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Sergeeva XV, Lvova ID, Sharlo KA. Disuse-Induced Muscle Fatigue: Facts and Assumptions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4984. [PMID: 38732203 PMCID: PMC11084575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle unloading occurs during a wide range of conditions, from space flight to bed rest. The unloaded muscle undergoes negative functional changes, which include increased fatigue. The mechanisms of unloading-induced fatigue are far from complete understanding and cannot be explained by muscle atrophy only. In this review, we summarize the data concerning unloading-induced fatigue in different muscles and different unloading models and provide several potential mechanisms of unloading-induced fatigue based on recent experimental data. The unloading-induced changes leading to increased fatigue include both neurobiological and intramuscular processes. The development of intramuscular fatigue seems to be mainly contributed by the transformation of soleus muscle fibers from a fatigue-resistant, "oxidative" "slow" phenotype to a "fast" "glycolytic" one. This process includes slow-to-fast fiber-type shift and mitochondrial density decline, as well as the disruption of activating signaling interconnections between slow-type myosin expression and mitochondrial biogenesis. A vast pool of relevant literature suggests that these events are triggered by the inactivation of muscle fibers in the early stages of muscle unloading, leading to the accumulation of high-energy phosphates and calcium ions in the myoplasm, as well as NO decrease. Disturbance of these secondary messengers leads to structural changes in muscles that, in turn, cause increased fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina A. Sharlo
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, RAS, Khorosevskoye Shosse, 76a, 123007 Moscow, Russia; (X.V.S.); (I.D.L.)
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2
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Trappe TA, Minchev K, Perkins RK, Lavin KM, Jemiolo B, Ratchford SM, Claiborne A, Lee GA, Finch WH, Ryder JW, Ploutz-Snyder L, Trappe SW. NASA SPRINT exercise program efficacy for vastus lateralis and soleus skeletal muscle health during 70 days of simulated microgravity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1015-1039. [PMID: 38328821 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00489.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of the NASA SPRINT exercise countermeasures program for quadriceps (vastus lateralis) and triceps surae (soleus) skeletal muscle health was investigated during 70 days of simulated microgravity. Individuals completed 6° head-down-tilt bedrest (BR, n = 9), bedrest with resistance and aerobic exercise (BRE, n = 9), or bedrest with resistance and aerobic exercise and low-dose testosterone (BRE + T, n = 8). All groups were periodically tested for muscle (n = 9 times) and aerobic (n = 4 times) power during bedrest. In BR, surprisingly, the typical bedrest-induced decrements in vastus lateralis myofiber size and power were either blunted (myosin heavy chain, MHC I) or eliminated (MHC IIa), along with no change (P > 0.05) in %MHC distribution and blunted quadriceps atrophy. In BRE, MHC I (vastus lateralis and soleus) and IIa (vastus lateralis) contractile performance was maintained (P > 0.05) or increased (P < 0.05). Vastus lateralis hybrid fiber percentage was reduced (P < 0.05) and energy metabolism enzymes and capillarization were generally maintained (P > 0.05), while not all of these positive responses were observed in the soleus. Exercise offsets 100% of quadriceps and approximately two-thirds of soleus whole muscle mass loss. Testosterone (BRE + T) did not provide any benefit over exercise alone for either muscle and for some myocellular parameters appeared detrimental. In summary, the periodic testing likely provided a partial exercise countermeasure for the quadriceps in the bedrest group, which is a novel finding given the extremely low exercise dose. The SPRINT exercise program appears to be viable for the quadriceps; however, refinement is needed to completely protect triceps surae myocellular and whole muscle health for astronauts on long-duration spaceflights.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides unique exercise countermeasures development information for astronauts on long-duration spaceflights. The NASA SPRINT program was protective for quadriceps myocellular and whole muscle health, whereas the triceps surae (soleus) was only partially protected as has been shown with other programs. The bedrest control group data may provide beneficial information for overall exercise dose and targeting fast-twitch muscle fibers. Other unique approaches for the triceps surae are needed to supplement existing exercise programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Kiril Minchev
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Ryan K Perkins
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Kaleen M Lavin
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Bozena Jemiolo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Stephen M Ratchford
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Alex Claiborne
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Gary A Lee
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - W Holmes Finch
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Ryder
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Lori Ploutz-Snyder
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Scott W Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
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3
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Ryskalin L, Morucci G, Soldani P, Gesi M. Do the fasciae of the soleus have a role in plantar fasciitis? Clin Anat 2024; 37:413-424. [PMID: 37539773 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Plantar fasciitis is a chronic, self-limiting, and painful disabling condition affecting the inferomedial aspect of the heel, usually extending toward the metatarsophalangeal joints. There is compelling evidence for a strong correlation between Achilles tendon (AT) loading and plantar aponeurosis (PA) tension. In line with this, tightness of the AT is found in almost 80% of patients affected by plantar fasciitis. A positive correlation has also been reported between gastrocnemius-soleus tightness and heel pain severity in this condition. Despite its high prevalence, the exact etiology and pathological mechanisms underlying plantar heel pain remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to discuss the anatomical and biomechanical substrates of plantar fasciitis with special emphasis on the emerging, though largely neglected, fascial system. In particular, the relationship between the fascia, triceps surae muscle, AT, and PA will be analyzed. We then proceed to discuss how structural and biomechanical alterations of the muscle-tendon-fascia complex due to muscle overuse or injury can create the conditions for the onset of PA pathology. A deeper knowledge of the possible molecular mechanisms underpinning changes in the mechanical properties of the fascial system in response to altered loading and/or muscle contraction could help healthcare professionals and clinicians refine nonoperative treatment strategies and rehabilitation protocols for plantar fasciitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Ryskalin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Center for Rehabilitative Medicine "Sport and Anatomy", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Morucci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Center for Rehabilitative Medicine "Sport and Anatomy", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Soldani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Center for Rehabilitative Medicine "Sport and Anatomy", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Gesi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Center for Rehabilitative Medicine "Sport and Anatomy", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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4
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Cowburn J, Serrancolí G, Colyer S, Cazzola D. Optimal fibre length and maximum isometric force are the most influential parameters when modelling muscular adaptations to unloading using Hill-type muscle models. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1347089. [PMID: 38694205 PMCID: PMC11061504 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1347089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Spaceflight is associated with severe muscular adaptations with substantial inter-individual variability. A Hill-type muscle model is a common method to replicate muscle physiology in musculoskeletal simulations, but little is known about how the underlying parameters should be adjusted to model adaptations to unloading. The aim of this study was to determine how Hill-type muscle model parameters should be adjusted to model disuse muscular adaptations. Methods: Isokinetic dynamometer data were taken from a bed rest campaign and used to perform tracking simulations at two knee extension angular velocities (30°·s-1 and 180°·s-1). The activation and contraction dynamics were solved using an optimal control approach and direct collocation method. A Monte Carlo sampling technique was used to perturb muscle model parameters within physiological boundaries to create a range of theoretical and feasible parameters to model muscle adaptations. Results: Optimal fibre length could not be shortened by more than 67% and 61% for the knee flexors and non-knee muscles, respectively. Discussion: The Hill-type muscle model successfully replicated muscular adaptations due to unloading, and recreated salient features of muscle behaviour associated with spaceflight, such as altered force-length behaviour. Future researchers should carefully adjust the optimal fibre lengths of their muscle-models when trying to model adaptations to unloading, particularly muscles that primarily operate on the ascending and descending limbs of the force-length relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cowburn
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Gil Serrancolí
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steffi Colyer
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Cazzola
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Neukart F. Towards sustainable horizons: A comprehensive blueprint for Mars colonization. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26180. [PMID: 38404830 PMCID: PMC10884476 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper thoroughly explores the feasibility, challenges, and proposed solutions for establishing a sustainable human colony on Mars. We quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the Martian environment, highlighting key challenges such as radiation exposure, which astronauts could experience at minimum levels of 0.66 sieverts during a round trip, and the complications arising from Mars' thin atmosphere and extreme temperature variations. Technological advancements are examined, including developing Martian concrete, which utilizes sulfur as a binding agent, and innovative life support strategies like aeroponics and algae bioreactors. The human aspect of colonization is addressed, focusing on long-term space habitation's psychological and physiological impacts. We also present a cost-benefit analysis of in-situ resource utilization versus Earth-based supply missions, emphasizing economic viability with the potential reduction in launch costs through reusable rocket technology. A timeline for the colonization process is suggested, spanning preliminary unmanned missions for resource assessment, followed by short-term manned missions leading to sustainable settlements over several decades. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research, particularly in refining resource utilization techniques and advancing health and life support systems, to solidify the foundation for Mars colonization. This comprehensive assessment aims to guide researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders in planning and executing a strategic and informed approach to making Mars colonization a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Neukart
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Snellius Gebouw, Niels Bohrweg 1, Leiden, 2333 CA, South Holland, Netherlands
- Terra Quantum AG, Kornhausstrasse 25, St. Gallen, 9000, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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6
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Schoenrock B, Muckelt PE, Hastermann M, Albracht K, MacGregor R, Martin D, Gunga HC, Salanova M, Stokes MJ, Warner MB, Blottner D. Muscle stiffness indicating mission crew health in space. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4196. [PMID: 38378866 PMCID: PMC10879143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle function is compromised by gravitational unloading in space affecting overall musculoskeletal health. Astronauts perform daily exercise programmes to mitigate these effects but knowing which muscles to target would optimise effectiveness. Accurate inflight assessment to inform exercise programmes is critical due to lack of technologies suitable for spaceflight. Changes in mechanical properties indicate muscle health status and can be measured rapidly and non-invasively using novel technology. A hand-held MyotonPRO device enabled monitoring of muscle health for the first time in spaceflight (> 180 days). Greater/maintained stiffness indicated countermeasures were effective. Tissue stiffness was preserved in the majority of muscles (neck, shoulder, back, thigh) but Tibialis Anterior (foot lever muscle) stiffness decreased inflight vs. preflight (p < 0.0001; mean difference 149 N/m) in all 12 crewmembers. The calf muscles showed opposing effects, Gastrocnemius increasing in stiffness Soleus decreasing. Selective stiffness decrements indicate lack of preservation despite daily inflight countermeasures. This calls for more targeted exercises for lower leg muscles with vital roles as ankle joint stabilizers and in gait. Muscle stiffness is a digital biomarker for risk monitoring during future planetary explorations (Moon, Mars), for healthcare management in challenging environments or clinical disorders in people on Earth, to enable effective tailored exercise programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Schoenrock
