1
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Wang S, Argikar UA, Cheruzel L, Cho S, Crouch RD, Dhaware D, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Liu J, Ma B, Maw H, Miller GP, Seneviratne HK, Takahashi RH, Wei C, Khojasteh SC. Bioactivation and reactivity research advances - 2022 year in review‡. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:267-300. [PMID: 37608698 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2244193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
With the 50th year mark since the launch of Drug Metabolism and Disposition journal, the field of drug metabolism and bioactivation has advanced exponentially in the past decades (Guengerich 2023).This has, in a major part, been due to the continued advances across the whole spectrum of applied technologies in hardware, software, machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI). LC-MS platforms continue to evolve to support key applications in the field, and automation is also improving the accuracy, precision, and throughput of these supporting assays. In addition, sample generation and processing is being aided by increased diversity and quality of reagents and bio-matrices so that what is being analyzed is more relevant and translatable. The application of in silico platforms (applied software, ML, and AI) is also making great strides, and in tandem with the more traditional approaches mentioned previously, is significantly advancing our understanding of bioactivation pathways and how these play a role in toxicity. All of this continues to allow the area of bioactivation to evolve in parallel with associated fields to help bring novel or improved medicines to patients with urgent or unmet needs.Shuai Wang and Cyrus Khojasteh, on behalf of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inotiv, Maryland Heights, MO, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hlaing Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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2
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Sharma R, Dowling MS, Futatsugi K, Kalgutkar AS. Mitigating a Bioactivation Liability with an Azetidine-Based Inhibitor of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) En Route to the Discovery of the Clinical Candidate Ervogastat. Chem Res Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37148271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We recently disclosed SAR studies on systemically acting, amide-based inhibitors of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) that addressed metabolic liabilities with the liver-targeted DGAT2 inhibitor PF-06427878. Despite strategic placement of a nitrogen atom in the dialkoxyaromatic ring in PF-06427878 to evade oxidative O-dearylation, metabolic intrinsic clearance remained high due to extensive piperidine ring oxidation as exemplified with compound 1. Piperidine ring modifications through alternate N-linked heterocyclic ring/spacer combination led to azetidine 2 that demonstrated lower intrinsic clearance. However, 2 underwent a facile cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated α-carbon oxidation followed by azetidine ring scission, resulting in the formation of ketone (M2) and aldehyde (M6) as stable metabolites in NADPH-supplemented human liver microsomes. Inclusion of GSH or semicarbazide in microsomal incubations led to the formation of Cys-Gly-thiazolidine (M3), Cys-thiazolidine (M5), and semicarbazone (M7) conjugates, which were derived from reaction of the nucleophilic trapping agents with aldehyde M6. Metabolites M2 and M5 were biosynthesized from NADPH- and l-cysteine-fortified human liver microsomal incubations with 2, and proposed metabolite structures were verified using one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Replacement of the azetidine substituent with a pyridine ring furnished 8, which mitigated the formation of the electrophilic aldehyde metabolite, and was a more potent DGAT2 inhibitor than 2. Further structural refinements in 8, specifically introducing amide bond substituents with greater metabolic stability, led to the discovery of PF-06865571 (ervogastat) that is currently in phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Sharma
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew S Dowling
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kentaro Futatsugi
