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Di X, Geng C, Guo C, Shang Y, Fu H, Han H, Tang X. Enhanced Cherenkov imaging for real-time beam visualization by applying a novel carbon quantum dot sheeting in radiotherapy. Med Phys 2023; 50:1215-1227. [PMID: 36433734 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cherenkov imaging can be used to visualize the placement of the beam directly on the patient's surface tissue and evaluate the accuracy of treatment planning. However, Cherenkov emission intensity is lower than ambient light. At present, time gating is the only way to realize Cherenkov imaging with ambient light. PURPOSE This study proposes preparing a novel carbon quantum dot (cQD) sheeting to adjust the wavelength of Cherenkov emission to obtain the optimal wavelength meeting the sensitive detection region of the camera, meanwhile the total optical signal is also increased. By combining a specific filter, this approach might help in using lower-cost camera systems without intensifier-coupled to accomplish in vivo monitoring of the surface beam profile on patients with ambient light. METHODS The cQD sheetings were prepared by spin coating and UV curing with different concentrations. All experiments were performed on the Varian VitalBeam system and optical emission was captured using an electron multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) camera. To quantify the optical characteristics and certify the improvement of light intensity as well as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of cQD sheeting, the first part of the study was carried out on solid water with 6 and 10 MV photon beams. The second part was carried out on an anthropomorphic phantom to explore the applicability of sheeting when using different radiotherapy materials and the imaging effect of sheeting with the impact of ambient light sources. Additionally, thanks to the narrow emission spectrum of the cQD, a band-pass filter was tested to reduce the effect from environmental lights. RESULTS The experimental results show that the optical intensity collected with sheeting has an excellent linear relationship (R2 > 0.99) with the dose for 6 and 10 MV photons. The full-width half maximum (FWHM) in x and y axis matched with the measured EBT film image, with accuracy in the range of ±1.2 and ±2.7 mm standard deviation, respectively. CQD sheeting can significantly improve the light intensity and SNR of optical images. Using 0.1 mg/ml sheeting as an example, the signal intensity is increased by 209%, and the SNR is increased by 147.71% at 6 MV photons. The imaging on the anthropomorphic phantom verified that cQD sheeting could be applied to different radiotherapy materials. The average optical intensity increased by about 69.25%, 63.72%, and 61.78%, respectively, after adding cQD sheeting to bolus, mask sample and the combination of bolus and mask. Corresponding SNR is improved by about 62.78%, 56.77%, and 68.80%, respectively. Through the sheeting, optical images with SNR > 5 can be obtained in the presence of ambient light and it can be improved through combining with a band-pass filter. When red ambient lights are on, the SNR is increased by about 98.85% after adding a specific filter. CONCLUSION Through a combination of cQD sheeting and corresponding filter, light intensity and SNR of optical images can be increased significantly, and it shed new light on the promotion of the clinical application of optical imaging to visualize the beam in radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Di
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changran Geng
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory on Advanced Particle Therapy, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufen Shang
- Department of Radiation Physics, Dezhou Second People's Hospital, Dezhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Fu
- Department of Radiation Physics, Dezhou Second People's Hospital, Dezhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haonan Han
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Tang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory on Advanced Particle Therapy, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Miao T, Zhang R, Jermyn M, Bruza P, Zhu T, Pogue BW, Gladstone DJ, Williams BB. Computational dose visualization & comparison in total skin electron treatment suggests superior coverage by the rotational versus the Stanford technique. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2022; 53:612-622. [PMID: 36045017 PMCID: PMC10152509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND The goal of Total Skin Electron Therapy (TSET) is to achieve a uniform surface dose, although assessment of this is never really done and typically limited points are sampled. A computational treatment simulation approach was developed to estimate dose distributions over the body surface, to compare uniformity of (i) the 6 pose Stanford technique and (ii) the rotational technique. METHODS The relative angular dose distributions from electron beam irradiation was calculated by Monte Carlo simulation for cylinders with a range of diameters, approximating body part curvatures. These were used to project dose onto a 3D body model of the TSET patient's skin surfaces. Computer animation methods were used to accumulate the dose values, for display and analysis of the homogeneity of coverage. RESULTS The rotational technique provided more uniform coverage than the Stanford technique. Anomalies of under dose were observed in lateral abdominal regions, above the shoulders and in the perineum. The Stanford technique had larger areas of low dose laterally. In the rotational technique, 90% of the patient's skin was within ±10% of the prescribed dose, while this percentage decreased to 60% or 85% for the Stanford technique, varying with patient body mass. Interestingly, the highest discrepancy was most apparent in high body mass patients, which can be attributed to the loss of tangent dose at low angles of curvature. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION This simulation and visualization approach is a practical means to analyze TSET dose, requiring only optical surface body topography scans. Under- and over-exposed body regions can be found, and irradiation could be customized to each patient. Dose Area Histogram (DAH) distribution analysis showed the rotational technique to have better uniformity, with most areas within 10% of the umbilicus value. Future use of this approach to analyze dose coverage is possible as a routine planning tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshun Miao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA
| | - Rongxiao Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA; Department of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA; DoseOptics, LLC, Lebanon NH 03755 USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA; DoseOptics, LLC, Lebanon NH 03755 USA
| | - Timothy Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, 19104 USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA; DoseOptics, LLC, Lebanon NH 03755 USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin WI 53705 USA.
