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Roser LA, Sakellariou C, Lindstedt M, Neuhaus V, Dehmel S, Sommer C, Raasch M, Flandre T, Roesener S, Hewitt P, Parnham MJ, Sewald K, Schiffmann S. IL-2-mediated hepatotoxicity: knowledge gap identification based on the irAOP concept. J Immunotoxicol 2024; 21:2332177. [PMID: 38578203 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2024.2332177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity constitutes a major reason for non-approval and post-marketing withdrawal of pharmaceuticals. In many cases, preclinical models lack predictive capacity for hepatic damage in humans. A vital concern is the integration of immune system effects in preclinical safety assessment. The immune-related Adverse Outcome Pathway (irAOP) approach, which is applied within the Immune Safety Avatar (imSAVAR) consortium, presents a novel method to understand and predict immune-mediated adverse events elicited by pharmaceuticals and thus targets this issue. It aims to dissect the molecular mechanisms involved and identify key players in drug-induced side effects. As irAOPs are still in their infancy, there is a need for a model irAOP to validate the suitability of this tool. For this purpose, we developed a hepatotoxicity-based model irAOP for recombinant human IL-2 (aldesleukin). Besides producing durable therapeutic responses against renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma, the boosted immune activation upon IL-2 treatment elicits liver damage. The availability of extensive data regarding IL-2 allows both the generation of a comprehensive putative irAOP and to validate the predictability of the irAOP with clinical data. Moreover, IL-2, as one of the first cancer immunotherapeutics on the market, is a blueprint for various biological and novel treatment regimens that are under investigation today. This review provides a guideline for further irAOP-directed research in immune-mediated hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise A Roser
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Neuhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susann Dehmel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Charline Sommer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thierry Flandre
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sigrid Roesener
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Philip Hewitt
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals ehf, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Preclinical Pharmacology and In-Vitro Toxicology, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
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Alves RF, Lopes C, Rocha E, Madureira TV. A Step Forward in the Characterization of Primary Brown Trout Hepatocytic Spheroids as Experimental Models. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2277. [PMID: 37508054 PMCID: PMC10376616 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammal hepatocyte spheroids have been investigated as alternative experimental models in several contexts, since three-dimensional (3D) systems have shown the potential to mimic in vivo scenarios. The description of fish hepatocyte 3D models is still minimal. This study intends to further characterize brown trout primary hepatocyte spheroids at distinct time points up to 25 days in culture. Viability, biometry, histomorphology, and basal expression of a selection of genes (metabolism and detoxification, efflux transport, and estrogenic signalling) were considered. The gene expression of whole liver samples from the same fish donor were evaluated concurrently. After 12 days in culture, the hepatocyte spheroids exhibited biometric and morphological stability. From the 12th to the 20th day in culture, the basal expression levels for most of the selected genes did not vary. The targeted mRNA levels were higher in brown trout liver samples compared to hepatocyte spheroids. Despite that, data supported that this model resembles some in vivo features. As an experimental alternative model, it showed potential to be used in a stable time window that can be exploited for exposure tests to different xenobiotics, namely, estrogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F Alves
- Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Lopes
- Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia V Madureira
- Team of Animal Morphology and Toxicology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Mohsenian Naghani S, Jansen MM, Jaspers T, Bastiaans D, Burger D. Crushing lopinavir/ritonavir tablets does not result in lower exposure to lopinavir/ritonavir in adult patients with COVID-19. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2023; 30:e106-e108. [PMID: 33990390 PMCID: PMC10086723 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2020-002596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV) exposure is decreased in children after crushing the tablets. Whether exposure is also decreased in adult patients is not known. This study evaluated the exposure of LPV/RTV in adult patients after administration of crushed LPV/RTV tablets. METHODS Blood samples were drawn from patients with COVID-19 who were receiving crushed LPV/RTV 400/100 mg tablets twice daily. RESULTS Plasma concentrations for 11 patients with COVID-19 (eight men, mean age 62.6 years) were included. The measured plasma concentrations of LPV were substantially higher than reported for patients with HIV. CONCLUSIONS There is adequate exposure from crushed LPV/RTV tablets, but because of limited experience, therapeutic drug monitoring is still advised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Mpm Jansen
- Pharmacy, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Jaspers
- Pharmacy, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Diane Bastiaans
