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Liu H, Wu XQ, Qin XL, Zhu JH, Xu JD, Zhou SS, Kong M, Shen H, Huo JG, Li SL, Zhu H. Metals/bisulfite system involved generation of 24-sulfonic-25-ene ginsenoside Rg1, a potential quality control marker for sulfur-fumigated ginseng. Food Chem 2024; 448:139112. [PMID: 38569404 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Ginseng is a most popular health-promoting food with ginsenosides as its main bioactive ingredients. Illegal sulfur-fumigation causes ginsenosides convert to toxic sulfur-containing derivatives, and reduced the efficacy/safety of ginseng. 24-sulfo-25-ene ginsenoside Rg1 (25-ene SRg1), one of the sulfur-containing derivatives, is a potential quality control marker of fumigated ginseng, but with low accessibility owing to its unknown generation mechanism. In this study, metals/bisulfite system involved generation mechanism was investigated and verified. The generation of 25-ene SRg1 in sulfur-fumigated ginseng is that SO2, formed during sulfur-fumigation, reacted with water and ionized into HSO3-. On the one hand, under the metals/bisulfite system, HSO3- generates HSO5- and free radicals which converted ginsenoside Rg1 to 24,25-epoxide Rg1; on the other hand, as a nucleophilic group, HSO3- reacted with 24,25-epoxide Rg1 and further dehydrated to 25-ene SRg1. This study provided a technical support for the promotion of 25-ene SRg1 as the characteristic quality control marker of sulfur-fumigated ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430016, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Wu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Jin-Hao Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Jin-Di Xu
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhou
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jie-Ge Huo
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - He Zhu
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
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Ben-Eltriki M, Shankar G, Tomlinson Guns ES, Deb S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Rh2 and aPPD ginsenosides in prostate cancer: a drug interaction perspective. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2023; 92:419-437. [PMID: 37709921 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 and its aglycon (aPPD) are one of the major metabolites from Panax ginseng. Preclinical studies suggest that Rh2 and aPPD have antitumor effects in prostate cancer (PCa). Our aims in this review are (1) to describe the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of Rh2 and aPPD ginsenosides; 2) to provide an overview of the preclinical findings on the use of Rh2 and aPPD in the treatment of PCa; and (3) to highlight the mechanisms of its PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) drug interactions. Increasing evidence points to the potential efficacy of Rh2 or aPPD for PCa treatment. Based on the laboratory studies, Rh2 or aPPD combinations revealed an additive or synergistic interaction or enhanced sensitivity of anticancer drugs toward PCa. This review reveals that enhanced anticancer activities were demonstrated in preclinical studies through interactions of Rh2 and/or aPPD with the proteins related to PK (e.g., cytochrome P450 enzymes, transporters) or PD of the other anticancer drugs or PCa signaling pathways. In conclusion, combining Rh2 or aPPD with anti-prostate cancer drugs leads to PK or PD interactions which could facilitate either therapeutically beneficial or toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ben-Eltriki
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada.
- Cochrane Hypertension Review Group, Therapeutic Initiative, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Community Pharmacist, Vancouver Area, BC, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Gehana Shankar
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Emma S Tomlinson Guns
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Subrata Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, 33169, USA.
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Jiang WW, Xie J, Li XB, Ma CH. Ocotillo-type ginsenosides from the Panax vietnamensis ha et grushv protect H9c2 cardiomyocytes against H 2O 2-induced apoptosis. Pharmacogn Mag 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_253_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Non-cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics: Focus on the regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108020. [PMID: 34637840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism is one of the major biotransformation reactions that regulates the exposure of xenobiotics and their metabolites in the circulatory system and local tissues and organs, and influences their efficacy and toxicity. Although cytochrome (CY)P450s play critical roles in the oxidative reaction, extensive CYP450-independent oxidative metabolism also occurs in some xenobiotics, such as aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, monoamine oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, or aldehyde dehydrogenase-dependent oxidative metabolism. Drugs form a large portion of xenobiotics and are the primary target of this review. The common reaction mechanisms and roles of non-CYP450 enzymes in metabolism, factors affecting the expression and activity of non-CYP450 enzymes in terms of inhibition, induction, regulation, and species differences in pharmaceutical research and development have been summarized. These non-CYP450 enzymes are detoxifying enzymes, although sometimes they mediate severe toxicity. Synthetic or natural chemicals serve as inhibitors for these non-CYP450 enzymes. However, pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions through these inhibitors have rarely been reported in vivo. Although multiple mechanisms participate in the basal expression and regulation of non-CYP450 enzymes, only a limited number of inducers upregulate their expression. Therefore, these enzymes are considered non-inducible or less inducible. Overall, this review focuses on the potential xenobiotic factors that contribute to variations in gene expression levels and the activities of non-CYP450 enzymes.