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA; Department of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH, 03755, USA; Department of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
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Goddu SM, Westphal GT, Sun B, Wu Y, Bloch CD, Bradley JD, Darafsheh A. Synchronized high-speed scintillation imaging of proton beams, generated by a gantry-mounted synchrocyclotron, on a pulse-by-pulse basis. Med Phys 2022; 49:6209-6220. [PMID: 35760763 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the emergence of more complex and novel proton delivery techniques, there is a need for quality assurance (QA) tools with high spatiotemporal resolution to conveniently measure the spatial and temporal properties of the beam. In this context, scintillation-based dosimeters, if synchronized with the radiation beam and corrected for ionization quenching, are appealing. PURPOSE To develop a synchronized high-speed scintillation imaging system for characterization and verification of the proton therapy beams on a pulse-by-pulse basis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 30 cm × 30 cm × 5 cm block of BC-408 plastic scintillator placed in a light-tight housing was irradiated by proton beams generated by a Mevion S250TM proton therapy synchrocyclotron. A high-speed camera system, placed perpendicular to the beam direction and facing the scintillator, was synchronized to the accelerator's pulses to capture images. Opening and closing of the camera's shutter was controlled by setting a proper time delay and exposure time, respectively. The scintillation signal was recorded as a set of two-dimensional (2D) images. Empirical correction factors were applied to the images to correct for the non-uniformity of the pixel sensitivity and quenching of the scintillator. Proton range and modulation were obtained from the corrected images. RESULTS The camera system was able to capture all data on a pulse-by-pulse basis at a rate of ∼504 frames per second. The applied empirical correction method for ionization quenching was effective and the corrected composite image provided a 2D map of dose distribution. The measured range (depth of distal 90%) through scintillation imaging agreed within 1.2 mm with that obtained from ionization chamber measurement. CONCLUSION A high-speed camera system capable of capturing scintillation signals from individual proton pulses was developed. The scintillation imaging system is promising for rapid proton beam characterization and verification. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murty Goddu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Baozhou Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Charles D Bloch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98133, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Bradley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | - Arash Darafsheh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Abstract
Malignant tumors rank as a leading cause of death worldwide. Accurate diagnosis and advanced treatment options are crucial to win battle against tumors. In recent years, Cherenkov luminescence (CL) has shown its technical advantages and clinical transformation potential in many important fields, particularly in tumor diagnosis and treatment, such as tumor detection in vivo, surgical navigation, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and the evaluation of therapeutic effect. In this review, we summarize the advances in CL for tumor diagnosis and treatment. We first describe the physical principles of CL and discuss the imaging techniques used in tumor diagnosis, including CL imaging, CL endoscope, and CL tomography. Then we present a broad overview of the current status of surgical resection, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and tumor microenvironment monitoring using CL. Finally, we shed light on the challenges and possible solutions for tumor diagnosis and therapy using CL.
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Andreozzi JM, Brůža P, Cammin J, Alexander DA, Pogue BW, Green O, Gladstone DJ. Optical emission-based phantom to verify coincidence of radiotherapy and imaging isocenters on an MR-linac. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:252-261. [PMID: 34409766 PMCID: PMC8425893 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Demonstrate a novel phantom design using a remote camera imaging method capable of concurrently measuring the position of the x‐ray isocenter and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) isocenter on an MR‐linac. Methods A conical frustum with distinct geometric features was machined out of plastic. The phantom was submerged in a small water tank, and aligned using room lasers on a MRIdian MR‐linac (ViewRay Inc., Cleveland, OH). The phantom physical isocenter was visualized in the MR images and related to the DICOM coordinate isocenter. To view the x‐ray isocenter, an intensified CMOS camera system (DoseOptics LLC., Hanover, NH) was placed at the foot of the treatment couch, and centered such that the optical axis of the camera was coincident with the central axis of the treatment bore. Two or four 8.3mm x 24.1cm beams irradiated the phantom from cardinal directions, producing an optical ring on the conical surface of the phantom. The diameter of the ring, measured at the peak intensity, was compared to the known diameter at the position of irradiation to determine the Z‐direction offset of the beam. A star‐shot method was employed on the front face of the frustum to determine X‐Y alignment of the MV beam. Known shifts were applied to the phantom to establish the sensitivity of the method. Results Couch translations, demonstrative of possible isocenter misalignments, on the order of 1mm were detectable for both the radiotherapy and MRI isocenters. Data acquired on the MR‐linac demonstrated an average error of 0.28mm(N=10, R2=0.997, σ=0.37mm) in established Z displacement, and 0.10mm(N=5, σ=0.34mm) in XY directions of the radiotherapy isocenter. Conclusions The phantom was capable of measuring both the MRI and radiotherapy treatment isocenters. This method has the potential to be of use in MR‐linac commissioning, and could be streamlined to be valuable in daily constancy checks of isocenter coincidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Andreozzi
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Petr Brůža
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jochen Cammin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel A Alexander
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Olga Green
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David J Gladstone
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.,Geisel School of Medicine, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Mc Larney B, Skubal M, Grimm J. A review of recent and emerging approaches for the clinical application of Cerenkov luminescence imaging. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2021; 9:684196. [PMID: 36845872 PMCID: PMC9957555 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2021.684196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence (CL) is a blue-weighted emission of light produced by a vast array of clinically approved radioisotopes and LINAC accelerators. When β particles (emitted during the decay of radioisotopes) are present in a medium such as water or tissue, they are able to travel faster than the speed of light in that medium and in doing so polarize the molecules around them. Once the particle has left the local area, the polarized molecules relax and return to their baseline state releasing the additional energy as light (luminescence). This blue glow has commonly been used to determine the output of nuclear power plant cores and, in recent years, has found traction in the preclinical and clinical imaging field. This brief review will discuss the technology which has enabled the emergence of the biomedical Cerenkov imaging field, recent pre-clinical studies with potential clinical translation of Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) and the current clinical implementations of the method. Finally, an outlook is given as to the direction in which the field is heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Mc Larney
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magdalena Skubal
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Li Y, Liu H, Huang N, Wang Z, Zhang C. Analysis of corrected Cerenkov emission during electron radiotherapy by Monte Carlo method. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 168:109481. [PMID: 33658131 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cerenkov emission during electron radiotherapy had been emerging as a new dose assessment approach for clinical radiotherapy and could be imaged through a standard commercial camera. The purpose of this work aimed to study the accuracy of corrected Cerenkov emission method during electron radiotherapy by Monte Carlo (MC) method. GAMOS MC software was used to model the physics of electron therapy and calculated dose and Cerenkov photon distribution in water phantom. Compared to ionization chamber and diode measurement, MC simulated dose discrepancy was less than 1% in percentage depth dose (PDD) curves and less than. 2% in crossline profile curves, which was acceptable for clinical criterion. Compared to ionization chamber dose measurement, MC simulated Cerenkov discrepancy was less than 2% in crossline profile distribution, which was acceptable for clinical criterion. However, the Cerenkov PDD curves tended to overestimate the dose at the build-up region and underestimate the dose at the remaining attenuation region. After increasing the Cerenkov distribution depth to 2-3 mm, the discrepancy became well within 1% at the remaining attenuation region, which was acceptable for clinical criterion. Therefore, corrected Cerenkov emission could be used to assess PDD accuracy and crossline profile accuracy during electron radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119, China; School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Nan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Chunmin Zhang
