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Galantine P, Bertin D, Duché P, Hays A. Effect of maturity status on force-velocity relationships in a ballistic lower limb test in high-level soccer players. J Sports Sci 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38899755 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2366743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of maturity status on force-velocity relationships in a ballistic lower limb (BLL) test in high-level soccer adolescents and young adults. The population was 61 adolescents (13.0-17.9 years) and 23 young adults (18.0-26.2 years). Subjects completed the BLL test on a ballistic ergometer equipped with two force plates and a linear encoder. Following Samozino's method, maximal power output (Pmax), force (F0) and velocity (v0) were determined. An allometric model was applied to Pmax and F0 with body mass (BM) and fat-free mass (FFM). Significant effects of maturity status were found for absolute Pmax, F0, relative Pmax to BM and FFM, relative F0 to FFM and F0 allometrically scaled to BM and FFM (p = 0.02 to p < 0.001; η = 0.10 to η = 0.49). There was no significant effect for Pmax allometrically scaled to BM and FFM, F0 relative to BM and v0. Body dimensions explain group differences in Pmax whereas for F0, qualitative factors explain the differences between the groups. As maturity status and body dimensions influence Pmax, these factors should be considered when assessing explosive short efforts. This could help to better identify potential athletic talent and adapt training content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Galantine
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement (ISM), Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille, France
- Laboratory of 'Jeunesse - Activité Physique et Sport - Santé', Toulon University, Toulon, France
| | - Denis Bertin
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement (ISM), Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille, France
- HIPE Human Laboratory, Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Laboratory of 'Jeunesse - Activité Physique et Sport - Santé', Toulon University, Toulon, France
| | - Arnaud Hays
- HIPE Human Laboratory, Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille, France
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Rial-Vázquez J, Nine I, Rúa-Alonso M, Fariñas J, Fernández-Seoane R, Jiménez-Reyes P, Fernández-Del-Olmo M, Iglesias-Soler E. Are Young Female Basketball Players Adequately Prepared for a Force-Velocity Jumping and Sprinting Assessment? Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38796177 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2024-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the interday reliability of mechanical variables obtained from the horizontal and vertical force-velocity (FV) profiles in adolescent female basketball players. If found to be reliable, the associations between FV parameters (theoretical maximal force, velocity, and power), squat jump (SJ) height, 30-m sprint, and change of direction (COD) times were evaluated. METHODS After familiarization, SJ against incremental loads, 30-m sprint, and 505-COD tests were obtained twice in 36 adolescent female basketball players (age = 15.4 [1.2] y). RESULTS Reliability for vertical FV parameters was unacceptable, whereas 505-COD times and FV horizontal parameters (except for theoretical maximal power) showed a moderate to high reliability. 505-COD time was correlated with FV horizontal parameters (range: r = -.821, -.451), and a large association was observed with both SJ height (r = -.678, -.600) and 30-m sprint time (r = .813, .858). CONCLUSIONS Due to low levels of strength, our athletes were not adequately prepared to obtain a reliable vertical FV profile. Practitioners can expect acceptable reliability of the horizontal FV profile. Given the association between COD performance and SJ height and 30-m sprint time, we encouraged practitioners with limited equipment at their disposal to use COD and/or 30-m sprint tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rial-Vázquez
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña,Spain
- Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid,Spain
| | - Iván Nine
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña,Spain
| | - María Rúa-Alonso
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña,Spain
| | - Juan Fariñas
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña,Spain
| | | | | | | | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña,Spain
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García-Ramos A. The 2-Point Method: Theoretical Basis, Methodological Considerations, Experimental Support, and Its Application Under Field Conditions. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1092-1100. [PMID: 37541677 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The "2-point method," originally referred to as the "2-load method," was proposed in 2016 by Prof Slobodan Jaric to characterize the maximal mechanical capacities of the muscles to produce force, velocity, and power. Two years later, in 2018, Prof Jaric and I summarized in a review article the scientific evidence showing that the 2-point method, compared with the multiple-point method, is capable of providing the outcomes of the force-velocity (F-V) and load-velocity (L-V) relationships with similar reliability and high concurrent validity. However, a major gap of our review was that, until 2018, the feasibility of the 2-point method had only been explored through testing procedures based on multiple (more than 2) loads. This is problematic because (1) it has misled users into thinking that implementing the 2-point method inevitably requires testing more than 2 conditions and (2) obtaining the data from the same test could have artificially inflated the concurrent validity of the 2-point method. To overcome these limitations, subsequent studies have implemented in separate sessions the 2-point method under field conditions (only 2 different loads applied in the testing protocol) and the standard multiple-point method. These studies consistently demonstrate that while the outcomes of the 2-point method exhibit comparable reliability, they tend to have slightly higher magnitudes compared with the standard multiple-point method. This review article emphasizes the practical aspects that should be considered when applying the 2-point method under field conditions to obtain the main outcomes of the F-V and L-V relationships.
