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Chen K, Li J, Wei C, Oron A, Shan Y, Jiang Y. Soft wetting: Substrate softness- and time-dependent droplet/ bubble adhesion. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:87-98. [PMID: 38340517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The droplet/bubble adhesion characteristics depend on the length of the droplet/bubble three-phase contact line. Since the deformation caused by the liquid-gas interfacial tension on the soft substrate, referred as to the wetting ridge, retards contact line spreading and retraction, we conjecture that the droplet/bubble adhesion characteristics depend also on the substrate softness. EXPERIMENTS Soft substrates with various shear moduli are prepared and characterized by the spreading and receding dynamics of water droplets and underwater bubbles. Snap-in and normal adhesion forces of droplets/bubbles on such soft substrates are directly measured along with the visualized droplet/bubble shape profiles. FINDINGS The droplet/bubble snap-in force, which corresponds to the short-time spreading dynamics, decreases with a decrease in the substrate shear modulus because of the retarded contact line spreading. The droplet maximal adhesion force on a soft substrate can be counterintuitively either smaller or larger than its counterpart on the rigid substrate depending on different dwelling times, i.e., the droplet/bubble-substrate contact time before droplet/bubble-substrate separation. The former is attributed to the retarded contact line spreading, whereas the latter is attributed to the retarded contact line retraction. The substrate softness- and dwelling time-dependent droplet/bubble adhesion reported in this study will benefit various applications related to soft substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Chuanqi Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Alexander Oron
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yanguang Shan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Youhua Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
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Soyama H, Liang X, Yashiro W, Kajiwara K, Asimakopoulou EM, Bellucci V, Birnsteinova S, Giovanetti G, Kim C, Kirkwood HJ, Koliyadu JCP, Letrun R, Zhang Y, Uličný J, Bean R, Mancuso AP, Villanueva-Perez P, Sato T, Vagovič P, Eakins D, Korsunsky AM. Revealing the origins of vortex cavitation in a Venturi tube by high speed X-ray imaging. Ultrason Sonochem 2023; 101:106715. [PMID: 38061251 PMCID: PMC10750113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic cavitation is useful in many processing applications, for example, in chemical reactors, water treatment and biochemical engineering. An important type of hydrodynamic cavitation that occurs in a Venturi tube is vortex cavitation known to cause luminescence whose intensity is closely related to the size and number of cavitation events. However, the mechanistic origins of bubbles constituting vortex cavitation remains unclear, although it has been concluded that the pressure fields generated by the cavitation collapse strongly depends on the bubble geometry. The common view is that vortex cavitation consists of numerous small spherical bubbles. In the present paper, aspects of vortex cavitation arising in a Venturi tube were visualized using high-speed X-ray imaging at SPring-8 and European XFEL. It was discovered that vortex cavitation in a Venturi tube consisted of angulated rather than spherical bubbles. The tangential velocity of the surface of vortex cavitation was assessed considering the Rankine vortex model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Soyama
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Wataru Yashiro
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan; International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart (SRIS), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan; Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kajiwara
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Chan Kim
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Romain Letrun
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Yuhe Zhang
- Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 221 00, Sweden
| | - Jozef Uličný
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biophysics, P. J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Richard Bean
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Adrian P Mancuso
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond House, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK; Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Pablo Villanueva-Perez
- Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, 221 00, Sweden
| | - Tokushi Sato
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Patrik Vagovič
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany; Center for Free-Electron Laser (CFEL), DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Eakins
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Alexander M Korsunsky
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
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Durham PG, Upadhyay A, Navarro-Becerra JA, Moon RE, Borden MA, Dayton PA, Papadopoulou V. Effect of Anesthetic Carrier Gas on In Vivo Circulation Times of Intravenously Administered Phospholipid Oxygen Micro bubbles in Rats. Ultrasound Med Biol 2023; 49:1861-1866. [PMID: 37246050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For the treatment of tumor hypoxia, microbubbles comprising oxygen as a majority component of the gas core with a stabilizing shell may be used to deliver and release oxygen locally at the tumor site through ultrasound destruction. Previous work has revealed differences in circulation half-life in vivo for perfluorocarbon-filled microbubbles, typically used as ultrasound imaging contrast agents, as a function of anesthetic carrier gas. These differences in circulation time in vivo were likely due to gas diffusion as a function of anesthetic carrier gas, among other variables. This work has motivated studies to evaluate the effect of anesthetic carrier gas on oxygen microbubble circulation dynamics. METHODS Circulation time for oxygen microbubbles was derived from ultrasound image intensity obtained during longitudinal kidney imaging. Studies were constructed for rats anesthetized on inhaled isoflurane with either pure oxygen or medical air as the anesthetic carrier gas. RESULTS Results indicated that oxygen microbubbles were highly visible via contrast-specific imaging. Marked signal enhancement and duration differences were observed between animals breathing air and oxygen. Perhaps counterintuitively, oxygen microbubbles disappeared from circulation significantly faster when the animals were breathing pure oxygen compared with medical air. This may be explained by nitrogen counterdiffusion from blood into the bubble, effectively changing the gas composition of the core, as has been observed in perfluorocarbon core microbubbles. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the apparent longevity and persistence of oxygen microbubbles in circulation may not be reflective of oxygen delivery when the animal is anesthetized breathing air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G Durham
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Awaneesh Upadhyay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Richard E Moon
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University, NC, USA
| | - Mark A Borden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Virginie Papadopoulou
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Zawala J, Miguet J, Rastogi P, Atasi O, Borkowski M, Scheid B, Fuller GG. Coalescence of surface bubbles: The crucial role of motion-induced dynamic adsorption layer. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 317:102916. [PMID: 37269558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The formation of motion-induced dynamic adsorption layers of surfactants at the surface of rising bubbles is a widely accepted phenomenon. Although their existence and formation kinetics have been theoretically postulated and confirmed in many experimental reports, the investigations primarily remain qualitative in nature. In this paper we present results that, to the best of our knowledge, provide a first quantitative proof of the influence of the dynamic adsorption layer on drainage dynamics of a single foam film formed under dynamic conditions. This is achieved by measuring the drainage dynamics of single foam films, formed by air bubbles of millimetric size colliding against the interface between n-octanol solutions and air. This was repeated for a total of five different surfactant concentrations and two different liquid column heights. All three steps preceding foam film rupture, namely the rising, bouncing and drainage steps, were sequentially examined. In particular, the morphology of the single film formed during the drainage step was analyzed considering the rising and bouncing history of the bubble. It was found that, depending on the motion-induced state of adsorption layer at the bubble surface during the rising and the bouncing steps, single foam film drainage dynamics can be spectacularly different. Using Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS), it was revealed that surfactant redistribution can occur at the bubble surface as a result of the bouncing dynamics (approach-bounce cycles), strongly affecting the interfacial mobility, and leading to slower rates of foam film drainage. Since the bouncing amplitude directly depends on the rising velocity, which correlates in turn with the adsorption layer of surfactants at the bubble surface during the rising step, it is demonstrated that the lifetime of surface bubbles should intimately be related to the history of their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zawala
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jonas Miguet
- TIPs, Fluid Physics Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Preetika Rastogi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Omer Atasi
- TIPs, Fluid Physics Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mariusz Borkowski
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Benoit Scheid
- TIPs, Fluid Physics Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Gerald G Fuller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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5
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Li C, Yan Y, Fang Z, Luo X, Wang X, Zhou P. Effects of bubbles on particle dynamic behavior and concentration distribution in High-viscosity liquid under negative pressure. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 644:315-324. [PMID: 37120880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The vacuum method is a widely adopted technique for eliminating bubbles from polymers containing particles. To investigate the influence of bubbles on the behavior of particles and the concentration distribution in high-viscosity liquids under negative pressure, experimental and numerical methods have been employed. The experimental findings demonstrated a positive correlation between the diameter and rising velocity of bubbles and the negative pressure. As the negative pressure increased from - 10 kPa to - 50 kPa, the position of the region where the particles were concentrated in the vertical direction was elevated. Furthermore, when the negative pressure exceeded - 50 kPa, the particle distribution became sparse and layered locally. The Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) integrated with the discrete phase model (DPM) was utilized to investigate the phenomenon, and the outcomes revealed that rising bubbles have an inhibitory effect on particle sedimentation, and the extent of inhibition was determined by the negative pressure. In addition, vortexes generated by differences in the rising velocity between bubbles resulted in a particle distribution that was sparse and layered locally. This research provides a reference for achieving desired particle distributions using a vacuum defoaming approach and should be further studied to extend its applicability to suspensions containing particles with different viscosities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghang Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zikeng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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6