- Clinical Pharmacy, Catharina Ziekenhuis, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Abdallah YEH, Chahal S, Jamali F, Mahmoud SH. Drug-disease interaction: Clinical consequences of inflammation on drugs action and disposition. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES : A PUBLICATION OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2023; 26:11137. [PMID: 36942294 PMCID: PMC9990632 DOI: 10.3389/jpps.2023.11137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a culprit in many conditions affecting millions of people worldwide. A plethora of studies has revealed that inflammation and inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines are associated with altered expression and activity of various proteins such as those involved in drug metabolism, specifically cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). Emphasis of most available reports is on the inflammation-induced downregulation of CYPs, subsequently an increase in their substrate concentrations, and the link between the condition and the inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. However, reports also suggest that inflammation influences expression and/or activity of other proteins such as those involved in the drug-receptor interaction. These multifaced involvements render the clinical consequence of the inflammation unexpected. Such changes are shown in many inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, acute respiratory illnesses as well as natural processes such as aging, among others. For example, some commonly used cardiovascular drugs lose their efficacy when patients get afflicted with inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. Interestingly, this is despite increased concentration subsequent to reduced clearance. The observation is attributed to a simultaneous reduction in the expression of target receptor proteins such as the calcium and potassium channel and β-adrenergic receptor as well as the metabolic enzymes. This narrative review summarizes the current understanding and clinical implications of the inflammatory effects on both CYPs and drug-receptor target proteins.
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ElKhatib MAW, Isse FA, El-Kadi AOS. Effect of inflammation on cytochrome P450-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism and the consequences on cardiac hypertrophy. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 55:50-74. [PMID: 36573379 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2162075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of heart failure (HF) is generally preceded by cardiac hypertrophy (CH), which is the enlargement of cardiac myocytes in response to stress. During CH, the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA), which is present in the cell membrane phospholipids, is modulated. Metabolism of AA gives rise to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) via cytochrome P450 (CYP) ω-hydroxylases and CYP epoxygenases, respectively. A plethora of studies demonstrated the involvement of CYP-mediated AA metabolites in the pathogenesis of CH. Also, inflammation is known to be a characteristic hallmark of CH. In this review, our aim is to highlight the impact of inflammation on CYP-derived AA metabolites and CH. Inflammation is shown to modulate the expression of various CYP ω-hydroxylases and CYP epoxygenases and their respective metabolites in the heart. In general, HETEs such as 20-HETE and mid-chain HETEs are pro-inflammatory, while EETs are characterized by their anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. Several mechanisms are implicated in inflammation-induced CH, including the modulation of NF-κB and MAPK. This review demonstrated the inflammatory modulation of cardiac CYPs and their metabolites in the context of CH and the anti-inflammatory strategies that can be employed in the treatment of CH and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fadumo Ahmed Isse
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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6
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Effects of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines on Hepatic Metabolism in Primary Human Hepatocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314880. [PMID: 36499207 PMCID: PMC9740548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Three decades of hepatocyte transplantation have confirmed such a cell-based approach as an adjunct or alternative treatment to solid organ transplantation. Donor cell survival and engraftment were indirectly measured by hepatospecific secretive or released metabolites, such as ammonia metabolism in urea cycle defects. In cases of sepsis or viral infection, ammonia levels can significantly and abruptly increase in these recipients, erroneously implying rejection. Pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with viral or bacterial infections are known to affect many liver functions, including drug-metabolizing enzymes and hepatic transport activities. We examined the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines in primary human hepatocytes, isolated from both normal donors or patients with metabolic liver diseases. Different measures of hepatocyte functions, including ammonia metabolism and phase 1-3 metabolism, were performed. All the hepatic functions were profoundly and significantly suppressed after exposure to concentrations of from 0.1 to 10 ng/mL of different inflammatory cytokines, alone and in combination. Our data indicate that, like phase I metabolism, suppression of phase II/III and ammonia metabolism occurs in hepatocytes exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines in the absence of cell death. Such inflammatory events do not necessarily indicate a rejection response or loss of the cell graft, and these systemic inflammatory signals should be carefully considered when the immunosuppressant regiment is reduced or relieved in a hepatocyte transplantation recipient in response to such alleged rejection.