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, 1 Portland St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Wold EA, Wild CT, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Targeting the 5-HT2C Receptor in Biological Context and the Current State of 5-HT2C Receptor Ligand Development. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1381-1398. [PMID: 31288724 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190709101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) is recognized as a critical mediator of diseaserelated pathways and behaviors based upon actions in the central nervous system (CNS). Since 5-HT2CR is a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), drug discovery efforts have traditionally pursued the activation of the receptor through synthetic ligands with agonists proposed for the treatment of obesity, substance use disorders and impulse control disorders while antagonists may add value for the treatment of anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. The most significant agonist discovery to date is the FDAapproved anti-obesity medication lorcaserin. In recent years, efforts towards developing other mechanisms to enhance receptor function have resulted in the discovery of Positive Allosteric Modulators (PAMs) for the 5-HT2CR, with several molecule series now reported. The biological significance and context for signaling and function of the 5-HT2CR, and the current status of 5-HT2CR agonists and PAMs are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Wold
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Christopher T Wild
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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4
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Abstract
Cumulative research over several decades has implicated the involvement of reactive metabolites in many idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs). Consequently, "avoidance" strategies have been inserted into drug discovery paradigms, which include the exclusion of structural alerts and possible termination of reactive metabolite-positive compounds. Several noteworthy examples where reactive metabolite-related liabilities have been resolved through structure-metabolism studies are presented herein. Considerable progress has also been made in addressing the limitations of the avoidance strategy and further refining the process of managing reactive metabolite issues in drug development. These efforts primarily stemmed from the observation that numerous drugs, which contain structural alerts and/or form reactive metabolites, are devoid of ADRs. The Perspective also dwells into an analysis of the structural alert/reactive metabolite concept with a discussion of risk mitigation tactics to support the progression of reactive metabolite-positive drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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5
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Klopčič I, Dolenc MS. Chemicals and Drugs Forming Reactive Quinone and Quinone Imine Metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 32:1-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Klopčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Claesson A, Minidis A. Systematic Approach to Organizing Structural Alerts for Reactive Metabolite Formation from Potential Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:389-411. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alf Claesson
- Awametox AB, Lilldalsvägen 17 A, SE-14461 Rönninge, Sweden
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7
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Biomimetic trapping cocktail to screen reactive metabolites: use of an amino acid and DNA motif mixture as light/heavy isotope pairs differing in mass shift. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3847-3857. [PMID: 29654341 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Candidate drugs that can be metabolically transformed into reactive electrophilic products, such as epoxides, quinones, and nitroso compounds, are of special concern because subsequent covalent binding to bio-macromolecules can cause adverse drug reactions, such as allergic reactions, hepatotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Several strategies have been reported for screening reactive metabolites, such as a covalent binding assay with radioisotope-labeled drugs and a trapping method followed by LC-MS/MS analyses. Of these, a trapping method using glutathione is the most common, especially at the early stage of drug development. However, the cysteine of glutathione is not the only nucleophilic site in vivo; lysine, histidine, arginine, and DNA bases are also nucleophilic. Indeed, the glutathione trapping method tends to overlook several types of reactive metabolites, such as aldehydes, acylglucuronides, and nitroso compounds. Here, we introduce an alternate way for screening reactive metabolites as follows: A mixture of the light and heavy isotopes of simplified amino acid motifs and a DNA motif is used as a biomimetic trapping cocktail. This mixture consists of [2H0]/[2H3]-1-methylguanidine (arginine motif, Δ 3 Da), [2H0]/[2H4]-2-mercaptoethanol (cysteine motif, Δ 4 Da), [2H0]/[2H5]-4-methylimidazole (histidine motif, Δ 5 Da), [2H0]/[2H9]-n-butylamine (lysine motif, Δ 9 Da), and [13C0,15N0]/[13C1,15N2]-2'-deoxyguanosine (DNA motif, Δ 3 Da). Mass tag triggered data-dependent acquisition is used to find the characteristic doublet peaks, followed by specific identification of the light isotope peak using MS/MS. Forty-two model drugs were examined using an in vitro microsome experiment to validate the strategy. Graphical abstract Biomimetic trapping cocktail to screen reactive metabolites.