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Chaichudchaval P, Fuangkamonvet N, Piboonlapudom S, Chanthasopeephan T. Parametric study of a bubble removing device for hemodialysis. BMC Biomed Eng 2023; 5:2. [PMID: 37004140 PMCID: PMC10067188 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-023-00069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper sets out to design a device for removing bubbles during the process of hemodialysis. The concept is to guide the bubbles while traveling through the device and eventually the bubbles can be collected. The design focuses on the analysis of various parameters i.e. inlet diameter, inlet velocity and size of the pitch. The initial diameters of Models 1 and 2 have thread regions of 6 and 10 mm, respectively. PARAMETERS Swirl number, Taylor number, Lift coefficient along with pressure field are also implemented. RESULTS Based on computational fluid dynamics analysis, the bubbles' average maximum equilibrium position for Model 1 reached 1.995 mm, being greater than that of Model 2, which attained 1.833 mm. Then, 16,000 bubbles were released into Model 1 to validate the performance of the model. This number of bubbles is typically found in the dialysis. Thus, it was found that 81.53% of bubbles passed through the radial region of 2.20 ± 0.30 mm. The appropriate collecting plane was at 100 mm, as measured from the inlet position along the axial axis. The Taylor number, Lift coefficient, and Swirl number proved to be significant parameters for describing the movement of the bubbles. Results were based on multiple inlet velocities. It is seen that Model 3, the improved model with unequal pitch, reached a maximum equilibrium position of 2.24 mm. CONCLUSION Overall, results demonstrated that Model 1 was the best design compared to Models 2 and 3. Model 1 was found capable of guiding the bubbles to the edge location and did not generate extra bubbles. Thus, the parametric study, herein, can be used as a prototype for removing bubbles during the process of hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonnapa Chaichudchaval
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Nunthapat Fuangkamonvet
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Supajitra Piboonlapudom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Teeranoot Chanthasopeephan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
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Horvat D, Agrež V, Požar T, Starman B, Halilovič M, Petkovšek R. Laser-induced shock-wave-expanded nano bubbles in spherical geometry. Ultrason Sonochem 2022; 89:106160. [PMID: 36116244 PMCID: PMC9489810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The secondary cavitation generation following laser-induced breakdown in aqueous media in spherical geometry, mimicking the geometry of the frontal part of the human eye, was studied. A numerical simulation of the shock wave propagation was performed, yielding peak-pressure maps, correctly predicting the location of the secondary cavitation onset for different shock wave source positions. The comparison between the simulation results and the experiments, performed with a high-precision, multiple-illumination technique, supports the suggested description of the nature of the secondary cavitation onset. It is shown that large transient negative pressures are created at the location of the acoustic image of the shock wave source, which is different from the optical focus. After the passage of the shock wave, abundant secondary cavitation is generated there. Additionally, the existence of an important contributing factor to the reduction of the secondary cavitation threshold is supported by the experimental results, namely the pre-illumination of the water by the breakdown-generating laser pulse, playing a crucial role in conditioning the medium. There is strong experimental evidence of the existence of another mechanism of pre-conditioning the water for the secondary cavitation onset, namely in the form of repetitive negative pressure pulse passage through the same volume, an indication of a possible two- or multiple-stage process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Horvat
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vid Agrež
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Požar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Starman
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miroslav Halilovič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Petkovšek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Deng YH, Ricciardulli T, Won J, Wade MA, Rogers SA, Boppart SA, Flaherty DW, Kong H. Self-locomotive, antimicrobial microrobot (SLAM) swarm for enhanced biofilm elimination. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121610. [PMID: 35696784 PMCID: PMC9763052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm is a major cause of infections and infrastructure deterioration, largely due to molecular diffusion restrictions that hamper the antimicrobial activity of traditional antibiotics and disinfectants. Here, we present a self-locomotive, antimicrobial microrobot (SLAM) swarm that can penetrate, fracture, and detach biofilm and, in turn, nullify bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The SLAM is assembled by loading a controlled mass of manganese oxide nanosheets on diatoms with the polydopamine binder. In hydrogen peroxide solution, SLAMs produce oxygen bubbles that generate thrust to penetrate the rigid and dense Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and self-assemble into a swarm that repeatedly surrounds, expands, and bursts oxygen bubbles. The resulting cavities continue to deform and fracture extracellular polymeric substances from microgrooved silicone substrates and wounded skin explants while decreasing the number of viable bacterial cells. Additionally, SLAM allows irrigating water or antibiotics to access the residual biofilm better, thus enhancing the synergistic efficacy in killing up to 99.9% of bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Heng Deng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Tomas Ricciardulli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jungeun Won
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Matthew A Wade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Simon A Rogers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - David W Flaherty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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9
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Zia R, Nazir A, Poortinga AT, van Nostrum CF. Advances in anti bubble formation and potential applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 305:102688. [PMID: 35526307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibubbles are unusual physical objects consisting of a liquid core(s) surrounded by a thin air film/shell while in a bulk liquid. Antibubbles carry two air-liquid interfaces, i.e., one with the inner liquid and the other with the outer liquid. The distinct structure of antibubbles makes them quite attractive for drug and therapeutic delivery, although their potential applications have not been realized so far. The major challenge in this regard is a short-lived span of antibubbles, which is usually in the order of a few minutes to a few hours based on the stabilization mechanism used. We present a critical overview of different techniques that can be used to generate antibubbles. This includes a more commonly applied conventional approach in which the air-film is created through surface entrapment when a liquid jet/drop falls on a bulk liquid. The other available options rely on entirely different mechanisms for antibubble formation, for instance, through drop encapsulation by a submerged air bubble, or through evaporation/sublimation of volatile oil from a W/O/W double emulsion. Furthermore, the mechanisms of antibubble formation and collapse, and the factors affecting their stability have been discussed explicitly; and wherever required, the concept is correlated to other allied physical objects such as bubbles, liquid marbles, etc. Finally, the potential applications, research gaps in the existing knowledge, and some directions for future research are provided towards the end of this article.
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10
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Cohen Y, Bamberger N, Mor O, Walfisch R, Fleishon S, Varkovitzky I, Younger A, Levi DO, Kohn Y, Steinberg DM, Zeevi D, Erster O, Mendelson E, Livneh Z. Effective bubble-based testing for SARS-CoV-2 using swab-pooling. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:859-864. [PMID: 35182758 PMCID: PMC8849906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the success in developing COVID-19 vaccines, containment of the disease is obstructed worldwide by vaccine production bottlenecks, logistics hurdles, vaccine refusal, transmission through unvaccinated children, and the appearance of new viral variants. This underscores the need for effective strategies for identifying carriers/patients, which was the main aim of this study. METHODS We present a bubble-based PCR testing approach using swab-pooling into lysis buffer. A bubble is a cluster of people who can be periodically tested for SARS-CoV-2 by swab-pooling. A positive test of a pool mandates quarantining each of its members, who are then individually tested while in isolation to identify the carrier(s) for further epidemiological contact tracing. RESULTS We tested an overall sample of 25 831 individuals, divided into 1273 bubbles, with an average size of 20.3 ± 7.7 swabs/test tube, obtaining for all pools (≤37 swabs/pool) a specificity of 97.5% (lower bound 96.6%) and a sensitivity of 86.3% (lower bound 78.2%) and a post hoc analyzed sensitivity of 94.6% (lower bound 86.7%) and a specificity of 97.2% (lower bound 96.2%) in pools with ≤25 swabs, relative to individual testing. DISCUSSION This approach offers a significant scale-up in sampling and testing throughput and savings in testing cost, without reducing sensitivity or affecting the standard PCR testing laboratory routine. It can be used in school classes, airplanes, hospitals, military units, and workplaces, and may be applicable to future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Cohen
- Directorate of Defense Research & Development, Israeli Ministry of Defense, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nadav Bamberger
- Directorate of Defense Research & Development, Israeli Ministry of Defense, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orna Mor
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ronen Walfisch
- Directorate of Defense Research & Development, Israeli Ministry of Defense, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Itay Varkovitzky
- Directorate of Defense Research & Development, Israeli Ministry of Defense, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Yishai Kohn
- Directorate of Defense Research & Development, Israeli Ministry of Defense, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David M Steinberg
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Danny Zeevi
- Department of Biotechnology, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oran Erster
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ella Mendelson
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zvi Livneh
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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11
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Schoppink J, Fernandez Rivas D. Jet injectors: Perspectives for small volume delivery with lasers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114109. [PMID: 34998902 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Needle-free jet injectors have been proposed as an alternative to injections with hypodermic needles. Currently, a handful of commercial needle-free jet injectors already exist. However, these injectors are designed for specific injections, typically limited to large injection volumes into the deeper layers beneath the skin. There is growing evidence of advantages when delivering small volumes into the superficial skin layers, namely the epidermis and dermis. Injections such as vaccines and insulin would benefit from delivery into these superficial layers. Furthermore, the same technology for small volume needle-free injections can serve (medical) tattooing as well as other personalized medicine treatments. The research dedicated to needle-free jet injectors actuated by laser energy has increased in the last decade. In this case, the absorption of the optical energy by the liquid results in an explosively growing bubble. This bubble displaces the rest of the liquid, resulting in a fast microfluidic jet which can penetrate the skin. This technique allows for precise control over volumes (pL to µL) and penetration depths (µm to mm). Furthermore, these injections can be tuned without changing the device, by varying parameters such as laser power, beam diameter and filling level of the liquid container. Despite the published research on the working principles and capabilities of individual laser-actuated jet injectors, a thorough overview encompassing all of them is lacking. In this perspective, we will discuss the current status of laser-based jet injectors and contrast their advantages and limitations, as well as their potential and challenges.