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Miras-Moreno S, García-Ramos A, Jukic I, Pérez-Castilla A. Two-point Method Applied in Field Conditions: A Feasible Approach to Assess the Load-Velocity Relationship Variables During the Bench Pull Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1367-1374. [PMID: 36728020 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Miras-Moreno, S, García-Ramos, A, Jukic, I, and Pérez-Castilla, A. Two-point method applied in field conditions: a feasible approach to assess the load-velocity relationship variables during the bench pull exercise. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1367-1374, 2023-This study explored the between-session reliability and concurrent validity of the load-velocity (L-V) relationship variables obtained from different methods during the Smith machine bench pull exercise. In a counterbalanced order, 23 resistance-trained male subjects performed 2 sessions against 6 different loads in one week and 2 sessions against the lightest and heaviest loads in another week. The L-V relationship variables (load-axis intercept [ L0 ], velocity-axis intercept [ v0 ], and area under the L-V relationship line [ Aline ]) were obtained using the mean and peak velocity by the standard multiple-point (all 6 loads were used for the L-V modeling), modified multiple-point (the data point that most reduced the coefficient of determination was omitted from the L-V modeling), and 2-point (only 2 loads were used for the L-V modeling) methods. The reliability of the L-V relationship variables was acceptable for all methods (within-subjects coefficient of variation [CV] = 2.09-9.21%). The standard multiple-point and 2-point methods provided greater reliability for all L-V relationship variables compared with the modified multiple-point method (CV ratio ≥ 1.27), while the 2-point method provided similar (CV ratio = 1.04 for Aline ) or greater (CV ratio = 1.50 for L0 and 1.62 for v0 ) reliability than the standard multiple-point method. The concurrent validity of the modified multiple-point and 2-point methods was acceptable for the L-V relationship variables (effect size ≤ 0.62; r ≥ 0.76). These results suggest that the 2-point method is not only a valid procedure but also more reliable, simpler, faster, and less prone to fatigue than multiple-point methods for assessing maximal neuromuscular capacities through the L-V relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Miras-Moreno
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- Sport Research Group (Cts-1024), Cernep Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Fessl I, Dirnberger J, Kröll J, Wiesinger HP. Isokinetic Leg-Press Power-Force-Velocity Profiles Are Reliable in Male and Female Elite Athletes but Not Interchangeable With Vertical Jump Profiles. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1614-1620. [PMID: 36028222 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the test-retest reliability of isokinetic leg-press power-force-velocity profile (P-F-v) parameters in male and female elite athletes. In addition, we determined the concurrent validity of leg-press against squat-jump (SJ) P-F-v parameters in task-experienced athletes. METHODS For test-retest reliability, 22 female and 23 male elite athletes (22.3 [4.1] y) with different sporting backgrounds conducted 3 isokinetic leg-press test sessions over 3 consecutive weeks. The testing consisted of bilateral leg extensions at isokinetic velocities of 0.1, 0.3, 0.7, and 1.2 m·s-1. For concurrent validity, 13 ski jumpers (20.3 [3.3] y) were recruited to perform the isokinetic leg-press and SJ P-F-v profile tests using 5 predefined loading conditions of 0%, +20%, +40%, +60%, and +80% of body mass. RESULTS Relative and absolute reliability were acceptable for female (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥.87 and coefficient of variation ≤6.5%) and male (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥.89 and coefficient of variation ≤5.7%) elite athletes. In contrast, concurrent validity was insufficient, with correlations ranging from -.26 to .69 between isokinetic and SJ P-F-v parameters. CONCLUSION Irrespective of sex, isokinetic leg-press P-F-v profiles provide reliable parameters. However, leg-press P-F-v profiles do not serve as a valid substitute for SJ P-F-v profiles. P-F-v parameter magnitudes are likely dependent on the constraints of the tested movement and testing device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Fessl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg,Austria
- Olympic Training Center Salzburg, Hallein-Rif,Austria
| | - Johannes Dirnberger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg,Austria
- Olympic Training Center Salzburg, Hallein-Rif,Austria
| | - Josef Kröll
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg,Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Wiesinger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg,Austria
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Is the Concept, Method, or Measurement to Blame for Testing Error? An Illustration Using the Force-Velocity-Power Profile. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1760-1768. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
When poor reliability of “output” variables is reported, it can be difficult to discern whether blame lies with the measurement (ie, the inputs) or the overarching concept. This commentary addresses this issue, using the force-velocity-power (FvP) profile in jumping to illustrate the interplay between concept, method, and measurement reliability. While FvP testing has risen in popularity and accessibility, some studies have challenged the reliability and subsequent utility of the concept itself without clearly considering the potential for imprecise procedures to impact reliability measures. To this end, simulations based on virtual athletes confirmed that push-off distance and jump-height variability should be <4% to 5% to guarantee well-fitted force–velocity relationships and acceptable typical error (<10%) in FvP outputs, which was in line with previous experimental findings. Thus, while arguably acceptable in isolation, the 5% to 10% variability in push-off distance or jump height reported in the critiquing studies suggests that their methods were not reliable enough (lack of familiarization, inaccurate procedures, or submaximal efforts) to infer underpinning force-production capacities. Instead of challenging only the concept of FvP relationship testing, an alternative conclusion should have considered the context in which the results were observed: If procedures’ and/or tasks’ execution is too variable, FvP outputs will be unreliable. As for some other neuromuscular or physiological testing, the FvP relationship, which magnifies measurement errors, is unreliable when the input measurements or testing procedures are inaccurate independently from the method or concept used. Field “simple” methods require the same methodological rigor as “lab” methods to obtain reliable output data.
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