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8
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Higgins GA, Silenieks LB, Patrick A, De Lannoy IAM, Fletcher PJ, Parker LA, MacLusky NJ, Sullivan LC, Chavera TA, Berg KA. Studies To Examine Potential Tolerability Differences between the 5-HT 2C Receptor Selective Agonists Lorcaserin and CP-809101. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1074-1084. [PMID: 28338324 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lorcaserin (LOR) is a selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist that has been FDA approved as a treatment for obesity. The most frequently reported side-effects of LOR include nausea and headache, which can be dose limiting. We have previously reported that in the rat, while LOR produced unconditioned signs characteristic of nausea/malaise, the highly selective 5-HT2C agonist CP-809101 (CP) produced fewer equivalent signs. Because this may indicate a subclass of 5-HT2C agonists having better tolerability, the present studies were designed to further investigate this apparent difference. In a conditioned gaping model, a rodent test of nausea, LOR produced significantly higher gapes compared to CP consistent with it having higher emetogenic properties. Subsequent studies were designed to identify features of each drug that may account for such differences. In rats trained to discriminate CP-809101 from saline, both CP and LOR produced full generalization suggesting a similar interoceptive cue. In vitro tests of functional selectivity designed to examine signaling pathways activated by both drugs in CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells expressing h5-HT2C receptors failed to identify evidence for biased signaling differences between LOR and CP. Thus, both drugs showed similar profiles across PLC, PLA2, and ERK signaling pathways. In studies designed to examine pharmacokinetic differences between LOR and CP, while drug plasma levels correlated with increasing dose, CSF levels did not. CSF levels of LOR increased proportionally with dose; however CSF levels of CP plateaued from 6 to 12 mg/kg. Thus, the apparently improved tolerability of CP likely reflects a limit to CNS levels attained at relatively high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A. Higgins
- InterVivo Solutions Inc., 120 Carlton Street, Toronto, Ontario M5A 4K2, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Amy Patrick
- InterVivo Solutions Inc., 120 Carlton Street, Toronto, Ontario M5A 4K2, Canada
| | | | - Paul J. Fletcher
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250
College St, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1L8, Canada
- Department of Psychology & Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Linda A. Parker
- Department
of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Neil J. MacLusky
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Laura C. Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Teresa A. Chavera
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Kelly A. Berg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
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9
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Abstract
In the current issue of ACS Chemical Neuroscience, Kim et al. report on the early characterization of 4-(3-[18F] fluorophenethoxy)pyrimidine (18F-FPP) as a new positron emission tomography radiotracer for imaging brain 5-HT2C receptors ( Kim, J., et al. ( 2017 ) A potential PET radiotracer for the 5-HT2c receptor: Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of 4-(3-[18F]Fluorophenethoxy)pyrimidine. ACS Chem. Neurosci. , DOI 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00445 ). At the present time, the tracer properties of 18F-FPP have only been reported in rats. If 18F-FPP is indeed shown to be suitable as a 5-HT2C receptor PET tracer in humans, it will very likely have an important impact both in the development of any new chemical entities (NCEs) targeted to 5-HT2C receptors, as well as a tool to advance understanding of 5-HT2C receptor function both in normal and abnormal brain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A. Higgins
- InterVivo Solutions Inc., 120 Carlton Street, Toronto, ON M5A
4K2, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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10
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Abstract
A number of drugs have been withdrawn from the market or severely restricted in their use because of unexpected toxicities that become apparent only after the launch of new drug entities. Circumstantial evidence suggests that, in most cases, reactive metabolites are responsible for these unexpected toxicities. In this review, a general overview of the types of reactive metabolites and the consequences of their formation are presented. The current approaches to evaluate bioactivation potential of new compounds with particular emphasis on the advantages and limitation of these procedures will be discussed. Reasonable reasons for the excellent safety record of certain drugs susceptible to bioactivation will also be explored and should provide valuable guidance in the use of reactive-metabolite assessments when nominating drug candidates for development. This will, in turn, help us to design and bring safer drugs to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Kalgutkar AS. Liabilities Associated with the Formation of “Hard” Electrophiles in Reactive Metabolite Trapping Screens. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:220-238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism − New Chemical
Entities, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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12
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Green MP, McMurray G, Storer RI. Selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists: Design and synthesis of pyridazine-fused azepines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4117-21. [PMID: 27381086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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13