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12
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Coskun Y, Pitros C. Is there a bubbly euphoria in the Turkish housing market? J Hous Built Environ 2022; 37:2013-2032. [PMID: 35194413 PMCID: PMC8853269 DOI: 10.1007/s10901-022-09931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine whether there is a bubble in the Turkish housing market during the period of 2006-2018. In conjunction with the irrational bubble theory, this study applies the Pitros and Arayici (Int J Hous Mark Anal 9(2):190-221, 2016. 10.1108/IJHMA-01-2015-0002) bubble algorithmic model. The empirical results reveal that the Turkish housing market was in a bubble during 2013-2017 period, the peak/last year of the bubble is the year 2017 and that the bubble-bust occurred in 2018. The foremost contribution of this study is that it is the first to document a historical housing bubble episode for Turkey using the premises of irrational bubble theory and the first to apply an algorithmic approach to assess the bubble risk for the period of 2006 and 2018. As to the implications, this documented model may be used as a tool to enhance policymakers' knowledge toward the early identification of housing bubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yener Coskun
- Capital Markets Board of Turkey, TED University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Charalambos Pitros
- Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Department of Management and Marketing——Real Estate Management, American University of Cyprus (AUCY), Larnaca, Cyprus
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13
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Keskin S, Pawell C, de Jonge N. Verification of water presence in graphene liquid cells. Micron 2021; 149:103109. [PMID: 34332298 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Graphene liquid cells (GLCs) present the thinnest possible sample enclosures for liquid phase electron microscopy. However, the actual presence of liquid within a GLC is not always guaranteed. Of key importance is to reliably test the presence of the liquid, which is most frequently water or saline. Here, the commonly used methods for verifying the presence of water were evaluated. It is shown that depending on the type of sample, applying a single criterion does not always conclusively verify the presence of water. Testing liquid filling for a specific GLC sample preparation protocol should thus be considered critically. The most reliable method is direct observation of the water exciton peak using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). But if this method cannot be carried out, water filling of the GLC can be verified from a combination of higher contrast in the image, the presence of bubbles, and an oxygen signal in the EEL spectrum, which can be accomplished at a high electron dose in spot mode. Nanoparticle movement does not always occur in a GLC.
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14
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Rohilla P, Khusnatdinov E, Marston J. Effect of air pockets in drug delivery via jet injections. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120547. [PMID: 33831488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Needle-free jet injections are actuated by a pressure impulse that can be delivered by different mechanisms to generate high-speed jets (Vj~O102 m/s). During filling and transportation of disposable cartridges and ampoules, bubbles can form, which can be problematic especially for viscous fluids. Here, we report on the effect of location and size of entrapped air pockets in cartridges used in spring-powered jet injections. As air bubbles pass through the orifice, they undergo depressurization, which results in intermittent atomization and spray formation, temporarily increasing the jet dispersion. Atomization and dispersion of the jet can lead to product loss during an injection. We find that the effect of bubble location on the jet exit speed, delivery efficiency, and the projected area of the blebs formed after the injection was statistically significant (p<0.05). The findings of this study have implications for the development of pre-filled cartridges for jet injection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Rohilla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Emil Khusnatdinov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Jeremy Marston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States.
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15
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Lara-Ramos JA, Constain-Escobar AM, Rojas-Ortiz KV, Diaz-Angulo J, Machuca-Martínez F. A novel high rotation bubble reactor for the treatment of a model pollutant in ozone/goethite/H 2O 2 and UV/goethite coupled processes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:24079-24091. [PMID: 33439445 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work proposes a novel approach for the coupling of ozonation and Fenton processes using a new prototype of a high rotation bubble reactor (HRBR), which improves utilization of the ozone and hydrogen peroxide through bubble generation and axial and radial dispersion of the flow. The HRBR integrates the rotor and the diffuser in the same device facilitating the generation and dispersion of the ozone bubbles inside the reaction tank. Thus, the mass transfer to the liquid phase is enhanced. Most of the experiments were carried out under neutral pH and 1580 rpm of agitation during the 20 min of reaction. Total ibuprofen degradation was achieved within 20 min of operation for most of the couplings and individual processes evaluated. It was successfully demonstrated that the HRBR can be used as a reactive system for heterogeneous Fenton and ozonation coupling because it presents a high synergy. For the ozonation process, the reactor also displayed a good performance because the residual ozone in the gas is lower than 0.4 mg/L, which indicates that there is a suitable ozone utilization. Ibuprofen degradation by other processes like oxidation direct by H2O2 and heterogeneous Fenton was 28.0% and 73.1%, respectively. It was determined that the reaction rate, synergy, OUI (ozone utilized index), and consumption of electrical energy (EE/O) of the coupled processes could be improved by using the HRBR depending on the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Lara-Ramos
- Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad del Valle, Ciudad Universitaria Meléndez-A.A., Cali, 23360, Colombia
| | | | - Karen Vanessa Rojas-Ortiz
- Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad del Valle, Ciudad Universitaria Meléndez-A.A., Cali, 23360, Colombia
| | - Jennyfer Diaz-Angulo
- Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad del Valle, Ciudad Universitaria Meléndez-A.A., Cali, 23360, Colombia
- Investigación y desarrollo tecnológico en tratamiento de aguas, modelado de procesos y gestión de residuos, GITAM, Cauca, Colombia
| | - Fiderman Machuca-Martínez
- Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad del Valle, Ciudad Universitaria Meléndez-A.A., Cali, 23360, Colombia.
- Centro de Excelencia en Nuevos Materiales CENM, Universidad del Valle, Ciudad Universitaria Meléndez-A.A., Cali, 23360, Colombia.
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16
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Li Z, Xu Z, Zhao D, Chen S, Yan J. Ultrasonic cavitation at liquid/solid interface in a thin Ga-In liquid layer with free surface. Ultrason Sonochem 2021; 71:105356. [PMID: 33049423 PMCID: PMC7786553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cavitation in thin layer of liquid metal has potential applications in chemical reaction, soldering, extraction, and therapeutic equipment. In this work, the cavitation characteristics and acoustic pressure of a thin liquid Ga-In alloy were studied by high speed photography, numerical simulation, and bubble dynamics calculation. A self-made ultrasonic system with a TC4 sonotrode, was operated at a frequency of 20 kHz and a max output power of 1000 W during the cavitation recording experiment. The pressure field characteristic inside the thin liquid layer and its influence on the intensity, types, dimensions, and life cycles of cavitation bubbles and on the cavitation evolution process against experimental parameters were systematically studied. The results showed that acoustic pressure inside the thin liquid layer presented alternating positive and negative characteristics within 1 acoustic period (T). Cavitation bubbles nucleated and grew during the negative-pressure stage and shrank and collapsed during the positive-pressure stage. A high bubble growth speed of 16.8 m/s was obtained and evidenced by bubble dynamics calculation. The maximum absolute pressure was obtained at the bottom of the thin liquid layer and resulted in the strongest cavitation. Cavitation was divided into violent and weak stages. The violent cavitation stage lasted several hundreds of acoustic periods and had higher bubble intensity than the weak cavitation stage. Cavitation cloud preferentially appeared during the violent cavitation stage and had a life of several acoustic periods. Tiny cavitation bubbles with life cycles shorter than 1 T dominated the cavitation field. High cavitation intensities were observed at high ultrasonication power and when Q235B alloy was used because such conditions lead to high amplitudes on the substrate and further high acoustic pressure inside the liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhiwu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Degang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiuchun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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17
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Shakeri-Zadeh A, Zareyi H, Sheervalilou R, Laurent S, Ghaznavi H, Samadian H. Gold nanoparticle-mediated bubbles in cancer nanotechnology. J Control Release 2020; 330:49-60. [PMID: 33340564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles (MBs) have been extensively investigated in the field of biomedicine for the past few decades. Ultrasound and laser are the most frequently used sources of energy to produce MBs. Traditional acoustic methods induce MBs with poor localized areas of action. A high energy level is required to generate MBs through the focused continuous laser, which can be harmful to healthy tissues. As an alternative, plasmonic light-responsive nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), are preferably used with continuous laser to decrease the energy threshold and reduce the bubbles area of action. It is also well-known that the utilization of the pulsed lasers instead of the continuous lasers decreases the needed AuNPs doses as well as laser power threshold. When well-confined bubbles are generated in biological environments, they play their own unique mechanical and optical roles. The collapse of a bubble can mechanically affect its surrounding area. Such a capability can be used for cargo delivery to cancer cells and cell surgery, destruction, and transfection. Moreover, the excellent ability of light scattering makes the bubbles suitable for cancer imaging. This review firstly provides an overview of the fundamental aspects of AuNPs-mediated bubbles and then their emerging applications in the field of cancer nanotechnology will be reviewed. Although the pre-clinical studies on the AuNP-mediated bubbles have shown promising data, it seems that this technique would not be applicable to every kind of cancer. The clinical application of this technique may basically be limited to the good accessible lesions like the superficial, intracavity and intraluminal tumors. The other essential challenges against the clinical translation of AuNP-mediated bubbles are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shakeri-Zadeh
- Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajar Zareyi
- Department of Solid State, Faculty of Physics, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Sheervalilou
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (ZaUMS), Zahedan, Iran
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Laboratory of NMR and Molecular Imaging, University of Mons, Mons B-7000, Belgium; Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Habib Ghaznavi
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (ZaUMS), Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Hadi Samadian
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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18
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Orthaber U, Zevnik J, Petkovšek R, Dular M. Cavitation bubble collapse in a vicinity of a liquid-liquid interface - Basic research into emulsification process. Ultrason Sonochem 2020; 68:105224. [PMID: 32554294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The initial motivation for the study was to gain deeper understanding into the background of emulsion preparation by ultrasound (cavitation). In our previous work (Perdih et al., 2019) we observed rich phenomena occurring near the liquid-liquid interface which was exposed to ultrasonic cavitation. Although numerous studies of bubble dynamics in different environments (presence of free surface, solid body, shear flow and even variable gravity field) exist, one can find almost no reports on the interaction of a bubble with a liquid-liquid interface. In the present work we conducted a number of experiments where single cavitation bubble dynamics was observed on each side of the oil-water interface. These were accompanied by corresponding simulations. We investigated the details of bubble interface interaction (deformation, penetration). As predicted, by the anisotropy parameter the bubble always jets toward the interface if it grows in the lighter liquid and correspondingly away from the interface if it is initiated inside the denser liquid. We extended the analysis to the relationships of various bubble characteristics and the anisotropy parameter. Finally, based on the present and our previous study (Perdih et al., 2019), we offer new insights into the physics of ultrasonic emulsification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uroš Orthaber
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, SI, Slovenia
| | - Jure Zevnik
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, SI, Slovenia
| | - Rok Petkovšek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, SI, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Dular
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, SI, Slovenia.
