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Hao H, Zhu Q, Feng C. The impact of multiple supports on university students' physical education learning motivation: a dual analysis based on SEM and fsQCA. Front Psychol 2025; 16:1446317. [PMID: 40104420 PMCID: PMC11913872 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1446317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/20/2025] Open
Abstract
Background During their physical education courses, university students may encounter various academic pressures and difficulties, which significantly undermine their physical education learning motivation and affect their overall development. Multiple supports from teachers, parents, and peers can effectively help students maintain confidence and enhance their physical education learning motivation. However, the underlying mechanisms by which these multiple supports influence motivation for physical education remain unclear. Objective This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms by which multiple supports influence learning motivation during physical education, specifically examining the mediating roles of self-efficacy and positive coping style. Additionally, it seeks to elucidate the complex configurational relationships among multiple supports, self-efficacy, coping style, and physical education learning motivation. Methods This study employs a cross-sectional survey method to investigate Chinese university students. Through convenience sampling, 969 students were recruited from four universities in Shandong Province. The participants completed the Teacher Support Scale, Parent Support Scale, Peer Support Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale, Positive Coping Style Scale, and Learning Motivation Scale. For data analysis, statistical processing was conducted using SPSS 26.0, Amos 22.0, and fsQCA 4.1. Results The results indicate that multiple supports from teachers, parents, and peers have significant direct effects on individual physical education learning motivation, with effect sizes of 0.132, 0.090, and 0.237, respectively. Self-efficacy acts as an independent mediator between multiple supports and physical education learning motivation, with effect sizes of 0.111, 0.076, and 0.197, respectively. Positive coping style also serve as an independent mediator in these relationships, with effect sizes of 0.091, 0.019, and 0.072; Self-efficacy and positive coping style function as a chain mediating mechanism between multiple supports and physical education learning motivation, with effect sizes of 0.021, 0.015, and 0.038; There are five equivalent configurations identified among multiple supports, self-efficacy, coping style, and physical education learning motivation. Conclusion Support from teachers, parents, and peers not only directly influences students' physical education learning motivation but also indirectly predicts students' physical education learning motivation through the independent and chain mediating roles of self-efficacy and coping style. Additionally, this study elucidates the complex configurational relationships among multiple supports, self-efficacy, coping style, and physical education learning motivation, thereby validating and supplementing the results of linear analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaixia Hao
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qingying Zhu
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changxi Feng
- School of Economics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Zhang R, Yin Y, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Meng H, Wang J, Zhang M, Zhang J. Physical activity, weight management, and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study of healthcare students in China. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302894. [PMID: 39418249 PMCID: PMC11486394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that the social blockade brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically affected college students' physical activity; however, their weight management behaviors and mental health have not been fully explored, especially among healthcare students. This study aimed to assess physical activity, weight management behaviors, and mental health among healthcare students during the campus lockdown and to analyze the factors influencing physical activity. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 1,216 healthcare students from March 24, 2022, to April 11, 2022. To collect information about students' physical activity, weight management behaviors, and mental health, they were asked to complete the Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), 11 issues related to weight management behavior, and the World Health Organization 5-Item Well-Being Index (WHO-5) questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was performed to determine the factors influencing physical activity. RESULTS Almost half of the participants had low levels of physical activity (45%), the mean score for weight management behavior was 39.55±6.26, and 54.6% had low levels of well-being. Healthcare students without exercise habits during the non-epidemic period reported lower levels of physical activity (OR = 1.81; 95%CI = 1.41-2.34, P<0.001). Participants with poor weight management behavior were more likely than other participants to report lower levels of physical activity (OR = 0.92; 95%CI = 0.90-0.94, P < 0.001). Likewise, the odds of being physically inactive were higher among the happier participants (OR = 0.98; 95%CI = 0.96-0.99, P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS During the COVID-19 lockdown, most healthcare students in Gansu province lack physical exercise and have a low health level. Significant correlation factors for low physical activity levels were grade level, non-lockout exercise habits, weight management level, and well-being. These findings demonstrate the importance of developing targeted policies and programs encouraging physical activity among medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- School of Nursing, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuhuan Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiyin Zhang
- School of Nursing, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuping Feng
- School of Nursing, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongyan Meng
- School of Nursing, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Nursing, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Scientific Research Office, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Juxia Zhang
- Clinical Educational Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Wang H, Ng TK, Siu OL. How does psychological capital lead to better well-being for students? The roles of family support and problem-focused coping. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-12. [PMID: 35756898 PMCID: PMC9209831 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03339-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shifted the attention on the beneficial role of psychological capital from workplace to academic contexts. Moreover, the mediating role of psychological capital in the effect of social support on student outcomes remains unknown. This topic has become more imperative under the pandemic. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of psychological capital on students' well-being with family support as an antecedent and problem-focused coping as a mediator. Two hundred and eighty-one students completed the questionnaire at two time points. Results of the cross-lagged mediation analysis showed that family support positively predicted psychological capital, psychological capital positively predicted problem-focused coping, and problem-focused coping predicted well-being. Moreover, the chain mediation path between family support and well-being via psychological capital and problem-focused coping was significant. The current findings identify the antecedent and underlying mechanism behind the relationship between psychological capital and well-being, providing insights into psychological capital interventions for students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobi Wang
- Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counselling Psychology Research Centre, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, N. T. Hong Kong
| | - Ting Kin Ng
- Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, N. T. Hong Kong
| | - Oi-ling Siu
- Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, N. T. Hong Kong