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Heifetz A, Storer RI, McMurray G, James T, Morao I, Aldeghi M, Bodkin MJ, Biggin PC. Application of an Integrated GPCR SAR-Modeling Platform To Explain the Activation Selectivity of Human 5-HT2C over 5-HT2B. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1372-82. [PMID: 26900768 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Agonism of the 5-HT2C serotonin receptor has been associated with the treatment of a number of diseases including obesity, psychiatric disorders, sexual health, and urology. However, the development of effective 5-HT2C agonists has been hampered by the difficulty in obtaining selectivity over the closely related 5-HT2B receptor, agonism of which is associated with irreversible cardiac valvulopathy. Understanding how to design selective agonists requires exploration of the structural features governing the functional uniqueness of the target receptor relative to related off targets. X-ray crystallography, the major experimental source of structural information, is a slow and challenging process for integral membrane proteins, and so is currently not feasible for every GPCR or GPCR-ligand complex. Therefore, the integration of existing ligand SAR data with GPCR modeling can be a practical alternative to provide this essential structural insight. To demonstrate this, we integrated SAR data from 39 azepine series 5-HT2C agonists, comprising both selective and unselective examples, with our hierarchical GPCR modeling protocol (HGMP). Through this work we have been able to demonstrate how relatively small differences in the amino acid sequences of GPCRs can lead to significant differences in secondary structure and function, as supported by experimental data. In particular, this study suggests that conformational differences in the tilt of TM7 between 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C, which result from differences in interhelical interactions, may be the major source of selectivity in G-protein activation between these two receptors. Our approach also demonstrates how the use of GPCR models in conjunction with SAR data can be used to explain activity cliffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heifetz
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tim James
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Inaki Morao
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Aldeghi
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Mike J. Bodkin
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Biggin
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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14
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The 5-HT 2C receptor agonist lorcaserin reduces cocaine self-administration, reinstatement of cocaine-seeking and cocaine induced locomotor activity. Neuropharmacology 2016; 101:237-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Thompson RA, Isin EM, Ogese MO, Mettetal JT, Williams DP. Reactive Metabolites: Current and Emerging Risk and Hazard Assessments. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:505-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Thompson
- DMPK, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Emre M. Isin
- DMPK, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Monday O. Ogese
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome T. Mettetal
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Dominic P. Williams
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
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16
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Naito K, Tanaka C, Mitsuhashi M, Moteki H, Kimura M, Natsume H, Ogihara M. Signal Transduction Mechanism for Serotonin 5-HT 2B Receptor-Mediated DNA Synthesis and Proliferation in Primary Cultures of Adult Rat Hepatocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:121-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Naito
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Chizuru Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Manami Mitsuhashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Hajime Moteki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Mitsutoshi Kimura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Hideshi Natsume
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Masahiko Ogihara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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17
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Cheng J, Kozikowski AP. We Need 2C but Not 2B: Developing Serotonin 2C (5-HT2C) Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of CNS Disorders. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1963-7. [PMID: 26507582 PMCID: PMC4832415 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin 2C (5-HT2C ) receptor has been identified as a potential drug target for the treatment of a variety of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as obesity, substance abuse, and schizophrenia. In this Viewpoint article, recent progress in developing selective 5-HT2C agonists for use in treating these disorders is summarized, including the work of our group. Challenges in this field and the possible future directions are described. Homology modeling as a method to predict the binding modes of 5-HT2C ligands to the receptor is also discussed. Compared to known ligands, the improved pharmacological profiles of the 2-phenylcyclopropylmethylamine-based 5-HT2C agonists make them preferred candidates for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Cheng
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Alan P Kozikowski
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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18