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19
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Wang H, Brito-Parada PR. The pinch-off dynamics of bubbles coated by microparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 577:337-344. [PMID: 32485415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS While the pinch-off dynamics of bubbles is known to be influenced by changes in surface tension, previous studies have only assessed changes due to liquid properties or surfactant effects at the air-liquid interface but not due to the presence of particles. The current study proposes that particles at the air-liquid interface play an important role in changing the surface tension and thus the pinch-off dynamics of particle-laden bubbles. EXPERIMENTS High-speed photography was used to study the pinch-off dynamics of air bubbles coated by a monolayer of silica microparticles. The influence of bubble surface coverage and particle size classes on the bubble pinch-off dynamics were explored. FINDINGS We identify that although the scaling exponent of the power law that governs the pinch-off of coated and uncoated bubbles is the same, the pinch-off dynamics is distinctly different when particles are present at the air-liquid interface due to a decrease in surface tension with time in the neck region. We suggest that the surface pressure generated by particle interaction reduces the pinch-off speed by reducing the apparent surface tension. We observe that the apparent surface tension is dependent on particle size but not on the percentage of bubble surface coated by particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - P R Brito-Parada
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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20
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Feng K, Wang C, Mo R, Hu J, Li S. Interaction between particles and bubbles driven by ultrasound: Acoustic radiation force on an elastic particle immersed in the ideal fluid near a bubble. Ultrason Sonochem 2020; 67:105166. [PMID: 32454445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical model is proposed to investigate the acoustic radiation force on the elastic particle for coupled particle-bubble system. Based on the sound scattering theory, an analytical expression of the force function is obtained for the particle in plane wave sound field. Numerical simulations are presented for elastic particle of stainless steel, steel or brass. The results reveal that the presence of bubbles can affect the feature of radiation force curves of particles. The force curve fluctuates, and negative force emerges in the small kR1 region for certain distance between the bubble and particle. There are more sharp peaks and dips in the curves because of the resonance of the elasticity of the system and the resonant peaks of the acoustic radiation force transfer to low frequencies when the size of elastic particle is increased. The approximate positive flat region is shortened because of the presence of bubble, which may help to optimize the size ranges of particle for acoustic screening. This study provides for improvement of the acoustic manipulation theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyi Feng
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Chenghui Wang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Runyang Mo
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Jing Hu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Sai Li
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Xi'an 710119, China
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21
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Lajoinie G, Visscher M, Blazejewski E, Veldhuis G, Versluis M. Three-phase vaporization theory for laser-activated microcapsules. Photoacoustics 2020; 19:100185. [PMID: 32775197 PMCID: PMC7399189 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Precision control of vaporization, both in space and time, is critical for numerous applications, including medical imaging and therapy, catalysis and energy conversion, and it can be greatly improved through the use of micro- or nano-sized light absorbers. Ultimately, optimization of these applications also requires a fundamental understanding of the vaporization process. Upon laser irradiation, polymeric microcapsules containing a dye can vaporize, leading to the growth of a vapor bubble that emits a strong acoustic signature. Here, we compare laser-activated capsules containing either a volatile or a non-volatile oil core. We theoretically explore the vaporization of the capsules based on a three-phase thermodynamics model, that accounts for the partial vaporization of both the surrounding fluid and the oil core as well as for the interaction between heat transfer and microbubble growth. The model is compared to ultra-high-speed imaging experiments, where we record the cavitation events. Theory and experiments are in convincing agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lajoinie
- Physics of Fluids Group, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Visscher
- Physics of Fluids Group, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Blazejewski
- Nanomi Monosphere Technology, Zutphenstraat 51, 7575 EJ Oldenzaal, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Veldhuis
- Nanomi Monosphere Technology, Zutphenstraat 51, 7575 EJ Oldenzaal, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Versluis
- Physics of Fluids Group, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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22
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Baeten JE, van Loosdrecht MCM, Volcke EIP. When and why do gradients of the gas phase composition and pressure affect liquid-gas transfer? Water Res 2020; 178:115844. [PMID: 32361287 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas bubbles are introduced in water to absorb or strip volatile substances in a variety of unit operations, for example during (waste)water treatment. To calculate the transfer rate of substances between the liquid phase and the gas phase, different assumptions have been made in literature regarding the gas phase composition and hydraulic pressure, which both vary along the reactor height. In this study, analytical expressions were derived for the total (macroscopic) liquid-gas transfer rate, using either the complete gradients of the mole fraction and pressure (comprehensive approach) or a uniform value, for one or both of them. Simulations with the comprehensive model were performed to understand the effect of the type of volatile substance and of the reactor design and operating conditions on the total liquid-gas transfer rate. These effects were found to be highly interactive and often non-linear. Next, the simulation results of the comprehensive model were compared with those from models that assume either a uniform mole fraction or a uniform pressure in the complete reactor volume. This illustrated that for soluble substances, the mole fraction gradient strongly affects the total liquid-gas transfer rate, while the pressure gradient became only important under operating conditions that promote stripping (i.e., for a high concentration in the liquid phase and low concentration in the inlet gas). For very poorly soluble substances, the pressure became more important under conditions that promote absorption. These results on the importance of the mole fraction and pressure gradients remained equally valid when explicitly considering a typical variation of the volumetric overall transfer coefficient (KLa) along the reactor height. Finally, a simple and fast procedure was made available through a spreadsheet to select appropriate simplifying assumptions in reactor or plant-wide models. By applying the procedure to oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrogen gas (N2) in an aerobic biological wastewater treatment reactor, it was demonstrated that some common simplifications can lead to significant errors, for which corrections were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis E Baeten
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline I P Volcke
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Ghent University, Belgium.