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Wang X, Rao J, Tan Z, Xun T, Zhao J, Yang X. Inflammatory signaling on cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism in hepatocytes. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1043836. [PMID: 36353494 PMCID: PMC9637984 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1043836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are membrane-bound blood proteins that are vital to drug detoxification, cell metabolism, and homeostasis. CYP450s belonging to CYP families 1-3 are responsible for nearly 80% of oxidative metabolism and complete elimination of approximately 50% of all common clinical drugs in humans liver hepatocytes. CYP450s can affect the body's response to drugs by altering the reaction, safety, bioavailability, and toxicity. They can also regulate metabolic organs and the body's local action sites to produce drug resistance through altered drug metabolism. Genetic polymorphisms in the CYP gene alone do not explain ethnic and individual differences in drug efficacy in the context of complex diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the impact of new inflammatory-response signaling pathways on the activity and expression of CYP drug-metabolizing enzymes. Included is a summary of recent studies that have identified drugs with the potential to regulate drug-metabolizing enzyme activity. Our goal is to inspire the development of clinical drug treatment processes that consider the impact of the inflammatory environment on drug treatment, as well as provide research targets for those studying drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaoyu Rao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyi Tan
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianrong Xun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingqian Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xixiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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Alrubia S, Mao J, Chen Y, Barber J, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Altered Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics in Crohn's Disease: Capturing Systems Parameters for PBPK to Assist with Predicting the Fate of Orally Administered Drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022; 61:1365-1392. [PMID: 36056298 PMCID: PMC9553790 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-022-01169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Backgrond and Objective Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects a wide age range. Hence, CD patients receive a variety of drugs over their life beyond those used for CD itself. The changes to the integrity of the intestine and its drug metabolising enzymes and transporters (DMETs) can alter the oral bioavailability of drugs. However, there are other changes in systems parameters determining the fate of drugs in CD, and understanding these is essential for dose adjustment in patients with CD. Methods The current analysis gathered all the available clinical data on the kinetics of drugs in CD (by March 2021), focusing on orally administered small molecule drugs. A meta-analysis of the systems parameters affecting oral drug pharmacokinetics was conducted. The systems information gathered on intestine, liver and blood proteins and other physiological parameters was incorporated into a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) platform to create a virtual population of CD patients, with a view for guiding dose adjustment in the absence of clinical data in CD. Results There were no uniform trends in the reported changes in reported oral bioavailability. The nature of the drug as well as the formulation affected the direction and magnitude of variation in kinetics in CD patients relative to healthy volunteers. Even for the same drug, the reported changes in exposure varied, possibly due to a lack of distinction between the activity states of CD. The highest alteration was seen with S-verapamil and midazolam, 8.7- and 5.3-fold greater exposure, respectively, in active CD patients relative to healthy volunteers. Only one report was available on liver DMETs in CD, and indicated reduced CYP3A4 activity. In a number of reports, mRNA expression of DMETs in the ileum and colon of CD patients was measured, focussing on P-glycoprotein (p-gp) transporter and CYP3A4 enzyme, and showed contradictory results. No data were available on protein expression in duodenum and jejunum despite their dominant role in oral drug absorption. Conclusion There are currently inadequate dedicated clinical or quantitative proteomic studies in CD to enable predictive PBPK models with high confidence and adequate verification. The PBPK models for CD with the available systems parameters were able to capture the major physiological influencers and the gaps to be filled by future research. Quantification of DMETs in the intestine and the liver in CD is warranted, alongside well-defined clinical drug disposition studies with a number of index drugs as biomarkers of changes in DMETs in these patients, to avoid large-scale dedicated studies for every drug to determine the effects of disease on the drug’s metabolism and disposition and the consequential safety and therapeutic concerns. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40262-022-01169-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Alrubia
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jialin Mao
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. .,Certara UK Ltd, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, UK.