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Niu XN, Luo W, Lv CN, Lu JC. Research progress on naturally-occurring and semi-synthetic ocotillol-type ginsenosides in the genus Panax L. (Araliaceae). Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:648-655. [PMID: 34561075 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ocotillol (OT)-type ginsenosides, one subtype of ginsenosides, consist of a dammarane skeleton and a tetrahydrofuran ring. Most naturally-occurring OT-type ginsenosides exist in Panax species, particularly in Panax quinquefolius, which may be attributed to the warm and humid climate of its native areas. Till now, merely 28 types of naturally-occurring OT-type ginsenosides have been isolated. In contrast, semi-synthesized OT-type ginsenosides are attracted considerable attentions. These ginsenosides can be obtained through oxidation and cyclization of side chains of dammarane-type ginsenosides, and other methods, which may change their physical and chemical properties and further improve their bioavailabilities. It is also notable that the pharmacological activities of ginsenosides are closely related to the stereoisomers caused by the configuration at C-20. Semi-synthesis of OT-type ginsenosides can facilitate our understanding of the biosynthesis, transformation and metabolism of OT-type ginsenosides in the body. This review will systematically summarize the research progress on naturally-occurring and semi-synthetic OT-type ginsenosides, which provides a theoretical basis for their bioactivity-guided research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ni Niu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chong-Ning Lv
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jin-Cai Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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6
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Liu L, Wang H, Chai X, Meng Q, Jiang S, Zhao F. Advances in Biocatalytic Synthesis, Pharmacological Activities, Pharmaceutical Preparation and Metabolism of Ginsenoside Rh2. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:437-448. [PMID: 34517798 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210913114631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 (3β-O-Glc-protopanaxadiol), a trace but characteristic pharmacological component of red ginseng, exhibited versatile pharmacological activities, such as antitumor effects, improved cardiac function and fibrosis, anti-inflammatory effects, antibiosis and excellent medicinal potential. In recent years, increased research has been performed on the biocatalytic synthesis of ginsenoside Rh2. In this paper, advances in the biocatalytic synthesis, pharmacological activities, pharmaceutical preparation and metabolism of ginsenoside Rh2 are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005. China
| | - Huiyun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, 276826. China
| | - Xiaoyun Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433. China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005. China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Shandong Wendeng Jizhen American Ginseng Industry Co., Ltd., Shandong Province, 264400. China
| | - Fenglan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005. China
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Tian QQ, Zhu YT, Diao XX, Zhang XL, Xu YC, Jiang XR, Shen JS, Wang Z, Zhong DF. Species differences in the CYP3A-catalyzed metabolism of TPN729, a novel PDE5 inhibitor. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:482-490. [PMID: 32581257 PMCID: PMC8027186 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
TPN729 is a novel phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction in men. Our previous study shows that the plasma exposure of metabolite M3 (N-dealkylation of TPN729) in humans is much higher than that of TPN729. In this study, we compared its metabolism and pharmacokinetics in different species and explored the contribution of its main metabolite M3 to pharmacological effect. We conducted a combinatory approach of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolite identification, and examined pharmacokinetic profiles in monkeys, dogs, and rats following TPN729 administration. A remarkable species difference was observed in the relative abundance of major metabolite M3: i.e., the plasma exposure of M3 was 7.6-fold higher than that of TPN729 in humans, and 3.5-, 1.2-, 1.1-fold in monkeys, dogs, and rats, respectively. We incubated liver S9 and liver microsomes with TPN729 and CYP3A inhibitors, and demonstrated that CYP3A was responsible for TPN729 metabolism and M3 formation in humans. The inhibitory activity of M3 on PDE5 was 0.78-fold that of TPN729 (The IC50 values of TPN729 and M3 for PDE5A were 6.17 ± 0.48 and 7.94 ± 0.07 nM, respectively.). The plasma protein binding rates of TPN729 and M3 in humans were 92.7% and 98.7%, respectively. It was astonishing that the catalyzing capability of CYP3A4 in M3 formation exhibited seven-fold disparity between different species. M3 was an active metabolite, and its pharmacological contribution was equal to that of TPN729 in humans. These findings provide new insights into the limitation and selection of animal model for predicting the clinical pharmacokinetics of drug candidates metabolized by CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun-Ting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing-Xing Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiang-Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ye-Chun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiang-Rui Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jing-Shan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Da-Fang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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8