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Ferreira Silva RM, Mendonça CR, Azevedo VD, Raoof Memon A, Noll PRES, Noll M. Barriers to high school and university students' physical activity: A systematic review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265913. [PMID: 35377905 PMCID: PMC8979430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity commonly occurs throughout one's life, particularly during adolescence and young adulthood. Multiple factors can negatively influence participation in physical activity, but there has been no review examining the barriers to physical activity among high school and university students. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to summarize evidence of barriers to the practice of physical activity among high school and university students. The literature search was conducted without time limits using five databases, including CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus. In total, 59 studies (37 with high school students [n = 22,908] and 22 with university students [n = 15,411]) were included. The main barriers identified in high school and university students were lack of time, lack of motivation, and lack of accessible places. These findings may be useful in designing and implementing evidence-informed interventions and programs for physical activity promotion in students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aamir Raoof Memon
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah (Shaheed Benazirabad), Pakistan
| | | | - Matias Noll
- Federal Institute Goiano, Ceres, Goiás, Brazil
- Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Liu J, Zeng M, Wang D, Zhang Y, Shang B, Ma X. Applying Social Cognitive Theory in Predicting Physical Activity Among Chinese Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study With Multigroup Structural Equation Model. Front Psychol 2022; 12:695241. [PMID: 35370866 PMCID: PMC8965556 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the applicability of social cognitive determinants among the Chinese adolescents and examine whether the predictability of the social cognitive theory (SCT) model on physical activity (PA) differs across gender (boys and girls) and urbanization (urban and suburban). A total of 3,000 Chinese adolescents ranging between the ages of 12-15 years were randomly selected to complete a set of questionnaires. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to investigate the relationships between social cognitive variables and PA in the urbanization and gender subgroups. The overall model explained 38.9% of the variance in PA. Fit indices indicated that the structural model of SCT was good: root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.047, (root mean square residual) RMR = 0.028, goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.974, adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) = 0.960, Tucker-Lewis coefficient (TLI) = 0.971, and comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.978. Regarding the subgroup analysis, social support (critical ratios [CRs] = 2.118; p < 0.001) had a more substantial impact on the PA of adolescents in suburban areas than that in urban areas, whereas self-regulation (CRs = -2.896, p < 0.001) had a more substantial impact on the PA of adolescents in urban areas than in suburban areas. The results indicate that the SCT model predicts the PA of Chinese adolescents substantially. An SCT model could apply over a range of subgroups to predict the PA behavior and should be considered comprehensively when designing interventions. These findings would benefit PA among the Chinese adolescents, especially across genders and urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiu Liu
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Muchuan Zeng
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dizhi Wang
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Borui Shang
- Department of Kinesiology, Hebei Institute of Physical Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Social Sciences, Hebei Sport University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Kisekka V, Goel S, Williams K. Disambiguating Between Privacy and Security in the Context of Health Care: New Insights on the Determinants of Health Technologies Use. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2021; 24:617-623. [PMID: 34152853 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2020.0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Health care providers are increasingly providing technologies for patient care; however, patients are still loath to use such technologies consistently. This research examines the impediments to patients' use of e-health portals. Our analysis of 836 data records showed that while privacy and security concerns have a negative impact on attitudes toward e-health portals, increasing the awareness of privacy and security controls alleviates such concerns. Our findings also suggest that individuals worry more about who possesses the right to access their health data (i.e., who, what, when, and why) than the mechanisms used to safeguard data from unauthorized access. We found that perceived benefits and support (i.e., emotional and technical support) positively influenced the determinants of use intentions. The implications of these findings for health care providers and policy makers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Kisekka
- Information Security and Digital Forensics, School of Business, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Massry Center for Business (BB) 371, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Sanjay Goel
- Information Security and Digital Forensics, School of Business, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Williams
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
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Social Network Analysis in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity Research: A Systematic Literature Review. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:250-260. [PMID: 31923901 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular physical activity (PA) has many benefits for children and adolescents, yet many do not meet PA recommendations. Social context is important for promoting or discouraging PA among children and adolescents. This review aimed to identify social network variables related to PA among children and adolescents. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted in September 2018 using PsycINFO, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science. Included articles needed to (1) be focused on children (aged 5-11 y) or adolescents (aged 12-17 y), (2) include a measure of PA, (3) include a measure of egocentric or sociocentric social connection in which alters were nominated, and (4) perform an analysis between network data and PA. RESULTS A search of 11,824 articles was refined to a final sample of 29 articles. Social network themes and concepts such as homophily, centrality, and network composition were related to child and adolescent PA behavior across the literature. CONCLUSIONS The impact of an individual's social network is evident on their PA behaviors. More research is needed to examine why these networks form in relation to PA and how interventions can utilize social network analysis to more effectively promote PA, especially in underserved and minority populations.
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Li Y, Wang S, Yu Y, Wu L, Shi Y, Zhang M, Wu X, Ma X. Associations Among Physical Education, Activity-Related Healthy Lifestyle Practices, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Chinese Youth. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2019; 90:123-132. [PMID: 31045485 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1603772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical education (PE) in school provides opportunities for physical activity (PA) engagement and reportedly results in improved health-related fitness. This study explored the underlying correlations between PE and activity-related healthy lifestyle practices with current level of cardiorespiratory fitness. METHODS A total of 13,138 students age 14 (boys = 7,094, 54.0%) in Grade 8 from the China National Assessment of Educational Quality - Physical Education & Health 2015 were included in this study. Two independent structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses were conducted to obtained sex-specific results. Data included the results of the 15-m progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER) and questionnaire data regarding PE curriculum implementation, learning and practice, perceived support from PE teachers, PE facilities, PE equipment, activity-related healthy lifestyle practices, habitual physical fitness, appropriate method of physical fitness, and breakfast eating habits. Structural equation modeling was applied to examine the associations between variables, controlling for socioeconomic status, the location of schools, and Body Mass Index. RESULTS There was a statistically significant relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and activity-related healthy lifestyle practices, which was somewhat positively impacted by skill learning and practice and perceived support from PE teachers. Together, the boy's model explained 21.8% of the variance in cardiorespiratory fitness, whereas the girl's model explained 15.9%. CONCLUSIONS A well-organized PE program is related to students' activity-related healthy lifestyle practices, and consequently provides an improvement to cardiorespiratory fitness.
