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The impact of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles on the color stability of artificially aged heat-polymerized maxillofacial silicone elastomer. Sci Prog 2023; 106:368504231205392. [PMID: 37814535 PMCID: PMC10566275 DOI: 10.1177/00368504231205392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The limited service life of craniofacial prostheses due to degradation and color instability is a significant challenge. This in vitro study aimed to determine how zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles affect the color stability of M511 heat temperature vulcanizing (HTV) maxillofacial silicone elastomers after artificial aging. ZrO2 nanoparticles were added at concentrations of 1, 2, and 3 wt% to M511 HTV silicone elastomer. Two intrinsic silicone pigments were used (red and mocha). Silicone with pigment and without ZrO2 nanoparticles were used as the control. Eighty disk-shaped specimens were fabricated and divided into eight experimental groups, each containing ten specimens (n = 10). All specimens were subjected to artificial aging, and color changes were recorded at 252, 504, and 1008 h intervals. The L*a *b * values were measured using a colorimeter and the CIE-Lab system. To interpret the recorded color differences, a 50:50 percent perceptibility threshold (ΔE* = 1.1) and acceptability threshold (ΔE* = 3.0) were implemented. A one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05 were used for the statistical analysis. We found that every evaluated specimen group exhibited a chromatic change (ΔE* > 0). The ΔE* values for the mocha pigments with and without ZrO2 nanoparticles were below the perceptible threshold (1.1 units). The ΔE* values of the red pigment with and without ZrO2 nanoparticles were significantly higher than the acceptable threshold (P < 0.000). According to the findings of this in vitro study, all the specimens underwent color changes (ΔE* > 0). The red pigment exhibited highly significant chromatic alterations. In contrast, mocha pigments with and without ZrO2 nanoparticles exhibited the least color change and were below the perceptible threshold. ZrO2 nanoparticles provided important protection and showed a reduction in color change.
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Coloring Effects of Disinfectants on Pure or Nano-TiO 2-Incorporated Maxillofacial Silicone Prostheses. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5580. [PMID: 37629870 PMCID: PMC10456622 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Silicone elastomers play a crucial role in the field of maxillofacial prosthodontics. To maintain optimal hygiene, various disinfectants have been reported to clean silicone prostheses. Nevertheless, when selecting a disinfectant, it is important to consider not only its antimicrobial efficacy, but also its compatibility with the materials, to minimize any potential impact on the physical properties of the material surfaces. The coloring effect of such disinfectants on different types of silicone is of interest. A total of 144 silicone specimens (72 pure silicones, 72 nano-TiO2-incorporated silicones, from A-2000 and A-2006 silicones) were fabricated in this study. The spectrophotometric analysis was carried out, and the initial CIE L*a*b* color values were measured prior to disinfection. Specimens in each silicone group (with or without nano-TiO2) were subjected to a 30-h disinfection period simulating 1 year of disinfection with the following disinfectants: Control (tap water), 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% NaOCl, neutral soap, and effervescent. After the second color values were recorded, the color change (∆E*) was calculated. Significant differences were observed among the disinfectants for both the A-2000 and A-2006 silicone groups. Nano-TiO2 did not show a color protection effect in A-2000 silicone. In contrast, nano-TiO2 incorporation provided color protection against CHG 0.2%, CHG 4%, and NaOCl in A-2006 silicone. Most of the disinfectants did not show acceptable color stability over time. In pure A-2000 silicone, except for 0.2% chlorhexidine, all disinfectant groups demonstrated a color change within the acceptability threshold of 50:50% (∆E* = 3.0). On the other hand, in nano-TiO2-incorporated A-2006 silicone, only 0.2% and 4% chlorhexidine demonstrated an acceptable color change. Overall, chlorhexidine could be used as a suitable disinfectant in maxillofacial silicone prostheses.