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Liu W, Zhi D, Wang L, Yang A, Zhang L, Ahiasi-Mensah J, He X. Differences in xanthotoxin metabolites in seven mammalian liver microsomes. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3846-3852. [PMID: 32855735 PMCID: PMC7444332 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthotoxin, abundantly occurring in fruits, vegetables, grapefruit juice and oils, is widely used in medicine for the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. Xanthotoxin possesses the ability to inhibit mechanism-based cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-mediated activities in rats and mice. Furthermore, it time-dependently obstructs a number of CYP450-mediated functions in humans. CYP450 enzymes are most abundant in the liver and induce metabolic activation of numerous xenobiotic compounds. The present study aimed to identify the similarities and differences in xanthotoxin metabolism in liver microsomes of 7 mammalian species, including human liver microsomes (HLM), Rhesus monkey liver microsomes (RMLM), Cynomolgus monkey liver microsomes (CMLM), Sprague Dawley rat liver microsomes (RLM), mouse liver microsomes (MLM), Dunkin Hartley guinea pig liver microsomes (PLM) and Beagle dog liver microsomes (DLM). Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis was used to determine the metabolites. A total of 3 metabolites were detected in RMLM, CMLM and RLM. Furthermore, two metabolites were observed in MLM, HLM, PLM and DLM. By analyzing the type and quantity of metabolites, the metabolism of xanthotoxin in MLM was indicated to be most similar to that in HLM. The metabolic transformations of xanthotoxin in the liver microsomes of the 7 species were analyzed in further detail. On the whole, the results of the present study provide a deeper understanding of the metabolic patterns of xanthotoxin in liver microsomes of different species, which may prove to be advantageous regarding the metabolic mechanisms of action of xanthotoxin. Further insight into drug metabolism with respect to different species will also aid in the selection of appropriate animal models for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, P.R. China
| | - Dexian Zhi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, P.R. China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, P.R. China
| | - Aihon Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, P.R. China
| | - Joshua Ahiasi-Mensah
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, P.R. China
| | - Xin He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301600, P.R. China
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Wang DD, Kim YJ, Baek NI, Mathiyalagan R, Wang C, Jin Y, Xu XY, Yang DC. Glycosyltransformation of ginsenoside Rh2 into two novel ginsenosides using recombinant glycosyltransferase from Lactobacillus rhamnosus and its in vitro applications. J Ginseng Res 2019; 45:48-57. [PMID: 33437156 PMCID: PMC7790896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Rh2 is well known for many pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antidiabetes, antiinflammatory, and antiobesity properties. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are ubiquitous enzymes present in nature and are widely used for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoconjugates, and novel derivatives. We aimed to synthesize new ginsenosides from Rh2 using the recombinant GT enzyme and investigate its cytotoxicity with diverse cell lines. Methods We have used a GT gene with 1,224-bp gene sequence cloned from Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LRGT) and then expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant GT protein was purified and demonstrated to transform Rh2 into two novel ginsenosides, and they were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and evaluated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results Two novel ginsenosides with an additional glucopyranosyl (6→1) and two additional glucopyranosyl (6→1) linked with the C-3 position of the substrate Rh2 were synthesized, respectively. Cell viability assay in the lung cancer (A549) cell line showed that glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 inhibited cell viability more potently than ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 at a concentration of 10 μM. Furthermore, glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect in murine macrophage cells (RAW264.7), mouse embryo fibroblasts cells (3T3-L1), and skin cells (B16BL6) at a concentration of 10 μM compared with ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3. Conclusion This is the first report on the synthesis of two novel ginsenosides, namely, glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 and diglucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 from Rh2 by using recombinant GT isolated from L. rhamnosus. Moreover, diglucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 might be a new candidate for treatment of inflammation, obesity, and skin whiting, and especially for anticancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Nam In Baek
