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Gholami F, Letafatkar A, Moghadas Tabrizi Y, Gokeler A, Rossettini G, Ghanati HA, Schöllhorn WI. Comparing the Effects of Differential and Visuo-Motor Training on Functional Performance, Biomechanical, and Psychological Factors in Athletes after ACL Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 2023; 12:2845. [PMID: 37109182 PMCID: PMC10142379 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation during practice is widely accepted to be advantageous for motor learning and is, therefore, a valuable strategy to effectively reduce high-risk landing mechanics and prevent primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Few attempts have examined the specific effects of variable training in athletes who have undergone ACL reconstruction. Thereby, it is still unclear to what extent the variations in different sensor areas lead to different effects. Accordingly, we compared the effects of versatile movement variations (DL) with variations of movements with emphasis on disrupting visual information (VMT) in athletes who had undergone ACL reconstruction. Forty-five interceptive sports athletes after ACL reconstruction were randomly allocated to a DL group (n = 15), VT group (n = 15), or control group (n = 15). The primary outcome was functional performance (Triple Hop Test). The secondary outcomes included dynamic balance (Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT)), biomechanics during single-leg drop-landing task hip flexion (HF), knee flexion (KF), ankle dorsiflexion (AD), knee valgus (KV), and vertical ground reaction force (VGRF), and kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK)) assessed before and after the 8 weeks of interventions. Data were analyzed by means of 3 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA followed by post hoc comparison (Bonferroni) at the significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Significant group × time interaction effects, main effect of time, and main effect of group were found for the triple hop test and all eight directions, SEBT, HF, KF, AD, KV, VGRF, and TSK. There was no significant main effect of group in the HF and triple hop test. Additionally, significant differences in the triple hop test and the seven directions of SEBT, HF, KF, KV, VGRF, and TSK were found between the control group and the DL and VMT groups. Between group differences in AD and the medial direction of SEBT were not significant. Additionally, there were no significant differences between VMT and the control group in the triple hop test and HF variables. Both motor learning (DL and VMT) programs improved outcomes in patients after ACL reconstruction. The findings suggest that DL and VMT training programs lead to comparable improvements in rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Gholami
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran; (F.G.); (H.A.G.)
| | - Amir Letafatkar
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran; (F.G.); (H.A.G.)
| | - Yousef Moghadas Tabrizi
- Department of health and sport medicine, Faculty of Sport Sciences and health, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439813141, Iran;
| | - Alli Gokeler
- Exercise Science and Neuroscience, Department Exercise & Health, Faculty of Science, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hadi Abbaszadeh Ghanati
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran; (F.G.); (H.A.G.)
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Xu Z. INTERFERENCE OF NON-INTELLIGENT FACTORS IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS’ SPORTS EVENTS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Non-intelligent factors include learning habits, motivation, interest, emotion, attitude, and student characteristics. Many sports practices have demonstrated that creating excellent athletic performance and winning intense competition depends on various factors. Among them, physical quality is the physiological and material basis to ensure the quality of exercise. Movement technique is the essential condition. However, non-Intelligent factors are the internal motivators for both to function. Objective Analyze the non-Intelligent factors that affect the performance of volleyball players. Methods Several volleyball players were selected as research objects. The non-Intelligent factors that affect volleyball performance are analyzed by questionnaire survey and experimental method. Finally, this paper uses mathematical statistics to analyze the experimental data. Results Volleyball players are easily disturbed by external factors. These non-Intelligent factors can easily lead to large fluctuations in the athlete’s psychology. These reasons will affect the stability of volleyball players’ serving skills. Conclusion The non-Intelligent factors that affect the performance of volleyball players are the proficiency of serving technique, the degree of psychological relaxation, and the ability of emotional control. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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Hammami R, Ben Ayed K, Abidi M, Werfelli H, Ajailia A, Selmi W, Negra Y, Duncan M, Rebai H, Granacher U. Acute effects of maximal versus submaximal hurdle jump exercises on measures of balance, reactive strength, vertical jump performance and leg stiffness in youth volleyball players. Front Physiol 2022; 13:984947. [PMID: 36589451 PMCID: PMC9798320 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.984947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although previous research in pediatric populations has reported performance enhancements following long-term plyometric training, the acute effects of plyometric exercises on measures of balance, vertical jump, reactive strength, and leg stiffness remain unclear. Knowledge on the acute effects of plyometric exercises (i.e., maximal versus submaximal hurdle jumps) help to better plan and program warm-up sessions before training or competition. Objectives: To determine the acute effects of maximal vs. submaximal hurdle jump exercise protocols executed during one training session on balance, vertical jump, reactive strength, and leg stiffness in young volleyball players. Materials and methods: Thirty male youth volleyball players, aged 12-13 years, performed two plyometric exercise protocols in randomized order. In a within-subject design, the protocols were conducted under maximal (MHJ; 3 sets of 6 repetitions of 30-cm hurdle jumps) and submaximal (SHJ; 3 sets of 6 repetitions of 20-cm hurdle jumps) hurdle jump conditions. Pre- and post-exercise, balance was tested in bipedal stance on stable (firm) and unstable surfaces (foam), using two variables [center of pressure surface area (CoP SA) and velocity (CoP V)]. In addition, the reactive strength index (RSI) was assessed during countermovement maximal jumping and leg stiffness during side-to-side submaximal jumping. Testing comprised maximal countermovement jumps (CMJ). Results: Significant time-by-condition interactions were found for