- NeuroMuscular System & Signaling Group, Berlin Center of Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, 10115 Berlin, Germany, Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul E Muckelt
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Maria Hastermann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC) and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (NCRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Hans-Christian Gunga
- Institute of Physiology, Berlin Center of Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michele Salanova
- NeuroMuscular System & Signaling Group, Berlin Center of Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, 10115 Berlin, Germany, Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria J Stokes
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Martin B Warner
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Dieter Blottner
- NeuroMuscular System & Signaling Group, Berlin Center of Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, 10115 Berlin, Germany, Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Raue U, Begue G, Minchev K, Jemiolo B, Gries KJ, Chambers T, Rubenstein A, Zaslavsky E, Sealfon SC, Trappe T, Trappe S. Fast and slow muscle fiber transcriptome dynamics with lifelong endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:244-261. [PMID: 38095016 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00442.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated fast and slow muscle fiber transcriptome exercise dynamics among three groups of men: lifelong exercisers (LLE, n = 8, 74 ± 1 yr), old healthy nonexercisers (OH, n = 9, 75 ± 1 yr), and young exercisers (YE, n = 8, 25 ± 1 yr). On average, LLE had exercised ∼4 day·wk-1 for ∼8 h·wk-1 over 53 ± 2 years. Muscle biopsies were obtained pre- and 4 h postresistance exercise (3 × 10 knee extensions at 70% 1-RM). Fast and slow fiber size and function were assessed preexercise with fast and slow RNA-seq profiles examined pre- and postexercise. LLE fast fiber size was similar to OH, which was ∼30% smaller than YE (P < 0.05) with contractile function variables among groups, resulting in lower power in LLE (P < 0.05). LLE slow fibers were ∼30% larger and more powerful compared with YE and OH (P < 0.05). At the transcriptome level, fast fibers were more responsive to resistance exercise compared with slow fibers among all three cohorts (P < 0.05). Exercise induced a comprehensive biological response in fast fibers (P < 0.05) including transcription, signaling, skeletal muscle cell differentiation, and metabolism with vast differences among the groups. Fast fibers from YE exhibited a growth and metabolic signature, with LLE being primarily metabolic, and OH showing a strong stress-related response. In slow fibers, only LLE exhibited a biological response to exercise (P < 0.05), which was related to ketone and lipid metabolism. The divergent exercise transcriptome signatures provide novel insight into the molecular regulation in fast and slow fibers with age and exercise and suggest that the ∼5% weekly exercise time commitment of the lifelong exercisers provided a powerful investment for fast and slow muscle fiber metabolic health at the molecular level.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides the first insights into fast and slow muscle fiber transcriptome dynamics with lifelong endurance exercise. The fast fibers were more responsive to exercise with divergent transcriptome signatures among young exercisers (growth and metabolic), lifelong exercisers (metabolic), and old healthy nonexercisers (stress). Only lifelong exercisers had a biological response in slow fibers (metabolic). These data provide novel insights into fast and slow muscle fiber health at the molecular level with age and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Raue
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Gwenaelle Begue
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Kiril Minchev
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Bozena Jemiolo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Kevin J Gries
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Toby Chambers
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Aliza Rubenstein
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Elena Zaslavsky
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Todd Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
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8
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Sahu B, Pani S, Swalsingh G, Senapati U, Pani P, Pati B, Rout S, Trivedi R, Raj R, Dey S, Jeet A, Kumar D, Bal NC. Long-term physical inactivity induces significant changes in biochemical pathways related to metabolism of proteins and glycerophospholipids in mice. Mol Omics 2024; 20:64-77. [PMID: 37909389 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00127j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Physical inactivity affects multiple organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system, which upsets the delicate balance of several secretory factors leading to metabolic derailment. This reduces contractile recruitment of the skeletal muscle with dampening of its oxidative capacity resulting in impaired intramuscular lipid metabolism and substrate utilization. We hypothesized that this altered phenotype would also have an indispensable effect on circulatory cytokines and the level of metabolic intermediates. In this study, comparison between sedentary (SED) and exercised (EXER) animal models showed that organismal metabolic parameters (body mass, oxygen utilization and glucose tolerance) are altered based on physical activity. Our data suggest that cytokines linked to glycemic excursions (insulin, c-peptide, glucagon) and their passive regulators (leptin, BDNF, active ghrelin, and GIP) exhibit changes in the SED group. Furthermore, some of the proinflammatory cytokines and myokines were upregulated in SED. Interestingly, serum metabolite analysis showed that the levels of glucogenic amino acids (alanine, glycine, tryptophan, proline and valine), nitrogenous amino acids (ornithine, asparagine, and glutamine) and myogenic metabolites (taurine, creatine) were altered due to the level of physical activity. A pyrimidine nucleoside (uridine), lipid metabolite (glycerol) and ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetate) were found to be altered in SED. A Spearman rank correlation study between SED and CTRL showed that cytokines build a deformed network with metabolites in SED, indicating significant modifications in amino acids, phosphatidylinositol phosphate and glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways. Overall, long-term physical inactivity reorganizes the profile of proinflammatory cytokines, glucose sensing hormones, and protein and glycerophospholipid metabolism, which might be the initial factors of metabolic diseases due to SED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijayashree Sahu
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| | - Sunil Pani
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| | | | - Unmod Senapati
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| | - Punyadhara Pani
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| | - Benudhara Pati
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| | - Subhasmita Rout
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| | - Rimjhim Trivedi
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India.
| | - Ritu Raj
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India.
| | - Suchanda Dey
- SOA University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Amar Jeet
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India.
| | - Naresh C Bal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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9
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Sayed RKA, Hibbert JE, Jorgenson KW, Hornberger TA. The Structural Adaptations That Mediate Disuse-Induced Atrophy of Skeletal Muscle. Cells 2023; 12:2811. [PMID: 38132132 PMCID: PMC10741885 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass plays a fundamental role in health and issues associated with quality of life. Mechanical signals are one of the most potent regulators of muscle mass, with a decrease in mechanical loading leading to a decrease in muscle mass. This concept has been supported by a plethora of human- and animal-based studies over the past 100 years and has resulted in the commonly used term of 'disuse atrophy'. These same studies have also provided a great deal of insight into the structural adaptations that mediate disuse-induced atrophy. For instance, disuse results in radial atrophy of fascicles, and this is driven, at least in part, by radial atrophy of the muscle fibers. However, the ultrastructural adaptations that mediate these changes remain far from defined. Indeed, even the most basic questions, such as whether the radial atrophy of muscle fibers is driven by the radial atrophy of myofibrils and/or myofibril hypoplasia, have yet to be answered. In this review, we thoroughly summarize what is known about the macroscopic, microscopic, and ultrastructural adaptations that mediated disuse-induced atrophy and highlight some of the major gaps in knowledge that need to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy K. A. Sayed
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.K.A.S.); (J.E.H.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Jamie E. Hibbert
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.K.A.S.); (J.E.H.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kent W. Jorgenson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.K.A.S.); (J.E.H.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Troy A. Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (R.K.A.S.); (J.E.H.); (K.W.J.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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10
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Zeineddine Y, Friedman MA, Buettmann EG, Abraham LB, Hoppock GA, Donahue HJ. Genetic diversity modulates the physical and transcriptomic response of skeletal muscle to simulated microgravity in male mice. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:86. [PMID: 38040743 PMCID: PMC10692100 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Developments in long-term space exploration necessitate advancements in countermeasures against microgravity-induced skeletal muscle loss. Astronaut data shows considerable variation in muscle loss in response to microgravity. Previous experiments suggest that genetic background influences the skeletal muscle response to unloading, but no in-depth analysis of genetic expression has been performed. Here, we placed eight, male, inbred founder strains of the diversity outbred mice (129S1/SvImJ, A/J, C57BL/6J, CAST/EiJ, NOD/ShiLtJ, NZO/HILtJ, PWK/PhJ, and WSB/EiJ) in simulated microgravity (SM) via hindlimb unloading for three weeks. Body weight, muscle morphology, muscle strength, protein synthesis marker expression, and RNA expression were collected. A/J and CAST/EiJ mice were most susceptible to SM-induced muscle loss, whereas NOD/ShiLtJ mice were the most protected. In response to SM, A/J and CAST/EiJ mice experienced reductions in body weight, muscle mass, muscle volume, and muscle cross-sectional area. A/J mice had the highest number of differentially expressed genes (68) and associated gene ontologies (328). Downregulation of immunological gene ontologies and genes encoding anabolic immune factors suggest that immune dysregulation contributes to the response of A/J mice to SM. Several muscle properties showed significant interactions between SM and mouse strain and a high degree of heritability. These data imply that genetic background plays a role in the degree of muscle loss in SM and that more individualized programs should be developed for astronauts to protect their skeletal muscles against microgravity on long-term missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Zeineddine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lovell B Abraham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel A Hoppock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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11
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Yin Y, Liu J, Fan Q, Zhao S, Wu X, Wang J, Liu Y, Li Y, Lu W. Long-term spaceflight composite stress induces depression and cognitive impairment in astronauts-insights from neuroplasticity. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:342. [PMID: 37938258 PMCID: PMC10632511 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The environment on the space station is quite unique compared to Earth, which is a composite of multiple stressors, such as microgravity, isolation, confinement, noise, circadian rhythm disturbance, and so on. During prolonged space missions, astronauts have to stay in such extreme environments for long periods, which could induce adverse effects on both their physical and mental health. In some circumstances, this kind of long-term spaceflight composite stress (LSCS) could also induce depression and cognitive impairment in various ways, including dysregulating the neuroplasticity of the brains of astronauts, which should be attached to great importance. Here, we have comprehensively reviewed the impact of individual and combined stressors on depression and cognitive function during long-term spaceflight, explained the underlying mechanisms of those effects from the perspective of neuroplasticity, and current countermeasures for mitigating these challenges. This review provides insights into LSCS and potential neuroplasticity mechanisms, current with potentially great impact for understanding and mitigating the mental health risks and traumas of career astronauts and space tourists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Yin
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Junlian Liu
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Quanchun Fan
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Xiaorui Wu
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yu Liu
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yongzhi Li
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.
| | - Weihong Lu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin, 150001, China.