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9
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Mabweazara SZ, Ley C, Leach LL. Physical activity, social support and socio-economic status amongst persons living with HIV and AIDS: a review. AJAR-AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AIDS RESEARCH 2019; 17:203-212. [PMID: 30003848 DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2018.1475400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity can be used for the effective and comprehensive management of HIV and AIDS. Social support and socio-economic status (SES) are two factors that shape physical activity behaviours. Individuals of low SES carry a disproportionate burden of the HIV and AIDS epidemic. In addition, limited resources constitute socio-ecological barriers predisposing such individuals to physical inactivity. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the available literature on physical activity, social support and SES and to generate recommendations for designing and implementing physical activity interventions targeting people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) of low SES. The review used literature from Google, Google Scholar and PubMed on physical activity of PLWHA, social support for physical activity, and SES and physical activity. Qualitative and quantitative studies in English were included from 1970 to 2016. The results show that social support plays a major role in promoting physical activity and counteracting the barriers to PA in PLWHA of low SES. The results on the role of social support and the influence of SES are integrated to help design appropriate physical activity interventions for PLWHA of low SES. Well-designed interventions should utilise social support and be contextualised for PLWHA of low SES, whose living conditions present multiple barriers to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smart Z Mabweazara
- a Department of Sport Recreation and Exercise Science , University of the Western Cape , Bellville , South Africa
| | - Clemens Ley
- b Institute of Sport Science , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Lloyd L Leach
- a Department of Sport Recreation and Exercise Science , University of the Western Cape , Bellville , South Africa
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Wang Y, Hager ER, Magder LS, Arbaiza R, Wilkes S, Black MM. A Dyadic Analysis on Source Discrepancy and a Mediation Analysis via Self-Efficacy in the Parental Support and Physical Activity Relationship among Black Girls. Child Obes 2019; 15:123-130. [PMID: 30653347 PMCID: PMC6386074 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2018.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) declines in adolescence among black girls. This study assesses how moderate/vigorous physical activity (MVPA) relates to caregiver- vs. adolescent-reported parental support and whether the relationship is mediated by self-efficacy. METHODS MVPA was assessed through accelerometry. Parental support and encouragement on adolescents' PA were reported by caregivers and adolescents with a 10-item Social Support and Exercise Survey. Adolescent-reported self-efficacy related to PA was assessed with an 8-item scale. Structural equation modeling assessed source variation (caregiver vs. adolescent report) in the relationship between parental support and MVPA and mediation through adolescent self-efficacy. RESULTS The sample includes black adolescent girls (n = 272), with mean age of 11.6 years (standard deviation = 0.7), and average MVPA/day of 40.6 minutes. Caregiver/adolescent agreement on parental support was low (weighted Kappa <0.20). There was significant source variation in the parental support-MVPA relationship (Wald χ2 = 4.18, df = 1, p = 0.041); adolescent-reported support was related to MVPA (b = 0.40, standard error = 0.14, p = 0.003) and mediated through self-efficacy (95% bootstrapped confidence interval: 0.05-0.29). Caregiver-reported support or BMI z-score was not related to MVPA. CONCLUSIONS The association between MVPA and adolescent-reported parental support among black adolescent girls is explained by positive self-efficacy. Findings suggest that effective adolescent/caregiver communication around parental support on PA relates to high adolescent self-efficacy and supports objectively measured PA. Additional research is merited to examine longitudinal patterns. Furthermore, although 51.5% of girls in the sample were overweight or obese, the lack of association between MVPA and body composition minimizes its implication for mitigating obesity among overweight/obese black adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Address correspondence to: Yan Wang, MD, DrPH, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 737 W. Lombard Street, Room 167, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Erin R. Hager
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laurence S. Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Raquel Arbaiza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Samantha Wilkes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Maureen M. Black
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,RTI International, Durham, NC
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Lee AM, Cardel MI. Social Status and Adolescent Physical Activity: Expanding the Insurance Hypothesis to Incorporate Energy Expenditure. Am J Lifestyle Med 2018; 13:156-160. [PMID: 30800021 DOI: 10.1177/1559827618815449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low social status (SS) is a determinant of poor health status and is associated with increased disease burden. Obesity affects 20.6% of American adolescents, most of whom are from low-SS families. Contributors to the development of obesity among adolescents include sedentary behavior and low levels of physical activity. Environmental determinants-infrastructure, policy, and social relationships-influence engagement in physical activity and are affected by SS. Significant declines in physical activity have been documented during adolescence, and adolescents of low SS engage in significantly less physical activity per week than those with high SS. This article briefly reviews the literature on the relationship between SS and physical activity in adolescents and introduces a proposed biological mechanism that may explain that relationship. Characterizing the effects that SS can have on physical activity may help tailor clinical interventions and public health campaigns seeking to improve adolescent physical activity and weight management, thus increasing their effectiveness. This may be particularly beneficial for underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Lee
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michelle I Cardel
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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George AM, da Silva JA, Bandeira ADS, Filho VCB, Rohr LE, Lopes ADS, Silva KSD. Association between socio-economic status and physical activity is mediated by social support in Brazilian students. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:500-506. [PMID: 30124376 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1509435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is mediated by social support of peers and parents. A cross-sectional study included students (n = 1182) aged 11 to 18 years who were recruited in 2014 from public schools in Fortaleza, Brazil. Participants completed a questionnaire to assess all variables. Mediation analyses were performed to determine the role of parental support and peer support on the relationship between SES and MVPA. Also, moderated-mediation analyses with estimating of conditional indirect effects were performed in order to identify whether gender is a moderator of the mediating effect. A positive and significant association between SES and MVPA was found among Brazilian students, and social support of parents and peers were significant mediators of this relationship. Conditional indirect effects showed that both parental and peer support had a significant indirect effect among boys; only parental support had a significant indirect effect among girls. These results suggest that improving social support can help reduce the impact of SES on physical activity among Brazilian adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M George
- a School of Human Kinetics and Recreation , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland , Canada
| | - Jaqueline Aragoni da Silva
- b Department of Physical Education, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - Alexsandra da Silva Bandeira
- b Department of Physical Education, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | | | - Linda E Rohr
- a School of Human Kinetics and Recreation , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland , Canada
| | - Adair da Silva Lopes
- b Department of Physical Education, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - Kelly Samara da Silva
- b Department of Physical Education, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health , Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil
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The Feasibility of a Novel School Peer-Led Mentoring Model to Improve the Physical Activity Levels and Sedentary Time of Adolescent Girls: The Girls Peer Activity (G-PACT) Project. CHILDREN-BASEL 2018; 5:children5060067. [PMID: 29857554 PMCID: PMC6028908 DOI: 10.3390/children5060067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity (PA) is associated with numerous physical and psychological health benefits. Adolescents, specifically girls, are at risk of physical inactivity. To date, there is limited research on PA interventions involving peers, which could encourage more adolescent girls to engage in PA. The investigation aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a novel school three-tier peer-led mentoring model designed to improve PA levels and reduce sedentary time (ST) of adolescent girls. Two-hundred and forty-nine Year 9 adolescent girls (13⁻15 years old) from three UK secondary schools were invited to participate in a peer-led mentoring intervention (Girls Peer Activity (G-PACT) project). The peer-led mentoring model was delivered in all three schools. Two of the schools received an additional after-school PA component. PA and ST were assessed through wrist-worn accelerometry. Girls who received an exercise class after-school component significantly increased their whole day moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) (3.2 min, p = 0.009, d = 0.33). Girls who received no after-school component significantly decreased their MVPA (3.5 min, p = 0.016, d = 0.36) and increased their ST (17.2 min, p = 0.006, d = 0.43). The G-PACT intervention demonstrated feasibility of recruitment and data collection procedures for adolescent girls. The peer-led mentoring model shows promise for impacting girls' MVPA levels when combined with an after-school club PA opportunity.