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Ongarora DSB, Strydom N, Wicht K, Njoroge M, Wiesner L, Egan TJ, Wittlin S, Jurva U, Masimirembwa CM, Chibale K. Antimalarial benzoheterocyclic 4-aminoquinolines: Structure-activity relationship, in vivo evaluation, mechanistic and bioactivation studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5419-32. [PMID: 26264839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of benzoheterocyclic analogues of amodiaquine designed to avoid toxic reactive metabolite formation was synthesized and evaluated for antiplasmodial activity against K1 (multidrug resistant) and NF54 (sensitive) strains of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of highly promising analogues, the most potent of which had IC50s in the nanomolar range against both strains. The compounds further demonstrated good in vitro microsomal metabolic stability while those subjected to in vivo pharmacokinetic studies had desirable pharmacokinetic profiles. In vivo antimalarial efficacy in Plasmodium berghei infected mice was evaluated for four compounds, all of which showed good activity following oral administration. In particular, compound 19 completely cured treated mice at a low multiple dose of 4×10mg/kg. Mechanistic and bioactivation studies suggest hemozoin formation inhibition and a low likelihood of forming quinone-imine reactive metabolites, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis S B Ongarora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natasha Strydom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kathryn Wicht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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Cheng J, Giguère PM, Onajole OK, Lv W, Gaisin A, Gunosewoyo H, Schmerberg CM, Pogorelov VM, Rodriguiz RM, Vistoli G, Wetsel WC, Roth BL, Kozikowski AP. Optimization of 2-phenylcyclopropylmethylamines as selective serotonin 2C receptor agonists and their evaluation as potential antipsychotic agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1992-2002. [PMID: 25633969 DOI: 10.1021/jm5019274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a new series of compounds that are potent, selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists is described herein as we continue our efforts to optimize the 2-phenylcyclopropylmethylamine scaffold. Modifications focused on the alkoxyl substituent present on the aromatic ring led to the identification of improved ligands with better potency at the 5-HT2C receptor and excellent selectivity against the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors. ADMET studies coupled with a behavioral test using the amphetamine-induced hyperactivity model identified four compounds possessing drug-like profiles and having antipsychotic properties. Compound (+)-16b, which displayed an EC50 of 4.2 nM at 5-HT2C, no activity at 5-HT2B, and an 89-fold selectivity against 5-HT2A, is one of the most potent and selective 5-HT2C agonists reported to date. The likely binding mode of this series of compounds to the 5-HT2C receptor was also investigated in a modeling study, using optimized models incorporating the structures of β2-adrenergic receptor and 5-HT2B receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Cheng
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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20
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Storer RI, Brennan PE, Brown AD, Bungay PJ, Conlon KM, Corbett MS, DePianta RP, Fish PV, Heifetz A, Ho DKH, Jessiman AS, McMurray G, de Oliveira CAF, Roberts LR, Root JA, Shanmugasundaram V, Shapiro MJ, Skerten M, Westbrook D, Wheeler S, Whitlock GA, Wright J. Multiparameter Optimization in CNS Drug Discovery: Design of Pyrimido[4,5-d]azepines as Potent 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT2C) Receptor Agonists with Exquisite Functional Selectivity over 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B Receptors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5258-69. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5003292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew S. Corbett
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert P. DePianta
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Alexander Heifetz
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael J. Shapiro
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Bolleddula J, DeMent K, Driscoll JP, Worboys P, Brassil PJ, Bourdet DL. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions of alicyclic amines in drug molecules. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:379-419. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.924962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Lenz EM, Martin S, Schmidt R, Morin PE, Smith R, Weston DJ, Bayrakdarian M. Reactive Metabolite Trapping Screens and Potential Pitfalls: Bioactivation of a Homomorpholine and Formation of an Unstable Thiazolidine Adduct. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:968-80. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva. M. Lenz
- DMPK
Department, Alderley Park, AstraZeneca UK Ltd., Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Martin
- DMPK
Department, Alderley Park, AstraZeneca UK Ltd., Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Schmidt
- DMPK and Medicinal Chemistry Department, AstraZeneca R&D Montreal, St. Laurent, QC Canada H4S 1Z9
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Morin
- DMPK and Medicinal Chemistry Department, AstraZeneca R&D Montreal, St. Laurent, QC Canada H4S 1Z9
| | - Robin Smith
- DMPK
Department, Alderley Park, AstraZeneca UK Ltd., Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Weston
- DMPK
Department, Alderley Park, AstraZeneca UK Ltd., Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Malken Bayrakdarian
- DMPK and Medicinal Chemistry Department, AstraZeneca R&D Montreal, St. Laurent, QC Canada H4S 1Z9
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23
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Predicted multiple selected reaction monitoring to screen activated drug-mediated modifications on human serum albumin. Anal Biochem 2014; 449:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Li AC, Yu E, Ring SC, Chovan JP. Structural identification of imatinib cyanide adducts by mass spectrometry and elucidation of bioactivation pathway. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:123-134. [PMID: 24285397 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent publications have reported that imatinib forms cyanide and methoxylamine adducts in vitro but without detail structural identification. The current work reports the identification of seven cyanide adducts that elucidate the bioactivation pathways and may provide hints for observed clinical adverse effects of the drug. METHODS Imatinib was incubated with human liver microsomal proteins in the presence of a NADPH-regeneration system and the trapping agents reduced GSH, potassium cyanide and methoxylamine. Samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a LTQ-Orbitrap data collection system. Chemical structures were determined and/or postulated based on data-dependent high-resolution tandem mass spectrometric (MS(n)) exact mass measurements in both positive and negative scan modes, as well as in combination with hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX). RESULTS GSH and methoxylamine conjugates were either not detected or were in insufficient quantities for characterization. However, seven cyanide conjugates were identified, indicating that the piperazine and p-toluidine partial structures in imatinib can become bioactivated and subsequently trapped by the nucleophile cyanide ion. The reactive intermediates were postulated as imine and imine-carbonyl conjugate (α,β-unsaturated) structures on the piperazine ring, and imine-methide on the p-toluidine partial structure. CONCLUSIONS Chemical structures of seven cyanide adducts of imatinib have been identified or proposed based on high-resolution MS/MS data. Mechanisms for the formation of the conjugates were also proposed. The findings may help to understand the mechanism of hepatotoxicity of imatinib in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Li
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, Inc., 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA, 19380, USA
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Kalgutkar AS, Fate G, Didiuk MT, Bauman J. Toxicophores, reactive metabolites and drug safety: when is it a cause for concern? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 1:515-31. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.4.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Li AC, Yu E, Ring SC, Chovan JP. Boronic acid-containing proteasome inhibitors: alert to potential pharmaceutical bioactivation. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:608-15. [PMID: 23514361 DOI: 10.1021/tx400032n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal chemists try to avoid certain organic functional groups, summarized in an ever-growing list, in order to avoid the potential bioactivation to reactive metabolites. To add to that alert list, we report herein that boronic acid-containing compound structures, such as those found in proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and ixazomib, can become bioactivated to chemically reactive imine amide metabolites. Test compounds, ixazomib and bortezomib, were incubated in vitro using human liver fractions containing cytosol and microsomes (S9) under conventional conditions in the presence of GSH. Metabolites were then analyzed using LC-MS(n) with or without online hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) liquid chromatography coupled with an LTQ-Orbitrap. The exact mass measurements of both the precursor and product ions were acquired through data dependent acquisition and compared with theoretical values of proposed fragment ions. Upon deboronation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes, both test compounds formed imine amide metabolites that were identified by high resolution exact mass measurements in both normal aqueous and HDX HPLC-MS analysis. GSH conjugates were also identified and were postulated as nucleophilic addition of GSH to the imine amide metabolites. All mass spectrometric and HDX measurements of these GSH conjugates proved that the GSH unit was added to the carbon atom of the imine amide partial structure, hence demonstrating the electrophilic property of these imine amide metabolites. The awareness of the formation of electrophilic imine amide metabolites from boronic acid-containing compounds, where the boron atom is bonded to a carbon atom adjacent to an amide nitrogen, should help in drug candidate design and optimization with regard to avoiding potential bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Li
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, Inc. , 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
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Higgins GA, Silenieks LB, Lau W, de Lannoy IAM, Lee DKH, Izhakova J, Coen K, Le AD, Fletcher PJ. Evaluation of chemically diverse 5-HT₂c receptor agonists on behaviours motivated by food and nicotine and on side effect profiles. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013. [PMID: 23184281 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2919-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists, such as lorcaserin, are being developed for the treatment of obesity. Studies suggest that they may also have therapeutic potential for addictive behaviours including nicotine dependence, although few drugs of this class have been evaluated. OBJECTIVES The primary aim was to evaluate the highly selective 5-HT2C agonist, CP-809101, against food-motivated (operant FR5 and progressive ratio schedules, palatability-induced feeding) and nicotine-motivated (intravenous self-administration, drug discrimination) behaviours in rats and to compare with equivalent findings for the structurally distinct 5-HT2C receptor agonists lorcaserin and Ro 60-0175. The secondary aims were to evaluate the side effect profiles of lorcaserin and CP-809101 and to determine the plasma levels of lorcaserin at a dose (1 mg/kg) that reduces both food and nicotine reinforcement for comparison to plasma concentrations reported in human trials. RESULTS CP-809101 (0.3-3 mg/kg SC) reduced responding for both nicotine and food and blocked the discriminative stimulus properties of nicotine in a similar manner to lorcaserin and Ro 60-0175. Behaviours such as hypolocomotion, chewing and ptosis became evident following both CP-809101 and lorcaserin administration at higher doses. Plasma levels of lorcaserin were of similar range to those reported in obesity trials. CONCLUSIONS These studies support the utility of 5-HT2C agonists as a therapeutic approach to treat nicotine dependence. Plasma exposure levels after acute lorcaserin treatment suggest that equivalent dosages could be used to evaluate these drugs in obesity and smoking cessation trials. Finally, there may be differences in the side effect profiles between lorcaserin and CP-809101, raising the possibility for tolerability differences amongst 5-HT2C agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Higgins
- InterVivo Solutions Inc, 120 Carlton St., Toronto, ON M5A 4K2, Canada.