- The Intelligent Equipment Research Center for the Exploitation of Characteristic Food & Medicine Resources, Chongqing Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Chongqing, 401135, China.
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12
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Trappe TA, Tesch P, Alkner B, Trappe S. Microgravity-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in women and men: implications for long-duration spaceflights to the Moon and Mars. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1115-1119. [PMID: 37795533 PMCID: PMC10979826 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00412.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of women on spaceflights has historically been limited. Recently, the first woman who will travel to the Moon was selected, and more women are participating in long-duration spaceflights. However, physiological data from real and simulated microgravity exposure are limited in women. This investigation studied women (n = 8, 34 ± 1 yr) and men (n = 9, 32 ± 1 yr) who underwent 2 (women) or 3 (men) mo of simulated microgravity (6° head-down tilt bed rest). Quadriceps and triceps surae muscle volumes were assessed via MRI before bed rest, bed rest day 29 (BR29, women and men), bed rest day 57 (BR57, women), and bed rest day 89 (BR89, men). Volume of both muscle groups decreased (P < 0.05) in women and men at all bed rest timepoints. Quadriceps muscle volume loss in women was greater than men at 1 mo (BR29: -17% vs. -10%, P < 0.05) and this 1-mo loss for women was similar to men at 3 mo (BR89: -18%, P > 0.05). In addition, the loss in women at 2 mo (BR57: -21%) exceeded men at 3 mo (P < 0.05). For the triceps surae, there was a trend for greater muscle volume loss in women compared with men at 1 mo (BR29: -18% vs. -16%, P = 0.08), and loss in women at 2 mo was similar to men at 3 mo (BR57: -29%, BR89: -29%, P > 0.05). The collective evidence suggests that women experience greater lower limb muscle atrophy than men at least through the first 4 mo of microgravity exposure. More sex-specific microgravity studies are needed to help protect the health of women traveling on long-duration orbital and interplanetary spaceflights.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study adds to the limited evidence regarding sex-specific responses to real or simulated microgravity exposure, which collectively suggests a sex-specific muscle atrophy profile, with women losing more than men at least through the first 4 mo of weightlessness. Considering the increase in women being selected for space missions, including the first women to travel to the Moon, more physiological data on women in response to microgravity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Per Tesch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Alkner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
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13
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Santo RCDE, Baker JF, Santos LPD, Silva MMMD, Xavier RM. Sarcopenia in Immune-Mediated Rheumatic Diseases-Review. J Clin Rheumatol 2023; 29:354-362. [PMID: 36322934 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000001913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sarcopenia is a condition characterized by decreased muscle strength and muscle mass, which can impact physical function. Sarcopenia develops as a consequence of age-related decline (primary sarcopenia) and has a major impact on physical, social, and emotional well-being. In addition, patients with rheumatic diseases may suffer from sarcopenia independently of aging (secondary sarcopenia). Exercise, pharmacological treatments, and nutritional supplementation are some of the strategies used for the management of sarcopenia in the general population. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence around the prevalence and impact of sarcopenia in patients with rheumatic diseases. CONCLUSIONS From our review, we can state that sarcopenia is a common and prevalent condition among the rheumatic diseases. Furthermore, the impacts of sarcopenia are not well-appreciated, and the implementation of treatment strategies has not been widespread. Strategies such as exercise and some pharmacological treatments are effective in improving physical and functional impairment related to these conditions. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS IN THE FIELD New pharmacological treatments are being actively studied and may contribute in the future to the management of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Cavalheiro do Espírito Santo
- From the Laboratório de Doenças Auto Imunes, Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Joshua F Baker
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Leonardo Peterson Dos Santos
- From the Laboratório de Doenças Auto Imunes, Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Machado Xavier
- From the Laboratório de Doenças Auto Imunes, Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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14
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Ino Y, Ohira T, Kumagai K, Nakai Y, Akiyama T, Moriyama K, Takeda Y, Saito T, Ryo A, Inaba Y, Hirano H, Kimura Y. Identification of mouse soleus muscle proteins altered in response to changes in gravity loading. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15768. [PMID: 37737267 PMCID: PMC10517164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gravity-dependent physical processes strongly affect the ability of elderly people to maintain musculoskeletal health by reducing muscle atrophy and increasing bone mineral density, thereby increasing quality of life. A need therefore exists to identify molecules in the musculoskeletal system that are responsive to gravitational loading and to establish an objective indicator for the maintenance of healthy musculoskeletal systems. Here, we performed an integrated assessment of the results of soleus muscle proteomic analyses in three model mouse experiments under different gravity environments (hypergravity, hindlimb unloading, and spaceflight). Myl6b, Gpd1, Fbp2, Pvalb, and Actn3 were shown to be gravity-responsive muscle proteins, and alterations in the levels of these proteins indicated changes in muscle fiber type to slow-twitch type due to gravity loading. In addition, immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays revealed that Pvalb levels in the sera of hindlimb-unloaded mice and osteoporosis patients were higher than in control subjects, suggesting that Pvalb levels might be useful to objectively evaluate soleus muscle atrophy and bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ino
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohira
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi 377-2, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Ken Kumagai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakai
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tomoko Akiyama
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kayano Moriyama
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yuriko Takeda
- Department of Biostatistics, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Akihide Ryo
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inaba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hirano
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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15
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Malhan D, Schoenrock B, Yalçin M, Blottner D, Relόgio A. Circadian regulation in aging: Implications for spaceflight and life on earth. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13935. [PMID: 37493006 PMCID: PMC10497835 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the circadian system are characteristic of aging on Earth. With the decline in physiological processes due to aging, several health concerns including vision loss, cardiovascular disorders, cognitive impairments, and muscle mass loss arise in elderly populations. Similar health risks are reported as "red flag" risks among astronauts during and after a long-term Space exploration journey. However, little is known about the common molecular alterations underlying terrestrial aging and space-related aging in astronauts, and controversial conclusions have been recently reported. In light of the regulatory role of the circadian clock in the maintenance of human health, we review here the overlapping role of the circadian clock both on aging on Earth and spaceflight with a focus on the four most affected systems: visual, cardiovascular, central nervous, and musculoskeletal systems. In this review, we briefly introduce the regulatory role of the circadian clock in specific cellular processes followed by alterations in those processes due to aging. We next summarize the known molecular alterations associated with spaceflight, highlighting involved clock-regulated genes in space flown Drosophila, nematodes, small mammals, and astronauts. Finally, we discuss common genes that are altered in terms of their expression due to aging on Earth and spaceflight. Altogether, the data elaborated in this review strengthen our hypothesis regarding the timely need to include circadian dysregulation as an emerging hallmark of aging on Earth and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Malhan
- Institute for Systems Medicine and Faculty of Human MedicineMSH Medical School HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Britt Schoenrock
- Institute of Integrative NeuroanatomyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Müge Yalçin
- Institute for Systems Medicine and Faculty of Human MedicineMSH Medical School HamburgHamburgGermany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB)Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumour Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Dieter Blottner
- Institute of Integrative NeuroanatomyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- Neuromuscular System and Neuromuscular SignalingBerlin Center of Space Medicine & Extreme EnvironmentsBerlinGermany
| | - Angela Relόgio
- Institute for Systems Medicine and Faculty of Human MedicineMSH Medical School HamburgHamburgGermany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB)Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumour Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
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16
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Kubat GB, Bouhamida E, Ulger O, Turkel I, Pedriali G, Ramaccini D, Ekinci O, Ozerklig B, Atalay O, Patergnani S, Nur Sahin B, Morciano G, Tuncer M, Tremoli E, Pinton P. Mitochondrial dysfunction and skeletal muscle atrophy: Causes, mechanisms, and treatment strategies. Mitochondrion 2023; 72:33-58. [PMID: 37451353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, which accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight, is one of the most dynamic and plastic tissues in the human body and plays a vital role in movement, posture and force production. More than just a component of the locomotor system, skeletal muscle functions as an endocrine organ capable of producing and secreting hundreds of bioactive molecules. Therefore, maintaining healthy skeletal muscles is crucial for supporting overall body health. Various pathological conditions, such as prolonged immobilization, cachexia, aging, drug-induced toxicity, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), can disrupt the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation, leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributing mechanism to skeletal muscle atrophy, as it plays crucial roles in various biological processes, including energy production, metabolic flexibility, maintenance of redox homeostasis, and regulation of apoptosis. In this review, we critically examine recent knowledge regarding the causes of muscle atrophy (disuse, cachexia, aging, etc.) and its contribution to CVDs. Additionally, we highlight the mitochondrial signaling pathways involvement to skeletal muscle atrophy, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy and mitophagy, mitochondrial fission-fusion, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss current strategies, including exercise, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, in vivo transfection of PGC-1α, and the potential use of mitochondrial transplantation as a possible therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Burcin Kubat
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Esmaa Bouhamida
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Oner Ulger
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Turkel
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gaia Pedriali
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Daniela Ramaccini
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Ozgur Ekinci
- Department of Pathology, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berkay Ozerklig
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozbeyen Atalay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Beyza Nur Sahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Meltem Tuncer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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17