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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Zhu TC, Ong Y, Sun H, Zhong W, Miao T, Dimofte A, Bruza P, Maity A, Plastaras JP, Paydar I, Dong L, Pogue BW. Cherenkov imaging for Total Skin Electron Therapy - an evaluation of dose uniformity. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 11628:116280R. [PMID: 34083857 PMCID: PMC8171222 DOI: 10.1117/12.2583939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Total Skin Electron Therapy (TSET) utilizes high-energy electrons to treat cancers on the entire body surface. The otherwise invisible radiation beam can be observed via the optical Cherenkov photons emitted from interaction between the high-energy electron beam and tissue. Cherenkov emission can be used to evaluate the dose uniformity on the surface of the patient in real-time using a time-gated intensified camera system. Each patient was monitored during TSET by in-vivo detectors (IVD) as well as Scintillators. Patients undergoing TSET in various conditions (whole body and half body) were imaged and analyzed. A rigorous methodology for converting Cherenkov intensity to surface dose as products of correction factors, including camera vignette correction factor, incident radiation correction factor, and tissue optical properties correction factor. A comprehensive study has been carried out by inspecting various positions on the patients such as vertex, chest, perineum, shins, and foot relative to the umbilicus point (the prescription point).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yihong Ong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hongjin Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Weili Zhong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Tianshun Miao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Andreea Dimofte
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Amit Maity
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - John P. Plastaras
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ima Paydar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
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Thompson SA. Technical note: Generation of a Cerenkov scatter function convolution kernel for a primary proton beam. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2020; 21:329-333. [PMID: 33124752 PMCID: PMC7769394 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To generate a Cerenkov scatter function (CSF) for a primary proton beam and to study the dependence of the CSF on the irradiated medium. Materials and Methods The MCNP 6.2 code was used to generate the CSF. The CSF was calculated for light‐pigmented, medium‐pigmented, and dark‐pigmented stratified skin, as well as for a homogeneous optical phantom, which mimics the optical properties of human tissue. CSFs were generated by binning all of the Cerenkov photons which escape the back end (end opposite beam incidence) of a 20 × 20 × 20 cm phantom. A 4 × 4 cm, 500 × 500 bin grid was used to create a histogram of the Cerenkov photon flux on the simulated medium’s back surface (surface opposite beam incidence). A triple Gaussian was then used to fit the data. Results From the triple Gaussian fit, the coefficients of the CSF for the four phantom materials was generated. The individual CSF fit coefficient errors, with respect to the Gaussian representation, were found to be between 0.92% and 4.11%. The R2 value for the fit was calculated to be 0.99. The phantom material was found to have a significant effect (63% difference between materials) on the CSF amplitude and full width at half maximum (195% difference between materials). The difference in these parameters for the three skin pigments was found to be small. Conclusions The CSF was obtained for a proton beam using the MCNP 6.2 code for a phantom constructed of light, medium, and dark stratified human skin, as well as for an optical phantom. The CSFs were then fit with a triple‐Gaussian function. The coefficients can be used to generate a radially symmetric CSF, which can then be used to deconvolve a measured Cerenkov image to obtain the dose distribution.
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Rickard AG, Yoshikawa H, Palmer GM, Liu HQ, Dewhirst MW, Nolan MW, Zhang X. Cherenkov emissions for studying tumor changes during radiation therapy: An exploratory study in domesticated dogs with naturally-occurring cancer. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238106. [PMID: 32845905 PMCID: PMC7449466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Real-time monitoring of physiological changes of tumor tissue during radiation therapy (RT) could improve therapeutic efficacy and predict therapeutic outcomes. Cherenkov radiation is a normal byproduct of radiation deposited in tissue. Previous studies in rat tumors have confirmed a correlation between Cherenkov emission spectra and optical measurements of blood-oxygen saturation based on the tissue absorption coefficients. The purpose of this study is to determine if it is feasible to image Cherenkov emissions during radiation therapy in larger human-sized tumors of pet dogs with cancer. We also wished to validate the prior work in rats, to determine if Cherenkov emissions have the potential to act an indicator of blood-oxygen saturation or water-content changes in the tumor tissue-both of which have been correlated with patient prognosis. METHODS A DoseOptics camera, built to image the low-intensity emission of Cherenkov radiation, was used to measure Cherenkov intensities in a cohort of cancer-bearing pet dogs during clinical irradiation. Tumor type and location varied, as did the radiation fractionation scheme and beam arrangement, each planned according to institutional standard-of-care. Unmodulated radiation was delivered using multiple 6 MV X-ray beams from a clinical linear accelerator. Each dog was treated with a minimum of 16 Gy total, in ≥3 fractions. Each fraction was split into at least three subfractions per gantry angle. During each subfraction, Cherenkov emissions were imaged. RESULTS We documented significant intra-subfraction differences between the Cherenkov intensities for normal tissue, whole-tumor tissue, tissue at the edge of the tumor and tissue at the center of the tumor (p<0.05). Additionally, intra-subfraction changes suggest that Cherenkov emissions may have captured fluctuating absorption properties within the tumor. CONCLUSION Here we demonstrate that it is possible to obtain Cherenkov emissions from canine cancers within a fraction of radiotherapy. The entire optical spectrum was obtained which includes the window for imaging changes in water and hemoglobin saturation. This lends credence to the goal of using this method during radiotherapy in human patients and client-owned pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn G. Rickard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Program of Medical Physics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Hiroto Yoshikawa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Gregory M. Palmer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Program of Medical Physics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Harrison Q. Liu
- Program of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Mark W. Dewhirst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Program of Medical Physics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Nolan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Artificial Intelligence, Marchex Inc., Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Zaffino P, Moccia S, De Momi E, Spadea MF. A Review on Advances in Intra-operative Imaging for Surgery and Therapy: Imagining the Operating Room of the Future. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:2171-2191. [PMID: 32601951 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS), intra-operative imaging has become crucial for surgery and therapy guidance, allowing to partially compensate for the lack of information typical of MIS. This paper reviews the advancements in both classical (i.e. ultrasounds, X-ray, optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) and more recent (i.e. multispectral, photoacoustic and Raman imaging) intra-operative imaging modalities. Each imaging modality was analyzed, focusing on benefits and disadvantages in terms of compatibility with the operating room, costs, acquisition time and image characteristics. Tables are included to summarize this information. New generation of hybrid surgical room and algorithms for real time/in room image processing were also investigated. Each imaging modality has its own (site- and procedure-specific) peculiarities in terms of spatial and temporal resolution, field of view and contrasted tissues. Besides the benefits that each technique offers for guidance, considerations about operators and patient risk, costs, and extra time required for surgical procedures have to be considered. The current trend is to equip surgical rooms with multimodal imaging systems, so as to integrate multiple information for real-time data extraction and computer-assisted processing. The future of surgery is to enhance surgeons eye to minimize intra- and after-surgery adverse events and provide surgeons with all possible support to objectify and optimize the care-delivery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zaffino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Universitá della Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sara Moccia
- Department of Information Engineering (DII), Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 12, 60131, Ancona, AN, Italy.
