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Wang C, Cheng B, Wei W, Gui L, Zeng W, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Q, Xu L, Miao J, Lan K. Comparison of 1Beta- and 5Beta-hydroxylation of Deoxycholate and Glycodeoxycholate as In Vitro Index Reactions for Cytochrome P450 3A Activities. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:126-134. [PMID: 38050044 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) participates in the metabolism of more than 30% of clinical drugs. The vast intra- and inter-individual variations in CYP3A activity pose great challenges to drug development and personalized medicine. It has been disclosed that human CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 are exclusively responsible for the tertiary oxidations of deoxycholic acid (DCA) and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) regioselectivity at C-1β and C-5β This work aimed to compare the 1β- and 5β-hydroxylation of DCA and GDCA as potential in vitro CYP3A index reactions in both human liver microsomes and recombinant P450 enzymes. The results demonstrated that the metabolic activity of DCA 1β- and 5β-hydroxylation was 5-10 times higher than that of GDCA, suggesting that 1β-hydroxyglycodeoxycholic acid and 5β-hydroxyglycodeoxycholic acid may originate from DCA oxidation followed by conjugation in humans. Metabolic phenotyping data revealed that DCA 1β-hydroxylation, DCA 5β-hydroxylation, and GDCA 5β-hydroxylation were predominantly catalyzed by CYP3A4 (>80%), while GDCA 1β-hydroxylation had approximately equal contributions from CYP3A4 (41%) and 3A7 (58%). Robust Pearson correlation was established for the intrinsic clearance of DCA 1β- and 5β-hydroxylation with midazolam (MDZ) 1'- and 4-hydroxylation in fourteen single donor microsomes. Although DCA 5β-hydroxylation exhibited a stronger correlation with MDZ oxidation, DCA 1β-hydroxylation exhibited higher reactivity than DCA 5β-hydroxylation. It is therefore suggested that DCA 1β- and 5β-hydroxylations may serve as alternatives to T 6β-hydroxylation as in vitro CYP3A index reactions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The oxidation of DCA and GDCA is primarily catalyzed by CYP3A4 and CYP3A7. This work compared the 1β- and 5β-hydroxylation of DCA and GDCA as in vitro index reactions to assess CYP3A activities. It was disclosed that the metabolic activity of DCA 1β- and 5β-hydroxylation was 5-10 times higher than that of GDCA. Although DCA 1β-hydroxylation exhibited higher metabolic activity than DCA 5β-hydroxylation, DCA 5β-hydroxylation demonstrated stronger correlation with MDZ oxidation than DCA 1β-hydroxylation in individual liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuitong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (C.W., B.C., W.W., L.G., W.Z., Y.W., Y.W., Q.C., L.X., K.L.); Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.G., W.Z., L.X., K.L.); and Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.)
| | - Bin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (C.W., B.C., W.W., L.G., W.Z., Y.W., Y.W., Q.C., L.X., K.L.); Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.G., W.Z., L.X., K.L.); and Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.)
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (C.W., B.C., W.W., L.G., W.Z., Y.W., Y.W., Q.C., L.X., K.L.); Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.G., W.Z., L.X., K.L.); and Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.)
| | - Lanlan Gui
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (C.W., B.C., W.W., L.G., W.Z., Y.W., Y.W., Q.C., L.X., K.L.); Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.G., W.Z., L.X., K.L.); and Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.)
| | - Wushuang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (C.W., B.C., W.W., L.G., W.Z., Y.W., Y.W., Q.C., L.X., K.L.); Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.G., W.Z., L.X., K.L.); and Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.)
| | - Yutong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (C.W., B.C., W.W., L.G., W.Z., Y.W., Y.W., Q.C., L.X., K.L.); Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.G., W.Z., L.X., K.L.); and Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.)
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (C.W., B.C., W.W., L.G., W.Z., Y.W., Y.W., Q.C., L.X., K.L.); Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.G., W.Z., L.X., K.L.); and Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.)
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (C.W., B.C., W.W., L.G., W.Z., Y.W., Y.W., Q.C., L.X., K.L.); Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.G., W.Z., L.X., K.L.); and Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.)
| | - Liang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (C.W., B.C., W.W., L.G., W.Z., Y.W., Y.W., Q.C., L.X., K.L.); Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.G., W.Z., L.X., K.L.); and Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.)
| | - Jia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (C.W., B.C., W.W., L.G., W.Z., Y.W., Y.W., Q.C., L.X., K.L.); Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.G., W.Z., L.X., K.L.); and Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.)
| | - Ke Lan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (C.W., B.C., W.W., L.G., W.Z., Y.W., Y.W., Q.C., L.X., K.L.); Chengdu Cynogen Bio-pharmaceutical Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.G., W.Z., L.X., K.L.); and Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.)