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Thomasius F, Pesta D, Rittweger J. Adjuvant pharmacological strategies for the musculoskeletal system during long-term space missions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 37559171 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite 2 h of daily exercise training, muscle wasting and bone loss are still present after 6-month missions to the international space station. Some crew members lose bone much faster than others. In preparation for missions to the Moon and Mars, space agencies are therefore reviewing their countermeasure portfolios. Here, we discuss the potential of current pharmacological strategies. Bone loss in space is fuelled by bone resorption. Alendronate, an oral bisphosphonate, reduced bone losses in experimental bed rest and space. However, gastrointestinal side effects precluded its further utilization in space. Zoledronate (a potent bisphosphonate), denosumab (RANKL antagonist) and romosozumab (sclerostin antagonist) are all administered via injection. They effectively suppress bone resorption and are routinely prescribed against osteoporosis. Their serious adverse effects, namely, osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femur fractures occur very rarely when the usage is limited to 1 or 2 years. Hence, utilization of one of these compounds may outweigh the bone risks of space travelling, in particular in those with high bone resorption rates. Muscle wasting in space is likely due to hampered muscle protein synthesis. Even though this might theoretically be countered by the synthesis-boosting effects of anabolic steroids, the practical grounds for such recommendation are currently weak. Moreover, they reveal their full potential only when combined with an anabolic exercise stimulus, for example, via strength training. It therefore seems that a combination of exercise and pharmacological countermeasures should be considered for musculoskeletal health on the way to the Moon and Mars and back.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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18
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Naruse M, Vincenty CS, Konopka AR, Trappe SW, Harber MP, Trappe TA. Cycle exercise training and muscle mass: A preliminary investigation of 17 lower limb muscles in older men. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15781. [PMID: 37606179 PMCID: PMC10442866 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cycling exercise in older individuals is beneficial for the cardiovascular system and quadriceps muscles, including partially reversing the age-related loss of quadriceps muscle mass. However, the effect of cycling exercise on the numerous other lower limb muscles is unknown. Six older men (74 ± 8 years) underwent MRI before and after 12-weeks of progressive aerobic cycle exercise training (3-4 days/week, 60-180 min/week, 60%-80% heart rate reserve, VO2 max: +13%) for upper (rectus femoris, vastii, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis, sartorius, biceps femoris long head, biceps femoris short head, semimembranosus, semitendinosus) and lower (anterior tibial, posterior tibialis, peroneals, flexor digitorum longus, lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, soleus) leg muscle volumes. In the upper leg, cycle exercise training induced hypertrophy (p ≤ 0.05) in the vastii (+7%) and sartorius (+6%), with a trend to increase biceps femoris short head (+5%, p = 0.1). Additionally, there was a trend to decrease muscle volume in the adductor longus (-6%, p = 0.1) and biceps femoris long head (-5%, p = 0.09). In the lower leg, all 7 muscle volumes assessed were unaltered pre- to post-training (-2% to -3%, p > 0.05). This new evidence related to cycle exercise training in older individuals clarifies the specific upper leg muscles that are highly impacted, while revealing all the lower leg muscles do not appear responsive, in the context of muscle mass and sarcopenia. This study provides information for exercise program development in older individuals, suggesting other specific exercises are needed for the rectus femoris and adductors, certain hamstrings, and the anterior and posterior lower leg muscles to augment the beneficial effects of cycling exercise for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Naruse
- Human Performance LaboratoryBall State UniversityMuncieIndianaUSA
| | | | - Adam R. Konopka
- Human Performance LaboratoryBall State UniversityMuncieIndianaUSA
| | - Scott W. Trappe
- Human Performance LaboratoryBall State UniversityMuncieIndianaUSA
| | | | - Todd A. Trappe
- Human Performance LaboratoryBall State UniversityMuncieIndianaUSA
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19
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Bonanni R, Cariati I, Marini M, Tarantino U, Tancredi V. Microgravity and Musculoskeletal Health: What Strategies Should Be Used for a Great Challenge? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1423. [PMID: 37511798 PMCID: PMC10381503 DOI: 10.3390/life13071423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Space colonization represents the most insidious challenge for mankind, as numerous obstacles affect the success of space missions. Specifically, the absence of gravitational forces leads to systemic physiological alterations, with particular emphasis on the musculoskeletal system. Indeed, astronauts exposed to spaceflight are known to report a significant impairment of bone microarchitecture and muscle mass, conditions clinically defined as osteoporosis and sarcopenia. In this context, space medicine assumes a crucial position, as the development of strategies to prevent and/or counteract weightlessness-induced alterations appears to be necessary. Furthermore, the opportunity to study the biological effects induced by weightlessness could provide valuable information regarding adaptations to spaceflight and suggest potential treatments that can preserve musculoskeletal health under microgravity conditions. Noteworthy, improving knowledge about the latest scientific findings in this field of research is crucial, as is thoroughly investigating the mechanisms underlying biological adaptations to microgravity and searching for innovative solutions to counter spaceflight-induced damage. Therefore, this narrative study review, performed using the MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases, aims to summarize the most recent evidence regarding the effects of real and simulated microgravity on the musculoskeletal system and to discuss the effectiveness of the main defence strategies used in both real and experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bonanni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Cariati
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Marini
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, "Policlinico Tor Vergata" Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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20
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Cahill T, Chan S, Overton IM, Hardiman G. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Enhanced Mitochondrial Activity as a Cold Adaptive Strategy to Hypothermia in Zebrafish Muscle. Cells 2023; 12:1366. [PMID: 37408201 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilisation of synthetic torpor for interplanetary travel once seemed farfetched. However, mounting evidence points to torpor-induced protective benefits from the main hazards of space travel, namely, exposure to radiation and microgravity. To determine the radio-protective effects of an induced torpor-like state we exploited the ectothermic nature of the Danio rerio (zebrafish) in reducing their body temperatures to replicate the hypothermic states seen during natural torpor. We also administered melatonin as a sedative to reduce physical activity. Zebrafish were then exposed to low-dose radiation (0.3 Gy) to simulate radiation exposure on long-term space missions. Transcriptomic analysis found that radiation exposure led to an upregulation of inflammatory and immune signatures and a differentiation and regeneration phenotype driven by STAT3 and MYOD1 transcription factors. In addition, DNA repair processes were downregulated in the muscle two days' post-irradiation. The effects of hypothermia led to an increase in mitochondrial translation including genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and a downregulation of extracellular matrix and developmental genes. Upon radiation exposure, increases in endoplasmic reticulum stress genes were observed in a torpor+radiation group with downregulation of immune-related and ECM genes. Exposing hypothermic zebrafish to radiation also resulted in a downregulation of ECM and developmental genes however, immune/inflammatory related pathways were downregulated in contrast to that observed in the radiation only group. A cross-species comparison was performed with the muscle of hibernating Ursus arctos horribilis (brown bear) to define shared mechanisms of cold tolerance. Shared responses show an upregulation of protein translation and metabolism of amino acids, as well as a hypoxia response with the shared downregulation of glycolysis, ECM, and developmental genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cahill
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Sherine Chan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- JLABS at the Children's National Research and Innovation Campus, Washington, DC 20012, USA
| | - Ian M Overton
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Gary Hardiman
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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21
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Capri M, Conte M, Ciurca E, Pirazzini C, Garagnani P, Santoro A, Longo F, Salvioli S, Lau P, Moeller R, Jordan J, Illig T, Villanueva MM, Gruber M, Bürkle A, Franceschi C, Rittweger J. Long-term human spaceflight and inflammaging: Does it promote aging? Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101909. [PMID: 36918115 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Spaceflight and its associated stressors, such as microgravity, radiation exposure, confinement, circadian derailment and disruptive workloads represent an unprecedented type of exposome that is entirely novel from an evolutionary stand point. Within this perspective, we aimed to review the effects of prolonged spaceflight on immune-neuroendocrine systems, brain and brain-gut axis, cardiovascular system and musculoskeletal apparatus, highlighting in particular the similarities with an accelerated aging process. In particular, spaceflight-induced muscle atrophy/sarcopenia and bone loss, vascular and metabolic changes, hyper and hypo reaction of innate and adaptive immune system appear to be modifications shared with the aging process. Most of these modifications are mediated by molecular events that include oxidative and mitochondrial stress, autophagy, DNA damage repair and telomere length alteration, among others, which directly or indirectly converge on the activation of an inflammatory response. According to the inflammaging theory of aging, such an inflammatory response could be a driver of an acceleration of the normal, physiological rate of aging and it is likely that all the systemic modifications in turn lead to an increase of inflammaging in a sort of vicious cycle. The most updated countermeasures to fight these modifications will be also discussed in the light of their possible application not only for astronauts' benefit, but also for older adults on the ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Capri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Conte
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Erika Ciurca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Pirazzini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Clinical Chemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aurelia Santoro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Longo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrick Lau
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralf Moeller
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany; Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria-Moreno Villanueva
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Markus Gruber
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Applied Mathematics of the Institute of ITMM, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, the Russian Federation
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Role of SIRT3 in Microgravity Response: A New Player in Muscle Tissue Recovery. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050691. [PMID: 36899828 PMCID: PMC10000945 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Life on Earth has evolved in the presence of a gravity constraint. Any change in the value of such a constraint has important physiological effects. Gravity reduction (microgravity) alters the performance of muscle, bone and, immune systems among others. Therefore, countermeasures to limit such deleterious effects of microgravity are needed considering future Lunar and Martian missions. Our study aims to demonstrate that the activation of mitochondrial Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) can be exploited to reduce muscle damage and to maintain muscle differentiation following microgravity exposure. To this effect, we used a RCCS machine to simulate microgravity on ground on a muscle and cardiac cell line. During microgravity, cells were treated with a newly synthesized SIRT3 activator, called MC2791 and vitality, differentiation, ROS and, autophagy/mitophagy were measured. Our results indicate that SIRT3 activation reduces microgravity-induced cell death while maintaining the expression of muscle cell differentiation markers. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that SIRT3 activation could represent a targeted molecular strategy to reduce muscle tissue damage caused by microgravity.