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Kawase A, Takashima O, Tanaka S, Shimada H, Iwaki M. Diclofenac-Induced Cytotoxicity in Direct and Indirect Co-Culture of HepG2 Cells with Differentiated THP-1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158660. [PMID: 35955793 PMCID: PMC9368861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as diclofenac (DIC) frequently induce drug-induced liver injury (DILI). It is unclear whether macrophages such as M1 and M2 participate in NSAID-associated DILI; elucidating this relationship could lead to a better understanding of the detailed mechanism of DILI. We co-cultured human hepatoma HepG2 cells with M1 or M2 derived from human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells to examine the roles of M1 and M2 in DIC-induced cytotoxicity. DIC was added to the direct or indirect co-cultures of HepG2 cells with M1 or M2 (HepG2/M1 or HepG2/M2, respectively) at cell ratios of (1:0, 1:0.1, 1:0.4, and 1:1). In both direct and indirect HepG2/M2 co-cultures (1:0.4), there was lower lactate dehydrogenase release compared with HepG2/M1 co-cultures. Other NSAIDs as well as DIC showed similar protective effects of DIC-induced cytotoxicity. There were only slight differences in mRNA levels of apoptosis- and endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated factors between M1 and M2 after DIC treatment, suggesting that other factors determined the protective effects of M2 on DIC-induced cytotoxicity. Levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in the medium and the mRNA expression levels of HMGB1 receptors were different between M1 and M2 after DIC treatment. Increased HMGB1 concentrations and expression of toll-like receptor 2 mRNA in M1 were observed compared with M2 after DIC treatment. In conclusion, these results suggested that the HMGB1/TLR2 signaling axis can be suppressed in M2 but not M1, leading to the different roles of M1 and M2 in NSAID-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawase
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Ouka Takashima
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satsuki Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Osaka, Japan
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Chen KF, Jones HM, Gill KL. PBPK modelling to predict drug-biologic interactions with cytokine modulators: Are these relevant and is IL-6 enough?. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1322-1331. [PMID: 35868639 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that modulate cytokine levels are often used for the treatment of cancer as well as inflammatory or immunological disorders. Pharmacokinetic drug-biologic interactions (DBI) may arise from suppression or elevation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes caused by the increase or decrease in cytokine levels following administration of these therapies. There is in vitro and in vivo evidence that demonstrates a clear link between raised interleukin (IL)-6 levels and CYP suppression, in particular CYP3A4. However despite this, the changes in IL-6 levels in vivo rarely lead to significant drug interactions (AUC and Cmax ratios < 2-fold). The clinical significance of such interactions therefore remains questionable and is dependent on the therapeutic index of the small molecule therapy. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling has been used successfully to predict the impact of raised IL-6 on CYP activities. Beyond IL-6, published data show little evidence that IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17 suppress CYP enzymes. I n vitro data suggest that IL-1β, IL-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ can cause suppression of CYP enzymes. Despite in vivo there being a link between IL-6 levels and CYP suppression, the evidence to support a direct effect of IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on CYP activity is inconclusive. This commentary will discuss the relevance of such drug-biologic interactions and whether current PBPK models considering only IL-6 are sufficient. Significance Statement This commentary summarizes the current in vitro and in vivo literature regarding cytokine-mediated CYP suppression and compares the relative suppressive potential of different cytokines in reference to IL-6. It also discusses the relevance of drug-biologic interactions to therapeutic use of small molecule drugs and whether current PBPK models considering only IL-6 are sufficient to predict the extent of drug-biologic interactions.
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11
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de Jong LM, Klomp SD, Treijtel N, Rissmann R, Swen JJ, Manson ML. A Systematic Review on Disease-Drug-Drug Interactions with immunomodulating drugs: A Critical Appraisal of Risk Assessment and Drug Labelling. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:4387-4402. [PMID: 35484780 PMCID: PMC9545038 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Use of immunomodulating therapeutics for immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases may cause disease‐drug‐drug interactions (DDDIs) by reversing inflammation‐driven alterations in the metabolic capacity of cytochrome P450 enzymes. European Medicine Agency (EMA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines from 2007 recommend that the DDDI potential of therapeutic proteins should be assessed. This systematic analysis aimed to characterize the available DDDI trials with immunomodulatory drugs, experimental evidence for a DDDI risk and reported DDDI risk information in FDA/EMA approved drug labelling. Method For this systematic review, the EMA list of European Public Assessment Reports of human medicine was used to select immunomodulating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) marketed after 2007 at risk for a DDDI. Selected drugs were included in PubMed and Embase searches to extract reported interaction studies. The Summary of Product Characteristics (SPCs) and the United States Prescribing Information (USPIs) were subsequently used for analysis of DDDI risk descriptions. Results Clinical interaction studies to evaluate DDDI risks were performed for 12 of the 24 mAbs (50%) and for none of the TKIs. Four studies identified a DDDI risk, of which three were studies with interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) neutralizing mAbs. Based on (non)clinical data, a DDDI risk was reported in 32% of the SPCs and in 60% of the USPIs. The EMA/FDA documentation aligned with the DDDI risk potential in 35% of the 20 cases. Conclusion This systematic review reinforces that the risk for DDDI by immunomodulating drugs is target‐ and disease‐specific. Drug labelling information designates the greatest DDDI risk to mAbs that neutralize the effects of IL‐6, Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1 bèta (IL‐1β) in diseases with systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M de Jong