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Kumondai M, Maekawa M, Hishinuma E, Sato Y, Sato T, Kikuchi M, Hiratsuka M, Mano N. Development of a Simultaneous Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analytical Method for Urinary Endogenous Substrates and Metabolites for Predicting Cytochrome P450 3A4 Activity. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:455-463. [PMID: 36858575 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
CYP3A4, which contributes to the metabolism of more than 30% of clinically used drugs, exhibits high variation in its activity; therefore, predicting CYP3A4 activity before drug treatment is vital for determining the optimal dosage for each patient. We aimed to develop and validate an LC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method that simultaneously measures the levels of CYP3A4 activity-related predictive biomarkers (6β-hydroxycortisol (6β-OHC), cortisol (C), 1β-hydroxydeoxycholic acid (1β-OHDCA), and deoxycholic acid (DCA)). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a YMC-Triart C18 column and a gradient flow of the mobile phase comprising deionized water/25% ammonia solution (100 : 0.1, v/v) and methanol/acetonitrile/25% ammonia solution (50 : 50 : 0.1, v/v/v). Selective reaction monitoring in the negative-ion mode was used for MS/MS, and run times of 33 min were used. All analytes showed high linearity in the range of 3-3000 ng/mL. Additionally, their concentrations in urine samples derived from volunteers were analyzed via treatment with deconjugation enzymes, ignoring inter-individual differences in the variation of other enzymatic activities. Our method satisfied the analytical validation criteria under clinical conditions. Moreover, the concentrations of each analyte were quantified within the range of calibration curves for all urine samples. The conjugated forms of each analyte were hydrolyzed to accurately examine CYP3A4 activity. Non-invasive urine sampling employed herein is an effective alternative to invasive plasma sampling. The analytically validated simultaneous quantification method developed in this study can be used to predict CYP3A4 activity in precision medicine and investigate the potential clinical applications of CYP3A4 biomarkers (6β-OHC/C and 1β-OHDCA/DCA ratios).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kumondai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Masamitsu Maekawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University.,Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University
| | - Eiji Hishinuma
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Masafumi Kikuchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University.,Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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Wu Q, Hu Y, Wang C, Wei W, Gui L, Zeng WS, Liu C, Jia W, Miao J, Lan K. Reevaluate In Vitro CYP3A Index Reactions of Benzodiazepines and Steroids between Humans and Dogs. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:741-749. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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4
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Fujino C, Sanoh S, Katsura T. Variation in Expression of Cytochrome P450 3A Isoforms and Toxicological Effects: Endo- and Exogenous Substances as Regulatory Factors and Substrates. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1617-1634. [PMID: 34719640 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The CYP3A subfamily, which includes isoforms CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 in humans, plays important roles in the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous substances. Gene and protein expression of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 show large inter-individual differences, which are caused by many endogenous and exogenous factors. Inter-individual differences can cause negative outcomes, such as adverse drug events and disease development. Therefore, it is important to understand the variations in CYP3A expression caused by endo- and exogenous factors, as well as the variation in the metabolism and kinetics of endo- and exogenous substrates. In this review, we summarize the factors regulating CYP3A expression, such as bile acids, hormones, microRNA, inflammatory cytokines, drugs, environmental chemicals, and dietary factors. In addition, variations in CYP3A expression under pathological conditions, such as coronavirus disease 2019 and liver diseases, are described as examples of the physiological effects of endogenous factors. We also summarize endogenous and exogenous substrates metabolized by CYP3A isoforms, such as cholesterol, bile acids, hormones, arachidonic acid, vitamin D, and drugs. The relationship between the changes in the kinetics of these substrates and the toxicological effects in our bodies are discussed. The usefulness of these substrates and metabolites as endogenous biomarkers for CYP3A activity is also discussed. Notably, we focused on discrimination between CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 to understand inter-individual differences in CYP3A expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieri Fujino
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University
| | - Toshiya Katsura
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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5