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Blottner D, Moriggi M, Trautmann G, Hastermann M, Capitanio D, Torretta E, Block K, Rittweger J, Limper U, Gelfi C, Salanova M. Space Omics and Tissue Response in Astronaut Skeletal Muscle after Short and Long Duration Missions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044095. [PMID: 36835504 PMCID: PMC9962627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle adaptation to spaceflight are as yet not fully investigated and well understood. The MUSCLE BIOPSY study analyzed pre and postflight deep calf muscle biopsies (m. soleus) obtained from five male International Space Station (ISS) astronauts. Moderate rates of myofiber atrophy were found in long-duration mission (LDM) astronauts (~180 days in space) performing routine inflight exercise as countermeasure (CM) compared to a short-duration mission (SDM) astronaut (11 days in space, little or no inflight CM) for reference control. Conventional H&E scout histology showed enlarged intramuscular connective tissue gaps between myofiber groups in LDM post vs. preflight. Immunoexpression signals of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, collagen 4 and 6, COL4 and 6, and perlecan were reduced while matrix-metalloproteinase, MMP2, biomarker remained unchanged in LDM post vs. preflight suggesting connective tissue remodeling. Large scale proteomics (space omics) identified two canonical protein pathways associated to muscle weakness (necroptosis, GP6 signaling/COL6) in SDM and four key pathways (Fatty acid β-oxidation, integrin-linked kinase ILK, Rho A GTPase RHO, dilated cardiomyopathy signaling) explicitly in LDM. The levels of structural ECM organization proteins COL6A1/A3, fibrillin 1, FBN1, and lumican, LUM, increased in postflight SDM vs. LDM. Proteins from tricarboxylic acid, TCA cycle, mitochondrial respiratory chain, and lipid metabolism mostly recovered in LDM vs. SDM. High levels of calcium signaling proteins, ryanodine receptor 1, RyR1, calsequestrin 1/2, CASQ1/2, annexin A2, ANXA2, and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA1) pump, ATP2A, were signatures of SDM, and decreased levels of oxidative stress peroxiredoxin 1, PRDX1, thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase, PRDX3, or superoxide dismutase [Mn] 2, SOD2, signatures of LDM postflight. Results help to better understand the spatiotemporal molecular adaptation of skeletal muscle and provide a large scale database of skeletal muscle from human spaceflight for the better design of effective CM protocols in future human deep space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Blottner
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- NeuroMuscular System & Signaling Group, Center of Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-528-347
| | - Manuela Moriggi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabor Trautmann
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Hastermann
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- NeuroMuscular System & Signaling Group, Center of Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniele Capitanio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Katharina Block
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joern Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Limper
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, 51109 Cologne, Germany
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Salanova
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- NeuroMuscular System & Signaling Group, Center of Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Saveko A, Bekreneva M, Ponomarev I, Zelenskaya I, Riabova A, Shigueva T, Kitov V, Abu Sheli N, Nosikova I, Rukavishnikov I, Sayenko D, Tomilovskaya E. Impact of different ground-based microgravity models on human sensorimotor system. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1085545. [PMID: 36875039 PMCID: PMC9974674 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1085545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This review includes current and updated information about various ground-based microgravity models and their impact on the human sensorimotor system. All known models of microgravity are imperfect in a simulation of the physiological effects of microgravity but have their advantages and disadvantages. This review points out that understanding the role of gravity in motion control requires consideration of data from different environments and in various contexts. The compiled information can be helpful to researchers to effectively plan experiments using ground-based models of the effects of space flight, depending on the problem posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Saveko
- Russian Federation State Scientific Center—Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Malik RJ, Waris A, Gilani SO, Iqbal J, Kashif AS, Kamboh HM, Ghafoor MF. The effects of surface inclination on gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior muscle activation during gait. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2023; 36:181-186. [PMID: 35964168 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-210371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inclined walking is associated with multiple musculoskeletal benefits and is considered a therapeutic exercise. Various patterns of increased and decreased muscle activation with inclined surfaces have been observed in normal muscles, with more focus on the proximal lower limb musculature. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the differences in electromyographic activation of gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis anterior at various inclined surfaces during gait. METHODS Fourteen healthy male participants aged between 17-30 years walked at a self-selected speed at motor driven treadmill on 0, 2 and 4 degrees of inclination. EMG activity of the muscles was recorded using the Delsys Trigno surface EMG system. RESULTS Results showed that muscular activation of tibialis anterior significantly decreased with increase in the level of inclination (p< 0.05). However, soleus, gastrocnemius medialis and gastrocnemius lateralis showed no significant differences (p> 0.05) in their muscular activation, and no noticeable trends were found. Furthermore, no significant difference was found between all the muscles at ground level and inclined level 2 and 4. CONCLUSION These differences in activation patterns found in distal extremity can be useful for designing rehabilitation protocols in sports training and for patients with neurological and musculoskeletal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Javed Malik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asim Waris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Omer Gilani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Javaid Iqbal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amer Sohail Kashif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamid M Kamboh
- College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fazeel Ghafoor
- Department of Robotic and Intelligent Machines Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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26
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Hanson AM, Young MH, Harrison BC, Zhou X, Han HQ, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL. Inhibiting myostatin signaling partially mitigates structural and functional adaptations to hindlimb suspension in mice. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:2. [PMID: 36646717 PMCID: PMC9842652 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel treatments for muscle wasting are of significant value to patients with disease states that result in muscle weakness, injury recovery after immobilization and bed rest, and for astronauts participating in long-duration spaceflight. We utilized an anti-myostatin peptibody to evaluate how myostatin signaling contributes to muscle loss in hindlimb suspension. Male C57BL/6 mice were left non-suspended (NS) or were hindlimb suspended (HS) for 14 days and treated with a placebo vehicle (P) or anti-myostatin peptibody (D). Hindlimb suspension (HS-P) resulted in rapid and significantly decreased body mass (-5.6% by day 13) with hindlimb skeletal muscle mass losses between -11.2% and -22.5% and treatment with myostatin inhibitor (HS-D) partially attenuated these losses. Myostatin inhibition increased hindlimb strength with no effect on soleus tetanic strength. Soleus mass and fiber CSA were reduced with suspension and did not increase with myostatin inhibition. In contrast, the gastrocnemius showed histological evidence of wasting with suspension that was partially mitigated with myostatin inhibition. While expression of genes related to protein degradation (Atrogin-1 and Murf-1) in the tibialis anterior increased with suspension, these atrogenes were not significantly reduced by myostatin inhibition despite a modest activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Taken together, these findings suggest that myostatin is important in hindlimb suspension but also motivates the study of other factors that contribute to disuse muscle wasting. Myostatin inhibition benefitted skeletal muscle size and function, which suggests therapeutic potential for both spaceflight and terrestrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Hanson
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Aerospace Engineering Sciences, BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Mary H. Young
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Aerospace Engineering Sciences, BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Brooke C. Harrison
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Xiaolan Zhou
- grid.417886.40000 0001 0657 5612Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA USA ,Present Address: AliveGen USA Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA USA
| | - H. Q. Han
- grid.417886.40000 0001 0657 5612Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA USA ,Present Address: AliveGen USA Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA USA
| | - Louis S. Stodieck
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Aerospace Engineering Sciences, BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Virginia L. Ferguson
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Aerospace Engineering Sciences, BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA ,grid.266190.a0000000096214564Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA ,grid.266190.a0000000096214564BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
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Are Skeletal Muscle Changes during Prolonged Space Flights Similar to Those Experienced by Frail and Sarcopenic Older Adults? LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122139. [PMID: 36556504 PMCID: PMC9781047 DOI: 10.3390/life12122139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity exposure causes several physiological and psychosocial alterations that challenge astronauts' health during space flight. Notably, many of these changes are mostly related to physical inactivity influencing different functional systems and organ biology, in particular the musculoskeletal system, dramatically resulting in aging-like phenotypes, such as those occurring in older persons on Earth. In this sense, sarcopenia, a syndrome characterized by the loss in muscle mass and strength due to skeletal muscle unloading, is undoubtedly one of the most critical aging-like adverse effects of microgravity and a prevalent problem in the geriatric population, still awaiting effective countermeasures. Therefore, there is an urgent demand to identify clinically relevant biological markers and to underline molecular mechanisms behind these effects that are still poorly understood. From this perspective, a lesson from Geroscience may help tailor interventions to counteract the adverse effects of microgravity. For instance, decades of studies in the field have demonstrated that in the older people, the clinical picture of sarcopenia remarkably overlaps (from a clinical and biological point of view) with that of frailty, primarily when referred to the physical function domain. Based on this premise, here we provide a deeper understanding of the biological mechanisms of sarcopenia and frailty, which in aging are often considered together, and how these converge with those observed in astronauts after space flight.
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28
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Aziz S, Raza MA, Noreen M, Iqbal MZ, Raza SM. Astropharmacy: Roles of Pharmacist in Space. Innov Pharm 2022; 13:10.24926/iip.v13i3.4956. [PMID: 36627911 PMCID: PMC9815863 DOI: 10.24926/iip.v13i3.4956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Since disease is a natural aspect of life, human deep space missions will largely depend on preventing disease, diagnosis, and treatment. Pharmaceuticals are used to identify, treat, prevent, or cure illnesses, but they are unstable on Earth and even more so in space. What if the pharmacist could prepare small quantities of medicines in space, on site, as needed? The alteration in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) and pharmacogenomics with flying and medications will need to be customised for each person individually and specifically at the point of need because of drug stability issues. We can't meet the expense of bringging everything we might need, so pharmacists must devise ways to manufacture medications in-situ and on-demand. With this skill, pharmacists would be able to fulfill the demand of any exploration mission that involved spaceflight with robust pharmaceuticals that would be stable enough to last the duration of the mission, comprehensive enough to treat all potential medical events, safe, and effective, notwithstanding the known PK-PD and pharmacogenetic alterations that take place during spaceflight. The purpose of this article was to review topics related with Astropharmacy. The topics include: the need of Astropharmacy in space, health-related problems caused by hostile space conditions, storage problems in space, methods to establish the stability and effectiveness of pharmaceutical products in space, and alteration in human physiology including PK-PD and pharmacogenomics and highlight the pharmacist's potential roles in the pharmacies orbiting the space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Aziz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan,School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmer Raza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan,Department of Pharmacy Practice, The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Noreen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Shahid Masood Raza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan,School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China,Corresponding author: Shahid Masood Raza School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei, China;
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29
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Millar-Wilson A, Ward Ó, Duffy E, Hardiman G. Multiscale modeling in the framework of biological systems and its potential for spaceflight biology studies. iScience 2022; 25:105421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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30
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Ogneva IV. Single Cell in a Gravity Field. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1601. [PMID: 36295035 PMCID: PMC9604728 DOI: 10.3390/life12101601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploration of deep space or other bodies of the solar system, associated with a long stay in microgravity or altered gravity, requires the development of fundamentally new methods of protecting the human body. Most of the negative changes in micro- or hypergravity occur at the cellular level; however, the mechanism of reception of the altered gravity and transduction of this signal, leading to the formation of an adaptive pattern of the cell, is still poorly understood. At the same time, most of the negative changes that occur in early embryos when the force of gravity changes almost disappear by the time the new organism is born. This review is devoted to the responses of early embryos and stem cells, as well as terminally differentiated germ cells, to changes in gravity. An attempt was made to generalize the data presented in the literature and propose a possible unified mechanism for the reception by a single cell of an increase and decrease in gravity based on various deformations of the cortical cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Ogneva
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoe Shosse, 123007 Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Exploring space is one of the most attractive goals that humanity ever set, notwithstanding, there are some psychological and psychopathological risks that should be considered. Several studies identified some possible hazards of space travels and related physical and psychological consequences on astronauts. If some psychological reactions are obviously inherent to the characteristics of the spaceships (habitability, confinement, psychological, and interpersonal relationships), other (disturbances of sleep-wake cycle, personality changes, depression, anxiety, apathy, psychosomatic symptoms, neurovestibular problems, alterations in cognitive function, and sensory perception) represent a clear warning of possible central nervous system (CNS) alterations, possibly due to microgravity and cosmic radiation. Such conditions and eventual CNS changes might compromise the success of missions and the ability to cope with unexpected events and may lead to individual and long-term impairments. Therefore, further studies are needed, perhaps, requiring the birth of a novel branch of psychology/psychiatry that should not only consider the risks related to space exploration, but the implementation of targeted strategies to prevent them.