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Performance Evaluation of Radiation-Shielding Materials and Process Technology for Manufacturing Skin Protection Cream. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3059. [PMID: 37109895 PMCID: PMC10146880 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Personnel using X-ray devices, the main source of radiation in medical institutions, are primarily affected by scattered rays. When interventionists use radiation for examinations/treatments, their hands may enter the radiation-generating area. The shielding gloves used for protection against these rays restrict movement and cause discomfort. Here, a shielding cream that directly adheres to the skin was developed and examined as a personal protective device; further, its shielding performance was verified. Bismuth oxide and barium sulfate were selected as shielding materials and comparatively evaluated in terms of thickness, concentration, and energy. With increasing wt% of the shielding material, the protective cream became thicker, resulting in improved protection. Furthermore, the shielding performance improved with increasing mixing temperature. Because the shielding cream is applied to the skin and has a protective effect, it must be stable on the skin and easy to remove. During manufacturing, the bubbles were removed, and the dispersion improved by 5% with increasing stirring speed. During mixing, the temperature increased as the shielding performance increased by 5% in the low-energy region. In terms of the shielding performance, bismuth oxide was superior to barium sulfate by approximately 10%. This study is expected to facilitate the mass production of cream in the future.
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Antimicrobial effects of nano titanium dioxide and disinfectants on maxillofacial silicones. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00135-X. [PMID: 37012133 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Deficient hygiene of maxillofacial prostheses can be a source of infection, and various disinfectants, including nano-oxides, have been suggested for the disinfection of silicone prostheses. While maxillofacial silicones involving nano-oxides at different sizes and concentrations have been evaluated in terms of their mechanical and physical properties, reports are lacking on the antimicrobial effect of nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) incorporated into maxillofacial silicones contaminated by different biofilms. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of 6 different disinfectants and nano TiO2 incorporation into maxillofacial silicone contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans biofilms. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 258 silicone specimens (129 pure silicones and 129 nano TiO2-incorporated silicones) were fabricated. Specimens in each silicone group (with or without nano TiO2) were divided into 7 disinfectant groups (control, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% sodium hypochlorite, neutral soap, 100% white vinegar, and effervescent) in each biofilm group. Contaminated specimens were disinfected, and the suspension of each specimen was incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Proliferated colonies were recorded in colony-forming units per mL (CFU/mL). The differences in microbial levels among specimens were evaluated to test the effect of the type of silicone and the disinfectant (α=.05). RESULTS Significant difference was found among disinfectants regardless of the silicone type (P<.05). Nano TiO2 incorporation showed an antimicrobial effect on S aureus, E coli, and C albicans biofilms. Nano TiO2 incorporated silicone cleaned with 4% chlorhexidine gluconate had statistically less C albicans than pure silicone. Using white vinegar or 4% chlorhexidine gluconate led to no E coli on either silicone. Nano TiO2 incorporated silicone cleaned with effervescent had fewer S aureus or C albicans biofilms. CONCLUSIONS The tested disinfectants and nano TiO2 incorporation into silicone were effective against most of the microorganisms used in this study.
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Disinfectant effects of Brazilian green propolis alcohol solutions on the Staphylococcus aureus biofilm of maxillofacial prosthesis polymers. J Prosthet Dent 2022; 128:1405-1411. [PMID: 33992467 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Brazilian green propolis may be an alternative product that reduces the development of a microbial biofilm on the polymers used for maxillofacial prostheses. However, its effects as a disinfectant have not been fully established. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effects of Brazilian green propolis alcohol solutions against the Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on polymers used in maxillofacial prostheses, the maxillofacial silicone elastomer (MDX4-4210), and specific acrylic resins for ocular prostheses. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 324 disk-shaped specimens (3×10 mm) of each material were fabricated. All specimens were contaminated with S. aureus (108 cells/mL) to assess the antibiofilm activity of immersion solutions and protocols. Thus, 162 specimens of each material were randomly distributed and equally divided into 5 groups of disinfectants and 1 control group: 3 separate groups of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% propolis alcohol solutions, 1 group of 5% propolis alcohol gel, a positive control group of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, and a negative control group of distilled water. Specimens (n=9) were disinfected by immersion for 5, 10, and 15 minutes and immersed in culture medium for 24 hours. Any notable turgescence in the final medium was considered indicative of a biofilm. The effects of disinfectants were analyzed by a turbidity assay and by scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed descriptively. RESULTS The final medium with specimens disinfected with 10% propolis alcohol solution showed no turbidity, indicating constant efficacy against the S. aureus biofilm. Similarly, these findings were observed in the 2% chlorhexidine gluconate group. Scanning electron microscopy images demonstrated that the surface of the polymers treated with 10% propolis alcohol solution did not show bacterial colonies. CONCLUSIONS Disinfection with 10% green propolis alcohol solution was effective in eliminating the S. aureus biofilm from specimens of maxillofacial elastomer and N1 acrylic resin specific to ocular prostheses by immersion for 5 minutes.