| | - Elena De Momi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Spadea
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Universitá della Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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12
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Xie Y, Petroccia H, Maity A, Miao T, Zhu Y, Bruza P, Pogue BW, Plastaras JP, Dong L, Zhu TC. Cherenkov imaging for total skin electron therapy (TSET). Med Phys 2020; 47:201-212. [PMID: 31665544 PMCID: PMC7050296 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total skin electron therapy (TSET) utilizes high-energy electrons to treat malignancies on the entire body surface. The otherwise invisible radiation beam can be observed via the optical Cherenkov photons emitted from interactions between the high-energy electron beam and tissue. METHODS AND MATERIALS With a time-gated intensified camera system, the Cherenkov emission can be used to evaluate the dose uniformity on the surface of the patient in real time. Fifteen patients undergoing TSET in various conditions (whole body and half body) were imaged and analyzed. Each patient was monitored during TSET via in vivo detectors (IVD) in nine locations. For accurate Cherenkov imaging, a comparison between IVD and Cherenkov profiles was conducted using a polyvinyl chloride board to establish the perspective corrections. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION With proper corrections developed in this study including the perspective and inverse square corrections, the Cherenkov imaging provided two-dimensional maps proportional to dose and projected on patient skin. The results of ratio between chest and umbilicus points were in good agreement with in vivo point dose measurements, with a standard deviation of 2.4% compared to OSLD measurements. CONCLUSIONS Cherenkov imaging is a viable tool for validating patient-specific dose distributions during TSET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Heather Petroccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amit Maity
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tianshun Miao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Yihua Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - John P. Plastaras
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy C. Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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13
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Brůža P, Pétusseau A, Tisa S, Jermyn M, Jarvis LA, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Imaging Cherenkov photon emissions in radiotherapy with a Geiger-mode gated quanta image sensor. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4546-4549. [PMID: 31517927 PMCID: PMC7181332 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emission of Cherenkov photons from human and animal tissue can be observed during clinical x-ray or particle beam irradiation. However, imaging this weak emission with the necessary single-photon sensitivity in the clinical room is challenging because of milliwatt-level ambient room lighting and the presence of stray high-energy radiation. In this Letter, we demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, the first Cherenkov imaging with a time-gated quanta image sensor employing a large single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array. Detecting single Cherenkov photons was possible with high photon avalanche gain, fast temporal gating, and moderately high ∼7% photon detection probability. Single-bit digitization and active SPAD quenching enabled stray x-ray noise suppression and photon-noise-limited imaging in a clinical environment. This type of imaging allows the knowledge of location, shape, and surface dose of the therapeutic beam radiotherapy with the stability of solid state-based detection.
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Brost E, Watanabe Y. Space-variant deconvolution of Cerenkov light images acquired from a curved surface. Med Phys 2019; 46:4021-4036. [PMID: 31274192 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cerenkov photons are generated by high-energy radiation used in external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). This study expands upon the Cerenkov light dosimetry formula previously developed to relate an image of Cerenkov photons to the primary beam fluence. Extension of this formulation allows for deconvolution to be performed on images acquired from curved geometries. METHODS The integral equation, which represented the formation of Cerenkov photon image from an incident high-energy photon beam, was expanded to allow for space-variance of the convolution kernel called as the Cerenkov scatter function (CSF). The GAMOS (Geant4-based Architecture for Medicine-Oriented Simulations) Monte Carlo (MC) particle simulation software was used to obtain the CSF for different incident beam angles. The image of a curved surface was first projected to a flat plane by using a perspective correction method. Then, the planar image was partitioned into small segments (or blocks), where a CSF corresponding to a specific beam incident angle was applied for deconvolution. The block size and the margin around the block were optimized by studying the effects of those parameters on the deconvolution accuracy for a test image. We evaluated three deconvolution techniques: Richardson-Lucy, Blind, and Total Variation minimization (TV/L2) algorithms, to select the most accurate method for the current applications. RESULTS Analysis of deconvolution algorithms showed that the TV/L2 method provided the most accurate solution to the deconvolution problem for Cerenkov imaging. Optimization of space-variant deconvolution parameters showed that including a margin that is at least 42.9% of the image width provided the most accurate product image. There was no optimal size for the deconvolution area and should be chosen based on the presence of unique CSF kernels within an image. Space-variant deconvolution improved measured field size in Cerenkov photon images by 7.37%, as compared with 1.74% by space-invariant deconvolution. Space-variant deconvolution improved measured penumbra by 99.3%, as compared with 76.7% by space-invariant deconvolution. Space-variant deconvolution introduced artifacts in flat regions of the beam. Artifacts were avoided through selective space-variant deconvolution in only the penumbra region. CONCLUSIONS Primary photon fluence distributions of a curved surface can be obtained by using space-variant deconvolution methods in Cerenkov light dosimetry. The TV/L2 algorithm is the best method for deconvolution of Cerenkov photon images from an open-field beam derived from either a flat or curved surface. The partition size chosen for space-variant deconvolution should be at least six times the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the corresponding scatter kernel used in deconvolution. Space-variant deconvolution is necessary if the incident beam angle difference is larger than 6 ∘ between regions of an image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, MMC-494, USA
| | - Yoichi Watanabe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, MMC-494, USA
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Jia MJ, Bruza P, Andreozzi JM, Jarvis LA, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Cherenkov-excited luminescence scanned imaging using scanned beam differencing and iterative deconvolution in dynamic plan radiation delivery in a human breast phantom geometry. Med Phys 2019; 46:3067-3077. [PMID: 30980725 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to demonstrate high resolution optical luminescence sensing, referred to as Cherenkov excited luminescence scanning imaging (CELSI), could be achieved during a standard dynamic treatment plan for a whole breast radiotherapy geometry. METHODS The treatment plan beams induce Cherenkov light within tissue, and this excitation projects through the beam trajectory across the medium, inducing luminescence where there can be molecular reporter. Broad beams generally produce higher signal but low spatial resolution, yet for dynamic plans the scanning of the multileaf collimator allows for a beam-narrowing strategy by recursively temporal differencing each of the Cherenkov images and associated luminescence images. Then reconstruction from each of these size-reduced beamlets defined by the differenced Cherenkov images provides a well-conditioned matrix inversion, where the spatial frequencies are limited by the higher signal-to-noise ratio beamlets. A built-in stepwise convergence relies on stepwise beam size reduction, which is associated with a widening of the bandwidth of Cherenkov spatial frequency and resultant increase in spatial resolution. For the phantom experiments, europium nanoparticles were used as luminescent probes and embedded at depths ranging from 3 to 8 mm. An intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plan was used to test this. RESULTS The Cherenkov images spatially guided where the luminescence was measured from, providing high lateral resolution, and iterative reconstruction convergence showed that optimization of the initial and stopping beamlet widths could be achieved with 15 and 4.5 mm, respectively, using a luminescence imaging frame rate of 5/s. With the IMRT breast plan, the original lateral resolution was improved 2X, that is, 0.08-0.24 mm for target depths of 3-8 mm. In comparison, a dynamic wedge (DW) plan showed an inferior image fidelity, with relative contrast recovery decreasing from 0.86 to 0.79. The methodology was applied to a three-dimensional dataset to reconstruct Cherenkov excited luminescence intensity distributions showing volumetric recovery of a 0.5 mm diameter object composed of 0.5 μM luminescent microbeads. CONCLUSIONS High resolution CELSI was achieved with a clinical breast external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) plan. It is anticipated that this method can allow visualization and localization for luminescence/fluorescence tagged vasculature, lymph nodes, or superficial tagged regions with most dynamic treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Jeremy Jia