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23
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Chen Y, Ni C, Xie G, Liu Q. Toward efficient interactions of bubbles and coal particles induced by stable cavitation bubbles under 600 kHz ultrasonic standing waves. Ultrason Sonochem 2020; 64:105003. [PMID: 32062535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of bubbles and coal particles in 600 kHz ultrasonic standing waves (USW) field has been investigated. A high-speed camera was employed to record the phenomena occurred under the USW treatment. The formation and behaviors of cavitation bubbles were analyzed. Under the driving of these cavitation bubbles, whose size is from several microns to dozens of microns, coal particles were aggregated and then attracted by large bubbles due to the acoustic radiation forces. The results of USW-assisted flotation show a significant improvement in recoveries at 600 kHz, which indicates that the interactions of bubbles and particles in the USW field are more efficient than that in the conventional gravitational field. Furthermore, the sound pressure distribution of the USW was measured and predicted by a hydrophone. The analysis of gravity and buoyancy, primary and secondary Bjerknes forces shows that bubble-laden particles can be attracted by the rising bubbles under large acoustic forces. This study highlights the potential for USW technology to achieve efficient bubble-particle interactions in flotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Chao Ni
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Guangyuan Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingxia Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Yang Y, Shan M, Kan X, Shangguan Y, Han Q. Thermodynamic of collapsing cavitation bubble investigated by pseudopotential and thermal MRT-LBM. Ultrason Sonochem 2020; 62:104873. [PMID: 31806544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The thermodynamic of cavitation bubble collapsing is a complex fundamental issue for cavitation application and prevention. The pseudopotential and thermal multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) is adopted to investigate the thermodynamic of collapsing cavitation bubble in this paper. The simulation results satisfy the maximum temperature equation of the bubble collapse, which derived from the Rayleigh-Plesset (R-P) equation. The validity of thermal MRT-LBM in simulating the collapse process of cavitation bubble is verified. It shows that the temperature evolution of vapor-liquid phase is well captured. Furthermore, the two-dimensional (2D) temperature, velocity and pressure field of the bubble near a solid wall are analyzed. The maximum temperature inside the bubble and wall temperature under different position offset parameters are discussed in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment Technology, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China; College of Computer and Information, Hohai University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Minglei Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment Technology, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China
| | - Xuefen Kan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment Technology, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China
| | - Yanqin Shangguan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China
| | - Qingbang Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment Technology, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China.
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25
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Lai S, Ehrhardt M, Lorenz P, Lu J, Han B, Zimmer K. Data on single pulse fs laser induced submicron bubbles in the subsurface region of soda-lime glass. Data Brief 2020; 29:105193. [PMID: 32071974 PMCID: PMC7013181 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Submicron bubble formation in the subsurface range of soda-lime glass is investigated. The bubbles are induced by single femtosecond laser pulse irradiation with the wavelength of λ = 775 nm, the pulse duration of tp = 150 fs and the laser beam diameter of ∼12 μm. The data shows the changes of the morphologies of the soda-lime glass after laser irradiation with different pulse energy. Moreover, the data shows the detail of the cross-section view of the bubble during the Focused ion beam (FIB) cutting. It is found that the bubbles can be formed in a rather narrow pulse energy range with the bubbles in the size of 300 nm ∼3 μm which is much smaller than the laser beam diameter. Data presented in this article are related to the research article "Submicron bubbles/voids formation in the subsurface region of soda-lime glass by single pulse fs laser-induced spallation" [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Lai
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Ehrhardt
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pierre Lorenz
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jian Lu
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bing Han
- Advanced Launching Co-innovation Center, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Klaus Zimmer
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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Brujan EA. Shock wave emission and cavitation bubble dynamics by femtosecond optical breakdown in polymer solutions. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 58:104694. [PMID: 31450304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Shock wave emission and the dynamics of micrometer-sized cavitation bubbles generated after femtosecond optical breakdown in viscoelastic fluids were investigated experimentally using high-speed photography with 5 million frames/s and acoustic measurements. The viscoelastic fluids consisted in a 0.5% polyacrylamide solution, with a strong elastic component, and a 0.5% carboxymethylcelullose, with a weak elastic component. Breakdown in water and both polymer solutions generated a purely compressive pressure wave. The maximum amplitude and the duration of the breakdown shock wave as well as the maximum bubble radius were not affected by the polymer additives. The notable influence of the polymer additives was found during the collapse phase of the bubble and is manifested by a prolongation of the oscillation time of the bubble and a reduction of the maximum pressure of the shock wave emitted during bubble collapse. A sizeable attenuation of the bubble collapse was found in the elastic polyacrylamide solution. The present results are consistent with an interpretation which invokes the effect of enhanced levels of uniaxial extensional viscosity on the collapse of micrometer-sized cavitation bubbles. The consequences for cavitation in blood are also discussed.
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Klimenkov M, Vladimirov P, Hoffmann J, Zimber N, Möslang A, Kuksenko V. First simultaneous detection of helium and tritium inside bubbles in beryllium. Micron 2019; 127:102754. [PMID: 31593896 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was applied to detect and analyze quantitatively helium (He) and tritium (3H) enclosed inside bubbles in irradiated beryllium. Both gases were formed in beryllium under neutron irradiation as a consequence of neutron-induced transmutation reactions. They were detected for the first time as pronounced peaks at 13.0 eV for 3H and 22.4 eV for He in EELS spectra collected from flat hexagonal bubbles. An adhesion of 3H or formation of thin beryllium hydride layers on the internal basal surfaces was observed. The number densities of both gases were estimated using electron scattering cross-section and intensities obtained from EELS spectra. The number density values estimated for various bubbles fluctuate from 4 to 15 at/nm3 for He and from 4 to 10 molecules/nm3 for 3H2. Lower gas number density was measured inside large bubbles. The observed higher density of tritium at inner walls of bubbles seems to confirm very recent ab initio calculations of the interaction of hydrogen isotopes with beryllium surfaces.
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Mir AH, Hinks JA, Donnelly SE. Effect of density and Z-contrast on the visibility of noble gas precipitates and voids with insights from Monte-Carlo simulations. Micron 2019; 126:102712. [PMID: 31539627 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a detailed analysis of He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe precipitates in a complex borosilicate glass using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with in-situ ion implantation is presented. With in-situ monitoring, the real-time dynamics of precipitate and void evolution under ion implantation was followed. Using appropriate equations of state and, Monte-Carlo simulations to supplement the TEM images, we then discuss in detail the possibility and ways of differentiating the precipitates of various noble gases from empty voids. It is shown that all the noble gases precipitate as inclusions of supercritical fluid. With the aid of the simulations, the crucial role played by the size and density of the precipitates and atomic number of the gas atoms in affecting the visibility of the precipitates is highlighted. The results show that the precipitates and voids can be unambiguously differentiated in the case of Xe and Kr whereas the precipitates of other lighter noble gases cannot be differentiated from the voids. However, the precipitate and void evolution under ion irradiation follow different dynamics, knowledge of which allows one to differentiate between the precipitates and voids even for lighter noble gases. Besides shedding light on the subject of noble gas precipitation and identification of the precipitates and voids, the study highlights the complexity in dissociating the behaviour of voids from the process of precipitate re-solution. This type of knowledge is pivotal in developing models describing the evolution of precipitates, voids and macroscopic porosity in a number of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamul H Mir
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
| | - Jonathan A Hinks
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen E Donnelly
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
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29
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Chu P, Finch J, Bournival G, Ata S, Hamlett C, Pugh RJ. A review of bubble break-up. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 270:108-122. [PMID: 31202129 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The coalescence and break-up of bubbles are important steps in many industrial processes. To date, most of the literature has been focussed on the coalescence process which has been studied using high speed cinematographic techniques. However, bubble break-up is equally important and requires further research. This review essentially details the break-up process and initially summarizes the different types of bubble deformation processes which lead to break-up. Break-up is considered in high and low turbulent (pseudo-static) conditions and the effect of fluctuations and shear forces on the break-up is reviewed. Different mechanisms of break-up are discussed including shearing-off, coalescence induced pitching and impact pinching following air entrapment. Also, the influence of bubble size, interfacial stability, and surfactant on break-up are reviewed and a summary of recent experimental techniques presented. Finally, the break-up process which occurs in micro-fluidics is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Chu
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James Finch
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ghislain Bournival
- School of Minerals and Energy Resources Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seher Ata
- School of Minerals and Energy Resources Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Christopher Hamlett
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Robert J Pugh
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