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Xing Yue Xu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin Republic of Korea
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Ling J, Yu Y, Long J, Li Y, Jiang J, Wang L, Xu C, Duan G. Tentative identification of 20( S)-protopanaxadiol metabolites in human plasma and urine using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:539-549. [PMID: 31695562 PMCID: PMC6823760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), the aglycone part of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, possesses antidepressant activity among many other pharmacological activities. It is currently undergoing clinical trial in China as an antidepressant. METHODS In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass tandem mass spectrometry method was established to identify the metabolites of PPD in human plasma and urine following oral administration in phase IIa clinical trial. RESULTS A total of 40 metabolites in human plasma and urine were identified using this method. Four metabolites identified were isolated from rat feces, and two of them were analyzed by NMR to elucidate the exact structures. The structures of isolated compounds were confirmed as (20S,24S)-epoxydammarane-12,23,25-triol-3-one and (20S,24S)-epoxydammarane-3,12,23,25-tetrol. Both compounds were found as metabolites in human for the first time. Upon comparing our findings with the findings of the in vitro study of PPD metabolism in human liver microsomes and human hepatocytes, metabolites with m/z 475.3783 and phase II metabolites were not found in our study whereas metabolites with m/z 505.3530, 523.3641, and 525.3788 were exclusively detected in our experiments. CONCLUSION The metabolites identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in our study were mostly hydroxylated metabolites. This indicated that PPD was metabolized in human body mainly through phase I hepatic metabolism. The main metabolites are in 20,24-oxide form with multiple hydroxylation sites. Finally, the metabolic pathways of PPD in vivo (human) were proposed based on structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of pathology, Zhejiang Jinhua Guangfu Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingjia Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiakun Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiebing Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changjiang Xu
- Shanghai Innovative Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gengli Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang X, Cheng X, Wu Y, Feng D, Qian Y, Chen L, Yang B, Gu M. In Vitro and In Situ Characterization of the Intestinal Absorption of Capilliposide B and Capilliposide C from Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071227. [PMID: 30925820 PMCID: PMC6479817 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this investigation was to determine the processes and mechanism of intestinal absorption for capilliposide B (CAPB) and capilliposide C (CAPC) from the Chinese herb, Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl. An analysis of basic parameters, such as drug concentrations, time, and behavior in different intestinal segments was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The susceptibility of CAPB and CAPC to various inhibitors such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor (verapamil); multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) inhibitor (indomethacin); cytochrome P450 protein 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitor (ketoconazole); and the co-inhibitor of P-gp, MRP2 and CYP3A4 (cyclosporine A) were assessed using both caco-2 cell monolayer and single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) models. As a result, CAPB and CAPC are both poorly absorbed in the intestines and exhibited segment-dependent permeability. The intestinal permeability of CAPB and CAPC were significantly increased by the co-treatment of verapamil, indomethacin. In addition, the intestinal permeability of CAPB was also enhanced by ketoconazole and cyclosporine A. It can be concluded that the intestinal absorption mechanisms of CAPB and CAPC involve processes such as facilitated passive diffusion, efflux transporters, and enzyme-mediated metabolism. Both CAPB and CAPC are suggested to be substrates of P-gp and MRP2. However, CAPB may interact with the CYP3A4 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311402, China.
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Huzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
| | - Yali Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311402, China.
| | - Di Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311402, China.
| | - Yifan Qian
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311402, China.
| | - Liping Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311402, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311402, China.
| | - Mancang Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311402, China.