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | | | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
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16
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Miao T, Bruza P, Pogue BW, Jermyn M, Krishnaswamy V, Ware W, Rafie F, Gladstone DJ, Williams BB. Cherenkov imaging for linac beam shape analysis as a remote electronic quality assessment verification tool. Med Phys 2018; 46:811-821. [PMID: 30471126 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A remote imaging system tracking Cherenkov emission was analyzed to verify that the linear accelerator (linac) beam shape could be quantitatively measured at the irradiation surface for Quality Audit (QA). METHODS The Cherenkov camera recorded 2D dose images delivered on a solid acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic phantom surface for a range of square beam sizes, and 6 MV photons. Imaging was done at source to surface distance (SSD) of 100 cm and compared to GaF film images and linac light fields of the same beam sizes, ranging over 5 × 5 cm2 up to 20 × 20 cm2 . Line profiles of each field were compared in both X and Y jaw directions. Each measurement was repeated on two different Clinac2100 machines. An interreader comparison of the beam width interpretation was completed using procedures commonly employed for beam to light field coincidence verification. Cherenkov measurements are also done for beams of complex treatment plan and isocenter QA. RESULTS The Cherenkov image widths matched with the measured GaF images and light field images, with accuracy in the range of ±1 mm standard deviation. The differences between the measurements were minor and within tolerance of geometrical requirement of standard linac QA procedures conducted by human setup verification, which had a similar error range. The measurement made by the remote imaging system allowed for beam shape extraction of radiation fields at the SSD location of the beam. CONCLUSIONS The proposed Cherenkov image acquisition system provides a valid way to remotely confirm radiation field sizes and provides similar information to that obtained from the linac light field or GaF film estimates of the beam size. The major benefit of this approach is that with a fixed installation of the camera, testing could be done completely under software control with automated image analysis, potentially simplifying conventional QA procedures with appropriate calibration of boundary definitions, and the natural extension to capturing dynamic treatment beamlets at SSD could have future value, such as verification of beam plans with complex beam shapes, like IMRT or "star-shot" QA for the isocenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshun Miao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | | | | | - Frank Rafie
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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17
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Black PJ, Velten C, Wang YF, Na YH, Wuu CS. An investigation of clinical treatment field delivery verification using cherenkov imaging: IMRT positioning shifts and field matching. Med Phys 2018; 46:302-317. [PMID: 30346639 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cherenkov light emission has been shown to correlate with ionizing radiation dose delivery in solid tissue. An important clinical application of Cherenkov light is the real-time verification of radiation treatment delivery in vivo. To test the feasibility of treatment field verification, Cherenkov light images were acquired concurrent with radiation beam delivery to standard and anthropomorphic phantoms. Specifically, we tested two clinical treatment scenarios: (a) Observation of field overlaps or gaps in matched 3D fields and (b) Patient positioning shifts during intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) field delivery. Further development of this technique would allow real-time detection of treatment delivery errors on the order of millimeters so that patient safety and treatment quality can be improved. METHODS Cherenkov light emission was captured using a PI-MAX4 intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) system (Princeton Instruments). All radiation delivery was performed using a Varian Trilogy linear accelerator (linac) operated at 6 MV or 18 MV for photon and 6 MeV or 16 MeV for electron studies. Field matching studies were conducted with photon and electron beams at gantry angles of 0°, 15°, and 45°. For each modality and gantry angle, a total of three data sets were acquired. Overlap and gap distances of 0, 2, 5, and 10 mm were tested and delivered to solid phantom material of 30 × 30 × 5 cm3 . Phantom materials used were white plastic water and brown solid water. Tests were additionally performed on an anthropomorphic phantom with an irregular surface. Positioning shift studies were performed using IMRT fields delivered to a thoracic anthropomorphic phantom. For thoracic phantom measurements, the camera was placed laterally to observe the entire right side of the phantom. Fields were delivered with known translational patient positioning shifts in four directions. Changes in the Cherenkov fluence were evaluated through the generation of difference maps from unshifted Cherenkov images. All images were evaluated using ImageJ, Python, and MATLAB software packages. RESULTS For matched fields, Cherenkov images were able to quantitate matched field separations with discrepancies between 2 and 4 mm, depending on gantry angle and beam energy or modality. For all photon and electron beams delivered at a gantry angle of 0°, image analysis indicated average discrepancies of less than 2 mm for all field gaps and overlaps, with 83% of matched fields exhibiting discrepancies less than 1 mm. Beams delivered obliquely to the phantom surface exhibited average discrepancies as high as 4 mm for electron beams delivered at large oblique angles. Finally, for IMRT field delivery, vertical and lateral patient positioning shifts of 2 mm were detected in some cases, indicating the potential detectability threshold of using this technique alone. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that Cherenkov imaging can be used to support and bolster current treatment delivery verification techniques, improving our ability to recognize and rectify millimeter-scale delivery and positioning errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Black
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Novant Health, Winston-Salem, NC, 27103, USA
| | - Christian Velten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yi-Fang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yong Hum Na
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Cheng-Shie Wuu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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18
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Rapid Multisite Remote Surface Dosimetry for Total Skin Electron Therapy: Scintillator Target Imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 103:767-774. [PMID: 30419306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this work is to produce a surface-dosimetry method capable of accurately and remotely measuring skin dose for patients undergoing total skin electron therapy (TSET) without the need for postexposure dosimeter processing. A rapid and wireless surface-dosimetry system was developed to improve clinical workflow. Scintillator-surface dosimetry was conducted on patients undergoing TSET by imaging scintillator targets with an intensified camera during TSET delivery. METHODS AND MATERIALS Disc-shaped scintillator targets were attached to the skin surface of patients undergoing TSET and imaged with an intensified, time-gated, and linear accelerator-synchronized camera. Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) were placed directly adjacent to scintillators at several dosimetry sites to serve as an absolute dose reference. Real-time image-processing methods were used to produce background-subtracted intensity maps of Cherenkov and scintillation emission. Rapid conversion of scintillator-light output to dose was achieved by using a custom fitting algorithm and calibration factor. Surface doses measured by scintillators were compared with those from OSLDs. RESULTS Absolute surface-dose measurements for 99 dosimetry sites were evaluated. According to paired OSLD estimates, scintillator dosimeters were able to report dose with <3% difference in 88 of 99 observed dosimetry sites and <5% difference in 98 of 99 observed dosimetry sites. Fitting a linear regression to dose data reported by scintillator versus OSLD, per dosimetry site, yielded an R2 = 0.94. CONCLUSIONS Scintillators were able to report dose within <3% accuracy of OSLDs. Imaging of calibrated scintillator targets via an intensified, linear accelerator-synchronized camera provides rapid absolute surface-dosimetry measurements for patients treated with TSET. This technique has the potential to reduce the amount of time and effort necessary to conduct full-body dosimetry and can be adopted for use in any surface-dosimetry setting where the region of interest is observable throughout treatment.