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30
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Dou H, Liu P, Li XY, He CH. Effect of MWCNT on the Structure and Property of Nanofibrous Bundles by Blown Bubble Spinning. Recent Pat Nanotechnol 2019; 13:171-180. [PMID: 32026766 DOI: 10.2174/1872210513666190426143559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many spinning patents and technologies have been explored to produce diverse types of nanomaterials for different applications. As a novel method, the blown bubble-spinning is a one-step process for fabrication of nanofibrous bundles. METHOD In this study, polyamide6/66(PA6/66) nanofibrous bundles filled with different concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared by the blown bubble-spinning. The dispersion of MWCNT in nanofibers under different treatments was investigated and a detailed characterization focusing on the influence of the presence of MWCNT on the morphology, thermal property and electrical property was carried out. RESULTS The results showed that MWCNTs treated by Tween60 and ultrasonication were embedded in the PA6/66 nanofibers with uniform dispersion. In addition, it was observed that thermal stability and electrical conductivity of nanofibrous bundles increased with an increase in MWCNT content. CONCLUSION The PA6/66/MWCNT nanofibrous bundles fabricated by the blown bubble spinning have the great potential applications in sensors and supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dou
- Cooperative Innovational Center for Technical Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710048, China
| | - Peng Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xin-Yue Li
- Cooperative Innovational Center for Technical Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710048, China
| | - Chun-Hui He
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
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31
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Ziyi X, Taotao F, Chunying Z, Shaokun J, Youguang M, Kai W, Guangsheng L. Dynamics of partially obstructed breakup of bubbles in microfluidic Y-junctions. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:376-387. [PMID: 30188577 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
For revealing the dynamics of partially obstructed breakup of bubbles in microfluidic Y-junctions, the combination of dimensionless power-law and geometric model was applied to study the effects of capillary number, bubble length, and channel angle on the bubble rupture process. In the squeezing process, the gas-liquid interface curve follows the parabolic model. For the evolution of the bubble neck during breakup, the increase of the bubble length, the channel angle, and the capillary number leads to the decrease of the focus distance α. The chord m increases with the increase of the capillary number and the decrease of the bubble length, and it would reach the maximum value when the channel angle is 90°. In the fast pinch-off stage during bubble breakup, the bubble's neck curve no longer conforms to the parabolic model so the focus and chord no longer exist. For the evolution of the bubble head during breakup, the value of γ approaches 1 with the increase of the capillary number and the bubble length, and with the close of the channel angle to 90°. It is found that the quadrilateral model can be applied for the partially obstructed rupture of bubbles in the symmetrical microfluidic Y-junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ziyi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Fu Taotao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Chunying
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Shaokun
- The 718th Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, Handan City, Hebei P rovince, P. R. China
| | - Ma Youguang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wang Kai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Luo Guangsheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
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32
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Anazadehsayed A, Rezaee N, Naser J, Nguyen AV. A review of aqueous foam in microscale. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 256:203-229. [PMID: 29747852 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in the study of aqueous foams. Having said this, a better understanding of foam physics requires a deeper and profound study of foam elements. This paper reviews the studies in the microscale of aqueous foams. The elements of aqueous foams are interior Plateau borders, exterior Plateau borders, nodes, and films. Furthermore, these elements' contribution to the drainage of foam and hydraulic resistance are studied. The Marangoni phenomena that can happen in aqueous foams are listed as Marangoni recirculation in the transition region, Marangoni-driven flow from Plateau border towards the film in the foam fractionation process, and Marangoni flow caused by exposure of foam containing photosurfactants under UV. Then, the flow analysis of combined elements of foam such as PB-film along with Marangoni flow and PB-node are studied. Next, we contrast the behavior of foams in different conditions. These various conditions can be perturbation in the foam structure caused by injected water droplets or waves or using a non-Newtonian fluid to make the foam. Further review is about the effect of oil droplets and particles on the characteristics of foam such as drainage, stability and interfacial mobility.
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Yu X, Xu J, Liu W, Xu W. Bubbles Induce Endothelial Microparticle Formation via a Calcium-Dependent Pathway Involving Flippase Inactivation and Rho Kinase Activation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 46:965-974. [PMID: 29669319 DOI: 10.1159/000488825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Intravascular bubbles can exert pleiotropic detrimental effects, partly by inducing endothelial microparticles (EMPs) production, which play critical roles in cell communication and vascular inflammation cascades. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to delineate the possible mechanisms involving bubble-induced EMPs formation. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were contacted by bubbles and EMPs level in supernatant were quantified by flow cytometry. Cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) was measured by the Ca2+ binding dyes Fluo-3 AM and flippase activity was assessed by translocation rate of fluorescent phosphatidylserine (PS) analogue NBD-PS. Protein levels of phospho-myosin light chain (MLC, a Rho kinase substrate) and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 or 2 (ERK1/2) were determined by western blotting. The score of actin colocalization was assessed by phalloidin-FITC using an immunofluorescent microscopy. RESULTS EMPs level markedly increased after bubble stimulus. Cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) significantly elevated (P< 0.05), flippase activity decreased (P< 0.05), protein levels of phospho- MLC and phospho- ERK1/2 significantly increased (P< 0.05, P < 0.05), and the score of actin colocalization markedly reduced (P< 0.05) in bubble-stimulated HUVECs. All the above changes except the increase in phospho-ERK1/2 can be reversed by Ca2+ channel blocker LaCl3 (P< 0.05). Additionally, MLC phosphorylation was significantly inhibited and actin colocalization markedly increased by Rho kinase inhibitor pretreatment and more importantly, bubble-induced EMPs markedly decreased. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that bubble stimulates EMPs formation by cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevation and subsequently activating Rho kinase pathway and cytoskeleton reorganization. Simultaneously, cytoplasmic Ca2+ inhibits the flippase activity and subsequently increases phosphatidylserine exposure, which also contributes to EMPs formation.
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Guo C, Zhu X. Effect of ultrasound on dynamics characteristic of the cavitation bubble in grinding fluids during honing process. Ultrasonics 2018; 84:13-24. [PMID: 29073483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ultrasound on generating and controlling the cavitation bubble of the grinding fluid during ultrasonic vibration honing was investigated. The grinding fluid on the surface of the honing stone was measured by utilizing the digital microscope VHX-600ESO. Based on analyzing the cavitation mechanism of the grinding fluid, the bubble dynamics model under conventional honing (CH) and ultrasonic vibration honing (UVH) was established respectively. Difference of dynamic behaviors of the bubble between the cases in UVH and CH was compared respectively, and the effects of acoustic amplitude and ultrasonic frequency on the bubble dynamics were simulated numerically using the Runge-Kutta fourth order method with variable step size adaptive control. Finally, the cavitation intensity of grinding fluids under ultrasound was measured quantitatively using acoustimeter. The results showed that the grinding fluid subjected to ultrasound can generate many bubbles and further forms numerous groups of araneose cavitation bubbles on the surface of the honing stone. The oscillation of the bubble under UVH is more intense than the case under CH, and the maximum velocity of the bubble wall under UVH is higher two magnitudes than the case under CH. For lower acoustic amplitude, the dynamic behaviors of the bubble under UVH are similar to that case under CH. As increasing acoustic amplitude, the cavitation intensity of the bubble is growing increased. Honing pressure has an inhabitation effect on cavitation effect of the grinding fluid. The perfect performance of cavitation of the grinding fluid can be obtained when the device of UVH is in the resonance. However, the cavitation intensity of the grinding fluid can be growing weakened with increasing ultrasonic frequency, when the device of UVH is in the off-resonance. The experimental results agree with the theoretical and numerical analysis, which provides a method for exploring applications of the cavitation effect in ultrasonic assisted machining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Precision Machining, Taiyuan University of Technology, 030024 Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanics and Power Engineering, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China.
| | - Xijing Zhu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanics and Power Engineering, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
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35
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Beatrice CAG, Rosa-Sibakov N, Lille M, Sözer N, Poutanen K, Ketoja JA. Structural properties and foaming of plant cell wall polysaccharide dispersions. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:508-18. [PMID: 28732894 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Water suspensions of cellulose nanofibres with xylan, xyloglucan and pectin were studied for foaming and structural properties as a new means for food structuring. The dispersions were analysed with rheological measurements, microscopy and optical coherence tomography. A combination of xylan with TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose produced a mixture with well-dispersed air bubbles, while the addition of pectin improved the elastic modulus, hardness and toughness of the structures. A similar structure was observed with native nanocellulose, but the elastic modulus was not as high. Shear flow caused cellulose nanofibres to form plate-like flocs in the suspension that accumulated near bubble interfaces. This tendency could be affected by adding laccase to the dispersion, but the effect was opposite for native and TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose. Nanocellulose type also influenced the interactions between nanofibers and other polysaccharides. For example, xyloglucan interacted strongly with TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose (high storage modulus) but not with native nanocellulose.
