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Lim MX, VanSaders B, Jaeger HM. Acoustic manipulation of multi-body structures and dynamics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:064601. [PMID: 38670083 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad43f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Sound can exert forces on objects of any material and shape. This has made the contactless manipulation of objects by intense ultrasound a fascinating area of research with wide-ranging applications. While much is understood for acoustic forcing of individual objects, sound-mediated interactions among multiple objects at close range gives rise to a rich set of structures and dynamics that are less explored and have been emerging as a frontier for research. We introduce the basic mechanisms giving rise to sound-mediated interactions among rigid as well as deformable particles, focusing on the regime where the particles' size and spacing are much smaller than the sound wavelength. The interplay of secondary acoustic scattering, Bjerknes forces, and micro-streaming is discussed and the role of particle shape is highlighted. Furthermore, we present recent advances in characterizing non-conservative and non-pairwise additive contributions to the particle interactions, along with instabilities and active fluctuations. These excitations emerge at sufficiently strong sound energy density and can act as an effective temperature in otherwise athermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody X Lim
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Bryan VanSaders
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Heinrich M Jaeger
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
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Jicsinszky L, Bucciol F, Chaji S, Cravotto G. Mechanochemical Degradation of Biopolymers. Molecules 2023; 28:8031. [PMID: 38138521 PMCID: PMC10745761 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemical treatment of various organic molecules is an emerging technology of green processes in biofuel, fine chemicals, or food production. Many biopolymers are involved in isolating, derivating, or modifying molecules of natural origin. Mechanochemistry provides a powerful tool to achieve these goals, but the unintentional modification of biopolymers by mechanochemical manipulation is not always obvious or even detectable. Although modeling molecular changes caused by mechanical stresses in cavitation and grinding processes is feasible in small model compounds, simulation of extrusion processes primarily relies on phenomenological approaches that allow only tool- and material-specific conclusions. The development of analytical and computational techniques allows for the inline and real-time control of parameters in various mechanochemical processes. Using artificial intelligence to analyze process parameters and product characteristics can significantly improve production optimization. We aim to review the processes and consequences of possible chemical, physicochemical, and structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Jicsinszky
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (S.C.)
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (S.C.)
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Yasui K. The Reducing Agents in Sonochemical Reactions without Any Additives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104198. [PMID: 37241940 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been experimentally reported that not only oxidation reactions but also reduction reactions occur in aqueous solutions under ultrasound without any additives. According to the numerical simulations of chemical reactions inside an air or argon bubble in water without any additives under ultrasound, reducing agents produced from the bubbles are H, H2, HO2 (which becomes superoxide anion (O2-) in liquid water), NO, and HNO2 (which becomes NO2- in liquid water). In addition, H2O2 sometimes works as a reducing agent. As the reduction potentials of H and H2 (in strongly alkaline solutions for H2) are higher than those of RCHOH radicals, which are usually used to reduce metal ions, H and H2 generated from cavitation bubbles are expected to reduce metal ions to produce metal nanoparticles (in strongly alkaline solutions for H2 to work). It is possible that the superoxide anion (O2-) also plays some role in the sonochemical reduction of some solutes. In strongly alkaline solutions, hydrated electrons (e-aq) formed from H atoms in liquid water may play an important role in the sonochemical reduction of solutes because the reduction potential is extremely high. The influence of ultrasonic frequency on the amount of H atoms produced from a cavitation bubble is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuichi Yasui
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
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Yasui K. Production of O Radicals from Cavitation Bubbles under Ultrasound. Molecules 2022; 27:4788. [PMID: 35897962 PMCID: PMC9369501 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, the production of O radicals (oxygen atoms) in acoustic cavitation is focused. According to numerical simulations of chemical reactions inside a bubble using an ODE model which has been validated through studies of single-bubble sonochemistry, not only OH radicals but also appreciable amounts of O radicals are generated inside a heated bubble at the violent collapse by thermal dissociation of water vapor and oxygen molecules. The main oxidant created inside an air bubble is O radicals when the bubble temperature is above about 6500 K for a gaseous bubble. However, the concentration and lifetime of O radicals in the liquid water around the cavitation bubbles are unknown at present. Whether O radicals play some role in sonochemical reactions in the liquid phase, which are usually thought to be dominated by OH radicals and H2O2, should be studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuichi Yasui