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Opacifiers on color stability of maxillofacial silicone under aging and Indian weathering conditions: An in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 129:805-810. [PMID: 34649721 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Resistance to long-term color change is a desirable property for facial prosthetic elastomers. Evidence for the color stability of maxillofacial silicones under aging and hot and humid Indian weathering conditions is lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of adding opacifiers on the color stability of maxillofacial silicone under human aging and Indian weather conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 93 specimen disks were obtained from the A-2186, platinum-based, room-temperature vulcanized, maxillofacial silicone elastomer by using a Ø30×6-mm stainless-steel die. The specimens were divided into 3 main groups (n=30), C (control), T (titanium dioxide), and B (barium sulfate), and 1 additional specimen (n=1) from each group was stored in a closed box and further subgrouped as outdoor weathering (COut, TOut, BOut), acidic perspiration (CAcid, TAcid, BAcid), sebum (CSebum, TSebum, BSebum) (n=10), and visual comparison (CVis, TVis, BVis) (n=1). Baseline L∗, a∗, b∗ values were recorded by using a spectrophotometer and visual perception. The specimens were subjected to human and extraoral aging conditions, and the values were recorded again after 6 months. Data were analyzed statistically by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analysis with the Tukey post hoc test. RESULTS In group C, the mean color change for COut was 3.69 ±0.49; CAcid, 3.58 ±0.68; and CSebum, 7.53 ±0.22 (P<.001). In group T, the mean color change for TOut was 2.60 ±0.24; TAcid, 2.35 ±0.13; and TSebum, 4.91 ±0.44 (P<.001). In group B, BOut was 1.59 ±0.28, BAcid was 1.46 ±0.28, and BSebum was 4.03 ±0.71 (P<.001). The specimens containing barium sulfate showed the maximum color stability. The least color stability was observed in all specimens exposed to sebum solution and was significantly different (P<.001) from the outdoor weather and acidic perspiration specimens. Visually perceivable color changes were observed in specimens exposed to the sebum solution. CONCLUSIONS The addition of titanium dioxide and barium sulfate as opacifiers resulted in clinically acceptable color change when exposed to outdoor weathering and acidic perspiration but not in sebum solution.
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The color stability of maxillofacial silicones: A systematic review and meta analysis. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2021; 21:138-149. [PMID: 33938863 PMCID: PMC8262445 DOI: 10.4103/jips.jips_253_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This systematic review aims to identify and interpret results of studies that evaluated the changes in the color stability of maxillofacial prosthetic materials due to chemical instability of silicones and pigments and the effect of exposure to environmental conditions and aging factors on the same. Settings and Design This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA). Materials and Methods Relevant articles written in English only, before November 15, 2019, were identified using an electronic search in the PubMed/Medline conducted to identify pertinent articles. The relevancy of the articles was verified by screening the title, abstract, and full text, if they met the inclusion criteria. A total of 42 articles satisfied the criteria, from which data were extracted for qualitative synthesis. This review protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO registration number CRD42019124562). Statistical Analysis Used Since considerable data heterogenicity was present in all studies except the ones on incorporation of TiO2 for which meta-analysis using random effects model was performed. Results The database search resulted in 234 studies, of which 202 articles were excluded due to lack of relevance, duplication, and unavailability of data. The remaining 32 fulltext articles were assessed for eligibility, out of which 2 articles were excluded. Twelve articles were yielded by manual search. A total of 42 studies were included in the present systematic review. Due to heterogeneous data, meta-analysis could be only carried out with the effect of TiO2 nano particle on color stability. Conclusions Although there has been extensive amount of research in this field, an ideal maxillofacial silicone exhibiting good color stability in various human and environmental aging conditions is yet to be identified. Human and environmental aging conditions have an adverse effect on the color stability and addition of TiO2 nano particle seems to improve the same.