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32
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Rozhkov SV, Sharlo KA, Shenkman BS, Mirzoev TM. Inhibition of mTORC1 differentially affects ribosome biogenesis in rat soleus muscle at the early and later stages of hindlimb unloading. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 730:109411. [PMID: 36155780 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged inactivity of skeletal muscles due to limb immobilization, bedrest, and exposure to microgravity results in a significant muscle atrophy. Inactivity-induced muscle atrophy is caused by a downregulation of protein synthesis (PS) and increased proteolysis. Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is considered to be one of the main regulators of translational capacity (quantity of ribosomes), a key determinant of PS. Using a specific mTORC1 inhibitor (rapamycin) we aimed to determine if mTORC1 activity would influence ribosome biogenesis in rat soleus muscle at both early and later stages of mechanical unloading. Wistar rats were subjected to 1- and 7-day hindlimb suspension (HS) with and without rapamycin injections (1.5 mg/kg) and compared to weight-bearing control animals. The key markers of ribosome biogenesis were assessed by RT-PCR or agarose gel electrophoresis. The rate of PS was measured by SUnSET method. Both 1-day and 7-day HS resulted in a significant downregulation of ribosome biogenesis markers (c-Myc, 47S pre-rRNA, 18S + 28S rRNAs) and the rate of PS. Rapamycin administration during 1-day HS fully prevented a decrease in 47S pre-rRNA expression and amount of 18S + 28S rRNAs (without affecting c-Myc mRNA expression) and partially attenuated a decline in PS. Rapamycin treatment during 7-day HS significantly decreased p70S6K phosphorylation but failed to rescue a reduction in both the markers of ribosome biogenesis and the rate of PS. All together, our results suggest that mTORC1 inhibition at the initial (1 day), but not later (7 days) stage of HS can be beneficial for the maintenance of translational capacity (ribosome biogenesis) and the rate of PS in rat soleus muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Rozhkov
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, 123007, 76A Khoroshevskoe shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kristina A Sharlo
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, 123007, 76A Khoroshevskoe shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris S Shenkman
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, 123007, 76A Khoroshevskoe shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur M Mirzoev
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, 123007, 76A Khoroshevskoe shosse, Moscow, Russia.
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Yang X, Li P, Lei J, Feng Y, Tang L, Guo J. Integrated Application of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound in Diagnosis and Treatment of Atrophied Skeletal Muscle Induced in Tail-Suspended Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10369. [PMID: 36142280 PMCID: PMC9498990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to microgravity leads to muscle atrophy, which is primarily characterized by a loss of muscle mass and strength and reduces one′s functional capability. A weightlessness-induced muscle atrophy model was established using the tail suspension test to evaluate the intervention or therapeutic effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on muscle atrophy. The rats were divided into five groups at random: the model group (B), the normal control group (NC), the sham-ultrasound control group (SUC), the LIPUS of 50 mW/cm2 radiation group (50 UR), and the LIPUS of 150 mW/cm2 radiation group (150 UR). Body weight, gastrocnemius weight, muscle force, and B-ultrasound images were used to evaluate muscle atrophy status. Results showed that the body weight, gastrocnemius weight, and image entropy of the tail suspension group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.01), confirming the presence of muscle atrophy. Although the results show that the muscle force and two weights of the rats stimulated by LIPUS are still much smaller than those of the NC group, they are significantly different from those of the pure tail suspension B group (p < 0.01). On day 14, the gastrocnemius forces of the rats exposed to 50 mW/cm2 and 150 mW/cm2 LIPUS were 150% and 165% of those in the B group. The gastrocnemius weights were both 135% of those in the B group. This suggests that ultrasound can, to a certain extent, prevent muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Pan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Jiying Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- Junior Middle Department, Shanxi Modern Bilingual School, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Yichen Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Jianzhong Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
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Reliability of bioreactance-derived hemodynamic monitoring during simulated sustained gravitational transitions induced by short-arm human centrifugation. Med Eng Phys 2022; 107:103868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Marfia G, Navone SE, Guarnaccia L, Campanella R, Locatelli M, Miozzo M, Perelli P, Della Morte G, Catamo L, Tondo P, Campanella C, Lucertini M, Ciniglio Appiani G, Landolfi A, Garzia E. Space flight and central nervous system: Friends or enemies? Challenges and opportunities for neuroscience and neuro-oncology. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1649-1663. [PMID: 35678198 PMCID: PMC9544848 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Space environment provides many challenges to pilots, astronauts, and space scientists, which are constantly subjected to unique conditions, including microgravity, radiations, hypoxic condition, absence of the day and night cycle, etc. These stressful stimuli have the potential to affect many human physiological systems, triggering physical and biological adaptive changes to re‐establish the homeostatic state. A particular concern regards the risks for the effects of spaceflight on the central nervous system (CNS), as several lines of evidence reported a great impact on neuroplasticity, cognitive functions, neurovestibular system, short‐term memory, cephalic fluid shift, reduction in motor function, and psychological disturbances, especially during long‐term missions. Aside these potential detrimental effects, the other side of the coin reflects the potential benefit of applicating space‐related conditions on Earth‐based life sciences, as cancer research. Here, we focused on examining the effect of real and simulated microgravity on CNS functions, both in humans and in cellular models, browsing the different techniques to experience or mime microgravity on‐ground. Increasing evidence demonstrate that cancer cells, and brain cancer cells in particular, are negatively affected by microgravity, in terms of alteration in cell morphology, proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis, representing an advancing novel side of space‐based investigations. Overall, deeper understandings about the mechanisms by which space environment influences CNS and tumor biology may be promisingly translated into many clinical fields, ranging from aerospace medicine to neuroscience and oncology, representing an enormous pool of knowledge for the implementation of countermeasures and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Marfia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Aldo Ravelli' Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Clinical Pathology Unit, Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "A. Mosso", Aeronautica Militare, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Elena Navone
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Aldo Ravelli' Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Guarnaccia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rolando Campanella
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Locatelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Aldo Ravelli' Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical-Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Perelli
- Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "Aldo Di Loreto", Aeronautica Militare, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Della Morte
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "A. Mosso", Aeronautica Militare, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Catamo
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "A. Mosso", Aeronautica Militare, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Tondo
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "A. Mosso", Aeronautica Militare, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmelo Campanella
- Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "Aldo Di Loreto", Aeronautica Militare, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Emanuele Garzia
- Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "A. Mosso", Aeronautica Militare, Milan, Italy
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36
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Hemodynamic Changes in the Masseter and Superior Orbicularis Oris Muscles before and after Exercise Load: A Comparison between Young Adult Women and Middle-Aged to Old Adult Women. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:5340301. [PMID: 36065399 PMCID: PMC9440816 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5340301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The vascularity index (VI) is useful for measuring the hemodynamics on ultrasound imaging. However, there are no reports concerning the application of the VI to facial muscles. Objective The aim of this study was (1) to establish a method of measuring the hemodynamics in facial muscles in a constant way and (2) to evaluate the hemodynamic changes in the masseter and superior orbicularis oris muscles (SOOMs) before and after exercise load in two subject groups of females of different ages. Methods (1) The VI in the SOOM was calculated, and the test-retest reliability was assessed in seven healthy adults. (2) The VIs in the left-side masseter and SOOM were calculated in 3 sessions: before exercise loading (T0), immediately after loading (T1), and 5 minutes after T1 (T2) for the young adult group (YAG, n = 20; age range, 20–35 years) and the middle-aged to old group (MOG, n = 20; age range, 50–70 years). Tasks were gum chewing for the masseter muscle and lip sealing for the SOOM. The differences in the mean peak flows between two sessions were examined. Results (1) Significant differences were not noted for the repeatedly measured average volumes of blood flow with good test-retest agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.81). (2) In both muscles of the YAG, there were a significant increase in T1 compared with T0 and a significant decrease in T2 compared with T1 (all p < 0.05). In both muscles of the MOG, no significant differences were noted in either comparison. Conclusions A method of measuring the hemodynamics in facial muscles was developed and showed good reliability. Changes in the blood flow after exercise load in these muscles may vary with age in women.