- Division of System Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, the Netherlands.,Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia D Klomp
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline Treijtel
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Interact-Clinical Pharmacology, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Rissmann
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jesse J Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn L Manson
- Division of System Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, the Netherlands.,Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, The Netherlands
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12
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Tasnim F, Huang X, Lee CZW, Ginhoux F, Yu H. Recent Advances in Models of Immune-Mediated Drug-Induced Liver Injury. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:605392. [PMID: 35295156 PMCID: PMC8915912 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.605392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic inflammation is a key feature of a variety of liver diseases including drug-induced liver injury (DILI), orchestrated by the innate immune response (Kupffer cells, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells) and the adaptive immune system (T cells and natural killer T cells). In contrast to acute DILI, prediction of immune-mediated DILI (im-DILI) has been more challenging due to complex disease pathogenesis, lack of reliable models and limited knowledge of underlying mechanisms. This review summarizes in vivo and in vitro systems that have been used to model im-DILI. In particular, the review focuses on state-of-the-art in vitro human-based multicellular models which have been developed to supplement the use of in vivo models due to interspecies variation and increasing ethical concerns regarding animal use. Advantages of the co-cultures in maintaining hepatocyte functions and importantly, introducing heterotypic cell-cell interactions to mimic inflammatory hepatic microenvironment are discussed. Challenges regarding cell source and incorporation of different cells with physical cell-cell contact are outlined and potential solutions are proposed. It is likely that better understanding of the interplay of immune cells in liver models will allow for the development of more accurate systems to better predict hepatotoxicity and stratification of drugs that can cause immune-mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Tasnim
- Innovations in Food & Chemical Safety Programme, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The Nanos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaozhong Huang
- Innovations in Food & Chemical Safety Programme, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The Nanos, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Zhe Wei Lee
- Innovations in Food & Chemical Safety Programme, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Innovations in Food & Chemical Safety Programme, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Innovations in Food & Chemical Safety Programme, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The Nanos, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore, Singapore.,T-Labs, Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Groups (CAMP-IRG), Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Lee SH, Won H, Kim SH, Jeon S, Jeong J, Lee DK, Yang JY, Seok JH, Jung K, Oh JH, Lee JH, Cho WS. Six-well plate-based colony-forming efficacy assay and Co-Culture application to assess toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 128:105085. [PMID: 34800565 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of a universal, label-free, and reliable in vitro toxicity testing method for nanoparticles is urgent because most nanoparticles can interfere with toxicity assays. In this regard, the colony-forming efficacy (CFE) assay has been suggested as a suitable in vitro toxicity assay for testing nanoparticles without such interference. Recently, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) developed a 60 × 15 mm Petri dish-based CFE assay for testing nanoparticles in MDCK-1 cells. However, further investigations are needed, including testing with other cell types, at a smaller scale for greater efficiency, and the application of the co-culture technique. In this study, we selected TiO2, CuO, CeO2, and SiO2 as test nanoparticles and successfully developed a 6-well plate-based CFE assay using HepG2 and A549 cells and a co-culture assay for combinations of HepG2 cells and THP-1 macrophages or A549 cells and THP-1 monocytes. The results suggest that the 6-wellplate-based CFE assay for HepG2 and A549 cells can be applied to nanoparticles, but the co-culture CFE assay has limitations in that it is not different from the single culture study, and it inhibits colony-formation by A549 cells in the presence of macrophages; this warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Han Lee
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Won
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Jeon
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Jeong
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Keun Lee
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Yang
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeun Seok
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kikyung Jung
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Oh
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wan-Seob Cho