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12
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Fu Y, Deng Y, Yu Q, Meng X, Wang D, Wang P, Wang P. Identification of In Vivo Metabolites of Dictamnine in Mice Using HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:3567647. [PMID: 30662787 PMCID: PMC6312604 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3567647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dictamnine (4-methoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinolone, DIC), a common furoquinoline alkaloid in the family of Rutaceae, showed diverse biological activities. To investigate the in vivo metabolic pathways of DIC, metabolism of DIC in mice was studied using a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization of hybrid linear trap quadrupole orbitrap (HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap) mass spectrometer. Nine metabolites were identified in the DIC-treated mouse urine, plasma, and fecal samples, of which two were identified as new metabolites. The major metabolic pathways of DIC in animal and human liver microsomes were confirmed in the present study, including o-demethylation, monohydroxylation, N-oxidation, and 2,3-olefinic epoxidation pathways. For the first time, a mono-acetylcysteine conjugate of DIC (M9) was detected from DIC-treated mouse urine and plasma samples, and 4-methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (M10) and 2-(2,8-dihydroxy-4-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)acetaldehyde (M11) were identified as new metabolites of DIC; furthermore, using an in vitro human fecal incubation model, furo[2,3-b]quinolin-4-ol (M1) was verified to be a microbial demethylated metabolite of DIC. Collectively, the present study provided new information on the in vivo metabolic fate of DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yujie Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xuxia Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dabo Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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13
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Shen F, Wen HM, Shan CX, Kang A, Dong B, Chai C, Zhang JY, Zhang Q, Li W. Sulfotransferase-catalyzed biotransformation of liguzinediol and comparison of its metabolism in different species using UFLC-QTOF-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1089:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Enhancement of oral bioavailability and immune response of Ginsenoside Rh2 by co-administration with piperine. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:143-149. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Studies on the metabolites difference of psoralen/isopsoralen in human and six mammalian liver microsomes in vitro by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:200-209. [PMID: 28448889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psoralen and isopsoralen are found in many fruits, vegetables and traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), such as Ficus carica L., Celery, Fructus Psoraleae etc. Modern pharmacological studies found that psoralen and isopsoralen can show estrogen-like activity, antitumor, and antibacterial activities etc. However, some research results also show some liver damage associated with the use of psoralen/isopsoralen or related medicines in human. Many studies focus on the pharmacological activities of psoralen/isopsoralen, while it is important to choose the suitable pharmacological models which are relevant to human in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic process. The aim of this study is to identify the metabolites of psoralen/isopsoralen by human and six mammalian liver microsomes, and compare the metabolites difference of different species. Psoralen/isopsoralen are metabolized by liver microsomes of different animals to form five and seven metabolites, respectively. The metabolism of psoralen/isopsoralen undergoes hydroxylation, hydrogenation and hydrolysis, and oxidation of the furan ring to generate a furanoepoxide or γ-ketoenal intermediate. Furanoepoxide then forms a dihydrodiol, while γ-ketoenal forms 6-(7-hydroxycoumaryl)-acetic acid (in psoralen)/8-(7-hydroxycoumaryl)-acetic acid (in isopsoralen). By comparing the types of metabolites in the seven liver microsomes, it shows that the metabolic behaviors of psoralen by Beagle dog is most relevant to human, while the metabolic behaviors of isopsoralen by Sprague-Dawley rat is most similar to human. By comparing the relative amounts of the main metabolites, it shows that the metabolic capabilities of Sprague-Dawley rat and Rhesus monkey for psoralen are most similar to human, while the metabolic capabilities of Mouse, Dunkin-Hartley guinea pig, Sprague-Dawley rat, and human for isopsoralen are similar. Furthermore, the results show that the metabolic capability of human for psoralen and isopsoralen are weaker than other mammal species. The results of this work are useful for studying the metabolism mechanism of psoralen/isopsolaren, and choosing the most relevant animal species for investigation of psoralen/isopsolaren from experimental animals to human.