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Romero E, Jones BS, Hogg BN, Rué Casamajo A, Hayes MA, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ, Schnepel C. Enzymkatalysierte späte Modifizierungen: Besser spät als nie. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:16962-16993. [PMID: 38505660 PMCID: PMC10946893 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AbstractDie Enzymkatalyse gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung in der Synthesechemie. Die durch Bioinformatik und Enzym‐Engineering stetig wachsende Zahl von Biokatalysatoren eröffnet eine große Vielfalt selektiver Reaktionen. Insbesondere für späte Funktionalisierungsreaktionen ist die Biokatalyse ein geeignetes Werkzeug, das oftmals der konventionellen De‐novo‐Synthese überlegen ist. Enzyme haben sich als nützlich erwiesen, um funktionelle Gruppen direkt in komplexe Molekülgerüste einzuführen sowie für die rasche Diversifizierung von Substanzbibliotheken. Biokatalytische Oxyfunktionalisierungen, Halogenierungen, Methylierungen, Reduktionen und Amidierungen sind von besonderem Interesse, da diese Strukturmotive häufig in Pharmazeutika vertreten sind. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Stärken und Schwächen der enzymkatalysierten späten Modifizierungen durch native und optimierte Enzyme in der Synthesechemie. Ebenso werden wichtige Beispiele in der Wirkstoffentwicklung hervorgehoben.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGötheborgSchweden
| | - Bethan S. Jones
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Bethany N. Hogg
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Arnau Rué Casamajo
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGötheborgSchweden
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Christian Schnepel
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
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Romero E, Jones BS, Hogg BN, Rué Casamajo A, Hayes MA, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ, Schnepel C. Enzymatic Late-Stage Modifications: Better Late Than Never. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16824-16855. [PMID: 33453143 PMCID: PMC8359417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme catalysis is gaining increasing importance in synthetic chemistry. Nowadays, the growing number of biocatalysts accessible by means of bioinformatics and enzyme engineering opens up an immense variety of selective reactions. Biocatalysis especially provides excellent opportunities for late-stage modification often superior to conventional de novo synthesis. Enzymes have proven to be useful for direct introduction of functional groups into complex scaffolds, as well as for rapid diversification of compound libraries. Particularly important and highly topical are enzyme-catalysed oxyfunctionalisations, halogenations, methylations, reductions, and amide bond formations due to the high prevalence of these motifs in pharmaceuticals. This Review gives an overview of the strengths and limitations of enzymatic late-stage modifications using native and engineered enzymes in synthesis while focusing on important examples in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Bethan S. Jones
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Bethany N. Hogg
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Arnau Rué Casamajo
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Christian Schnepel
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
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Evaluation of 1β-Hydroxylation of Deoxycholic Acid as a Non-Invasive Urinary Biomarker of CYP3A Activity in the Assessment of Inhibition-Based Drug-Drug Interaction in Healthy Volunteers. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060457. [PMID: 34073662 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the utility of endogenous 1β-hydroxy-deoxycholic acid/total deoxycholic acid ratio (1β-OH-DCA/ToDCA) in spot urine as a surrogate marker of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) activity in the assessment inhibition-based drug-drug interactions in healthy volunteers. This was accomplished through an open-label, three-treatment parallel-arm study in healthy male volunteers from Zimbabwe. Each group received itraconazole (ITZ; 100 mg once daily; n = 10), fluconazole (FKZ; 50 mg once daily; n = 9), or alprazolam (APZ; 1 mg once daily; n = 8) orally. Midazolam (MDZ), dosed orally and intravenously, was used as a comparator to validate the exploratory measures of CYP3A activity and the effects of known inhibitors. Urinary metabolic ratios of 1β-OH-DCA/ToDCA before and after CYP3A inhibitor treatment showed a similar magnitude of inhibitory effects of the three treatments as that measured by oral MDZ clearance. The maximum inhibition effect of a 75% reduction in the 1β-OH-DCA/ToDCA ratio compared to the baseline was achieved in the ITZ group following six once-daily doses of 100 mg. The correlations of the two markers for CYP3A inhibitor treatment were significant (rs = 0.53, p < 0.01). The half-life of urinary endogenous 1β-OH-DCA/ToDCA was estimated as four days. These results suggested that 1β-OH-DCA/ToDCA in spot urine is a promising convenient, non-invasive, sensitive, and relatively quickly responsive endogenous biomarker that can be used for CYP3A inhibition-based drug-drug interaction in clinical studies.