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Frett T, Lecheler L, Speer M, Marcos D, Pesta D, Tegtbur U, Schmitz MT, Jordan J, Green DA. Comparison of trunk muscle exercises in supine position during short arm centrifugation with 1 g at centre of mass and upright in 1 g. Front Physiol 2022; 13:955312. [PMID: 36060705 PMCID: PMC9428406 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.955312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight is associated with reduced antigravitational muscle activity, which results in trunk muscle atrophy and may contribute to post-flight postural and spinal instability. Exercise in artificial gravity (AG) performed via short-arm human centrifugation (SAHC) is a promising multi-organ countermeasure, especially to mitigate microgravity-induced postural muscle atrophy. Here, we compared trunk muscular activity (mm. rectus abdominis, ext. obliques and multifidi), cardiovascular response and tolerability of trunk muscle exercises performed during centrifugation with 1 g at individual center of mass on a SAHC against standard upright exercising. We recorded heart rate, blood pressure, surface trunk muscle activity, motion sickness and rating of perceived exertion (BORG) of 12 participants (8 male/4 female, 34 ± 7 years, 178.4 ± 8.2 cm, 72.1 ± 9.6 kg). Heart rate was significantly increased (p < 0.001) during exercises without differences in conditions. Systolic blood pressure was higher (p < 0.001) during centrifugation with a delayed rise during exercises in upright condition. Diastolic blood pressure was lower in upright (p = 0.018) compared to counter-clockwise but not to clockwise centrifugation. Target muscle activation were comparable between conditions, although activity of multifidi was lower (clockwise: p = 0.003, counter-clockwise: p < 0.001) and rectus abdominis were higher (clockwise: p = 0.0023, counter-clockwise: < 0.001) during centrifugation in one exercise type. No sessions were terminated, BORG scoring reflected a relevant training intensity and no significant increase in motion sickness was reported during centrifugation. Thus, exercising trunk muscles during centrifugation generates comparable targeted muscular and heart rate response and appears to be well tolerated. Differences in blood pressure were relatively minor and not indicative of haemodynamic challenge. SAHC-based muscle training is a candidate to reduce microgravity-induced inter-vertebral disc pathology and trunk muscle atrophy. However, further optimization is required prior to performance of a training study for individuals with trunk muscle atrophy/dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Frett
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Timo Frett,
| | - Leopold Lecheler
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Dominik Pesta
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Tegtbur
- Hannover Medical School, Institutes of Sports Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marie-Therese Schmitz
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Informatics and Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biometry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Chair of Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Andrew Green
- European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany
- KBRwyle GmbH, Cologne, Germany
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Hedge ET, Patterson CA, Mastrandrea CJ, Sonjak V, Hajj-Boutros G, Faust A, Morais JA, Hughson RL. Implementation of exercise countermeasures during spaceflight and microgravity analogue studies: Developing countermeasure protocols for bedrest in older adults (BROA). Front Physiol 2022; 13:928313. [PMID: 36017336 PMCID: PMC9395735 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.928313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the development of countermeasures to attenuate the negative consequences of prolonged exposure to microgravity on astronauts’ bodies. Deconditioning of several organ systems during flight includes losses to cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle mass, bone density and strength. Similar deconditioning also occurs during prolonged bedrest; any protracted time immobile or inactive, especially for unwell older adults (e.g., confined to hospital beds), can lead to similar detrimental health consequences. Due to limitations in physiological research in space, the six-degree head-down tilt bedrest protocol was developed as ground-based analogue to spaceflight. A variety of exercise countermeasures have been tested as interventions to limit detrimental changes and physiological deconditioning of the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Canadian Space Agency recently provided funding for research focused on Understanding the Health Impact of Inactivity to study the efficacy of exercise countermeasures in a 14-day randomized clinical trial of six-degree head-down tilt bedrest study in older adults aged 55–65 years old (BROA). Here we will describe the development of a multi-modality countermeasure protocol for the BROA campaign that includes upper- and lower-body resistance exercise and head-down tilt cycle ergometry (high-intensity interval and continuous aerobic exercise training). We provide reasoning for the choice of these modalities following review of the latest available information on exercise as a countermeasure for inactivity and spaceflight-related deconditioning. In summary, this paper sets out to review up-to-date exercise countermeasure research from spaceflight and head-down bedrest studies, whilst providing support for the proposed research countermeasure protocols developed for the bedrest study in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. Hedge
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Vita Sonjak
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Hajj-Boutros
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andréa Faust
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - José A. Morais
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard L. Hughson
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Richard L. Hughson,
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Mammarella N, Gatti M, Ceccato I, Di Crosta A, Di Domenico A, Palumbo R. The Protective Role of Neurogenetic Components in Reducing Stress-Related Effects during Spaceflights: Evidence from the Age-Related Positive Memory Approach. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081176. [PMID: 36013355 PMCID: PMC9410359 DOI: 10.3390/life12081176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fighting stress-related effects during spaceflight is crucial for a successful mission. Emotional, motivational, and cognitive mechanisms have already been shown to be involved in the decrease of negative emotions. However, emerging evidence is pointing to a neurogenetic profile that may render some individuals more prone than others to focusing on positive information in memory and increasing affective health. The relevance for adaptation to the space environment and the interaction with other stressors such as ionizing radiations is discussed. In particular, to clarify this approach better, we will draw from the psychology and aging literature data. Subsequently, we report on studies on candidate genes for sensitivity to positive memories. We review work on the following candidate genes that may be crucial in adaptation mechanisms: ADRA2B, COMT, 5HTTLPR, CB1, and TOMM40. The final aim is to show how the study of genetics and cell biology of positive memory can help us to reveal the underlying bottom-up pathways to also increasing positive effects during a space mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Mammarella
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.D.D.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Matteo Gatti
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.D.D.); (R.P.)
| | - Irene Ceccato
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Adolfo Di Crosta
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.D.D.); (R.P.)
| | - Alberto Di Domenico
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.D.D.); (R.P.)
| | - Rocco Palumbo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.D.D.); (R.P.)
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Swain P, Mortreux M, Laws JM, Kyriacou H, De Martino E, Winnard A, Caplan N. Skeletal muscle deconditioning during partial weight-bearing in rodents - A systematic review and meta-analysis. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 34:68-86. [PMID: 35940691 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Space agencies are planning to send humans back to the Lunar surface, in preparation for crewed exploration of Mars. However, the effect of hypogravity on human skeletal muscle is largely unknown. A recently established rodent partial weight-bearing model has been employed to mimic various levels of hypogravity loading and may provide valuable insights to better understanding how human muscle might respond to this environment. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review regarding the effects of partial weight-bearing on the morphology and function of rodent skeletal muscle. Five online databases were searched with the following inclusion criteria: population (rodents), intervention (partial weight-bearing for ≥1 week), control (full weight-bearing), outcome(s) (skeletal muscle morphology/function), and study design (animal intervention). Of the 2,993 studies identified, eight were included. Partial weight-bearing at 20%, 40%, and 70% of full loading caused rapid deconditioning of skeletal muscle morphology and function within the first one to two weeks of exposure. Calf circumference, hindlimb wet muscle mass, myofiber cross-sectional area, front/rear paw grip force, and nerve-stimulated plantarflexion force were reduced typically by medium to very large effects. Higher levels of partial weight-bearing often attenuated deconditioning but failed to entirely prevent it. Species and sex mediated the deconditioning response. Risk of bias was low/unclear for most studies. These findings suggest that there is insufficient stimulus to mitigate muscular deconditioning in hypogravity settings highlighting the need to develop countermeasures for maintaining astronaut/cosmonaut muscular health on the Moon and Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Swain
- Aerospace Medicine and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Marie Mortreux
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jonathan M Laws
- Aerospace Medicine and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Kyriacou
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico De Martino
- Aerospace Medicine and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Winnard
- Aerospace Medicine and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Caplan
- Aerospace Medicine and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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Mitigating sarcoplasmic reticulum stress limits disuse-induced muscle loss in hindlimb unloaded mice. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8:24. [PMID: 35817772 PMCID: PMC9273600 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00211-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle disuse in the hindlimb unloaded (HU) mice causes significant atrophy and weakness. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving disuse-muscle atrophy remain elusive. We investigated the potential contribution of proteins dysregulation by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), a condition called SR stress, to muscle loss during HU. Male, c57BL/6j mice were assigned to ground-based controls or HU groups treated with vehicle or 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA), a potent inhibitor of SR stress, once a day for three weeks. We report that the 4-PBA reduced the SR stress and partly reversed the muscle atrophy and weakness in the HU mice. Transcriptome analysis revealed that several genes were switched on (n = 3688) or differentially expressed (n = 1184) due to HU. GO, and KEGG term analysis revealed alterations in pathways associated with the assembly of cilia and microtubules, extracellular matrix proteins regulation, calcium homeostasis, and immune modulation during HU. The muscle restoration with 4-PBA partly reversed these changes along with differential and unique expression of several genes. The analysis of genes among the two comparisons (HU-v vs. control and HU-t vs. HU-v.) shows 841 genes were overlapped between the two comparisons and they may be regulated by 4-PBA. Altogether, our findings suggest that the pharmacological suppression of SR stress may be an effective strategy to prevent disuse-induced muscle weakness and atrophy.
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Cope H, Willis CR, MacKay MJ, Rutter LA, Toh LS, Williams PM, Herranz R, Borg J, Bezdan D, Giacomello S, Muratani M, Mason CE, Etheridge T, Szewczyk NJ. Routine omics collection is a golden opportunity for European human research in space and analog environments. PATTERNS 2022; 3:100550. [PMID: 36277820 PMCID: PMC9583032 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2022.100550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Murgia M, Ciciliot S, Nagaraj N, Reggiani C, Schiaffino S, Franchi MV, Pišot R, Šimunič B, Toniolo L, Blaauw B, Sandri M, Biolo G, Flück M, Narici MV, Mann M. Signatures of muscle disuse in spaceflight and bed rest revealed by single muscle fiber proteomics. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac086. [PMID: 36741463 PMCID: PMC9896895 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astronauts experience dramatic loss of muscle mass, decreased strength, and insulin resistance, despite performing daily intense physical exercise that would lead to muscle growth on Earth. Partially mimicking spaceflight, prolonged bed rest causes muscle atrophy, loss of force, and glucose intolerance. To unravel the underlying mechanisms, we employed highly sensitive single fiber proteomics to detail the molecular remodeling caused by unloading and inactivity during bed rest and changes of the muscle proteome of astronauts before and after a mission on the International Space Station. Muscle focal adhesions, involved in fiber-matrix interaction and insulin receptor stabilization, are prominently downregulated in both bed rest and spaceflight and restored upon reloading. Pathways of antioxidant response increased strongly in slow but not in fast muscle fibers. Unloading alone upregulated markers of neuromuscular damage and the pathway controlling EIF5A hypusination. These proteomic signatures of mechanical unloading in muscle fiber subtypes contribute to disentangle the effect of microgravity from the pleiotropic challenges of spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Ciciliot
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy,Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva Street 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | | | - Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Rado Pišot
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva Street 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Šimunič
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva Street 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Bert Blaauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Martin Flück
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marco V Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy,Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva Street 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia,CIR-MYO Myology Center, Viale G Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Matthias Mann
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany,NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Building 6.1, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Responses of neuromuscular properties to unloading and potential countermeasures during space exploration missions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 136:104617. [PMID: 35283170 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed the responses of the neuromuscular properties of mainly the soleus and possible mechanisms. Sensory nervous activity in response to passive shortening and/or active contraction, associated with plantar-flexion or dorsi-flexion of the ankle joints, may play an essential role in the regulation of muscle properties. Passive shortening of the muscle fibers and sarcomeres inhibits the development of tension, electromyogram (EMG), and afferent neurogram. Remodeling of the sarcomeres, which decreases the total sarcomere number in a single muscle fiber causing recovery of the length in each sarcomere, is induced in the soleus following chronic unloading. Although EMG activity and tension development in each sarcomere are increased, the total tension produced by the whole muscle is still less owing to the lower sarcomere number. Therefore, muscle atrophy continues to progress. Moreover, walking or slow running by rear-foot strike landing with the application of greater ground reaction force, which stimulates soleus mobilization, could be an effective countermeasure. Periodic, but not chronic, passive stretching of the soleus may also be effective.