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Dunvald ACD, Järvinen E, Mortensen C, Stage TB. Clinical and Molecular Perspectives on Inflammation-Mediated Regulation of Drug Metabolism and Transport. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 112:277-290. [PMID: 34605009 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a possible cause of variability in drug response and toxicity due to altered regulation in drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) in humans. Here, we evaluate the clinical and in vitro evidence on inflammation-mediated modulation of DMETs, and the impact on drug metabolism in humans. Furthermore, we identify and discuss the gaps in our current knowledge. A systematic literature search on PubMed, Embase, and grey literature was performed in the period of February to September 2020. A total of 203 papers was included. In vitro studies in primary human hepatocytes revealed strong evidence that CYP3A4 is strongly downregulated by inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β. CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 were downregulated to a lesser extent. In clinical studies, acute and chronic inflammatory diseases were observed to cause downregulation of CYP enzymes in a similar pattern. However, there is no clear correlation between in vitro studies and clinical studies, mainly because most in vitro studies use supraphysiological cytokine doses. Moreover, clinical studies demonstrate considerable variability in terms of methodology and inconsistencies in evaluation of the inflammatory state. In conclusion, we find inflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokines to be important factors in regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. The observed downregulation is clinically relevant, and we emphasize caution when treating patients in an inflammatory state with narrow therapeutic index drugs. Further research is needed to identify the full extent of inflammation-mediated changes in DMETs and to further support personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Cathrine Dalgård Dunvald
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Erkka Järvinen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Christina Mortensen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Tore B Stage
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
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15
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Pan X, Queiroz J, Hussain MM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in CLOCK mutant mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4282-4300. [PMID: 32396530 DOI: 10.1172/jci132765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a major health issue as obesity increases around the world. We studied the effect of a circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) mutant (ClkΔ19/Δ19) protein on hepatic lipid metabolism in C57BL/6 Clkwt/wt and apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice. Both ClkΔ19/Δ19 and ClkΔ19/Δ19 Apoe-/- mice developed a full spectrum of liver diseases (steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma) recognized in human NAFLD when challenged with a Western diet, lipopolysaccharide, or CoCl2. We identified induction of CD36 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) proteins as contributing factors for NAFLD. Mechanistic studies showed that WT CLOCK protein interacted with the E-box enhancer elements in the promoters of the proline hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins to increase expression. In ClkΔ19/Δ19 mice, PHD levels were low, and HIF1α protein levels were increased. When its levels were high, HIF1α interacted with the Cd36 promoter to augment expression and enhance fatty acid uptake. Thus, these studies establish a regulatory link among circadian rhythms, hypoxia response, fatty acid uptake, and NAFLD. The mouse models described here may be useful for further mechanistic studies in the progression of liver diseases and in the discovery of drugs for the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Pan
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Joyce Queiroz
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA.,VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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16
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de Jong LM, Jiskoot W, Swen JJ, Manson ML. Distinct Effects of Inflammation on Cytochrome P450 Regulation and Drug Metabolism: Lessons from Experimental Models and a Potential Role for Pharmacogenetics. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121509. [PMID: 33339226 PMCID: PMC7766585 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine strives to optimize drug treatment for the individual patient by taking into account both genetic and non-genetic factors for drug response. Inflammation is one of the non-genetic factors that has been shown to greatly affect the metabolism of drugs—primarily through inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) drug-metabolizing enzymes—and hence contribute to the mismatch between the genotype predicted drug response and the actual phenotype, a phenomenon called phenoconversion. This review focuses on inflammation-induced drug metabolism alterations. In particular, we discuss the evidence assembled through human in-vitro models on the effect of inflammatory mediators on clinically relevant CYP450 isoform levels and their metabolizing capacity. We also present an overview of the current understanding of the mechanistic pathways via which inflammation in hepatocytes may modulate hepatic functions that are critical for drug metabolism. Furthermore, since large inter-individual variability in response to inflammation is observed in human in-vitro models and clinical studies, we evaluate the potential role of pharmacogenetic variability in the inflammatory signaling cascade and how this can modulate the outcome of inflammation on drug metabolism and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. de Jong
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.M.d.J.); (W.J.)
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.M.d.J.); (W.J.)
| | - Jesse J. Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Leiden Network for Personalised Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn L. Manson
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.M.d.J.); (W.J.)