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Abstract
A contribution to a special issue on Hormones and Human Competition. Financial markets are periodically destabilized by bubbles and crashes during which investors display respectively what has been called "irrational exuberance" and "irrational pessimism". How can we best study these pathologies in competitive and risk-taking behaviours? In this article, we argue that a science of risk-taking and of the financial markets needs to draw heavily on physiology and especially endocrinology, due to their central roles in moderating human behaviour. Importantly, this science of competition and risk requires the same spectrum of research protocols as is found in mature biological and medical sciences, a spectrum running from field work conducted within financial institutions themselves to more controlled laboratory studies, which permit cause to be distinguished from effect. Such a spectrum of studies is especially important for translational behavioural science.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Coates
- Dewline Research, London, W8, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark Gurnell
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge & Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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37
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Alam R, Shang JQ, Khan AH. Bubble size distribution in a laboratory-scale electroflotation study. Environ Monit Assess 2017; 189:193. [PMID: 28357719 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The performance of electroflotation (EF) is strongly influenced by the size of O2 and H2 bubbles. Therefore, in this study, the bubble sizes are measured in a lab-scale EF cell using a high-speed camera. The mean bubble size is found to vary in the range of 32.7-68.6 μm under different operating conditions. This study shows that the electrode material, current density, water pH, ionic strength, and frother (Tennafroth 250) concentration are important factors in controlling the bubble size. Furthermore, four mathematical distributions (normal, log-normal, Weibull, and gamma distributions) are fitted to the experimental data, among which the log-normal distribution is found to be the best fit based on the lower Anderson-Darling (AD) value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquibul Alam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Julie Q Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adnan Hossain Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Background Some applications, especially those clinical applications requiring high accuracy of sequencing data, usually have to face the troubles caused by unavoidable sequencing errors. Several tools have been proposed to profile the sequencing quality, but few of them can quantify or correct the sequencing errors. This unmet requirement motivated us to develop AfterQC, a tool with functions to profile sequencing errors and correct most of them, plus highly automated quality control and data filtering features. Different from most tools, AfterQC analyses the overlapping of paired sequences for pair-end sequencing data. Based on overlapping analysis, AfterQC can detect and cut adapters, and furthermore it gives a novel function to correct wrong bases in the overlapping regions. Another new feature is to detect and visualise sequencing bubbles, which can be commonly found on the flowcell lanes and may raise sequencing errors. Besides normal per cycle quality and base content plotting, AfterQC also provides features like polyX (a long sub-sequence of a same base X) filtering, automatic trimming and K-MER based strand bias profiling. Results For each single or pair of FastQ files, AfterQC filters out bad reads, detects and eliminates sequencer’s bubble effects, trims reads at front and tail, detects the sequencing errors and corrects part of them, and finally outputs clean data and generates HTML reports with interactive figures. AfterQC can run in batch mode with multiprocess support, it can run with a single FastQ file, a single pair of FastQ files (for pair-end sequencing), or a folder for all included FastQ files to be processed automatically. Based on overlapping analysis, AfterQC can estimate the sequencing error rate and profile the error transform distribution. The results of our error profiling tests show that the error distribution is highly platform dependent. Conclusion Much more than just another new quality control (QC) tool, AfterQC is able to perform quality control, data filtering, error profiling and base correction automatically. Experimental results show that AfterQC can help to eliminate the sequencing errors for pair-end sequencing data to provide much cleaner outputs, and consequently help to reduce the false-positive variants, especially for the low-frequency somatic mutations. While providing rich configurable options, AfterQC can detect and set all the options automatically and require no argument in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifu Chen
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, China.,HaploX BioTechnology, Songpingshan Road, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Tanxiao Huang
- HaploX BioTechnology, Songpingshan Road, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanqing Zhou
- HaploX BioTechnology, Songpingshan Road, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Han
- HaploX BioTechnology, Songpingshan Road, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingyan Xu
- HaploX BioTechnology, Songpingshan Road, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Gu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, China.
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Johansen K, Song JH, Johnston K, Prentice P. Deconvolution of acoustically detected bubble-collapse shock waves. Ultrasonics 2017; 73:144-153. [PMID: 27657479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The shock wave emitted by the collapse of a laser-induced bubble is detected at propagation distances of 30, 40and50mm, using a PVdF needle hydrophone, with a non-flat end-of-cable frequency response, calibrated for magnitude and phase, from 125kHz to 20MHz. High-speed shadowgraphic imaging at 5×106 frames per second, 10nstemporal resolution and 256 frames per sequence, records the bubble deflation from maximum to minimum radius, the collapse and shock wave generation, and the subsequent rebound in unprecedented detail, for a single sequence of an individual bubble. The Gilmore equation for bubble oscillation is solved according to the resolved bubble collapse, and simulated shock wave profiles deduced from the acoustic emissions, for comparison to the hydrophone recordings. The effects of single-frequency calibration, magnitude-only and full waveform deconvolution of the experimental data are presented, in both time and frequency domains. Magnitude-only deconvolution increases the peak pressure amplitude of the measured shock wave by approximately 9%, from single-frequency calibration, with full waveform deconvolution increasing it by a further 3%. Full waveform deconvolution generates a shock wave profile that is in agreement with the simulated profile, filtered according to the calibration bandwidth. Implications for the detection and monitoring of acoustic cavitation, where the role of periodic bubble collapse shock waves has recently been realised, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Johansen
- Cavitation Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jae Hee Song
- Cavitation Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Johnston
- Division of Imaging and Technology, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Prentice
- Cavitation Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
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40
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Yang Z, Cheng J, Yang W, Zhou J, Cen K. Developing a water-circulating column photobioreactor for microalgal growth with low energy consumption. Bioresour Technol 2016; 221:492-497. [PMID: 27686719 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A water-circulating column photobioreactor (WCC-PBR) was developed to decrease bubble generation time and mixing time for growing microalgal biomass at low energy consumption. Bubble generation time was decreased by 60.4% and mixing time was decreased by 41.5% owing to an enhanced solution velocity with a water pump. Bubble residence time was decreased by 31.1% and mass transfer coefficient was decreased by 0.4% owing to a reduced distance between air aerator and solution surface. Microalgal growth rate was decreased by 12.7% from 128.9mg/Lday in an air-lifting column photobioreactor (ALC-PBR) to 112.6mg/Lday in a WCC-PBR because of the decrease in residence time of bubbles and an additional shear of cells in a water pump. However, total energy consumption of a WCC-PBR with an air compressor and a water pump was lower by 21.1% than that of an ALC-PBR with only an air compressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Weijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kefa Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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41
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Tuziuti T. Influence of sonication conditions on the efficiency of ultrasonic cleaning with flowing micrometer-sized air bubbles. Ultrason Sonochem 2016; 29:604-611. [PMID: 26422770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the sizes of cleaned areas under different sonication conditions with the addition of flowing micrometer-sized air bubbles. The differences in the cleaned area of a glass plate pasted with silicon grease as a dirty material under different sonication conditions were investigated after tiny bubbles were blown on the dirty plate placed in an underwater sound field. The ultrasound was applied perpendicular to the bubble flow direction. The shape of the cleaned areas was nearly elliptical, so the lengths of the minor and major axes were measured. The length of the minor axis under sweep conditions (amplitude modulation), for which the average power was lower than that for continuous wave (CW) irradiation, was comparable to that for CW irradiation and was slightly larger than under bubble flow only. Not only the relatively high power for CW irradiation, but also the larger angular change of the bubble flow direction under sweep conditions contributed to the enlargement of the cleaned area in the direction of the minor axis. The combination of bubble flow and sonication under sweep or CW conditions produced a larger cleaned area compared with bubble flow only, although the increase was not higher than 20%. A rapid change from an air to water interface caused by the bubble flow and water jets caused by the collapse of bubbles due to violent pulsation is the main cleaning mechanism under a combination of ultrasound and bubble flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tuziuti
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2266-98 Shimoshidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan.