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Padilha CS, Figueiredo C, Deminice R, Krüger K, Seelaender M, Rosa‐Neto JC, Lira FS. Costly immunometabolic remodelling in disused muscle buildup through physical exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13782. [PMID: 34990078 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the immunometabolic disturbances during skeletal muscle atrophy caused by a plethora of circumstances ranging from hospitalization to spaceflight missions remain unknown. Here, we outline the possible pathways that might be dysregulated in such conditions and assess the potential of physical exercise to mitigate and promote the recovery of muscle morphology, metabolism and function after intervals of disuse. Studies applying exercise to attenuate disuse-induced muscle atrophy have shown a pivotal role of circulating myokines in the activation of anabolic signalling pathways. These muscle-derived factors induce accretion of contractile proteins in the myofibers, and at the same time decrease protein breakdown and loss. Regular exercise plays a crucial role in re-establishing adequate immunometabolism and increasing the migration and presence in the muscle of macrophages with an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) and T regulatory cells (Tregs) after disease-induced muscle loss. Additionally, the switch in metabolic pathways (glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation [OXPHOS]) is important for achieving rapid metabolic homeostasis during muscle regeneration. In this review, we discuss the molecular aspects of the immunometabolic response elicited by exercise during skeletal muscle regeneration. There is not, nevertheless, consensus on a single optimal intensity of exercise required to improve muscle strength, mass and functional capacity owing to the wide range of exercise protocols studied so far. Despite the absence of agreement on the specific strategy, physical exercise appears as a powerful complementary strategy to attenuate the harmful effects of muscle disuse in different scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S. Padilha
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group Post‐graduation Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - Caique Figueiredo
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group Post‐graduation Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - Rafael Deminice
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Exercise Department of Physical Education Faculty of Physical Education and Sport State University of Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Institute of Sports Science Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy University of Giessen Giessen Germany
| | - Marília Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group Department of Surgery LIM26‐HC Medical School University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - José Cesar Rosa‐Neto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fabio S. Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group Post‐graduation Program in Movement Sciences Department of Physical Education Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Presidente Prudente Brazil
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Sharlo K, Lvova I, Turtikova O, Tyganov S, Kalashnikov V, Shenkman B. Plantar stimulation prevents the decrease in fatigue resistance in rat soleus muscle under one week of hindlimb suspension. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 718:109150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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Böcker J, Schmitz MT, Mittag U, Jordan J, Rittweger J. Between-Subject and Within-Subject Variaton of Muscle Atrophy and Bone Loss in Response to Experimental Bed Rest. Front Physiol 2022; 12:743876. [PMID: 35273514 PMCID: PMC8902302 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.743876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve quantification of individual responses to bed rest interventions, we analyzed peripheral quantitative computer tomography (pQCT) datasets of the lower leg of 76 participants, who took part in eight different bed rest studies. A newly developed statistical approach differentiated measurement uncertainty UMeas from between-subject-variation (BSV) and within-subject variation (WSV). The results showed that UMeas decreased 59.3% to 80% over the two decades of bed rest studies (p < 0.01), and that it was higher for muscles than for bones. The reduction of UMeas could be explained by improved measurement procedures as well as a higher standardization. The vast majority (82.6%) of the individual responses pci exceeded the 95% confidence interval defined by UMeas, indicating significant and substantial BSV, which was greater for bones than for muscles, especially at the epiphyseal measurement sites. Non-significant to small positive inter-site correlations between bone sites, but very large positive inter-site correlation between muscle sites suggests that substantial WSV exists in the tibia bone, but much less so in the calf musculature. Furthermore, endocortical circumference, an indicator of the individual’s bone geometry could partly explain WSV and BSV. These results demonstrate the existence of substantial BSV bone, and that it is partly driven by WSV, and likely also by physical activity and dietary habits prior to bed rest. In addition, genetic and epigenetic variation could potentially explain BSV, but not WSV. As to the latter, differences of bone characteristics and the bone resorption process could offer an explanation for its existence. The study has also demonstrated the importance of duplicate baseline measurements. Finally, we provide here a rationale for worst case scenarios with partly effective countermeasures in long-term space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Böcker
- Department of Muscle and Bone Metabolism, German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jonas Böcker,
| | - Marie-Therese Schmitz
- Department of Muscle and Bone Metabolism, German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Uwe Mittag
- Department of Muscle and Bone Metabolism, German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- Chair of Aerospace Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Aerospace Center, Head of Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Department of Muscle and Bone Metabolism, German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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48
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Lee PHU, Chung M, Ren Z, Mair DB, Kim DH. Factors mediating spaceflight-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C567-C580. [PMID: 35171699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00203.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a well-known consequence of spaceflight. Because of the potential significant impact of muscle atrophy and muscle dysfunction on astronauts and to their mission, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of this atrophy and the development of effective countermeasures is critical. Spaceflight-induced muscle atrophy is similar to atrophy seen in many terrestrial conditions, and therefore our understanding of this form of atrophy may also contribute to the treatment of atrophy in humans on Earth. The unique environmental features humans encounter in space include the weightlessness of microgravity, space radiation, and the distinctive aspects of living in a spacecraft. The disuse and unloading of muscles in microgravity are likely the most significant factors that mediate spaceflight-induced muscle atrophy, and have been extensively studied and reviewed. However, there are numerous other direct and indirect effects on skeletal muscle that may be contributing factors to the muscle atrophy and dysfunction seen as a result of spaceflight. This review offers a novel perspective on the issue of muscle atrophy in space by providing a comprehensive overview of the unique aspects of the spaceflight environment and the various ways in which they can lead to muscle atrophy. We systematically review the potential contributions of these different mechanisms of spaceflight-induced atrophy and include findings from both actual spaceflight and ground-based models of spaceflight in humans, animals, and in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H U Lee
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southcoast Health, Fall River, MA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Zhanping Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Devin B Mair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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49
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Abstract
The Exercise Boom of the 1970's resulted in the adoption of habitual exercise in a significant portion of the population. Many of these individuals are defying the cultural norms by remaining physically active and competing at a high level in their later years. The juxtaposition between masters athletes and non-exercisers demonstrate the importance of remaining physically active throughout the lifespan on physiological systems related to healthspan (years of healthy living). This includes ~50% improved maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and enhanced skeletal muscle health (size, function, as well as metabolic and communicative properties) compared to non-exercisers at a similar age. By taking a reductionist approach to VO2max and skeletal muscle health, we can gain insight into how aging and habitual exercise affects the aging process. Collectively, this review provides a physiological basis for the elite performances seen in masters athletes, as well as the health implications of lifelong exercise with a focus on VO2max, skeletal muscle metabolic fitness, whole muscle size and function, single muscle fiber physiology, and communicative properties of skeletal muscle. This review has significant public health implications due to the potent health benefits of habitual exercise across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Gries
- Exercise and Sports Science, Marian University, Indianapolis, United States
| | - S W Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, United States
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50
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Cariati I, Scimeca M, Bonanni R, Triolo R, Naldi V, Toro G, Marini M, Tancredi V, Iundusi R, Gasbarra E, Tarantino U. Role of Myostatin in Muscle Degeneration by Random Positioning Machine Exposure: An in vitro Study for the Treatment of Sarcopenia. Front Physiol 2022; 13:782000. [PMID: 35185612 PMCID: PMC8853288 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.782000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several scientific evidence have shown that exposure to microgravity has a significant impact on the health of the musculoskeletal system by altering the expression of proteins and molecules involved in bone–muscle crosstalk, which is also observed in the research of microgravity effect simulation. Among these, the expression pattern of myostatin appears to play a key role in both load-free muscle damage and the progression of age-related musculoskeletal disorders, such as osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Based on this evidence, we here investigated the efficacy of treatment with anti-myostatin (anti-MSTN) antibodies on primary cultures of human satellite cells exposed to 72 h of random positioning machine (RPM). Cell cultures were obtained from muscle biopsies taken from a total of 30 patients (controls, osteoarthritic, and osteoporotic) during hip arthroplasty. The Pax7 expression by immunofluorescence was carried out for the characterization of satellite cells. We then performed morphological evaluation by light microscopy and immunocytochemical analysis to assess myostatin expression. Our results showed that prolonged RPM exposure not only caused satellite cell death, but also induced changes in myostatin expression levels with group-dependent variations. Surprisingly, we observed that the use of anti-MSTN antibodies induced a significant increase in cell survival after RPM exposure under all experimental conditions. Noteworthy, we found that the negative effect of RPM exposure was counteracted by treatment with anti-MSTN antibodies, which allowed the formation of numerous myotubes. Our results highlight the role of myostatin as a major effector of the cellular degeneration observed with RPM exposure, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target to slow the muscle mass loss that occurs in the absence of loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Cariati
- Ph.D. in Medical-Surgical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Scimeca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bonanni
- Ph.D. in Medical-Surgical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rebecca Triolo
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Naldi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toro
- Ph.D. in Medical-Surgical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Marini
- Department of Systems Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Systems Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Iundusi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Gasbarra
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Policlinico Tor Vergata” Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Umberto Tarantino,
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