Project on Elite Athlete Commitment (PEAK): IV. identification of new candidate commitment sources in the sport commitment model

AirBadminton for Physical Activity and Well-Being in Spanish Students: Post-COVID-19

Sports commitment is a psychological construct that has been studied since the 1990s and that has been used in the educational field. The main objective of this study is to analyze the suitability of AirBadminton to acquired sports commitment and the classroom climate generated through the practice of AirBadminton. It was also proposed to analyze the physical, technical and temporal characteristics of AirBadminton. The research was developed with 1298 students between 13 and 15 years of age (mean ± standard deviation; body height: 1.61 ± 7.08 m; body mass 59.68 ± 7.11 kg); one group developed an AirBadminton didactic unit forming the experimental group, and a second group carried out other net games, being the control group. The following instruments were used: the Sports Commitment Questionnaire-2 CCD-2, the Brief Class Climate Scale EBCC, the analysis software LongoMatch version 1.10.1, the heart rate (HR) and the distance traveled of some participants were monitored with different Polar brand sensors (Polar H10 and Verity Sense) and two SPI-Elite GPS devices from the GPSports brand. Results show that sports commitment was increased in the experimental group. AirBadminton shows aspects that are directly and positively related to intrinsic motivation and adherence to sports practice; it improves the classroom climate and increases the desire to excel of the participants.

Impact of a controlling coaching style on athletes' fear of failure: Chain mediating effects of basic psychological needs and sport commitment

Controlling coaching style is a key predictor of athletes' fear of failure, but the mediating mechanisms underlying this relationship require further exploration. Based on the self-determination theory (SDT) and the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (HMIEM), this study investigated the effect of a controlling coaching style on athletes' fear of failure, as well as the chain mediating effects of basic psychological needs and sport commitment. A questionnaire survey of 252 active athletes was administrated using scales for fear of failure, controlling coaching style, sport commitment, and basic psychological needs. The results indicated that a controlling coaching style was negatively correlated with basic psychological needs and indirectly affected athletes' fear of failure via basic psychological needs and constrained commitment. The chain mediating effect of basic psychological needs on enthusiastic commitment was not significant, but it was for constrained commitment. In conclusion, the impact of a controlling coaching style on athletes' fear of failure via basic psychological needs is manifested through the strengthening of constrained commitment rather than the weakening of enthusiastic commitment. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of why and how a controlling coaching style influences athletes' fear of failure. Coaches should seek more scientific and effective ways to instruct their athletes.

STUDY OF COMMITMENT TO RECREATIONAL SPORTS IN CHINESE URBAN RESIDENTS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Exercise commitment plays an explanatory and guiding role in an individual's adherence to exercise behavior. However, exercise commitment in recreational situations is poorly studied. Objective: Develop a sporting and recreational behavior questionnaire based on the commitment scale for Chinese urban residents. Methods: Two stages were conducted, the first with a sample of 453 individuals to explore and verify the determinants of behavioral commitment in recreational sport and the fit of the framework, and the second with a sample of 786 individuals to investigate the relationship between behavioral commitment in recreational sport and its determinants. Results: Behavioral commitment in-play sport included five determinants: ‘motivation to participate’, ‘personal involvement’, ‘choice to participate’, ‘opportunity to participate’, ‘social support’. The constructed model showed a good fit. The factors: ‘motivation to participate’, ‘personal engagement’ and ‘interest to participate’, showed a significant positive association with engagement and a significant negative association with a choice to participate. Conclusion: The resulting model shows characteristics of recreational sport behavior and can be used as a measure of commitment to recreational sport behavior among residents of a Chinese city. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies- Investigating a Diagnostic Test.

Physical Sports Activities and Exercise Addiction during Lockdown in the Spanish Population

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the paralysis of the worldwide economy caused by the population's lockdown to stop the virus spreading, making it difficult to do exercise. The aim of this study is to analyse the commitment to and feeling of insecurity related to practising sport, sports habits and the profile of the Spanish population during lockdown according to the level of addiction to exercise. The sample consisted of 1019 subjects with a mean age of 35 years old. The variables analysed were exercise addiction, commitment to and feeling of insecurity related to sport, and sport habits. Three groups were identified according to their addiction level to exercise: asymptomatic (n = 202), symptomatic (n = 756), and at risk of addiction (n = 61). The main results indicated that a higher addiction level was associated with a higher number of days and time spent on exercise per week. Six percent of the subjects were at addiction risk, and they had a lower feeling of insecurity towards sport. These findings provide information to governments on the need to promote physical activity programmes at home to promote adequate fitness and mental wellbeing in the population.