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Effect of nano-oxides on the color stability of maxillofacial silicone elastomers. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 127:362-367. [PMID: 33279161 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM A significant challenge of craniofacial prostheses is their limited service life because of degradation and color instability. In spite of improvements in the materials and techniques used for the fabrication of silicone maxillofacial prostheses, undesirable color change over time remains a challenge. Zn and Ti nano-oxides (nano-TiO2) have been reported to impart an ultraviolet- (UV) shielding property to silicone elastomers. However, studies examining the effects of nanopigments on the color stability of craniofacial prostheses are sparse. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the color stability of a room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone elastomer with the addition of iron oxide and titanium dioxide nanopigments under accelerated artificial aging. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty disks (Ø15×2 mm) were fabricated from RTV silicone 4408 Q. The specimens were divided into 5 groups containing iron oxide nanopigment, iron oxide nanopigment and rutile nano-TiO2 (as an opacifier), burnt sienna pigment, burnt sienna and nano-TiO2, and silicone without pigment or opacifier. The specimens were subjected to accelerated aging in a Xenotest chamber for 1000 hours. CIELab color coordinates and the total color difference (ΔE∗) values were determined before and after aging. ΔE∗ values were compared between the groups by using 1-way ANOVA and Tamhane multiple comparisons (α=.05), and a standard deviation of 1.09 was considered. RESULTS ANOVA showed that the values of ΔE∗ differed among all groups (P<.05). The minimum amount of a color change perceived (ΔE∗ approximately =1.1) by the visual system as the threshold was observed in the specimens treated with burnt sienna and nano TiO2. The greatest color change occurred in the specimens treated with iron oxide nanopigment. As per the acceptable clinical threshold, the color change was satisfactory in all groups. CONCLUSIONS Nano-TiO2 with burnt sienna groups had a lower color change than the other groups. The color change in all groups was within a clinically acceptable range.
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Effect of nanoparticles on color stability and mechanical and biological properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer: A systematic review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020; 20:244-254. [PMID: 33223694 PMCID: PMC7654200 DOI: 10.4103/jips.jips_429_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of addition of various nanoparticles into maxillofacial silicone elastomer on color stability and mechanical and biological properties of the silicone elastomer. Settings and Design: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines(PRISMA). Materials and Methods: The electronic database search in MEDLINE/PubMed was based on population (silicone elastomer), intervention (nanoparticles), comparison (unreinforced silicone elastomer with nanoparticle-reinforced silicone elastomer), outcome (color stability and mechanical, physical, and biological properties), i.e., PICO framework. The key words used are (”maxillofacial silicone” OR “silicone elastomer” OR “facial silicone”) AND (”nanoparticles” OR “Nano-oxides”) AND (”colour stability” OR “Hardness,” “tensile strength” OR “tear strength” OR “antifungal activity”). Results: The database search resulted in 2099 studies, of which 2066 articles were excluded as they were irrelevant, duplicates, and data were not available. The remaining 33 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, out of which 2 articles were in Chinese language, 3 articles were thesis documents, and 8 were review articles. A total of 12 articles were excluded and the remaining 20 articles were included. One article was yielded by hand search of references of included studies. A total of 21 studies were included in the present systematic review. Conclusion: With the available evidence in the literature, it can be concluded that addition of nanoparticles at various concentrations may improve the physical and mechanical properties and color stability of the prosthesis made from the silicone elastomers.