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Jongenelis MI, Scully M, Morley B, Pratt IS, Slevin T. Physical activity and screen-based recreation: Prevalences and trends over time among adolescents and barriers to recommended engagement. Prev Med 2018; 106:66-72. [PMID: 28987330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical time for disengagement from physical activity making young people a priority group for interventions. To determine whether existing initiatives are working in this population segment and help inform future programs, the present study sought to (i) examine prevalences and trends in physical activity and screen-based recreation among Australian adolescents and (ii) identify the barriers to adolescents meeting recommended guidelines. Two cross-sectional representative samples of Western Australian secondary school students aged 12 to 17years were surveyed in 2009-2010 (n=1505) and 2012-2013 (n=1406). Around a quarter (24%) of boys and just 9% of girls reported engaging in the recommended 60min of physical activity per day in 2012-2013. A minority (13% of boys, 17% of girls) adhered to guidelines for time spent engaging in screen-based recreation (≤2h of electronic media use for entertainment). These findings were comparable to 2009-2010 prevalence levels. Multivariable logistic regression analyses conducted on data from the most recent wave found individual-level barriers to be significantly associated with lower odds of meeting physical activity guidelines in both boys (Adj. OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.38, 0.72) and girls (Adj. OR=0.41, 95% CI=0.25, 0.66). The consistently high proportion of adolescents not meeting physical activity recommendations over time suggests that current efforts to increase physical activity may be failing to have an impact on population-level trends in compliance. While initiatives to improve the built environment may reduce barriers at the environmental level, these initiatives risk having little impact on physical activity if individual level barriers remain unaddressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle I Jongenelis
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Maree Scully
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Belinda Morley
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Iain S Pratt
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Cancer Council Western Australia, 420 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia.
| | - Terry Slevin
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Cancer Council Western Australia, 420 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia.
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Chen H, Sun H, Dai J. Peer Support and Adolescents’ Physical Activity: The Mediating Roles of Self-Efficacy and Enjoyment. J Pediatr Psychol 2017; 42:569-577. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsw103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Yayan EH, Çelebioğlu A. Effect of an obesogenic environment and health behaviour-related social support on body mass index and body image of adolescents. Glob Health Promot 2017; 25:33-42. [DOI: 10.1177/1757975916675125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an obesogenic environment and social support for health behaviours on body mass index and body image in adolescents. Methods: This methodological and descriptive study was conducted in a city centre in Turkey. Interviews were made with the Provincial Directorate for National Education, and the schools in the city centre were divided into three regions according to socioeconomic levels; three schools were then determined among the regions by drawing lots. The data collection was performed with 270 students randomly selected from the three schools. A student information form, an obesogenic environment evaluation form, body cathexis scale, body mass index (BMI) and the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale for Healthy Behaviours were used to collect data. Percentage distributions, correlations, chi-square tests, analyses of variance and independent samples t-tests were used in the data analysis. Results: According to the data acquired, 10.7% of adolescents in the study group were overweight and 3.0% were obese. There was a positive relationship between the obesogenic environment and BMI, and as the obesogenic environmental features of adolescents increased, the BMI increased, and the body image scores decreased. As social support for the adolescents’ health behaviours increased from their mothers, fathers, teachers, classmates, and close friends, BMI decreased and they were more likely to be satisfied satisfied with their bodies. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that, while an obesogenic environment contributed to increased BMI in adolescents and decreased their body satisfaction, social support given for health behaviours had a positive effect on BMI and body perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emriye H. Yayan
- Department of Child Health Nursing, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ayda Çelebioğlu
- Department of Child Health Nursing, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Ling J, Robbins LB. Psychometric Evaluation of Three Psychosocial Measures Associated With Physical Activity Among Adolescent Girls. J Sch Nurs 2016; 33:344-354. [PMID: 28030983 DOI: 10.1177/1059840516685857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Perceived Benefits Scale, a Perceived Barriers Scale, and a Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale with data from a group randomized controlled trial (RCT) and a test-retest study with 1-week interval. In the group RCT at baseline and Week 17, 1,012 fifth- to eighth-grade girls completed an iPad-delivered survey and wore 7-day accelerometers measuring moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). In the test-retest study, 91 fifth- to seventh-grade girls completed the iPad-delivered survey at Times 1 and 2. Benefits, barriers, and enjoyment scales had Cronbach's αs of .75, .86, and .78 and test-retest reliability of .83, .88, and .79, respectively. Benefits Scale had a two-factor structure (physical and psychosocial benefits), while the remaining two had a one-factor structure indicating construct validity. Barriers ( r = -.16) and enjoyment ( r = .17) were correlated with MVPA indicating concurrent validity. Baseline MVPA and psychosocial benefits positively, while physical benefits negatively, predicted MVPA at Week 17 indicating predictive validity. The measures demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Ling
- 1 Michigan State University College of Nursing, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Nock NL, Ievers-Landis CE, Dajani R, Knight D, Rigda A, Narasimhan S, Uli N. Physical Activity Self-Efficacy and Fitness: Family Environment Relationship Correlates and Self-Esteem as a Mediator among Adolescents Who Are Overweight or Obese. Child Obes 2016; 12:360-7. [PMID: 27243476 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2016.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known regarding how dimensions of the family social environment relate to fitness levels and physical activity self-efficacy (PASE) among adolescents who are overweight or obese and whether these relationships are mediated by self-esteem. METHODS Potential associations were evaluated between relationship subdomains (cohesion, conflict, expressivity) of the Family Environment Scale (FES), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, RSES), and PASE and fitness, using recovery heart rate [RHR, beats per minute (bpm)] from a 3-minute submaximal step test at baseline. Participants were 108 adolescents who were overweight or obese and were seeking weight-loss treatment as part of the Healthy Kids, Healthy Weight 12-week multidisciplinary pediatric weight management program. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to simultaneously evaluate paths between these variables and test for mediation. RESULTS In multivariable models, higher FES cohesion (β = -2.18, s.e. = 0.98; p = 0.02), expressivity (β = -1.97, s.e. = 0.99; p < 0.05), and PASE (β = -0.64, s.e. = 0.33; p < 0.05) scores were associated with lower RHR, which represents higher fitness. Furthermore, higher FES conflict scores were associated with lower RSES scores (β = -0.83, s.e. = 0.29; p < 0.01), and FES conflict (β = -0.63, s.e. = 0.22; p < 0.01) and RSES (β = 0.33, s.e. = 0.07; p < 0.01) were associated with PASE scores. In a good-fitting multivariate SEM [Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 1.00; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.02; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 1.22; Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA) <0.01], RSES mediated the relationship between FES conflict and PASE (sum of indirect paths: β = -0.30, s.e. = 0.11; p < 0.01) scores. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the importance of the relationship domain of the family environment on self-esteem, PASE, and physical fitness in adolescents who are overweight or obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Nock