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Xie Y, Zhang Y, Liu H, Xing J. Metabolic Retroversion of Piperaquine (PQ) via Hepatic Cytochrome P450-Mediated N-Oxidation and Reduction: Not an Important Contributor to the Prolonged Elimination of PQ. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:379-388. [PMID: 33674271 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a partner antimalarial with an extremely long elimination half-life (∼30 days), piperaquine (PQ) is mainly metabolized into a pharmacologically active N-oxide metabolite [piperaquine N-oxide (PN1)] in humans. In the present work, the metabolic retroversion of PQ and PN1, potentially associated with decreased clearance of PQ, was studied. The results showed that interconversion existed for PQ and its metabolite PN1. The N-oxidation of PQ to PN1 was mainly mediated by CYP3A4, and PN1 can rapidly reduce back to PQ via cytochrome P450 (P450)/flavin-containing monooxygenase enzymes. In accordance with these findings, the P450 nonselective inhibitor (1-ABT) or CYP3A4 inhibitor (ketoconazole) inhibited the N-oxidation pathway in liver microsomes (>90%), and the reduction metabolism was inhibited by 1-ABT (>90%) or methimazole (∼50%). Based on in vitro physiologic and enzyme kinetic studies, quantitative prediction of hepatic clearance (CLH) of PQ was performed, which indicated its negligible decreased elimination in humans in the presence of futile cycling, with the unbound CLH decreasing by 2.5% (0.069 l/h per kilogram); however, a minor decrease in unbound CLH (by 12.8%) was found in mice (0.024 l/h per kilogram). After an oral dose of PQ (or PN1) to mice, the parent form predominated in the blood circulation, and PN1 (or PQ) was detected as a major metabolite. Other factors probably associated with delayed elimination of PQ (intestinal metabolism and enterohepatic circulation) did not play a key role in PQ elimination. These data suggested that the metabolic interconversion of PQ and its N-oxide metabolite contributes to but may not significantly prolong its duration in humans. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This paper investigated the interconversion metabolism of piperaquine (PQ) and its N-oxide metabolite in vitro as well as in mice. The metabolic profiles of PQ were reestablished by this futile cycling, which contributes to but may not significantly prolong its elimination in humans. Enzyme phenotyping indicated a low possibility of interaction of PQ during artemisinin drug-based combination therapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewu Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunrui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huixiang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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9
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Zeng W, Gui L, Tan X, Zhu P, Hu Y, Wu Q, Li X, Yang L, Jia W, Liu C, Lan K. Tertiary Oxidation of Deoxycholate Is Predictive of CYP3A Activity in Dogs. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:369-378. [PMID: 33674269 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxycholic acid (DCA, 3α, 12α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid) is the major circulating secondary bile acid, which is synthesized by gut flora in the lower gut and selectively oxidized by CYP3A into tertiary metabolites, including 1β,3α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (DCA-1β-ol) and 3α,5β,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (DCA-5β-ol) in humans. Since DCA has the similar exogenous nature and disposition mechanisms as xenobiotics, this work aimed to investigate whether the tertiary oxidations of DCA are predictive of in vivo CYP3A activities in beagle dogs. In vitro metabolism of midazolam (MDZ) and DCA in recombinant canine CYP1A1, 1A2, 2B11, 2C21, 2C41, 2D15, 3A12, and 3A26 enzymes clarified that CYP3A12 was primarily responsible for either the oxidation elimination of MDZ or the regioselective oxidation metabolism of DCA into DCA-1β-ol and DCA-5β-ol in dog liver microsomes. Six male dogs completed the CYP3A intervention studies including phases of baseline, inhibition (ketoconazole treatments), recovery, and induction (rifampicin treatments). The oral MDZ clearance after a single dose was determined on the last day of the baseline, inhibition, and induction phases, and subjected to correlation analysis with the tertiary oxidation ratios of DCA detected in serum and urine samples. The results confirmed that the predosing serum ratios of DCA oxidation, DCA-5β-ol/DCA, and DCA-1β-ol/DCA were significantly and positively correlated both intraindividually and interindividually with oral MDZ clearance. It was therefore concluded that the tertiary oxidation of DCA is predictive of CYP3A activity in beagle dogs. Clinical transitional studies following the preclinical evidence are promising to provide novel biomarkers of the enterohepatic CYP3A activities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Drug development, clinical pharmacology, and therapeutics are under insistent demands of endogenous CYP3A biomarkers that avoid unnecessary drug exposure and invasive sampling. This work has provided the first proof-of-concept preclinical evidence that the CYP3A catalyzed tertiary oxidation of deoxycholate, the major circulating secondary bile acid synthesized in the lower gut by bacteria, may be developed as novel in vivo biomarkers of the enterohepatic CYP3A activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wushuang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (W.Z., L.G., X.T., P.Z., Y.H., Q.W., K.L.); Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (X.L., L.Y., K.L.); WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.Y.); School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China (W.J.); and State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.)
| | - Lanlan Gui
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (W.Z., L.G., X.T., P.Z., Y.H., Q.W., K.L.); Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (X.L., L.Y., K.L.); WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.Y.); School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China (W.J.); and State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.)
| | - Xianwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (W.Z., L.G., X.T., P.Z., Y.H., Q.W., K.L.); Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (X.L., L.Y., K.L.); WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.Y.); School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China (W.J.); and State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.)
| | - Pingping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (W.Z., L.G., X.T., P.Z., Y.H., Q.W., K.L.); Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (X.L., L.Y., K.L.); WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.Y.); School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China (W.J.); and State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.)
| | - Yiting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (W.Z., L.G., X.T., P.Z., Y.H., Q.W., K.L.); Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (X.L., L.Y., K.L.); WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.Y.); School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China (W.J.); and State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.)
| | - Qingliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (W.Z., L.G., X.T., P.Z., Y.H., Q.W., K.L.); Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (X.L., L.Y., K.L.); WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.Y.); School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China (W.J.); and State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.)
| | - Xuejing Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (W.Z., L.G., X.T., P.Z., Y.H., Q.W., K.L.); Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (X.L., L.Y., K.L.); WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.Y.); School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China (W.J.); and State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.)