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29
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Stepan AF, Mascitti V, Beaumont K, Kalgutkar AS. Metabolism-guided drug design. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20317k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Development of new structural alerts suitable for chemical category formation for assigning covalent and non-covalent mechanisms relevant to DNA binding. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 743:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Ellison CM, Enoch SJ, Cronin MTD. A review of the use ofin silicomethods to predict the chemistry of molecular initiating events related to drug toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:1481-95. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.629186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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32
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Lim HK, Chen J, Sensenhauser C, Cook K, Preston R, Thomas T, Shook B, Jackson PF, Rassnick S, Rhodes K, Gopaul V, Salter R, Silva J, Evans DC. Overcoming the Genotoxicity of a Pyrrolidine Substituted Arylindenopyrimidine As a Potent Dual Adenosine A2A/A1 Antagonist by Minimizing Bioactivation to an Iminium Ion Reactive Intermediate. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1012-30. [DOI: 10.1021/tx1004437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Keang Lim
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Carlo Sensenhauser
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Kevin Cook
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Robert Preston
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Tynisha Thomas
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Brian Shook
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Paul F. Jackson
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Stefanie Rassnick
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Kenneth Rhodes
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Vedwatee Gopaul
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Rhys Salter
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - Jose Silva
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
| | - David C. Evans
- Drug Safety Sciences, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and §Biology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1000 Route 202 South, New Jersey 08869, United States
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Andrews MD, Fish PV, Blagg J, Brabham TK, Brennan PE, Bridgeland A, Brown AD, Bungay PJ, Conlon KM, Edmunds NJ, af Forselles K, Gibbons CP, Green MP, Hanton G, Holbrook M, Jessiman AS, McIntosh K, McMurray G, Nichols CL, Root JA, Storer RI, Sutton MR, Ward RV, Westbrook D, Whitlock GA. Pyrimido[4,5-d]azepines as potent and selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists: Design, synthesis, and evaluation of PF-3246799 as a treatment for urinary incontinence. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2715-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhou Q, Qu Y, Mangrum JB, Wang X. DNA Alkylation with N-Methylquinolinium Quinone Methide to N2-dG Adducts Resulting in Extensive Stops in Primer Extension with DNA Polymerases and Subsequent Suppression of GFP Expression in A549 Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:402-11. [PMID: 21306116 DOI: 10.1021/tx100351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qibing Zhou
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
- Department of medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - John B. Mangrum
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Xing Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
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Discovery and development of 5-HT2C receptor agonists for obesity: is there light at the end of the tunnel? Future Med Chem 2010; 2:1761-75. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the observation of late-onset obesity during the phenotypic characterization of the 5-HT2C knock-out mouse, the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor has been a drug target for obesity. Small-molecule agonists have repeatedly been shown to reduce food intake and body weight in rodent models of obesity. To date, however, only one compound, lorcaserin, has completed Phase III trials and currently awaits an US FDA decision following a negative advisory committee meeting. Agonist selectivity versus the highly homologous 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors remains a significant hurdle. Ideally, a specific 5-HT2C agonist (completely devoid of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B activity) would be preferred. The requirement of a basic amine coupled with larger, often aromatic, hydrophobic domains, to gain selectivity, often leads to additional challenges associated with cationic amphiphilic molecules such as hERG-channel inhibition and phospholipidosis. The success of future 5-HT2C agonists will depend on further improvements in selectivity (or attainment of complete specificity) and pharmaceutical properties to permit greater and sustained receptor stimulation, while avoiding side effects associated with the activation of other 5-HT receptors.