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH
| | - Carolyn E Ievers-Landis
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH.,2 University Hospitals Case Medical Center , Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Rachel Dajani
- 2 University Hospitals Case Medical Center , Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Darryl Knight
- 2 University Hospitals Case Medical Center , Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Alexander Rigda
- 2 University Hospitals Case Medical Center , Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sumana Narasimhan
- 2 University Hospitals Case Medical Center , Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Naveen Uli
- 2 University Hospitals Case Medical Center , Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
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Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy, Benefits and Barriers on the Association between Peer and Parental Factors and Physical Activity among Adolescent Girls with a Lower Educational Level. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157216. [PMID: 27309847 PMCID: PMC4911140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of physical activity among lower educated adolescent girls is low, suggesting it is important to have insights into the complex processes that may underlie their physical activity levels. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the mediating effects of self-efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers on the associations between peer and parental variables and physical activity among lower educated adolescent girls. Methods In total, 226 girls (mean age 16.0±1.0 years; 53% technical education; 47% vocational education) from a convenience sample of 6 secondary schools in Flanders, Belgium, completed a questionnaire on their total physical activity level and related peer and parental variables (i.e. modeling of physical activity, co-participation in physical activities and encouragement to be active) and personal variables (i.e. self-efficacy to be active, and specific perceived benefits of physical activity and specific barriers to be active). Mediating effects were tested using MacKinnon’s product-of-coefficients test based on multilevel linear regression analyses. Results Higher peer and parental modeling, co-participation and encouragement were significantly related to a higher physical activity level among adolescent girls (p<0.05). Self-efficacy, the perceived benefits of having fun, being around friends or meeting new people, and not being bored and the perceived barrier of not liking physical activity mediated several associations between peer and parental variables and girls’ physical activity, with some of the mediated proportions exceeding 60%. Conclusions This study contributed to a better understanding of the complexity of how parental and peer factors work together with personal factors to influence the physical activity levels of adolescent girls with a lower educational level. Interventions should involve both peers and parents, as they may influence girls’ physical activity both directly and indirectly through the internalisation of several personal variables, such as self-efficacy to be active and the perceived benefit of having fun.
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Bogg TFT, Shaw PJ, Cohn RJ, Wakefield CE, Hardy LL, Broderick C, Naumann F. Physical activity and screen-time of childhood haematopoietic stem cell transplant survivors. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:e455-9. [PMID: 26174593 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Reduced bone mineral density, impaired cardiovascular fitness and increased risk of obesity are well-known late effects of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in survivors of childhood cancer. These comorbidities can be mitigated through physical activity and limiting screen-time (ST). This study aims to increase the understanding of physical activity and ST behaviours for children following HSCT. METHODS Children were recruited from two oncology follow-up clinics and completed a questionnaire on their physical activity levels and screen-time. Children were classified as short (≤2 years) and long-term (>2 years) survivors. RESULTS Fifty-eight children were eligible, of whom forty children of age 6-18 years (60% males) participated in the study. Less than half (47.5%) met the daily recommendations for physical activity and one-third met the ST recommendations. Late survivors reported higher daily physical activity and less ST than early survivors. Among late survivors, females reported higher daily physical activity and less ST than males. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the majority of children following HSCT were not sufficiently active and had excessive screen-time; however, this was comparable to healthy populations. Appropriately designed physical activity and screen-time intervention programmes should be explored early following transplant for children undergoing HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina FT Bogg
- School of Medical Sciences; UNSW Australia; Sydney NSW Australia
- NSW Cancer Survivors Centre; Randwick NSW Australia
- Children's Hospital Institute of Sports Medicine; The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Westmead NSW Australia
| | - Peter J. Shaw
- Department of Oncology; The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Westmead NSW Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Sydney Medical Program; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Richard J. Cohn
- NSW Cancer Survivors Centre; Randwick NSW Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre; Sydney Children's Hospital; Randwick NSW Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics; School of Women's and Children's Health; UNSW Medicine; UNSW Australia; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Claire E. Wakefield
- Kids Cancer Centre; Sydney Children's Hospital; Randwick NSW Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics; School of Women's and Children's Health; UNSW Medicine; UNSW Australia; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Louise L Hardy
- Prevention Research Collaboration; School of Public Health; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Carolyn Broderick
- School of Medical Sciences; UNSW Australia; Sydney NSW Australia
- Children's Hospital Institute of Sports Medicine; The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Westmead NSW Australia
| | - Fiona Naumann
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences; Faculty of Health; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
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Family Cohesion and Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Among Mexican Origin Adolescents: A Longitudinal Perspective. J Phys Act Health 2015; 12:1023-30. [PMID: 25919963 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2014-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing racial/ethnic disparities in physical activity during childhood increase Hispanics' risk of developing chronic diseases, which serves to increase health disparities. This study examined associations of family cohesion and conflict with self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), controlling for psychosocial covariates such as subjective social status, anxiety, and sensation-seeking. METHODS 1000 Mexican origin adolescents reported their MVPA levels approximately 2 years apart. Psychosocial covariates, family cohesion and conflict were measured at the first assessment. Generalized Linear Models were used to prospectively examine the relationship between family cohesion and conflict and subsequent MVPA based on 711 participants who had low levels of baseline MVPA. RESULTS 35% of boys and 24% of girls reported adequate MVPA levels at follow-up; girls were less likely to report adequate MVPA (RR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.61-0.93) than boys. Overall, family cohesion was associated with MVPA (P = .01), but family cohesion was not (P = .41). Gender-based analyses revealed that adequate MVPA was associated with family cohesion (RR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.03-1.88), sensation seeking (RR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00-1.10), and age (RR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.74-0.98) among girls and with subjective social status (RR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.08-1.33) among boys. CONCLUSIONS The family social environment and gender differences should be addressed in health promotion programs targeting MVPA.