| | - Lian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (W.Z., L.G., X.T., P.Z., Y.H., Q.W., K.L.); Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (X.L., L.Y., K.L.); WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.Y.); School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China (W.J.); and State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.)
| | - Wei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (W.Z., L.G., X.T., P.Z., Y.H., Q.W., K.L.); Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (X.L., L.Y., K.L.); WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.Y.); School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China (W.J.); and State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.)
| | - Changxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (W.Z., L.G., X.T., P.Z., Y.H., Q.W., K.L.); Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (X.L., L.Y., K.L.); WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.Y.); School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China (W.J.); and State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.)
| | - Ke Lan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (W.Z., L.G., X.T., P.Z., Y.H., Q.W., K.L.); Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (X.L., L.Y., K.L.); WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (L.Y.); School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China (W.J.); and State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.)
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Magliocco G, Desmeules J, Bosilkovska M, Thomas A, Daali Y. The 1β-Hydroxy-Deoxycholic Acid to Deoxycholic Acid Urinary Metabolic Ratio: Toward a Phenotyping of CYP3A Using an Endogenous Marker? J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020150. [PMID: 33672438 PMCID: PMC7923269 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the potential use of the 1β-hydroxy-deoxycholic acid (1β-OH-DCA) to deoxycholic acid (DCA) urinary metabolic ratio (UMR) as a CYP3A metric in ten male healthy volunteers. Midazolam (MDZ) 1 mg was administered orally at three sessions: alone (control session), after pre-treatment with fluvoxamine 50 mg (12 h and 2 h prior to MDZ administration), and voriconazole 400 mg (2 h before MDZ administration) (inhibition session), and after a 7-day pre-treatment with the inducer rifampicin 600 mg (induction session). The 1β-OH-DCA/DCA UMR was measured at each session, and correlations with MDZ metrics were established. At baseline, the 1β-OH-DCA/DCA UMR correlated significantly with oral MDZ clearance (r = 0.652, p = 0.041) and Cmax (r = -0.652, p = 0.041). In addition, the modulation of CYP3A was reflected in the 1β-OH-DCA/DCA UMR after the intake of rifampicin (induction ratio = 11.4, p < 0.01). During the inhibition session, a non-significant 22% decrease in 1β-OH-DCA/DCA was observed (p = 0.275). This result could be explained by the short duration of CYP3A inhibitors intake fixed in our clinical trial. Additional studies, particularly involving CYP3A inhibition for a longer period and larger sample sizes, are needed to confirm the 1β-OH-DCA/DCA metric as a suitable CYP3A biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Magliocco
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jules Desmeules
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marija Bosilkovska
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Thomas
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Unit, CURML, 1000 Lausanne University Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals, Lausanne, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Unit of Toxicology, CURML, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Youssef Daali
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.); (J.D.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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11
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Liu NR, Yang K, Li WT, Pang ZH, Zhang Q, Wang JJ, Dang WX, Jia RY, Fu ZW, Li YX, Yao ZH, Fang ZZ. Evaluation of the inhibition of chlorophenols towards human cytochrome P450 3A4 and differences among various species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138187. [PMID: 32408447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols (CPs) are important pollutants detected frequently in the environment. This study intended to detect the inhibitory effects of fourteen CPs (2-CP, 3-CP, 4-CP, 4C2AP, 4C3MP, 2.4-DCP, 2.3.4-TCP, 2.4.5-TCP, 2.4.6-TCP, 3.4.5-TCP, 2.3.4.5-TECP, 2.3.4.6-TECP, 2.3.5.6-TECP and PCP) towards human liver cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Throughout the tests, testosterone was used as the probe substrate and CPs were used as inhibitors. A series of experiments (enzyme activity assays, preliminary screening tests, inhibition kinetics determination) were conducted to determine the inhibition of CPs towards human liver CYP3A4. CPs with the inhibitory effect >80% were selected for the inhibition evaluation in liver microsomes from different animal species (monkey, rat, dog, pig). The results showed that 2.3.4-TCP, 3.4.5-TCP, and 2.3.4.5-TECP inhibited the activities of CYP3A4 by 80.3%, 93.4%, 91.6%, respectively. Inhibition kinetics type were non-competitive and inhibition kinetics constant (Ki) values were 26.4 μM, 13.5 μM, and 8.8 μM for the inhibition of 2.3.4-TCP, 3.4.5-TCP, and 2.3.4.5-TECP towards human CYP3A4, respectively. Inhibition kinetics type was competitive and Ki value was 4.9 μM for the inhibition of 2.3.4-TCP towards CYP3A4 in Monkey liver microsomes (MyLMs). Inhibition kinetic types were non-competitive and Ki values were 8.1 μM and 28.7 μM for the inhibition of 3.4.5-TCP and 2.3.4.5-TECP towards CYP3A4 in MyLMs. Inhibition kinetic types were non-competitive and Ki values were 13.8 μM, 0.6 μM, and 6.1 μM for the inhibition of 2.3.4-TCP, 3.4.5-TCP, and 2.3.4.5-TECP towards CYP3A4 in Dog liver microsomes (DLMs), respectively. By comparing Ki values and inhibition kinetic types, the dog was the most suitable model to assess the inhibition of 2.3.4-TCP and 2.3.4.5-TECP towards CYP3A4, and monkey was the most suitable model to assess the inhibition of 3.4.5-TCP towards CYP3A4. In conclusion, our recent study on the inhibition of CPs towards CYP3A4 and species differences was important for further toxicological studies of CPs in human bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Rong Liu
- Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China; Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Ting Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China; Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Jia-Jia Wang
- Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China; Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Wen-Xi Dang
- Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China; Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Ruo-Yong Jia
- Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Fu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhu-Hua Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China.