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
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Yasui K. Numerical simulations for sonochemistry. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 78:105728. [PMID: 34438317 PMCID: PMC8387904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerical simulations for sonochemistry are reviewed including single-bubble sonochemistry, influence of ultrasonic frequency and bubble size, acoustic field, and sonochemical synthesis of nanoparticles. The theoretical model of bubble dynamics including the effect of non-equilibrium chemical reactions inside a bubble has been validated from the study of single-bubble sonochemistry. By the numerical simulations, it has been clarified that there is an optimum bubble temperature for the production of oxidants inside an air bubble such as OH radicals and H2O2 because at higher temperature oxidants are strongly consumed inside a bubble by oxidizing nitrogen. Unsolved problems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuichi Yasui
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2266-98 Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan.
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Jin Q, Lin CY, Kang ST, Chang YC, Zheng H, Yang CM, Yeh CK. Superhydrophobic silica nanoparticles as ultrasound contrast agents. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 36:262-269. [PMID: 28069209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles have been widely studied as ultrasound contrast agents for diagnosis and as drug/gene carriers for therapy. However, their size and stability (lifetime of 5-12min) limited their applications. The development of stable nanoscale ultrasound contrast agents would therefore benefit both. Generating bubbles persistently in situ would be one of the promising solutions to the problem of short lifetime. We hypothesized that bubbles could be generated in situ by providing stable air nuclei since it has been found that the interfacial nanobubbles on a hydrophobic surface have a much longer lifetime (orders of days). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with large surface areas and different levels of hydrophobicity were prepared to test our hypothesis. It is clear that the superhydrophobic and porous nanoparticles exhibited a significant and strong contrast intensity compared with other nanoparticles. The bubbles generated from superhydrophobic nanoparticles sustained for at least 30min at a MI of 1.0, while lipid microbubble lasted for about 5min at the same settings. In summary MSNs have been transformed into reliable bubble precursors by making simple superhydrophobic modification, and made into a promising contrast agent with the potentials to serve as theranostic agents that are sensitive to ultrasound stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tsung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chih Chang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen China
| | - Chia-Min Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Fernandez Rivas D, Kuhn S. Synergy of Microfluidics and Ultrasound : Process Intensification Challenges and Opportunities. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:70. [PMID: 27654863 PMCID: PMC5480412 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A compact snapshot of the current convergence of novel developments relevant to chemical engineering is given. Process intensification concepts are analysed through the lens of microfluidics and sonochemistry. Economical drivers and their influence on scientific activities are mentioned, including innovation opportunities towards deployment into society. We focus on the control of cavitation as a means to improve the energy efficiency of sonochemical reactors, as well as in the solids handling with ultrasound; both are considered the most difficult hurdles for its adoption in a practical and industrial sense. Particular examples for microfluidic clogging prevention, numbering-up and scaling-up strategies are given. To conclude, an outlook of possible new directions of this active and promising combination of technologies is hinted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Carre 1.339, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Kuhn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Howlin R, Fabbri S, Offin D, Symonds N, Kiang K, Knee R, Yoganantham D, Webb J, Birkin P, Leighton T, Stoodley P. Removal of Dental Biofilms with an Ultrasonically Activated Water Stream. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1303-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034515589284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidogenic bacteria within dental plaque biofilms are the causative agents of caries. Consequently, maintenance of a healthy oral environment with efficient biofilm removal strategies is important to limit caries, as well as halt progression to gingivitis and periodontitis. Recently, a novel cleaning device has been described using an ultrasonically activated stream (UAS) to generate a cavitation cloud of bubbles in a freely flowing water stream that has demonstrated the capacity to be effective at biofilm removal. In this study, UAS was evaluated for its ability to remove biofilms of the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans UA159, as well as Actinomyces naeslundii ATCC 12104 and Streptococcus oralis ATCC 9811, grown on machine-etched glass slides to generate a reproducible complex surface and artificial teeth from a typodont training model. Biofilm removal was assessed both visually and microscopically using high-speed videography, confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analysis by CSLM demonstrated a statistically significant 99.9% removal of S. mutans biofilms exposed to the UAS for 10 s, relative to both untreated control biofilms and biofilms exposed to the water stream alone without ultrasonic activation ( P < 0.05). The water stream alone showed no statistically significant difference in removal compared with the untreated control ( P = 0.24). High-speed videography demonstrated a rapid rate (151 mm2 in 1 s) of biofilm removal. The UAS was also highly effective at S. mutans, A. naeslundii, and S. oralis biofilm removal from machine-etched glass and S. mutans from typodont surfaces with complex topography. Consequently, UAS technology represents a potentially effective method for biofilm removal and improved oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.P. Howlin
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - S. Fabbri
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology, Faculty of Engineering and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - D.G. Offin
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - N. Symonds
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology, Faculty of Engineering and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - K.S. Kiang
- Southampton Nanofabrication Centre Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R.J. Knee
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - D.C. Yoganantham
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J.S. Webb
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - P.R. Birkin
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - T.G. Leighton
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - P. Stoodley
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology, Faculty of Engineering and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Departments of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Orthopaedics, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Zijlstra A, Fernandez Rivas D, Gardeniers HJGE, Versluis M, Lohse D. Enhancing acoustic cavitation using artificial crevice bubbles. ULTRASONICS 2015; 56:512-523. [PMID: 25455191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We study the response of pre-defined cavitation nuclei driven continuously in the kHz regime (80, 100 and 200 kHz). The nuclei consist of stabilized gaspockets in cylindrical pits of 30 μm diameter etched in silicon or glass substrates. It is found that above an acoustic pressure threshold the dynamics of the liquid-gas meniscus switches from a stable drum-like vibration to expansion and deformation, frequently resulting in detachment of microbubbles. Just above this threshold small bubbles are continuously and intermittently ejected. At elevated input powers bubble detachment becomes more frequent and cavitation bubble clouds are formed and remain in the vicinity of the pit bubble. Surprisingly, the resulting loss of gas does not lead to deactivation of the pit which can be explained by a rectified gas diffusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaldert Zijlstra
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Han J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Versluis
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Lee HB, Choi PK. Acoustic power dependences of sonoluminescence and bubble dynamics. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:2037-2043. [PMID: 24582350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The decreasing effect of sonoluminescence (SL) in water at high acoustic powers was investigated in relation to bubble dynamics and acoustic emission spectra. The intensity of SL was measured in the power range of 1-18W at 83.8kHz for open-end (free liquid surface and film-covered surface) and fixed-end boundaries of sound fields. The power dependence of the SL intensity showed a maximum and then decrease to zero for all the boundaries. Similar results were obtained for sonochemiluminescence in luminol solution. The power dependence of the SL intensity was strongly correlated with the bubble dynamics captured by high-speed photography at 64kfps. In the low-power range where the SL intensity increases, bubble streamers were observed and the population of streaming bubbles increased with the power. At powers after SL maximum occurred, bubble clusters came into existence. Upon complete SL reduction, only bubble clusters were observed. The subharmonic in the acoustic emission spectra increased markedly in the region where bubble clusters were observed. Nonspherical oscillations of clustering bubbles may make a major contribution to the subharmonic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Bok Lee
- Department of Physics, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Pak-Kon Choi
- Department of Physics, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan.
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