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Ling J, Robbins LB, Resnicow K, Bakhoya M. Social support and peer norms scales for physical activity in adolescents. Am J Health Behav 2014; 38:881-9. [PMID: 25207514 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.38.6.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate psychometric properties of a Social Support and Peer Norms Scale in 5th-7th grade urban girls. METHODS Baseline data from 509 girls and test-retest data from another 94 girls in the Midwestern US were used. RESULTS Cronbach's alpha was .83 for the Social Support Scale and .72 for the Peer Norms Scale, whereas test-re-test reliability was .78 for both scales. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a single factor structure for the Social Support Scale, and a 3-factor structure for the Peer Norms Scale. Social support was correlated with accelerometer-measured physical activity (r = .13, p = .006), and peer norms (r = .50, p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Both scales have adequate psychometric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Ling
- Michigan State University College of Nursing, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Ken Resnicow
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marion Bakhoya
- Michigan State University Department of Kinesiology, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Liang Y, Lau PWC, Huang WYJ, Maddison R, Baranowski T. Validity and reliability of questionnaires measuring physical activity self-efficacy, enjoyment, social support among Hong Kong Chinese children. Prev Med Rep 2014; 1:48-52. [PMID: 26844039 PMCID: PMC4721292 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity (PA) correlates have not been extensively studied in Hong Kong children. Objective The aim of this study is to assess the validity and reliability of translated scales to measure PA related self-efficacy, enjoyment and social support in Hong Kong Chinese children. Methods Sample 1 (n = 273, aged 8–12 years) was recruited (May–June, 2013) from two primary schools. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted to assess factorial validity. Criterion validity was assessed by correlating measured constructs with self-reported PA. Cronbach's alpha was computed to assess scale internal consistency. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was performed to assess scale test–retest reliability. Criterion validity was further examined in Sample 2 (n = 84, aged 8–12 years) from a third school by correlating measured constructs with objectively measured PA collected in September 2013 and February 2014. Results The CFA results supported the one-factor structure of the scales. All PA correlates were significantly (p < 0.01) associated with self-reported PA in Sample 1. Self-efficacy and enjoyment were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with objectively measured PA in Sample 2. All the scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. All ICC values of the scales suggested acceptable test–retest reliability. Conclusion The results provide psychometric support for using the scales to measure PA correlates among Hong Kong Chinese children. Validity and reliability of translated scales measuring PA correlates were assessed among Hong Kong children. Confirmatory factory analyses supported the scale factorial validity. Scale criterion validity was supported by significant correlation between each construct with self-reported PA. Scale internal consistency and test-rest reliability were all acceptable. Scale criterion validity (self-efficacy and enjoyment) was further demonstrated with objectively measured physical activity in a smaller sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick W C Lau
- Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Wendy Y J Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Ralph Maddison
- National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tom Baranowski
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Mendonça G, Cheng LA, Mélo EN, de Farias Júnior JC. Physical activity and social support in adolescents: a systematic review. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2014; 29:822-839. [PMID: 24812148 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to systematically synthesize the results of original studies on the association between physical activity and social support in adolescents, published until April 2011. Searches were carried out in Adolec, Eric, Lilacs, Medline, SciELO, Scopus, SportsDiscus and Web of Science electronic databases and the reference lists of selected articles. Searches for articles, data extraction and assessment of methodological quality were conducted independently by two reviewers. In total, 75 articles met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Most studies were published over the past 6 years (2006-11), conducted in high-income countries, with a cross-sectional design, using subjective measures of physical activity (e.g. questionnaires and recall) and exhibited medium to high methodological quality level. Social support was positive and consistently associated with the physical activity level of adolescents in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Those who received more overall social support as well as support from both parents, friends and family showed higher levels of physical activity. It is concluded that social support is an important factor associated with physical activity level in adolescents and should be targeted in intervention programs that aim to increase physical activity levels in this population group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerfeson Mendonça
- Postgraduate Associated Program in Physical Education - UPE/UFPB, Brazil, Research and Study Groups in Epidemiology of Physical Activity - GEPEAF, Brazil and Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, Department Physical Education, Brazil Postgraduate Associated Program in Physical Education - UPE/UFPB, Brazil, Research and Study Groups in Epidemiology of Physical Activity - GEPEAF, Brazil and Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, Department Physical Education, Brazil
| | - Luanna Alexandra Cheng
- Postgraduate Associated Program in Physical Education - UPE/UFPB, Brazil, Research and Study Groups in Epidemiology of Physical Activity - GEPEAF, Brazil and Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, Department Physical Education, Brazil Postgraduate Associated Program in Physical Education - UPE/UFPB, Brazil, Research and Study Groups in Epidemiology of Physical Activity - GEPEAF, Brazil and Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, Department Physical Education, Brazil
| | - Edilânea Nunes Mélo
- Postgraduate Associated Program in Physical Education - UPE/UFPB, Brazil, Research and Study Groups in Epidemiology of Physical Activity - GEPEAF, Brazil and Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, Department Physical Education, Brazil
| | - José Cazuza de Farias Júnior
- Postgraduate Associated Program in Physical Education - UPE/UFPB, Brazil, Research and Study Groups in Epidemiology of Physical Activity - GEPEAF, Brazil and Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, Department Physical Education, Brazil Postgraduate Associated Program in Physical Education - UPE/UFPB, Brazil, Research and Study Groups in Epidemiology of Physical Activity - GEPEAF, Brazil and Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, Department Physical Education, Brazil Postgraduate Associated Program in Physical Education - UPE/UFPB, Brazil, Research and Study Groups in Epidemiology of Physical Activity - GEPEAF, Brazil and Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, Department Physical Education, Brazil
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Maturo CC, Cunningham SA. Influence of friends on children's physical activity: a review. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:e23-38. [PMID: 23678914 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We examined evidence for friendship influences on children's physical activity (PA) through systematic searches of online databases in May 2012. We identified 106 studies (25 qualitative) published in English since 2000 that analyzed indicators of friendship influences (e.g., communication about PA, friends' PA, and PA with friends) among persons younger than 19 years. Children's PA was positively associated with encouragement from friends (43 of 55 studies indicating a positive relationship), friends' own PA (30/35), and engagement with friends in PA (9/10). These findings are consistent with friends influencing PA, but most studies did not isolate influence from other factors that could explain similarity. Understanding friendship influences in childhood can facilitate the promotion of lifelong healthy habits. PA with friends should be considered in health promotion programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Maturo