| | - Zhong-Ze Fang
- Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China.
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12
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Lin Q, Tan X, Wang W, Zeng W, Gui L, Su M, Liu C, Jia W, Xu L, Lan K. Species Differences of Bile Acid Redox Metabolism: Tertiary Oxidation of Deoxycholate is Conserved in Preclinical Animals. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:499-507. [PMID: 32193215 PMCID: PMC11022903 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently disclosed that CYP3A is responsible for the tertiary stereoselective oxidations of deoxycholic acid (DCA), which becomes a continuum mechanism of the host-gut microbial cometabolism of bile acids (BAs) in humans. This work aims to investigate the species differences of BA redox metabolism and clarify whether the tertiary metabolism of DCA is a conserved pathway in preclinical animals. With quantitative determination of the total unconjugated BAs in urine and fecal samples of humans, dogs, rats, and mice, it was confirmed that the tertiary oxidized metabolites of DCA were found in all tested animals, whereas DCA and its oxidized metabolites disappeared in germ-free mice. The in vitro metabolism data of DCA and the other unconjugated BAs in liver microsomes of humans, monkeys, dogs, rats, and mice showed consistencies with the BA-profiling data, confirming that the tertiary oxidation of DCA is a conserved pathway. In liver microsomes of all tested animals, however, the oxidation activities toward DCA were far below the murine-specific 6β-oxidation activities toward chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid (LCA), and 7-oxidation activities toward murideoxycholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid came from the 6-hydroxylation of LCA. These findings provided further explanations for why murine animals have significantly enhanced downstream metabolism of CDCA compared with humans. In conclusion, the species differences of BA redox metabolism disclosed in this work will be useful for the interspecies extrapolation of BA biology and toxicology in translational researches. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: It is important to understand the species differences of bile acid metabolism when deciphering biological and hepatotoxicology findings from preclinical studies. However, the species differences of tertiary bile acids are poorly understood compared with primary and secondary bile acids. This work confirms that the tertiary oxidation of deoxycholic acid is conserved among preclinical animals and provides deeper understanding of how and why the downstream metabolism of chenodeoxycholic acid dominates that of cholic acid in murine animals compared with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Xianwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Wushuang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Lanlan Gui
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Mingming Su
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Changxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Wei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Liang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
| | - Ke Lan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, (M.S., W.J.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (Q.L., X.T., W.W., W.Z., L.G., K.L.)
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13
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Wright WC, Chenge J, Chen T. Structural Perspectives of the CYP3A Family and Their Small Molecule Modulators in Drug Metabolism. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:132-142. [PMID: 32789028 PMCID: PMC7418881 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes function to catalyze a wide range of reactions, many of which are critically important for drug response. Members of the human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) family are particularly important in drug clearance, and they collectively metabolize more than half of all currently prescribed medications. The ability of these enzymes to bind a large and structurally diverse set of compounds increases the chances of their modulating or facilitating drug metabolism in unfavorable ways. Emerging evidence suggests that individual enzymes in the CYP3A family play discrete and important roles in catalysis and disease progression. Here we review the similarities and differences among CYP3A enzymes with regard to substrate recognition, metabolism, modulation by small molecules, and biological consequence, highlighting some of those with clinical significance. We also present structural perspectives to further characterize the basis of these comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Wright
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Jude Chenge
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
- Corresponding author: Taosheng Chen, Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, MS 1000, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. Tel: (901) 595-5937; Fax: (901) 595-5715;
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14
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Li H, Lampe JN. Neonatal cytochrome P450 CYP3A7: A comprehensive review of its role in development, disease, and xenobiotic metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 673:108078. [PMID: 31445893 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human cytochrome P450 CYP3A7, once thought to be an enzyme exclusive to fetal livers, has more recently been identified in neonates and developing infants as old as 24 months post-gestational age. CYP3A7 has been demonstrated to metabolize two endogenous compounds that are known to be important in the growth and development of the fetus and neonate, namely dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and all-trans retinoic acid (atRA). In addition, it is also known to metabolize a variety of drugs and xenobiotics, albeit generally to a lesser extent relative to CYP3A4/5. CYP3A7 is an important component in the development and protection of the fetal liver and additionally plays a role in certain disease states, such as cancer and adrenal hyperplasia. Ultimately, a full understanding of the expression, regulation, and metabolic properties of CYP3A7 is needed to provide neonates with appropriate individualized pharmacotherapy. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge of CYP3A7, including its discovery, distribution, alleles, RNA splicing, expression and regulation, metabolic properties, substrates, and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixing Li
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute Nanchang University, 235 East Nanjing Road, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Jed N Lampe