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19
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Brost E, Watanabe Y. Characterization of the Cerenkov scatter function: a convolution kernel for Cerenkov light dosimetry. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-12. [PMID: 30378350 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.10.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov light is created in clinical applications involving high-energy radiation such as in radiation therapy. There is considerable interest in using Cerenkov light as a means to perform in vivo dosimetry during radiation therapy; however, a better understanding of the light-to-dose relationship is needed. One such method to solve this relationship is that of a deconvolution formulation, which relies on the Cerenkov scatter function (CSF). The CSF describes the creation of Cerenkov photons by a pencil beam of high-energy radiation, and the subsequent scattering that occurs before emission from the irradiated medium surface. This study investigated the dependence of the CSF on common radiation beam parameters (beam energy and incident angle) and the type of irradiated medium. An analytical equation with fitting coefficients of the CSF was obtained for common beam energies in a stratified skin model and optical phantom. Perturbation analysis was performed to investigate the dependence of the deconvolved Cerenkov images on the full-width at half-maximum and amplitude of the CSF. The irradiated material and beam angle had a large impact on the deconvolution process, whereas the beam energy had little effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brost
- University of Minnesota, Department of Radiation Oncology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Yoichi Watanabe
- University of Minnesota, Department of Radiation Oncology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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20
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Imaging of produced light in water during high energy electron beam irradiations from a medical linear accelerator. RADIAT MEAS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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21
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Cao X, Jiang S, Jia M, Gunn J, Miao T, Davis SC, Bruza P, Pogue BW. Observation of short wavelength infrared (SWIR) Cherenkov emission. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3854-3857. [PMID: 30106900 PMCID: PMC7577552 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov emission induced by external beam radiation from a clinical linear accelerator has been shown in preclinical molecular imaging and clinical imaging. The broad spectrum Cherenkov emission should have a short wavelength infrared (SWIR, 1000-1700 nm) component, as predicted theoretically. To the best of our knowledge, this Letter is the first experimental observation of this SWIR Cherenkov emission induced by external beam radiation. The measured spectrum of SWIR Cherenkov emission matches the theoretical prediction, with a fluence rate near one-third of the visible and near-infrared red emissions (Vis-NIR, 400-900 nm). Imaging in water-based phantoms and biological tissues indicates that there is a sufficient fluence rate for radiotherapy dosimetry applications. The spatial resolution is improved approximately 5.3 times with SWIR Cherenkov emission detection versus Vis-NIR Cherenkov emission, which provides some improvement in the potential for higher resolution Cherenkov emission dosimetry and molecular sensing during clinical radiotherapy by imaging with SWIR wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Mengyu Jia
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Jason Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Tianshun Miao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Corresponding author:
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22
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Kim TJ, Jung KO, Fahimian B, Pratx G. Flexible optically stimulated luminescence band for 1D in vivo radiation dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:165006. [PMID: 29999496 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aad319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In vivo dosimetry helps ensure the accuracy of radiation treatments. However, standard techniques are only capable of point sampling, making it difficult to accurately measure dose variation along curved surfaces in a continuous manner. The purpose of this work is to introduce a flexible dosimeter band and validate its performance using pre-clinical and clinical x-ray sources. Dosimeter bands were fabricated by uniformly mixing BaFBr:Eu storage phosphor powders into a silicone based elastomer. An optical readout device with dual-wavelength excitation was designed and built to correct for non-uniform phosphor density and extract accurate dose information. Results demonstrated significant correction of the non-uniform readout signal and excellent dose linearity up to 8 Gy irradiation using a pre-clinical 320 kV x-ray system. Beam profile measurements were demonstrated over a long distance of ~30 cm by placing multiple dosimeters in a single line and stitching the results. The performance of the dosimeters was also tested using a clinical linear accelerator (6 MV) and compared to radiochromic film. Once bias corrected, the bands displayed a linear dose response over the 1.02-9.36 Gy range (R 2 > 0.99). The proposed system can be further improved by reducing the size of the readout beam and by more uniformly mixing the phosphor powder with the elastomer. We expect this technique to find application for large-field treatments such as total-skin irradiation and total-body irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
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Lewis DY, Mair R, Wright A, Allinson K, Lyons SK, Booth T, Jones J, Bielik R, Soloviev D, Brindle KM. [ 18F]fluoroethyltyrosine-induced Cerenkov Luminescence Improves Image-Guided Surgical Resection of Glioma. Theranostics 2018; 8:3991-4002. [PMID: 30083276 PMCID: PMC6071532 DOI: 10.7150/thno.23709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent of surgical resection is significantly correlated with outcome in glioma; however, current intraoperative navigational tools are useful only in a subset of patients. We show here that a new optical intraoperative technique, Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) following intravenous injection of O‑(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET), can be used to accurately delineate glioma margins, performing better than the current standard of fluorescence imaging with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). Methods: Rats implanted orthotopically with U87, F98 and C6 glioblastoma cells were injected with FET and 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). Positive and negative tumor regions on histopathology were compared with CL and fluorescence images. The capability of FET CLI and 5-ALA fluorescence imaging to detect tumor was assessed using receptor operator characteristic curves and optimal thresholds (CLIOptROC and 5-ALAOptROC) separating tumor from healthy brain tissue were determined. These thresholds were used to guide prospective tumor resections, where the presence of tumor cells in the resected material and in the remaining brain were assessed by Ki-67 staining. Results: FET CLI signal was correlated with signal in preoperative PET images (y = 1.06x - 0.01; p < 0.0001) and with expression of the amino acid transporter SLC7A5 (LAT1). FET CLI (AUC = 97%) discriminated between glioblastoma and normal brain in human and rat orthografts more accurately than 5-ALA fluorescence (AUC = 91%), with a sensitivity >92% and specificity >91%, and resulted in a more complete tumor resection. Conclusion: FET CLI can be used to accurately delineate glioblastoma tumor margins, performing better than the current standard of fluorescence imaging following 5-ALA administration, and is therefore a promising technique for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y. Lewis
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Current address: Cancer Research UK - Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Mair
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alan Wright
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kieren Allinson
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Scott K. Lyons
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tom Booth
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Jones
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Bielik
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dmitry Soloviev
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Current address: Cancer Research UK - Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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24