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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26
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Eime RM, Harvey JT, Craike MJ, Symons CM, Payne WR. Family support and ease of access link socio-economic status and sports club membership in adolescent girls: a mediation study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10:50. [PMID: 23618407 PMCID: PMC3639833 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much research has been conducted into the determinants of physical activity (PA) participation among adolescent girls. However, the more specific question of what are the determinants of particular forms of PA participation, such as the link between participation through a sports club, has not been investigated. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between participation in a sports club and socio-economic status (SES), access to facilities, and family and peer support, for female adolescents. METHODS A survey of 732 female adolescent school students (521 metropolitan, 211 non-metropolitan; 489 Year 7, 243 Year 11) was conducted. The survey included demographic information (living arrangements, ethnicity indicators, and indicators of SES such as parental education and employment status and locality); access to facilities; and family and peer support (travel, encouragement, watching, praise, joint participation). For each characteristic, sports club participants and non-participants were compared using chi-square tests. Multiple mediation analyses were used to investigate the role of access, family and peer support in the link between SES and sport participation. RESULTS There were significant associations (p<0.05) between sports club participation and: all demographic characteristics; all measures of family and peer support; and access to sport-related facilities. Highest levels of participation were associated with monolingual Australian-born families, with two parents, at least one of whom was well-educated, with both parents employed, and high levels of parental assistance, engagement and support. Participation in club sport among both younger and older adolescent girls was significantly positively associated with the SES of both their neighbourhoods and their households, particularly in metropolitan areas. These associations were most strongly mediated by family support and by access to facilities. CONCLUSIONS To facilitate and promote greater participation in club sport among adolescent girls from low SES neighbourhoods and households, strategies should target modifiable determinants such as facility access and parental support. This will involve improving access to sports facilities and promoting, encouraging and assisting parents to provide support for their daughters' participation in sport clubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle M Eime
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ballarat, PO Box 663, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia
| | - Jack T Harvey
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ballarat, PO Box 663, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia
| | - Melinda J Craike
- Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Caroline M Symons
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Warren R Payne
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
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De Meester F, Van Dyck D, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Deforche B, Cardon G. Do psychosocial factors moderate the association between neighborhood walkability and adolescents' physical activity? Soc Sci Med 2013; 81:1-9. [PMID: 23422054 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ecological models emphasize the interaction between individuals and their environment. Furthermore, they posit that environmental variables influence physical activity (PA) not only directly but also indirectly through their interaction with other factors. This study explored if the association between neighborhood walkability and adolescents' PA is moderated by psychosocial factors using data from the Belgian Environmental PA Study in Youth (BEPAS-Y). BEPAS-Y recruited adolescents from 32 neighborhoods differing in objectively determined neighborhood walkability and income. Between 2008 and 2009, 637 adolescents (13-15 years; 49.4% boys) completed a survey measuring socio-demographic and psychosocial factors and wore an accelerometer for seven days. Multilevel-regression analyses revealed that for adolescents living in low-income neighborhoods, the association between neighborhood walkability and PA is moderated by perceived barriers and perceived benefits toward PA. Neighborhood walkability was positively associated with PA among adolescents, living in low-income neighborhoods, who perceived many barriers and few benefits, while for adolescents who perceived few barriers and many benefits, the PA level was high, irrespective of neighborhood walkability. For adolescents, living in high-income neighborhoods, none of the psychosocial attributes moderated the association between neighborhood walkability and PA. These findings provide some support for the predicted interactions posited by ecological models. Improving neighborhood walkability might increase PA-levels of adolescents living in low-income neighborhoods, with less positive psychosocial profiles, or in other words; those who are most difficult to reach through PA interventions. However, in order to increase PA in large populations, interventions focusing solely on improving neighborhood walkability may not have the desired effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke De Meester
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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He L, Ishii K, Shibata A, Adachi M, Nonoue K, Oka K. Direct and indirect effects of multilevel factors on school-based physical activity among Japanese adolescent boys. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.52033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hearst MO, Patnode CD, Sirard JR, Farbakhsh K, Lytle LA. Multilevel predictors of adolescent physical activity: a longitudinal analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012; 9:8. [PMID: 22309949 PMCID: PMC3305547 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine how factors from a social ecologic model predict physical activity (PA) among adolescents using a longitudinal analysis. METHODS Participants in this longitudinal study were adolescents (ages 10-16 at baseline) and one parent enrolled in the Transdisciplinary Research on Energetics and Cancer-Identifying Determinants of Eating and Activity (TREC-IDEA) and the Etiology of Childhood Obesity (ECHO). Both studies were designed to assess a socio-ecologic model of adolescent obesity risk. PA was collected using ActiGraph activity monitors at two time points 24 months apart. Other measures included objective height and weight, adolescent and parent questionnaires on multilevel psychological, behavioral and social determinants of PA, and a home PA equipment inventory. Analysis was conducted using SAS, including descriptive characteristics, bivariate and stepped multivariate mixed models, using baseline adjustment. Models were stratified by gender. RESULTS There were 578 adolescents with complete data. Results suggest few statistically significant longitudinal associations with physical activity measured as minutes of MVPA or total counts from accelerometers. For boys, greater self-efficacy (B = 0.75, p = 0.01) and baseline MVPA (B = 0.55, p < 0.01) remained significantly associated with MVPA at follow-up. A similar pattern was observed for total counts. For girls, baseline MVPA (B = 0.58, p = 0.01) and barriers (B = -0.32, p = 0.05) significantly predicted MVPA at follow-up in the full model. The full multilevel model explained 30% of the variance in PA among boys and 24% among girls. CONCLUSIONS PA change in adolescents is a complex issue that is not easily understood. Our findings suggest early PA habits are the most important predictor of PA levels in adolescence. Intervention may be necessary prior to middle school to maintain PA through adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary O Hearst
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | | | - John R Sirard
- Curry School of Education & Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kian Farbakhsh
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Leslie A Lytle
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