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16
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Abstract
A total of 14 ocotillol-type ginsenosides were conveniently synthesized employing glycosylation of ocotillol sapogenin derivatives with glucosyl ortho-alkynylbenzoate donors under the promotion of a gold(I) catalyst as the key step. Relying on a rational protecting group strategy and the unexpected regioselectivity of the glycosylation of the 3,25-diol sapogenins (2a/2b, 5a/5b) for the tertiary 25-OH, mono 3-O-glucosyl ocotillol-PPD, 6-O-glucosyl ocotillol-PPT, 25-O-glucosyl ocotillol-PPD/PPT and 3,25-di-O-glucosyl ocotillol-PPD/PPT ginsenosides were prepared in which the configuration at the C-24 is either R or S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Stephane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiansong Sun
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University , 437 West Beijing Road, Nanchang, 330027, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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17
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Characterization of oxygenated metabolites of ginsenoside Rg 1 in plasma and urine of rat. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1026:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Yang J, Li X, Sun T, Gao Y, Chen Y, Jin Y, Li Y. Semisynthesis and bioactive evaluation of oxidized products from 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3, Rh2, protopanaxadiol (PPD) and their 20(R)-epimers as cytotoxic agents. Steroids 2016; 106:26-34. [PMID: 26703442 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of oxidized products have been systematically semisynthesized from 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3, Rh2, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) and their 20(R)-epimers and the majority of these products were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells and HepG2 cells by MTT assay for the first time. Twenty-two products were obtained and elucidated based on comprehensive (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, two-dimensional (2D) NMR, and mass spectral data and the results reported in previous literature. All the four ocotillol type saponins (20S,24R(δ86, δ85); 20S,24S(δ87, δ88); 20R,24R(δ86, δ86); 20R,24S(δ86, δ87) were obtained. In addition, eight compounds (3, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19 and 22) with the cyclized side chain were firstly identified. Most of the tested compounds possessed cytotoxicity to a certain degree against the two types of cells which implied these oxidized products could play a certain role on anti-cancer functions of the raw materials in vivo. Meanwhile, the results proved that the configurations at C-20 or C-24 and the number of glycosyl at C-3 have important influence on the cytotoxicity. The products 1, 2, 11-17, 20 and 22 should possess great activities and deserved further investigation as potential cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Xuwen Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Ting Sun
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yanxin Chen
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yongri Jin
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
| | - Yang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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19
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Wang P, Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Sun J, Yerke A, Sang S, Yu Z. Metabolism of dictamnine in liver microsomes from mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 119:166-74. [PMID: 26683990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dictamnine, a furoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. (Rutaceae), is reported to have a wide range of pharmacological activities. In this study, the in vitro metabolic profiles of dictamnine in mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human liver microsomes were investigated and compared. Dictamnine was incubated with liver microsomes in the presence of an NADPH-regenerating system, resulting in the formation of eight metabolites (M1-M8). M1 is an O-desmethyl metabolite. M5 and M6 are formed by a mono-hydroxylation of the benzene ring of dictamnine. M8 was tentatively identified as an N-oxide metabolite. The predominant metabolic pathway of dictamnine occurs through the epoxidation of the 2,3-olefinic to yield a 2,3-epoxide metabolite (M7), followed by the ring of the epoxide opening to give M4. Likewise, cleavage of the furan ring forms M2 and M3. Slight differences were observed in the in vitro metabolic profiles of dictamnine among the five species tested. A chemical inhibition study with a broad and five specific CYP450 inhibitors revealed that most of the dictamnine metabolites in liver microsomes are mediated by CYP450, with CYP3A4 as the predominant enzyme involved in the formation of M7, the major metabolite. These findings provide vital information to better understand the metabolic processes of dictamnine among various species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Yunli Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Aaron Yerke
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Zhiguo Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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20
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Chen XP, Lin YP, Hu YZ, Liu CX, Lan K, Jia W. Phytochemistry, Metabolism, and Metabolomics of Ginseng. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(15)60026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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21
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Wang JR, Yau LF, Tong TT, Feng QT, Bai LP, Ma J, Hu M, Liu L, Jiang ZH. Characterization of oxygenated metabolites of ginsenoside Rb1 in plasma and urine of rat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2689-2700. [PMID: 25737370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated metabolites have been suggested as the major circulating metabolites of ginsenosides. In the current study, 10 oxygenated metabolites of ginsenoside Rb1 in plasma and urine of rat following iv dose were characterized by comparison with chemically synthesized authentic compounds as quinquenoside L16 (M1 and M2), notoginsenoside A (M3), ginsenoside V (M4 and M7), epoxyginsenoside Rb1 (M5 and M9), notoginsenoside K (M6), and notoginsenoside C (M8 and M10), 9 of which were detected as in vivo metabolites for the first time. After oral administration of ginsenoside Rb1, M3, M4, and M7 were observed as major circulating metabolites and presented in the bloodstream of rat for 24 h. Characterization of the exact chemical structures of these circulating metabolites could contribute greatly to our understanding of chemical exposure of ginsenosides after consumption of ginseng products and provide valuable information for explaining multiple bioactivities of ginseng products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Rong Wang