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Evaluation of Some Mechanical Properties of a Maxillofacial Silicon Elastomer Reinforced with Polyester Powder. Int J Dent 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/2948457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maxillofacial silicone elastomers are used to replace and reconstruct missing facial parts for patients with trauma or a certain disease. Although commonly favorable silicone elastomers are not ideal in properties, many studies have been carried out to improve their mechanical properties and to come out with ideal maxillofacial prosthetic materials, so as to render patients with the best maxillofacial prostheses. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effect of addition of different concentrations of polyester powder on hardness, tear strength, surface roughness, and tensile strength of maxillofacial A-2186 RTV silicone elastomers. Polyester powder was added to the silicone elastomer in the concentrations of 1%, 3% and 5% by using an electronic digital balance, compared with the control group of 0% polyester filler. The shore A hardness test was done according to ASTM D 2240 standards. The tear test was done according to ASTM D624 type C standards. The tensile test was done according to ISO specification number 37:2011. The surface roughness test was performed according to ISO 7619-1 2010 specifications. The data collected were then analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc and Fisher’s LSD tests. All three groups showed a highly significant increase in tear strength, tensile strength, hardness, and roughness, compared to the control group. Reinforcement of A-2186 Platinum RTV Silicone Elastomer with 5% polyester significantly improved the mechanical properties tested in this study.
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Optical parameters and hardness of two maxillofacial elastomers after immersion in different solutions of Brazilian green propolis extract. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 122:168-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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In Vitro Analysis of the Proliferation of HaCaT Cells Stimulated by Pigments Used for Maxillofacial Prostheses. JOURNAL OF OROFACIAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jofs.jofs_1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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The Effect of Polyester Fibers Addition on Some Mechanical Properties of Room Temperature Vulcanized Maxillofacial Silicon Elastomers. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Effect of different types of disinfection solution and aging on the hardness and colour stability of maxillofacial silicone elastomers. Int J Artif Organs 2017; 41:0. [PMID: 29148020 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the effect of aging and different disinfecting agents on the physical properties of pigmented maxillofacial silicones may help eliminate the current uncertainty as to the best follow-up suggestions for the patients treated with silicone prostheses. METHODS One hundred fifty specimens (14 × 2 mm) were evaluated for colour and 75 specimens (30 × 10 mm) for hardness (total, 225 specimens). Five specimens were used for hardness testing in each disinfecting solution while 10 silicone specimens were used for colour evaluation. The samples were separated into 5 groups and the initial hardness and colour evaluations were performed and placed in disinfectant solution (neutral soap, effervescent tablet, 0.2% chlorhexidine, 4% chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite). A second set of colour and hardness measurements was taken after 48 hours of disinfection and 1,008 hours of artificial aging in a QUV-accelerated weathering tester. Two-way and 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey tests and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05). RESULTS Before artificial aging, the hardness value of the red pigment group was found to be significantly lower than that of the brown pigment group. After aging, the lowest Shore A value was seen in the neutral soap group, while the highest was seen in the effervescent tablet. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of this study, chlorohexidine 0.2% was found to be most suitable agent for disinfection of the prostheses. Washing with neutral soap caused loss of pigment from the surface of the silicones. Sodium hypochlorite was found to have a colour-fading effect on silicone specimens.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This study reviewed the current state of maxillofacial rehabilitation in resource-limited nations. METHOD A rigorous literature review was undertaken using several technical and clinical databases using a variety of key words pertinent to maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation and resource-limited areas. In addition, interviews were conducted with researchers, clinicians and prosthetists that had direct experience of volunteering or working in resource-limited countries. RESULTS Results from the review and interviews suggest rehabilitating patients in resource-limited countries remains challenging and efforts to improve the situation requires a multifactorial approach. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, public health awareness programmes to reduce the causation of injuries and bespoke maxillofacial prosthetics training programmes to suit these countries, as opposed to attempting to replicate Western training programmes. It is also possible that usage of locally sourced and cheaper materials and the use of low-cost technologies could greatly improve maxillofacial rehabilitation efforts in these localities. Implications for Rehabilitation More information and support needs to be provided to maxillofacial defect/injuries patients and to their families or guardians in a culturally sensitive manner by governments. The health needs, economic and psychological needs of the patients need to be taken into account during the rehabilitation process by clinicians and healthcare organizations. The possibility of developing training programs to suit these resource limited countries and not necessarily follow conventional fabrication methods must be looked into further by educational entities.