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Brost EE, Watanabe Y. A mathematical deconvolution formulation for superficial dose distribution measurement by Cerenkov light dosimetry. Med Phys 2018; 45:3880-3892. [PMID: 29856473 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cerenkov photons are created by high-energy radiation beams used for radiation therapy. In this study, we developed a Cerenkov light dosimetry technique to obtain a two-dimensional dose distribution in a superficial region of medium from the images of Cerenkov photons by using a deconvolution method. METHODS An integral equation was derived to represent the Cerenkov photon image acquired by a camera for a given incident high-energy photon beam by using convolution kernels. Subsequently, an equation relating the planar dose at a depth to a Cerenkov photon image using the well-known relationship between the incident beam fluence and the dose distribution in a medium was obtained. The final equation contained a convolution kernel called the Cerenkov dose scatter function (CDSF). The CDSF function was obtained by deconvolving the Cerenkov scatter function (CSF) with the dose scatter function (DSF). The GAMOS (Geant4-based Architecture for Medicine-Oriented Simulations) Monte Carlo particle simulation software was used to obtain the CSF and DSF. The dose distribution was calculated from the Cerenkov photon intensity data using an iterative deconvolution method with the CDSF. The theoretical formulation was experimentally evaluated by using an optical phantom irradiated by high-energy photon beams. RESULTS The intensity of the deconvolved Cerenkov photon image showed linear dependence on the dose rate and the photon beam energy. The relative intensity showed a field size dependence similar to the beam output factor. Deconvolved Cerenkov images showed improvement in dose profiles compared with the raw image data. In particular, the deconvolution significantly improved the agreement in the high dose gradient region, such as in the penumbra. Deconvolution with a single iteration was found to provide the most accurate solution of the dose. Two-dimensional dose distributions of the deconvolved Cerenkov images agreed well with the reference distributions for both square fields and a multileaf collimator (MLC) defined, irregularly shaped field. CONCLUSIONS The proposed technique improved the accuracy of the Cerenkov photon dosimetry in the penumbra region. The results of this study showed initial validation of the deconvolution method for beam profile measurements in a homogeneous media. The new formulation accounted for the physical processes of Cerenkov photon transport in the medium more accurately than previously published methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Edward Brost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE, MMC-494, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yoichi Watanabe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE, MMC-494, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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25
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Andreozzi JM, Brůža P, Tendler II, Mooney KE, Jarvis LA, Cammin J, Li H, Pogue BW, Gladstone DJ. Improving treatment geometries in total skin electron therapy: Experimental investigation of linac angles and floor scatter dose contributions using Cherenkov imaging. Med Phys 2018; 45:2639-2646. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Brůža
- Thayer School of Engineering; Dartmouth College; Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Irwin I. Tendler
- Thayer School of Engineering; Dartmouth College; Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Karen E. Mooney
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Thomas Jefferson University; Philadelphia PA 19107 USA
| | - Lesley A. Jarvis
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon NH 03766 USA
- Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Jochen Cammin
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Harold Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy; Dartmouth College; Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - David J. Gladstone
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon NH 03766 USA
- Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover NH 03755 USA
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26
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Bruza P, Gollub SL, Andreozzi JM, Tendler II, Williams BB, Jarvis LA, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Time-gated scintillator imaging for real-time optical surface dosimetry in total skin electron therapy. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:095009. [PMID: 29588437 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaba19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure surface dose by remote time-gated imaging of plastic scintillators. A novel technique for time-gated, intensified camera imaging of scintillator emission was demonstrated, and key parameters influencing the signal were analyzed, including distance, angle and thickness. A set of scintillator samples was calibrated by using thermo-luminescence detector response as reference. Examples of use in total skin electron therapy are described. The data showed excellent room light rejection (signal-to-noise ratio of scintillation SNR ≈ 470), ideal scintillation dose response linearity, and 2% dose rate error. Individual sample scintillation response varied by 7% due to sample preparation. Inverse square distance dependence correction and lens throughput error (8% per meter) correction were needed. At scintillator-to-source angle and observation angle <50°, the radiant energy fluence error was smaller than 1%. The achieved standard error of the scintillator cumulative dose measurement compared to the TLD dose was 5%. The results from this proof-of-concept study documented the first use of small scintillator targets for remote surface dosimetry in ambient room lighting. The measured dose accuracy renders our method to be comparable to thermo-luminescent detector dosimetry, with the ultimate realization of accuracy likely to be better than shown here. Once optimized, this approach to remote dosimetry may substantially reduce the time and effort required for surface dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America
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27
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Shu DY, Geng CR, Tang XB, Gong CH, Shao WC, Ai Y. Analysis on the emission and potential application of Cherenkov radiation in boron neutron capture therapy: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 137:219-224. [PMID: 29655128 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper was aimed to explore the physics of Cherenkov radiation and its potential application in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The Monte Carlo toolkit Geant4 was used to simulate the interaction between the epithermal neutron beam and the phantom containing boron-10. Results showed that Cherenkov photons can only be generated from secondary charged particles of gamma rays in BNCT, in which the 2.223 MeV prompt gamma rays are the main contributor. The number of Cherenkov photons per unit mass generated in the measurement region decreases linearly with the increase of boron concentration in both water and tissue phantom. The work presented the fundamental basis for applications of Cherenkov radiation in BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Yun Shu
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Chang-Ran Geng
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Tang
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Chun-Hui Gong
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Shao
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Yao Ai
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing 210016, China
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28
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Snyder C, Pogue BW, Jermyn M, Tendler I, Andreozzi JM, Bruza P, Krishnaswamy V, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA. Algorithm development for intrafraction radiotherapy beam edge verification from Cherenkov imaging. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2018; 5:015001. [PMID: 29322071 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.5.1.015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging of Cherenkov light emission from patient tissue during fractionated radiotherapy has been shown to be a possible way to visualize beam delivery in real time. If this tool is advanced as a delivery verification methodology, then a sequence of image processing steps must be established to maximize accurate recovery of beam edges. This was analyzed and developed here, focusing on the noise characteristics and representative images from both phantoms and patients undergoing whole breast radiotherapy. The processing included temporally integrating video data into a single, composite summary image at each control point. Each image stack was also median filtered for denoising and ultimately thresholded into a binary image, and morphologic small hole removal was used. These processed images were used for day-to-day comparison computation, and either the Dice coefficient or the mean distance to conformity values can be used to analyze them. Systematic position shifts of the phantom up to 5 mm approached the observed variation values of the patient data. This processing algorithm can be used to analyze the variations seen in patients being treated concurrently with daily Cherenkov imaging to quantify the day-to-day disparities in delivery as a quality audit system for position/beam verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Snyder