- †State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- §School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lee-Fong Yau
- †State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Tian-Tian Tong
- †State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Qi-Tong Feng
- †State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- †State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- §School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Ma
- §School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Hu
- #Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Liang Liu
- †State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- §School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- †State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- §School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Wang W, Ni Y, Wang L, Che X, Liu W, Meng Q. Stereoselective oxidation metabolism of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol in human liver microsomes and in rats. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:385-95. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.986562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Wang W, Wang L, Wu X, Xu L, Meng Q, Liu W. Stereoselective Formation and Metabolism of 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol Ocotillol Type Epimers in Vivo and in Vitro. Chirality 2014; 27:170-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Yantai University; Yantai China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Yantai University; Yantai China
| | - Xiangmeng Wu
- School of Pharmacy; Yantai University; Yantai China
| | - Lixiao Xu
- School of Pharmacy; Yantai University; Yantai China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- School of Pharmacy; Yantai University; Yantai China
| | - Wanhui Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Yantai University; Yantai China
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24
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Deb S, Chin MY, Adomat H, Guns EST. Ginsenoside-mediated blockade of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inactivation in human liver and intestine in vitro. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 141:94-103. [PMID: 24486455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of vitamin D3 are exerted through 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3], the dihydroxy metabolite of vitamin D3. Hepatic and intestinal biotransformation of 1α,25(OH)2D3 and modifiers of metabolic capacity could be important determinants of bioavailability in serum and tissues. Ginsenosides and their aglycones, mainly 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (aPPD) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (aPPT), are routinely ingested as health supplements. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential of ginsenosides and their aglycones to block hepatic and intestinal inactivation of 1α,25(OH)2D3, which is the most potent ligand of vitamin D receptor. In vitro biotransformation reactions were initiated with NADPH regenerating solutions following initial preincubation of pooled human hepatic or intestinal microsomal protein or human recombinant CYP3A4 supersomes with 1α,25(OH)2D3 or midazolam. Formation of hydroxylated metabolites of 1α,25(OH)2D3 or midazolam was analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Co-incubation of 1α,25(OH)2D3 with various ginsenosides (Rg1, Rh2, aPPD, aPPT and total ginsenosides) led to differential inhibition (30-100%) of its hydroxylation. Results suggest that aPPD, aPPT and Rh2 strongly attenuated the hydroxylation of 1α,25(OH)2D3. Follow up inhibition studies with aPPD and aPPT at varying concentrations (0.5-100μM) led to up to 91-100% inhibition of formation of hydroxylated metabolites of 1α,25(OH)2D3 thus preventing inactivation of active vitamin D3. The IC50 values of aPPD or aPPT for the most abundant hydroxylated metabolites of 1α,25(OH)2D3 ranged from 3.3 to 9.0μM in human microsomes. The inhibitory mechanism of aPPD or aPPT for CYP3A4-mediated biotransformation of 1α,25(OH)2D3 was competitive in nature (apparent Ki: 1.7-2.9μM). Similar inhibitory effects were also observed upon addition of aPPD or aPPT into midazolam hydroxylation assay. In summary, our results suggest that ginsenosides, specifically aPPD and aPPT, inhibit the CYP3A4-mediated catabolism of active vitamin D3 in human liver and intestine, potentially providing additional vitamin D-related benefits to patients with cancer, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Deb
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3Z6
| | - Mei Yieng Chin
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3Z6
| | - Hans Adomat
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3Z6
| | - Emma S Tomlinson Guns
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3Z6.
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25
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Chiu NTC, Guns EST, Adomat H, Jia W, Deb S. Identification of human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the hepatic and intestinal biotransformation of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 35:104-18. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nga Ting Colette Chiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Science; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Emma S. Tomlinson Guns
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital; 2660 Oak Street Vancouver BC Canada V6H 3Z6
| | - Hans Adomat
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital; 2660 Oak Street Vancouver BC Canada V6H 3Z6
| | - William Jia
- Department of Surgery; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Subrata Deb
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital; 2660 Oak Street Vancouver BC Canada V6H 3Z6
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