Basic psychological needs, exercise intention and sport commitment as predictors of recreational sport participants' exercise adherence

Objective: This study aims to predict exercise adherence by examining from the standpoints of the exercise intention, the self-determination theory and the sport commitment model. Design and Main Outcome Measures: Data were collected from 391 Korean sports centre members (teens: 5.4%, twenties: 15.1%, thirties: 25.1%, forties: 28.1% and ≥ fifties: 26.3%). Questionnaires assessed the exercise intention and sport commitment as well as autonomy, competence and relatedness. Exercise adherence was measured by electronic attendance system. Data were analysed using reliability testing, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, logistic regression analysis and binary classifier system. Results: All variables except for cognitive commitment had significant predictive power for 3-month exercise adherence. In contrast, only basic psychological needs were found to have significant predictive power for 6-month exercise adherence. Further, autonomy (OR = 4.58) showing the strongest predictive power (classification accuracy = 86.4%). Conclusion: These findings imply that 'basic psychological needs' plays a more key role than 'exercise intention' in predicting exercise adherence. This study has implications that need to focus not only on enjoyment or competition but also on the autonomy, relatedness and competence pertaining to the basic psychological needs and to work to satisfy those needs and maintain motivation to continue regular exercise.

Sport Commitment among Malaysian Racquet Sports Athletes

Background

The Sport Commitment Model is widely used to understand the motivation and commitment of athletes to continue playing sports. However, the factors influencing athletes’ commitment to racquet sports have not received much research attention, especially in Malaysia.

Purpose

This study aims to use the Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 (SCQ-2) to examine Malaysian athletes’ commitment to racquet sports.

Methods

A total of 612 athletes (367 males/245 females, μ age= 30.32 ± 11.56) completed the SCQ-2, which measures seven factors and two dimensions of sport commitment.

Results

The results revealed that sport enjoyment was the main factor contributing to the athletes’ commitment in all sports. Two-way ANOVA analyses showed significant differences in athletes’ enthusiastic commitment [F(_3,604) = 44.92, P = 0.00] and constrained commitment [F_(3,604) = 15.32, P = 0.00] across four sports. There were also significant differences in both enthusiastic commitment [F(_3,604) = 7.53, P = 0.00] and constraint commitment [F(_3,604) = 18.82, P = 0.00] across age groups.

Conclusion

Enjoyment is the main factor in sport commitment. Tennis athletes possess the highest level of enthusiastic commitment across all the racquet sports. Moreover, male athletes showed higher levels of enthusiastic commitment than female athletes.

Effects of a Motivational Climate on Psychological Needs Satisfaction, Motivation and Commitment in Teen Handball Players

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the motivational climate created by the coach and perceived by a group of young high-performance handball players on their sport motivation, self-determination, sport psychological needs and sport commitment. The study participants were 479 young handball players. The age range was 16–17 years old. Players were administered a battery composed of a Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, Sport Motivation Scale, the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale and Sport Commitment Questionnaire to measure the above-mentioned theoretical constructs. Results showed that the handball players showed high levels of a task-involving climate, of basic psychological needs satisfaction and of self-determined motivation and commitment. Higher levels of basic psychological needs such as autonomy and competence were associated with a higher task-involving climate, self-determined index and sport commitment (task-involving climate–basic psychological needs (β = 0.55; 95% IC 0.387/0.682; p = 0.001); Ego-involving climate–basic psychological needs (β = 0.06; 95% IC −0.069/0.181; p = 0.387); Basic psychological needs–self-determined index (β = 0.48; 95% IC 0.376/0.571; p = 0.001); Self-determined index–commitment (β = 0.58; 95% IC 0.488/0.663; p = 0.001). The obtained model showed that basic psychological needs mediated the association between a task-involving climate and self-determination, and self-determination mediated the association between basic psychological needs satisfaction and commitment.

Adapting the Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 for Spanish Usage

This study translated, adapted, and validated the Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 (SCQ-2) for the Spanish language and cultural context. We utilized a cross-sectional design with 747 athlete participants (436 males, 311 females), ranging in age from 11-24 years ( M = 16.04; SD = 2.57). Participants were involved in a variety of individual and team sports and were from various autonomous regions of Spain. Participants completed the Spanish-language version of the SCQ-2 developed for this study. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated acceptable fit of the proposed factor structure and gender invariance for the new Spanish language scale. Test subscales were internally consistent, and the Spanish language version of the SCQ-2 was found to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the level of sport commitment in young athletes in the Spanish cultural context.