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A spectrophotometric analysis of extraoral aging conditions on the color stability of maxillofacial silicone. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2017; 17:355-360. [PMID: 29249879 PMCID: PMC5730921 DOI: 10.4103/jips.jips_87_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Surveys have reported color fading as the most frequent reasons patients given for disliking their prostheses. Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the color variation between two maxillofacial silicone elastomers after subjecting them to extraoral aging conditions. Subjects and Methods: A total of 80 samples were made from M511 Maxillofacial Rubber (Part A: Part B = 10:1) and Z004 Platinum Silicone Rubber (Part A: Part B = 1:1) and divided into two main Groups A and B (40 each). These main groups were then subdivided into five subgroups (A1B1, A2B2, A3B3, A4B4, and A5B5) (n = 8); outdoor weathering, acidic perspiration, sebum (for 6 months), and neutral soap and disinfectant (for 30 h), respectively. Baseline L*a*b* values were recorded. The samples were subjected to the extraoral aging conditions, and the L* a*b* values were recorded after the aging period using a spectrophotometer. Statistical Analysis: The intergroup comparison was done by Kruskal–Wallis test, whereas the intragroup comparison was done by Mann–Whitney test. Results All groups exhibited visually detectable, mean color differences that ranged from 3.06–5.21, except for A4B4. There was no statistical significance between the two materials when subjected to extraoral aging conditions. Conclusions: Visually perceptible and clinically unacceptable color changes occur when exposed to various extraoral aging conditions except for neutral soap solution immersion, for which values of Δ E* were clinically acceptable (ΔE < 3). It can be said for all practical purposes, clinically, the choice between M511 Maxillofacial Rubber (Part A: Part B = 10:1) and Z004 Platinum Silicone Rubber (Part A: Part B = 1:1) would yield more or less the same results, with unacceptable norms in terms of color stability under extraoral aging conditions.
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Influence of adding nanoparticles on the hardness, tear strength, and permanent deformation of facial silicone subjected to accelerated aging. J Prosthet Dent 2016; 116:623-629.e1. [PMID: 27157603 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The efficiency of adding nanoparticles to silicone protection has proven to prevent color degradation. However, reports of other physical property changes in facial silicone are scarce. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of adding nanoparticles on the hardness, tear strength, and permanent deformation of a facial silicone. MATERIAL AND METHODS Specimens were made for each test, with 140 for the hardness test, 140 for the permanent deformation test, but 280 for the rupture test. This higher number was due to the fact that the first 140 specimens were ruptured and unusable after the initial reading. ZnO, BaSO4, and TiO2 nanoparticles at concentrations of 1% and 2% of silicone were used, as well as specimens without nanoparticles that consisted of only oil paint and of only silicone. Outcomes were measured before and after 1008 hours of accelerated aging. Data were analyzed by nested analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey honest significant differences test (α=.05). RESULTS Results showed that the presence of nanoparticles influenced the properties of the assessed groups. The nanoparticles decreased hardness values. The highest values of tear strength were observed for the groups with addition of BaSO4. The 1% ZnO group without oil paint showed the lowest values of permanent deformation. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of this in vitro study, the use of ZnO nanoparticles is recommended, since they did not negatively affect the properties of the materials evaluated.
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Comparison of conventional and plant-extract disinfectant solutions on the hardness and color stability of a maxillofacial elastomer after artificial aging. J Prosthet Dent 2015; 115:501-8. [PMID: 26602149 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Silicone elastomers undergo physical and chemical degradation with disinfecting solutions. Phytotherapy may be a suitable solution for disinfection. However, its effect on the properties of the silicone material is unknown. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of disinfection with conventional and plant-extract solutions and of artificial aging on the hardness and color stability of a facial silicone associated with pigments and an opacifier. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four hundred specimens of silicone (MDX4-4210) were fabricated (5×6 mm). Two pigment shades and 1 dry opacifier were combined in the tested material, and 4 groups (n=10) were obtained: colorless (GI), colorless with opacifier (GII), medium pigment with opacifier (GIII), and black pigment with opacifier (GIV). Specimens were subjected to disinfection (30 days) using saline solution, water, and neutral soap (digital friction, 30 seconds), chlorhexidine 4%, Hydrastis canadensis, and Cymbopogon nardus extracts (immersion, 10 minutes). Shore A hardness (ASTM D2240) and color analyses were performed before and after disinfection. Specimens were then exposed to 1008 hours of artificial aging (ASTM 53) and subjected to final hardness and color readings. The results were analyzed with ANOVA and the Tukey significant difference test (α=.05). RESULTS The opacifier increased the hardness (GII). For GII, the H. canadensis solution and the friction with water and soap promoted significantly reduced hardness; the friction also promoted a reduction in this property for GIV. The GIII was not affected after disinfection. A significant difference was found between the ΔE values of the specimens disinfected with H. canadensis, C. nardus, and chlorhexidine, and specimens subjected to saline solution and neutral soap. CONCLUSION The hardness of MDX4-4210 after the experimental procedure was considered clinically acceptable for facial prostheses. All groups showed clinically unacceptable color alterations regardless of the disinfecting solution.