- University of Colorado, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mail Stop C238, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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15
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Phenotyping of Human CYP450 Enzymes by Endobiotics: Current Knowledge and Methodological Approaches. Clin Pharmacokinet 2019; 58:1373-1391. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-019-00783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhang J, Gao LZ, Chen YJ, Zhu PP, Yin SS, Su MM, Ni Y, Miao J, Wu WL, Chen H, Brouwer KLR, Liu CX, Xu L, Jia W, Lan K. Continuum of Host-Gut Microbial Co-metabolism: Host CYP3A4/3A7 are Responsible for Tertiary Oxidations of Deoxycholate Species. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:283-294. [PMID: 30606729 PMCID: PMC6378331 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota modifies endogenous primary bile acids (BAs) to produce exogenous secondary BAs, which may be further metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s). Our primary aim was to examine how the host adapts to the stress of microbe-derived secondary BAs by P450-mediated oxidative modifications on the steroid nucleus. Five unconjugated tri-hydroxyl BAs that were structurally and/or biologically associated with deoxycholate (DCA) were determined in human biologic samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in combination with enzyme-digestion techniques. They were identified as DCA-19-ol, DCA-6β-ol, DCA-5β-ol, DCA-6α-ol, DCA-1β-ol, and DCA-4β-ol based on matching in-laboratory synthesized standards. Metabolic inhibition assays in human liver microsomes and recombinant P450 assays revealed that CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 were responsible for the regioselective oxidations of both DCA and its conjugated forms, glycodeoxycholate (GDCA) and taurodeoxycholate (TDCA). The modification of secondary BAs to tertiary BAs defines a host liver (primary BAs)-gut microbiota (secondary BAs)-host liver (tertiary BAs) axis. The regioselective oxidations of DCA, GDCA, and TDCA by CYP3A4 and CYP3A7 may help eliminate host-toxic DCA species. The 19- and 4β-hydroxylation of DCA species demonstrated outstanding CYP3A7 selectivity and may be useful as indicators of CYP3A7 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Ling-Zhi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Yu-Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Ping-Ping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Shan-Shan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Ming-Ming Su
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Yan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Jia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Wen-Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Chang-Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Liang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Wei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
| | - Ke Lan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.Z., L.Z.G., Y.J.C., P.P.Z., S.S.Y., L.X., K.L.); Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (M.M.S., Y.N., W.J.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.M.); Chengdu Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China (W.L.W., H.C.); UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L.R.B.); State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China (C.X.L.); and Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China (S.S.Y.)
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17
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Zhu P, Zhang J, Chen Y, Yin S, Su M, Xie G, Brouwer KLR, Liu C, Lan K, Jia W. Analysis of human C24 bile acids metabolome in serum and urine based on enzyme digestion of conjugated bile acids and LC-MS determination of unconjugated bile acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5287-5300. [PMID: 29907951 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions are closely associated with health and disease. A manifestation of such co-metabolism is the vast structural diversity of bile acids (BAs) involving both oxidative stereochemistry and conjugation. Herein, we describe the development and validation of a LC-MS-based method for the analysis of human C24 BA metabolome in serum and urine. The method has high throughput covering the discrimination of oxidative stereochemistry of unconjugated species in a 15-min analytical cycle. The validated quantitative performance provided an indirect way to ascertain the conjugation patterns of BAs via enzyme-digestion protocols that incorporated the enzymes, sulfatase, β-glucuronidase, and choloylglycine hydrolase. Application of the method has led to the detection of at least 70 unconjugated BAs including 27 known species and 43 newly found species in the post-prandial serum and urine samples from 7 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients and 13 healthy volunteers. Newly identified unconjugated BAs included 3α, 12β-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid, 12α-hydroxy-3-oxo-5β-cholan-24-oic acid, and 3α, 7α, 12β-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid. High-definition negative fragment spectra of the other major unknown species were acquired to facilitate future identification endeavors. An extensive conjugation pattern is the major reason for the "invisibility" of the newly found BAs to other common analytical methods. Metabolomic analysis of the total unconjugated BA profile in combination with analysis of their conjugation patterns and urinary excretion tendencies have provided substantial insights into the interconnected roles of host and gut microbiota in maintaining BA homeostasis. It was proposed that the urinary total BA profile may serve as an ideal footprint for the functional status of the host-gut microbial BA co-metabolism. In summary, this work provided a powerful tool for human C24 BA metabolome analysis that bridges the gap between GC-MS techniques in the past age and LC-MS techniques currently prevailing in biomedical researches. Further applications of the present method in clinical, translational research, and other biomedical explorations will continue to boost the construction of a host-gut microbial co-metabolism network of BAs and thus facilitate the decryption of BA-mediated host-gut microbiota crosstalk in health and diseases. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mingming Su
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96801, USA
| | - Guoxiang Xie
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96801, USA
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Changxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Ke Lan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Chengdu Health-Balance Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610000, China.
| | - Wei Jia
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96801, USA.
