improves 100-m Dash. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 31:2462-2472. [PMID: 27941491 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behringer, M, Behlau, D, Montag, JCK, McCourt, ML, and Mester, J. Low-intensity sprint training with blood flow restriction improves 100-m dash. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2462-2472, 2017-We investigated the effects of practical blood flow restriction (pBFR) of leg muscles during sprint training on the 100-m dash time in well-trained sport students. Participants performed 6 × 100-m sprints at 60-70% of their maximal 100-m sprinting speed twice a week for 6 weeks, either with (intervention group [IG]; n = 12) or without pBFR (control group [CG]; n = 12). The 100-m dash time significantly decreased more in the IG (-0.38 ± 0.24 seconds) than in the CG (-0.16 ± 0.17 seconds). The muscle thickness of the rectus femoris increased only in the IG, whereas no group-by-time interactions were found for the muscle thickness of the biceps femoris and the biceps brachii. The maximal isometric force, measured using a leg press, did not change in either group. However, the rate of force development improved in the IG. Growth hormone, testosterone, insulin-like growth factor 1, and cortisol concentrations did not significantly differ between both groups at any measurement time point (pre, 1 minute, 20 minutes, 120 minutes, and 24 hours after the 6 all-out sprints of the first training session). The muscle damage marker h-FABP increased significantly more in the CG than in the IG. The pBFR improved the 100-m dash time significantly more than low-intensity sprint interval training alone. Other noted benefits of training with pBFR were a decreased level of muscle damage, a greater increase of the rectus femoris muscle thickness, and a higher rate of force development. However, the tested hormones were unable to explain the additional beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Behringer
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Buckthorpe M, Roi GS. The time has come to incorporate a greater focus on rate of force development training in the sports injury rehabilitation process. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2018; 7:435-441. [PMID: 29387636 DOI: 10.11138/mltj/2017.7.3.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This narrative and literature review discusses the relevance of Rate of Force Development (RFD) (the slope of the force time curve) for Return To Sport (RTS), its determinants and the influence of training practices on it expression, with the purpose to enhance clinicians' awareness of how RFD training may enhance RTS success. RFD is considered functionally more relevant than maximal muscle strength during certain very fast actions including rapid joint stabilisation following mechanical perturbation. Deficits in RFD are reported following conventional rehabilitation programmes despite full restoration of maximal strength, which may contribute to the less than satisfactory RTS outcomes reported in the literature. RFD determinants vary as a function of time from force onset with a diminishing role of maximal strength as the time available for force development decreases. Factors such as neural activation, fibre type composition and muscle contractile properties influence RFD also and to a much greater extent during the early periods of rapid force development. Conventional resistance training using moderate loads typical of most rehabilitation programmes is insufficient at restoring or enhancing RFD, thus incorporating periodised resistance training programmes and explosive training techniques in the final stages of rehabilitation prior to RTS is recommended. Level of evidence V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Buckthorpe
- Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Education & Research Department, Bologna, Italy.,Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, UK.,Southampton Football Club, Southampton, UK
| | - Giulio Sergio Roi
- Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Education & Research Department, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Italy
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50
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Rodríguez-Rosell D, Pareja-Blanco F, Aagaard P, González-Badillo JJ. Physiological and methodological aspects of rate of force development assessment in human skeletal muscle. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:743-762. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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