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Kalgutkar AS. Handling reactive metabolite positives in drug discovery: What has retrospective structure-toxicity analyses taught us? Chem Biol Interact 2010; 192:46-55. [PMID: 20833160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Because of the inability to predict and quantify the risk of idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) and because reactive metabolites (RMs) as opposed to the parent molecules from which they are derived are thought to be responsible for the pathogenesis of some IADRs, procedures (RM trapping/covalent binding) are being incorporated into the discovery screening funnel early-on to assess the risk of RM formation. Utility of the methodology in structure-toxicity relationships and scope in abrogating RM formation at the lead optimization stage are discussed in this article. Interpretation of the output from RM assessment assays, however, is confounded by the fact that many successfully marketed drugs are false positives. Therefore, caution must be exercised in deprioritizing a compound based on a positive result, so that the development of a useful and potentially profitable compound won't be unnecessarily halted. Risk mitigation strategies (e.g., competing detoxication pathways, low daily dose, etc.) when selecting RM positives for clinical development are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Approaches for minimizing metabolic activation of new drug candidates in drug discovery. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2010:511-44. [PMID: 20020275 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00663-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A large body of circumstantial evidence suggests that metabolic activation of drug candidates to chemically reactive electrophilic metabolites that are capable of covalently modifying cellular macromolecules may result in acute and/or immune system-mediated idiosyncratic toxicities in humans. Thus, minimizing the potential for metabolic activation of new drug candidates during the drug discovery and lead optimization stage represents a prudent strategy to help discover and develop the next generation of safe and effective therapeutic agents. In the present chapter, we discuss the scientific methodologies that currently are available to industrial pharmaceutical scientists for assessing and minimizing metabolic activation during drug discovery, their attributes and limitations, and future scientific directions that have the potential to help advance progress in this field. We also propose a roadmap that should help utilize the armamentarium of available scientific tools in a logical way and contribute to addressing metabolic activation issues in the drug discovery-setting in a rapid, scientifically appropriate, and resource-conscious manner.
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Structural Alerts, Reactive Metabolites, and Protein Covalent Binding: How Reliable Are These Attributes as Predictors of Drug Toxicity? Chem Biodivers 2009; 6:2115-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Kalgutkar AS, Bauman JN, McClure KF, Aubrecht J, Cortina SR, Paralkar J. Biochemical basis for differences in metabolism-dependent genotoxicity by two diazinylpiperazine-based 5-HT2C receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1559-63. [PMID: 19246199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical basis for S9-dependent mutagenic response of the 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist and diazinylpiperazine derivative 1 in the Salmonella Ames assay involves P450-mediated bioactivation to DNA-reactive quinone-methide, aldehyde and nitrone intermediates. Mechanistic information pertaining to the metabolism of 1 was used in the design of diazinylpiperazine 5 to eliminate the safety liability. While 5 was negative in the Ames assay, the compound retained the ability of 1 to form certain electrophilic intermediates. Plausible hypotheses that can collectively account for the differences in mutagenic response of the two piperazine analogs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Inoue K, Shibata Y, Takahashi H, Ohe T, Chiba M, Ishii Y. A Trapping Method for Semi-quantitative Assessment of Reactive Metabolite Formation Using [35S]Cysteine and [14C]Cyanide. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2009; 24:245-54. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.24.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Monck NJT, Kennett GA. 5-HT2C ligands: recent progress. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008; 46:281-390. [PMID: 18381128 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(07)00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J T Monck
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., 613 Reading Road, Winnersh, Wokingham, Berkshire, RG41 5UA, UK
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