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18
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Li J, Dawson PA. Animal models to study bile acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:895-911. [PMID: 29782919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of animal models, particularly genetically modified mice, continues to play a critical role in studying the relationship between bile acid metabolism and human liver disease. Over the past 20 years, these studies have been instrumental in elucidating the major pathways responsible for bile acid biosynthesis and enterohepatic cycling, and the molecular mechanisms regulating those pathways. This work also revealed bile acid differences between species, particularly in the composition, physicochemical properties, and signaling potential of the bile acid pool. These species differences may limit the ability to translate findings regarding bile acid-related disease processes from mice to humans. In this review, we focus primarily on mouse models and also briefly discuss dietary or surgical models commonly used to study the basic mechanisms underlying bile acid metabolism. Important phenotypic species differences in bile acid metabolism between mice and humans are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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19
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Aboagye E, Alger K, Archibald S, Bakar N, Barton N, Bergare J, Bloom J, Bragg R, Burke B, Burns M, Carroll L, Calatayud D, Cawthorne C, Cortezon-Tamarit F, Crean C, Crump M, Dilworth J, Domarkas J, Duckett S, Eggleston I, Elmore C, van Es E, Fekete M, Goodwin M, Green G, Grönberg G, Hayes C, Hayes M, Hollis S, Hueting R, Ivanov P, Johnston G, Kerr W, Kohler A, Knox G, Lawrie K, Lee R, Lewis W, Lin B, Lockley W, López-Torres E, Lv K, Maddocks S, Marsh B, Mendiola A, Mirabello V, Miranda C, Norcott P, O'Hagan D, Olaru A, Pascu S, Rayner P, Read D, Ridge K, Ritter T, Roberts I, Samuri N, Sarpaki S, Somers D, Taylor R, Tuttle T, Varcoe J, Willis C. Abstracts of the 25th
International Isotope Society (UK Group) symposium: Synthesis and applications of labelled compounds 2016. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Kim B, Lee J, Shin KH, Lee S, Yu KS, Jang IJ, Cho JY. Identification of ω- or (ω-1)-Hydroxylated Medium-Chain Acylcarnitines as Novel Urinary Biomarkers for CYP3A Activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 103:879-887. [PMID: 28877336 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative models of endogenous metabolites are useful in predicting CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interactions. This study aimed to identify novel predictive markers for the magnitude of CYP3A induction and inhibition in male and female subjects using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Here we report five ω- or (ω-1)-hydroxylated medium-chain acylcarnitines as novel CYP3A4 markers. As CYP4 catalyzes the ω- or (ω-1)-hydroxylation of various medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), recombinant enzyme assays were used to determine the ω- and (ω-1)-hydroxylation activities of CYP3A4, CYP4A11, and CYP4F2. CYP3A4 catalyzed ω- and (ω-1)-hydroxylated MCFAs with the lowest Km and highest Vmax /Km values. Finally, we derived a model to predict midazolam clearance using these markers and demonstrated that the predictive model including three ω- or (ω-1)-hydroxylated medium-chain acylcarnitines, 6β-OH cortisol, and gender as covariates shows reliable predictability (r2 = 0.894).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jieon Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - SeungHwan Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Jin Jang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Hayes MA, Roberts I, Grönberg G, Lv K, Lin B, Bergare J, Elmore CS. Synthesis of 1β-hydroxydeoxycholic acid in H-2 and unlabeled forms. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:221-229. [PMID: 28183147 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
1β-hydroxydeoxycholic acid in unlabeled and stable isotope labeled forms was required for use as a biomarker for Cytochrome P450 3A4/5 activity. A lengthy synthesis was undertaken to deliver the unlabeled compound and in the process, to develop a route to the deuterium labeled compound. The synthesis of the unlabeled compound was completed but in a very low yield. Concurrent with the synthetic approach, a biosynthetic route was pursued and this approach proved to be much more rapid and afforded the compound in both unlabeled and deuterium labeled forms in a 1-step oxidation from deoxycholic acid and [D4 ]deoxycholic acid, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Hayes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ieuan Roberts
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Gunnar Grönberg
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jonas Bergare
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
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