CoP SA firm (p < .0001; d = 0.80), CoP SA foam (p < .0001; d = 0.82), CoP V firm (p < .0001; d = 0.85), and CoP V foam (p < .0001; d = 0.83). Post-hoc analyses showed significant improvements for all balance variables from pretest to posttest for MHJ but not SHJ. All power tests displayed significant time-by-group interactions for countermovement jumps (p < .05; d = 0.42), RSI (p < .0001; d = 1.58), and leg stiffness (p < .001; d = 0.78). Post-hoc analyses showed significant pre-post CMJ (p < .001, d = 1.95) and RSI (p < .001, d = 5.12) improvements for MHJ but not SHJ. SHJ showed larger pre-post improvements compared with MHJ for leg stiffness (p < .001; d = 3.09). Conclusion: While the MHJ protocol is more effective to induce acute performance improvements in balance, reactive strength index, and vertical jump performance, SHJ has a greater effect on leg stiffness. Due to the importance of postural control and muscle strength/power for overall competitive performance in volleyball, these results suggest that young volleyball players should implement dynamic plyometric protocols involving maximal and submaximal hurdle jump exercises during warm-up to improve subsequent balance performance and muscle strength/power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raouf Hammami
- Research Laboratory: Education Motor Skill Sports and Health (LR19JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Ben Ayed
- Research Laboratory: Education Motor Skill Sports and Health (LR19JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Abidi
- Research Laboratory: Education Motor Skill Sports and Health (LR19JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Werfelli
- Research Laboratory: Education Motor Skill Sports and Health (LR19JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia,Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amira Ajailia
- Research Laboratory: Education Motor Skill Sports and Health (LR19JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Walid Selmi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia,Research Unit (UR17JS01) “Sport Performance, Health and Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Negra
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia,Research Unit (UR17JS01) “Sport Performance, Health and Society”, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Michael Duncan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Michael Duncan,
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Laboratory: Education Motor Skill Sports and Health (LR19JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Ghanati HA, Letafatkar A, Shojaedin S, Hadadnezhad M, Schöllhorn WI. Comparing the Effects of Differential Learning, Self-Controlled Feedback, and External Focus of Attention Training on Biomechanical Risk Factors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) in Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191610052. [PMID: 36011685 PMCID: PMC9408147 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to compare the possible effects of differential learning strategy, self-controlled feedback, and external focus of attention on kinetic and kinematic risk factors of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in athletes. Forty-eight male athletes from three sports of handball, volleyball and basketball were selected for this study and were randomly divided into four groups: differential learning (n = 12), self-control feedback (n = 12), external focus (n = 12), and control (n = 12) group. All groups followed the intervention for eight weeks with three sessions per week. Data were analyzed by means of 4 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA followed by post hoc comparison (Bonferroni) at the significance level of p ≤ 0.05. A significant group × time interaction and the main effect of time was found for most kinetic and kinematic variables. The main effect of the group was significant only at the knee abduction angle. Differential learning and external focus of attention methods positively reduced the kinetic and kinematic variables that are considered risk factors for ACL injury. However, the effect sizes (Cohen's d) for the changes in most of the variables were larger for the differential learning group. Tailoring the boundary conditions that are based on the manipulations created in the exercise through variability and variety of movements associated with differential learning methods rather than repeating movements could reduce the risk of ACL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Abbaszadeh Ghanati
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
- Correspondence: (H.A.G.); (A.L.); (W.I.S.)
| | - Amir Letafatkar
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
- Correspondence: (H.A.G.); (A.L.); (W.I.S.)
| | - Sadredin Shojaedin
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Malihe Hadadnezhad
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn
- Department for Training and Movement Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.A.G.); (A.L.); (W.I.S.)
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Monitoring Internal and External Load During Volleyball Competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:640-645. [PMID: 35168198 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to identify the relationships between continuously measured internal and external load variables during volleyball competition. METHODS A total of 8 male elite volleyball athletes (Belgian Liga A and Liga B) were monitored during official competition matches. In total, 63 individual measurements are included in this study. The authors used heart-rate (HR) data as internal load and accelerometer-based activity as external load. Data were recorded at a sampling frequency of 1 Hz using wearable technology during official competition. Workload during continuous game play and individual jumps performed while serving and spiking (selected by means of video analysis) were studied using correlation analysis and dynamic time-series modeling. RESULTS Significant linear correlations were observed between peak acceleration and maximal HR of individual serves (ρ = .62; P = 1.6e-5) and spikes (ρ = .49; P = 1.2e-3) that were performed during the warm-up. These same actions performed during the match did not show significant correlations. The correlation between the mean HR and mean activity throughout the entire match was also found to be significant (ρ = .67; P = 2.0e-9). With respect to the time-series models, the mean value for the goodness of fit (RT2) between HR and activity was equal to .83 and .67 for the individual actions and the entire matches, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results show that there are strong relationships between internal and external load during volleyball competition. Second-order transfer function models are capable of explaining the main dynamics of HR (internal load) in response to accelerometer-based activity (external load). Time-series analysis of continuously measured workload is proposed for use in practice.