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States.,Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Irwin Tendler
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | | | - Petr Bruza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Venkat Krishnaswamy
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - David J Gladstone
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States.,Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States.,Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States.,Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
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29
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Licona I, Figueroa-Medina E, Gamboa-deBuen I. Dose distributions and percentage depth dose measurements for a total skin electron therapy. RADIAT MEAS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Ai Y, Tang X, Shu D, Shao W, Gong C, Geng C, Zhang X, Yu H. Measurement of dose in radionuclide therapy by using Cerenkov radiation. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2017; 40:695-705. [PMID: 28808904 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-017-0579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to determine the relationship between Cerenkov photon emission and radiation dose from internal radionuclide irradiation. Water and thyroid phantoms were used to simulate the distribution of Cerenkov photon emission and dose deposition through Monte Carlo method. The relationship between Cerenkov photon emission and dose deposition was quantitatively analyzed. A neck phantom was also used to verify Cerenkov photon detection for thyroid radionuclide therapy. Results show that Cerenkov photon emission and dose deposition exhibit the same distribution pattern in water phantom, and this relative distribution relationship also existed in the thyroid phantom. Moreover, Cerenkov photon emission exhibits a specific quantitative relation to dose deposition. For thyroid radionuclide therapy, only a part of Cerenkov photon produced by thyroid could penetrate the body for detection; therefore, the use of Cerenkov radiation for measurement of radionuclide therapy dose may be more suitable for superficial tumors. This study demonstrated that Cerenkov radiation has the potential to be used for measuring radiation dose for radionuclide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ai
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Xiaobin Tang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing, 210016, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing, 210016, China.
| | - Diyun Shu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Wencheng Shao
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Chunhui Gong
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Changran Geng
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing, 210016, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing, 210016, China
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31
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Bruza P, Andreozzi JM, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA, Rottmann J, Pogue BW. Real-time 3D dose imaging in water phantoms: reconstruction from simultaneous EPID-Cherenkov 3D imaging (EC3D). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/847/1/012034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Elgqvist J. Nanoparticles as Theranostic Vehicles in Experimental and Clinical Applications-Focus on Prostate and Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1102. [PMID: 28531102 PMCID: PMC5455010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate and breast cancer are the second most and most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and women worldwide, respectively. The American Cancer Society estimates that during 2016 in the USA around 430,000 individuals were diagnosed with one of these two types of cancers, and approximately 15% of them will die from the disease. In Europe, the rate of incidences and deaths are similar to those in the USA. Several different more or less successful diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have been developed and evaluated in order to tackle this issue and thereby decrease the death rates. By using nanoparticles as vehicles carrying both diagnostic and therapeutic molecular entities, individualized targeted theranostic nanomedicine has emerged as a promising option to increase the sensitivity and the specificity during diagnosis, as well as the likelihood of survival or prolonged survival after therapy. This article presents and discusses important and promising different kinds of nanoparticles, as well as imaging and therapy options, suitable for theranostic applications. The presentation of different nanoparticles and theranostic applications is quite general, but there is a special focus on prostate cancer. Some references and aspects regarding breast cancer are however also presented and discussed. Finally, the prostate cancer case is presented in more detail regarding diagnosis, staging, recurrence, metastases, and treatment options available today, followed by possible ways to move forward applying theranostics for both prostate and breast cancer based on promising experiments performed until today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen Elgqvist
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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33
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Bernhard Y, Collin B, Decréau RA. Redshifted Cherenkov Radiation for in vivo Imaging: Coupling Cherenkov Radiation Energy Transfer to multiple Förster Resonance Energy Transfers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45063. [PMID: 28338043 PMCID: PMC5364485 DOI: 10.1038/srep45063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cherenkov Radiation (CR), this blue glow seen in nuclear reactors, is an optical light originating from energetic β-emitter radionuclides. CR emitter 90Y triggers a cascade of energy transfers in the presence of a mixed population of fluorophores (which each other match their respective absorption and emission maxima): Cherenkov Radiation Energy Transfer (CRET) first, followed by multiple Förster Resonance Energy transfers (FRET): CRET ratios were calculated to give a rough estimate of the transfer efficiency. While CR is blue-weighted (300–500 nm), such cascades of Energy Transfers allowed to get a) fluorescence emission up to 710 nm, which is beyond the main CR window and within the near-infrared (NIR) window where biological tissues are most transparent, b) to amplify this emission and boost the radiance on that window: EMT6-tumor bearing mice injected with both a radionuclide and a mixture of fluorophores having a good spectral overlap, were shown to have nearly a two-fold radiance boost (measured on a NIR window centered on the emission wavelength of the last fluorophore in the Energy Transfer cascade) compared to a tumor injected with the radionuclide only. Some CR embarked light source could be converted into a near-infrared radiation, where biological tissues are most transparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Bernhard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR6302, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Bertrand Collin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR6302, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France.,Centre George-François Leclerc (CGFL), 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079, Dijon, France
| | - Richard A Decréau
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR6302, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
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34
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Shaffer TM, Drain CM, Grimm J. Optical Imaging of Ionizing Radiation from Clinical Sources. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1661-1666. [PMID: 27688469 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.178624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear medicine uses ionizing radiation for both in vivo diagnosis and therapy. Ionizing radiation comes from a variety of sources, including x-rays, beam therapy, brachytherapy, and various injected radionuclides. Although PET and SPECT remain clinical mainstays, optical readouts of ionizing radiation offer numerous benefits and complement these standard techniques. Furthermore, for ionizing radiation sources that cannot be imaged using these standard techniques, optical imaging offers a unique imaging alternative. This article reviews optical imaging of both radionuclide- and beam-based ionizing radiation from high-energy photons and charged particles through mechanisms including radioluminescence, Cerenkov luminescence, and scintillation. Therapeutically, these visible photons have been combined with photodynamic therapeutic agents preclinically for increasing therapeutic response at depths difficult to reach with external light sources. Last, new microscopy methods that allow single-cell optical imaging of radionuclides are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis M Shaffer
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, New York.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, New York.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York .,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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