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Influence of nanoparticles on color stability, microhardness, and flexural strength of acrylic resins specific for ocular prosthesis. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:5779-87. [PMID: 25525359 PMCID: PMC4266267 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s71533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of adding nanoparticles to N1 acrylic resin intended for artificial sclera, in terms of the color stability, microhardness, and flexural strength of the resin. Three hundred samples of N1 acrylic resin were used: 100 samples for color stability and microhardness tests (each test was performed on the opposite side of each sample), and 200 samples for flexural strength testing (100 samples before and after 1,008 hours of accelerated aging). Samples for each test were separated into ten groups (n=10), ie, without nanoparticles (control group) or with nanoparticles of zinc oxide, titanium dioxide (TiO2), and barium sulfate at weight concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 2.5% (nanoparticle groups). Data were subjected to statistical analysis with nested analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (P<0.05 significance level). Among the nanoparticle groups, the TiO2 groups showed better color stability at all concentrations. Microhardness values increased after artificial aging, except for the control and zinc oxide groups. After aging, the 1%–2% TiO2 groups had significantly higher microhardness values compared with the other nanoparticle groups. Before aging, there was a significant difference in flexural strength between the control and nanoparticle groups. After aging, the control and TiO2 groups, regardless of concentration, showed the lowest flexural strength values. Incorporation of nanoparticles directly influenced the acrylic resin properties, with TiO2 being the most influential nanoparticle in terms of the evaluated properties.
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Effect of surface treated silicon dioxide nanoparticles on some mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer. Int J Biomater 2014; 2014:750398. [PMID: 25574170 PMCID: PMC4276352 DOI: 10.1155/2014/750398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current materials used for maxillofacial prostheses are far from ideal and there is a need for novel improved materials which mimic as close as possible the natural behavior of facial soft tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding different concentrations of surface treated silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2) on clinically important mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicone elastomer. 147 specimens of the silicone elastomer were prepared and divided into seven groups (n = 21). One control group was prepared without nanoparticles and six study groups with different concentrations of nanoparticles, from 0.5% to 3% by weight. Specimens were tested for tear strength (ASTM D624), tensile strength (ASTM D412), percent elongation, and shore A hardness. SEM was used to assess the dispersion of nano-SiO2 within the elastomer matrix. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Scheffe test (α = 0.05). Results revealed significant improvement in all mechanical properties tested, as the concentration of the nanoparticles increased. This was supported by the results of the SEM. Hence, it can be concluded that the incorporation of surface treated SiO2 nanoparticles at concentration of 3% enhanced the overall mechanical properties of A-2186 silicone elastomer.
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Tensile and microindentation properties of maxillofacial elastomers after different disinfecting procedures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 28:147-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Effect of intrinsic nanoparticle pigmentation on the color stability of denture base acrylic resins. J Prosthet Dent 2013; 110:101-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3913(13)60387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Effect of thermal cycling and disinfection on microhardness of acrylic resin denture base. J Med Eng Technol 2013; 37:203-7. [DOI: 10.3109/03091902.2013.774444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Effect of addition of pigments and opacifier on the hardness, absorption, solubility and surface degradation of facial silicone after artificial ageing. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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