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Arede J, Poureghbali S, Freitas T, Fernandes J, Schöllhorn WI, Leite N. The Effect of Differential Repeated Sprint Training on Physical Performance in Female Basketball Players: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312616. [PMID: 34886342 PMCID: PMC8656732 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study aimed to determine the effects of differential learning in sprint running with and without changes of direction (COD) on physical performance parameters in female basketball players and to determine the feasibility of the training protocol. Nine female basketball players completed 4 weeks of repeated sprint training (RST) with (COD, n = 4) or without (NCOD, n = 5) changes of direction. A battery of sprints (0–10 and 0–25 m), vertical jumps (counter movement jump (CMJ), drop jump, and single-leg CMJs), and COD tests were conducted before and after intervention. NCOD completed two sets of ten sprints of 20 m, whereas COD performed 20 m sprints with a 180 degree turn at 10 m, returning to the starting line. Before each sprint, participants were instructed to provide different fluctuations (i.e., differential learning) in terms of varying the sprint. Both groups had 30 s of passive recovery between two sprints and 3 min between sets. A significant effect of time for the 0–10 m sprint, CMJ, and single leg-CMJ asymmetries were observed. Adding “erroneous” fluctuation during RST seems to be a suitable and feasible strategy for coaches to enhance physical performance in young female basketball players. However, further studies including larger samples and controlled designs are recommended to strengthen present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Arede
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-501 Viseu, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Sogand Poureghbali
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Tomás Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - John Fernandes
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK;
| | - Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn
- Institute of Sport Science, Training and Movement Science, University of Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Nuno Leite
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Apidogo JB, Burdack J, Schöllhorn WI. Repetition without Repetition or Differential Learning of Multiple Techniques in Volleyball? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10499. [PMID: 34639799 PMCID: PMC8507990 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A variety of approaches have been proposed for teaching several volleyball techniques to beginners, ranging from general ball familiarization to model-oriented repetition to highly variable learning. This study compared the effects of acquiring three volleyball techniques in parallel with three approaches. Female secondary school students (N = 42; 15.6 ± 0.54 years) participated in a pretest for three different volleyball techniques (underhand pass, overhand pass, and overhead serve) with an emphasis on accuracy. Based on their results, they were parallelized into three practice protocols, a repetitive learning group (RG), a differential learning group (DG), and a control group (CG). After a period of six weeks with 12 intervention sessions, all participants attended a posttest. An additional retention test after two weeks revealed a statistically significant difference between DG, RG, and CG for all single techniques as well as the combined multiple technique. In each technique-the overhand pass, the underhand pass, the overhand service, and the combination of the three techniques-DG performed best (each p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius B. Apidogo
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (J.B.A.); (W.I.S.)
- Akanten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Kumasi AK-039, Ghana
| | - Johannes Burdack
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (J.B.A.); (W.I.S.)
| | - Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (J.B.A.); (W.I.S.)
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Effects of Differential Jump Training on Balance Performance in Female Volleyball Players. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10175921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether coordinative jump training that induces neuromuscular stimuli can affect balance performance, associated with injury risk, in elite-level female volleyball players. During the competitive season, the balance performance of 12 elite female players (highest Austrian division) was obtained via a wobble board (WB; 200 Hz) placed on an AMTI force plate (1000 Hz). Three identically repeated measurements defined two intervals (control and intervention phases), both comparable in duration and regular training. The intervention included 6 weeks of differential training (8 sessions of 15–20 min) that delivered variations in dynamics around the ankle joints. Multilevel mixed models were used to assess the effect on postural control. WB performance decreased from 27.0 ± 13.2% to 19.6 ± 11.3% during the control phase and increased to 54.5 ± 16.2% during the intervention (β = 49.1 ± 3.5; p < 0.001). Decreased sway area [cm²] (β = −7.5 ± 1.6; p < 0.001), anterior–posterior (β = −4.1 ± 0.4; p < 0.001) and mediolateral sway [mm] (β = −2.7 ± 0.6; p = 0.12), and mean velocity [mm∙s−1] (β = −9.0 ± 3.6; p < 0.05) were observed during the intervention compared with the control phase. Inter-limb asymmetry was reduced (β = −41.8 ± 14.4; p < 0.05). The applied training concept enhanced balance performance and postural control in elite female volleyball players. Due to the low additional physiological loads of the program and increased injury risk during the competitive season, we recommend this intervention for supporting injury prevention during this period.
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