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Murray TD, Eldridge J, Silvius P, Silvius E, Squires WG. FITNESSGRAM® Friday: A Middle School Physical Activity and Fitness Intervention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2012; 5:4-15. [PMID: 27182371 PMCID: PMC4738980 DOI: 10.70252/hqjx4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2025]
Abstract
Texas Senate Bill 530 (2007) mandated fitness assessment as part of the annual K-8 Physical Education (PE) curricula, yet no studies have reported interventions designed to improve and quantify individual student passing rates or individual school performance. Students (Total 2008-2010 N=1484; 729 females, 755 males; mean age = 11.85 y; mean BMI = 22.69 or > 90%-tile, overweight) were evaluated on individual FITNESSGRAM® performances in a cross-sectional analysis of 6th graders comparing baseline scores (year 1) with outcomes of a physical activity intervention in years 2 and 3. Students participated in regular PE classes (including campus wellness center activities) with a once a week focus (FITNESSGRAM® Friday) on improving mile run scores and other assessment scores. Students significantly improved FITNESSGRAM® scores following the PE intervention to levels similar to state reported averages. On average, boys improved their pushups by 32.7%, trunk lift by 17.4% and mile run times by 29.5%. Averages for girls improved by 15.4% for pushups, 6.7% for truck lift, and by 38.6% for the mile run. The percentage of boys in our study achieving all six FITNESSGRAM® tests in the HFZ was 3% at baseline and 22% following intervention. The percentage of girls meeting the criteria for the HFZ on all six FITNESSGRAM® tests was 4.5% at baseline and 20% following intervention. This study provides a potential model for fitness success in other middle school PE interventions, in Texas and the nation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinker D Murray
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - James Eldridge
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA
| | - Pete Silvius
- Seguin Independent School District, Seguin, TX, USA
| | - Erik Silvius
- Seguin Independent School District, Seguin, TX, USA
| | - William G Squires
- Departments of Biology and Kinesiology, Texas Lutheran University, Seguin, TX, USA
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De Meester F, Van Dyck D, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Deforche B, Sallis JF, Cardon G. Active living neighborhoods: is neighborhood walkability a key element for Belgian adolescents? BMC Public Health 2012; 12:7. [PMID: 22216923 PMCID: PMC3265406 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In adult research, neighborhood walkability has been acknowledged as an important construct among the built environmental correlates of physical activity. Research into this association has only recently been extended to adolescents and the current empirical evidence is not consistent. This study investigated whether neighborhood walkability and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with physical activity among Belgian adolescents and whether the association between neighborhood walkability and physical activity is moderated by neighborhood SES and gender. METHODS In Ghent (Belgium), 32 neighborhoods were selected based on GIS-based walkability and SES derived from census data. In total, 637 adolescents (aged 13-15 year, 49.6% male) participated in the study. Physical activity was assessed using accelerometers and the Flemish Physical Activity Questionnaire. To analyze the associations between neighborhood walkability, neighborhood SES and individual physical activity, multivariate multi-level regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS Only in low-SES neighborhoods, neighborhood walkability was positively associated with accelerometer-based moderate to vigorous physical activity and the average activity level expressed in counts/minute. For active transport to and from school, cycling for transport during leisure time and sport during leisure time no association with neighborhood walkability nor, with neighborhood SES was found. For walking for transport during leisure time a negative association with neighborhood SES was found. Gender did not moderate the associations of neighborhood walkability and SES with adolescent physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Neighborhood walkability was related to accelerometer-based physical activity only among adolescent boys and girls living in low-SES neighborhoods. The relation of built environment to adolescent physical activity may depend on the context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke De Meester
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delfien Van Dyck
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Deforche
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - James F Sallis
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Greet Cardon
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Hsu YW, Belcher BR, Ventura EE, Byrd-Williams CE, Weigensberg MJ, Davis JN, McClain AD, Goran MI, Spruijt-Metz D. Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the metabolic syndrome in minority youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:2307-13. [PMID: 21552153 PMCID: PMC7656775 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318222020f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the associations among physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Latino and African American youth using both subjective and objective measures of activity levels. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 105 participants from three pediatric obesity studies that share a core set of methods and measures (Latino 74%, female 75%, mean age = 13 ± 3 yr) were used. Measures included moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior by accelerometry and 3-Day Physical Activity Recall (3DPAR), fat and lean tissue mass by BodPod™, fasting glucose, lipids, blood pressure, and waist circumference. Associations between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and MetS were examined using ANCOVA, Pearson correlations, partial correlations, and logistic regressions with adjustments for age, sex, ethnicity, fat and lean mass, and pubertal Tanner stage. RESULTS Accelerometry data showed that greater time engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was related to lower odds of the MetS (odds ratio = 0.49, 95% confidence interval = 0.25-0.98), independent of sedentary behavior and covariates, and inversely correlated with fasting glucose (r = -0.21, P = 0.03) and systolic blood pressure (r = -0.25, P = 0.01), adjusting for covariates. Data from the 3DPAR showed that higher levels of sedentary behavior were related to higher odds of the MetS (odds ratio = 4.44, 95% confidence interval = 1.33-14.79), independent of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and covariates, negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol (r = -0.21, P = 0.04) and positively correlated systolic blood pressure (r = 0.26, P = 0.009), adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Future interventions aiming to improve metabolic health in youth should target both the promotion of physical activity and the reduction of sedentary behavior. Subjective and objective measures should be used in conjunction to better capture activity behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Hsu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 91803, USA
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Evenson KR, Mota J. Progress and future directions on physical activity research among youth. J Phys Act Health 2011; 8:149-51. [PMID: 21415440 PMCID: PMC3722899 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.8.2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence to support the benefits of regular physical activity for children and adolescents (heretofore referred to as "youth"). Evidence includes improved cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, bone health, body composition, and cardiovascular and metabolic health biomarkers. Importantly, physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for lifestyle-related chronic diseases and conditions and may track through adulthood. Because of the potential benefits and modifiable nature of the behavior, the "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans" recommends 1 hour or more of daily physical activity for youth. Most of the time should be spent in either moderate-or vigorous-intensity aerobic activities and should also include muscle and bone strengthening activities. The 2010 World Health Organization "Global Recommendations for Physical Activity and Health" supports similar guidelines for youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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