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42
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Abstract
Bubble-assisted ultrasound is a versatile technology with great potential in immunotherapy and vaccination. This technology involves the exposure of immune cells (i.e., dendritic cells, lymphocytes) in-vitro or diseased tissues (i.e., brain, tumor) in-vivo to ultrasound treatment with gas bubbles. Bubble destruction leads to physical forces that induce the direct delivery of weakly permeant immuno-stimulatory molecules either into the cytoplasm of immune cells, or through the endothelial barrier of diseased tissues. Hence, therapeutic antibodies (i.e., antibody-based immunotherapy) and cytokine-encoding nucleic acids (i.e., cytokine gene therapy) can be successfully delivered into diseased tissues, thus improving immune responses. In addition, protein antigens, as well as antigen-encoding nucleic acids (pDNA, mRNA), can be delivered into dendritic cells (i.e., dendritic cell-based vaccines), thus leading to a long-lasting prophylactic or therapeutic immunization. This chapter focuses on the state-of-the-art of bubble-assisted ultrasound in the field of immunotherapy and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roel Deckers
- Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Bos
- Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Chrit Moonen
- Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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43
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Patra S, Bal DK, Ganguly S. Diffusion in and around alginate and chitosan films with embedded sub-millimeter voids. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2015; 59:61-69. [PMID: 26652349 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel scaffolds from biopolymers have potential use in the controlled release of drugs, and as 3-D structure for the formation of tissue matrix. This article describes the solute release behavior of alginate and chitosan films with embedded voids of sub-millimeter dimensions. Nitrogen gas was bubbled in a fluidic arrangement to generate bubbles, prior to the crosslinking. The crosslinked gel was dried in a vacuum oven, and subsequently, soaked in Vitamin B-12 solution. The dimensions of the voids immediately after the cross-linking of gel, and also after complete drying were obtained using a digital microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. The porosity of the gel was measured gravimetrically. The release of Vitamin B-12 in PBS buffer on a shaker was studied. The release experiments were repeated at an elevated temperature of 37°C in the presence of lysozyme. The diffusion coefficient within the gel layer and the mass transfer coefficient at the interface with the bulk-liquid were estimated using a mathematical model. For comparison, the experiment was repeated with a film that does not have any embedded void. The enhancement in diffusion coefficient due to the presence of voids is discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Patra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Bal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Somenath Ganguly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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44
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Abstract
Microbubbles have been used widely both in the ultrasonic diagnosis to enhance the contrast of vasculature and in ultrasound therapy to increase the bioeffects induced by bubble cavitation. However, due to their large size, the lifetime of microbubbles in the circulation system is on the order of minutes, and they cannot penetrate through the endothelial gap to enter the tumor. In an acoustic field, liquefied gas nanoparticles may be able to change the state and become the gas form in a few cycles of exposure without significant heating effects. Such a phenomenon is called as acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). This review is intended to introduce the emerging application of ADV. The physics and the theoretical model behind it are introduced for further understanding of the mechanisms. Current manufacturing approaches are provided, and their differences are compared. Based on the characteristic of phase shift, a variety of therapeutic applications have been carried out both in vitro and in vivo. The latest progress and interesting results of vessel occlusion, thermal ablation using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), localized drug delivery to the tumor and cerebral tissue through the blood-brain barrier, localized tissue erosion by histotripsy are summarized. ADV may be able to overcome some limitations of microbubble-mediated ultrasound therapy and provide a novel drug and molecular targeting carrier. More investigation will help progress this technology forward for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
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45
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Bournival G, Ata S, Wanless EJ. The roles of particles in multiphase processes: Particles on bubble surfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 225:114-33. [PMID: 26344866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Particle-stabilised foams (or froths) form the fundamental framework of industrial processes like froth flotation. This review provides an overview of the effects of particles on bubble surfaces. The characteristics of the particles have a profound effect on the stability of the bubbles although the stabilisation mechanisms may differ. It is well known that layers of particles may provide a steric barrier between two interfaces, which prevents the coalescence of bubbles. Although perhaps considered of lesser importance, it is interesting to note that particles may affect the bubble surface and momentarily suppress coalescence despite being absent from the film separating two bubbles. Foams are at best metastable and coalescence occurs to achieve a state of minimum energy. Despite this, particles have been reported to stabilise bubbles for significant periods of time. Bubble coalescence is accompanied by a release of energy triggered by the sudden change in surface area. This produces a distinctive oscillation of the bubble surface, which may be influenced by the presence of incompressible particles yielding unique surface properties. A survey of the literature shows that the properties of these composite materials are greatly affected by the physicochemical characteristics of the particles such as hydrophobicity and size. The intense energy released during the coalescence of bubbles may be sufficient to expel particles from the bubble surface. It is noted that the detachment of particles may preferentially occur from specific locations on the bubble surface. Examination of the research accounts again reveals that the properties of the particles may affect their detachment upon the oscillation of the bubble surface. However, it is believed that most parameters affecting the detachment of particles are in fact modifying the dynamics of the three-phase line of contact. Both the oscillation of a coalescing bubble and the resulting detachment of particles are highly dynamic processes. They would greatly benefit from computer simulation studies.
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46
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Zijlstra A, Fernandez Rivas D, Gardeniers HJGE, Versluis M, Lohse D. Enhancing acoustic cavitation using artificial crevice bubbles. Ultrasonics 2015; 56:512-523. [PMID: 25455191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We study the response of pre-defined cavitation nuclei driven continuously in the kHz regime (80, 100 and 200 kHz). The nuclei consist of stabilized gaspockets in cylindrical pits of 30 μm diameter etched in silicon or glass substrates. It is found that above an acoustic pressure threshold the dynamics of the liquid-gas meniscus switches from a stable drum-like vibration to expansion and deformation, frequently resulting in detachment of microbubbles. Just above this threshold small bubbles are continuously and intermittently ejected. At elevated input powers bubble detachment becomes more frequent and cavitation bubble clouds are formed and remain in the vicinity of the pit bubble. Surprisingly, the resulting loss of gas does not lead to deactivation of the pit which can be explained by a rectified gas diffusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaldert Zijlstra
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Han J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Versluis
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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47
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Mathai SS, Rajeev A, Adhikari KM. Safety and effectiveness of bubble continuous positive airway pressure in preterm neonates with respiratory distress. Med J Armed Forces India 2014; 70:327-31. [PMID: 25382905 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on Bubble Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (B-CPAP) as respiratory support for neonates are few. The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy and safety of B-CPAP in preterm neonates requiring respiratory support. METHODS A prospective observation study was done on 50 preterm babies requiring respiratory support for mild to moderate respiratory distress. Support was given with short, nasal cannulae. Surfactant was administered when indicated. Monitoring was done clinically, with pulse oximeter, radiologically and with blood gases. Staff members were also asked their views. Follow-up was done for 3 months. RESULTS The mean gestational age was 32.46 (+3.23) weeks and mean birth weight 1454.4 (+487.42) g. Respiratory Distress Syndrome was the commonest indication (30/50). The mean maximum pressure was 6.04 cm H2O and mean maximum FiO2 was 72.16%. Mean maximum paO2, paCO2 and mean minimum paCO2 were 92.93 mm Hg (+16.97), 52.36 mm Hg (+ 7.78) and 36.46 mm Hg (+ 4.95) respectively. Early initiation resulted in lesser duration of support. Failure rate was 30%. Apnoea, >1 dose surfactant and late initiation had a statistically higher incidence of failure. Main complications were skin abrasions (30%), feed intolerance (26%) and gastric distension (26%). Survival rate was 94%. 68% of staff felt that it was as easy to use and 88% felt it was more reliable than standard CPAP. CONCLUSIONS Bubble Continuous Positive Airway Pressure is safe, efficacious and easy to use in preterm neonates with mild to moderate respiratory distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Mathai
- Professor & Head, Dept of Pediatrics, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411040, India
| | - A Rajeev
- Commanding Officer, INHS Patanjali, Karwar, India
| | - K M Adhikari
- Associate Professor, Dept of Pediatrics, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411040, India
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48
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Abstract
Opto-thermocapillary flow-addressed bubble (OFB) microrobots are a potential tool for the efficient transportation of micro-objects. This microrobot system uses light patterns to generate thermal gradients within a liquid medium, creating thermocapillary forces that actuate the bubble microrobots. An interactive control system that includes scanning mirrors and a touchscreen interface was developed to address up to ten OFB microrobots. Using this system, the parallel and cooperative transportation of 20-μm-diameter polystyrene beads was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Hu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 483, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Qihui Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 300, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Aaron T Ohta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 483, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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49
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Gateau J, Taccoen N, Tanter M, Aubry JF. Statistics of acoustically induced bubble-nucleation events in in vitro blood: a feasibility study. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013; 39:1812-25. [PMID: 23932270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bubbles can form in biological tissues through ultrasonic activation of natural gas nuclei. The damaging aftereffects raise safety concerns. However, the population of nuclei is currently unknown, and bubble nucleation is stochastic and thus unpredictable. This study investigates the statistical behavior of bubble nucleation experimentally and introduces a model-based analysis to determine the distribution of nuclei in biological samples-two pig blood samples in vitro. Combined ultra-fast passive and active cavitation detection with a linear array was used to detect nucleation from pulsed ultrasound excitations at 660 kHz. Single nucleation events were detected at peak rarefaction pressures from -3.6 to -24 MPa, and the nucleation probability over the range 0 to 1 was estimated from more than 330 independent acquisitions per sample. Model fitting of the experimental probability revealed that the distribution of nuclei is most likely continuous, and nuclei are rare in comparison to blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Gateau
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7587, INSERM U979, Université Denis Diderot, Paris VII, 1 rue Jussieu 75005 Paris, France.
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50
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Hui EC, Zheng X, Wang H. A dynamic mathematical test of international property securities bubbles and crashes. Physica A 2010; 389:1445-1454. [PMID: 32288083 PMCID: PMC7126637 DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates property securities bubbles and crashes by using a dynamic mathematical methodology developed from the previous research (Watanabe et al. 2007a, b [31], [32]). The improved model is used to detect the bubble and crash periods in five international countries/cities (namely, United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore) from Jan, 2000 to Oct, 2008. By this model definition, we are able to detect the beginning of each bubble period even before it bursts. Meanwhile, the empirical results show that most of property securities markets experienced bubble periods between 2003 and 2007, and crashes happened in Apr 2008 triggered by the Subprime Mortgage Crisis of US. In contrast, Japan suffered the shortest bubble period and no evidence has documented the existence of crash there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie C.M. Hui
- Corresponding address: TU 528, Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. Tel.: +852 27665881; fax: +852 27645131.
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