- Leiden Network for Personalised Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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17
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Krogstad V, Peric A, Robertsen I, Kringen MK, Vistnes M, Hjelmesæth J, Sandbu R, Johnson LK, Angeles PC, Jansson-Löfmark R, Karlsson C, Andersson S, Åsberg A, Andersson TB, Christensen H. Correlation of Body Weight and Composition With Hepatic Activities of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:432-437. [PMID: 33091408 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with comorbidities of which pharmacological treatment is needed. Physiological changes associated with obesity may influence the pharmacokinetics of drugs, but the effect of body weight on drug metabolism capacity remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate ex vivo activities of hepatic drug metabolizing CYP enzymes in patients covering a wide range of body weight. Liver biopsies from 36 individuals with a body mass index (BMI) ranging from 18 to 63 kg/m2 were obtained. Individual hepatic microsomes were prepared and activities of CYP3A, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP1A2 were determined. The unbound intrinsic clearance (CLint,u) values for CYP3A correlated negatively with body weight (r = -0.43, p < 0.01), waist circumference (r = -0.47, p < 0.01), hip circumference (r = -0.51, p < 0.01), fat percent (r = -0.41, p < 0.05), fat mass (r = -0.48, p < 0.01) and BMI (r = -0.46, p < 0.01). Linear regression analysis showed that CLint,u values for CYP3A decreased with 5% with each 10% increase in body weight (r2 = 0.12, β = -0.558, p < 0.05). There were no correlations between body weight measures and CLint,u values for the other CYP enzymes investigated. These results indicate reduced hepatic metabolizing capacity of CYP3A substrates in patients with increasing body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Krogstad
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandra Peric
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida Robertsen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne K Kringen
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Vistnes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jøran Hjelmesæth
- The Morbid Obesity Centre, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway; Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Sandbu
- The Morbid Obesity Centre, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | | - Philip Carlo Angeles
- The Morbid Obesity Centre, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway; Department of Surgery, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Karlsson
- Late-stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Research and Early Development, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hege Christensen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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18
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Diehl KL, Vorac J, Hofmann K, Meiser P, Unterweger I, Kuerschner L, Weighardt H, Förster I, Thiele C. Kupffer Cells Sense Free Fatty Acids and Regulate Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat Diet and Inflammation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102258. [PMID: 33050035 PMCID: PMC7600268 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A high fat Western-style diet leads to hepatic steatosis that can progress to steatohepatitis and ultimately cirrhosis or liver cancer. The mechanism that leads to the development of steatosis upon nutritional overload is complex and only partially understood. Using click chemistry-based metabolic tracing and microscopy, we study the interaction between Kupffer cells and hepatocytes ex vivo. In the early phase of steatosis, hepatocytes alone do not display significant deviations in fatty acid metabolism. However, in co-cultures or supernatant transfer experiments, we show that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion by Kupffer cells is necessary and sufficient to induce steatosis in hepatocytes, independent of the challenge of hepatocytes with elevated fatty acid levels. We further show that free fatty acid (FFA) or lipopolysaccharide are both able to trigger release of TNF from Kupffer cells. We conclude that Kupffer cells act as the primary sensor for both FFA overload and bacterial lipopolysaccharide, integrate these signals and transmit the information to the hepatocyte via TNF secretion. Hepatocytes react by alteration in lipid metabolism prominently leading to the accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in lipid droplets, a hallmark of steatosis.
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19
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Sudsakorn S, Bahadduri P, Fretland J, Lu C. 2020 FDA Drug-drug Interaction Guidance: A Comparison Analysis and Action Plan by Pharmaceutical Industrial Scientists. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:403-426. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200620210522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background:
In January 2020, the US FDA published two final guidelines, one entitled “In vitro Drug
Interaction Studies - Cytochrome P450 Enzyme- and Transporter-Mediated Drug Interactions Guidance for Industry”
and the other entitled “Clinical Drug Interaction Studies - Cytochrome P450 Enzyme- and Transporter-Mediated
Drug Interactions Guidance for Industry”. These were updated from the 2017 draft in vitro and clinical DDI
guidance.
Methods:
This study is aimed to provide an analysis of the updates along with a comparison of the DDI guidelines
published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency
(PMDA) along with the current literature.
Results:
The updates were provided in the final FDA DDI guidelines and explained the rationale of those changes
based on the understanding from research and literature. Furthermore, a comparison among the FDA, EMA, and
PMDA DDI guidelines are presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
Conclusion:
The new 2020 clinical DDI guidance from the FDA now has even higher harmonization with the
guidance (or guidelines) from the EMA and PMDA. A comparison of DDI guidance from the FDA 2017, 2020,
EMA, and PMDA on CYP and transporter based DDI, mathematical models, PBPK, and clinical evaluation of DDI
is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirimas Sudsakorn
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Praveen Bahadduri
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Jennifer Fretland
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Chuang Lu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
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20
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Sathe AG, Othman AA, Mohamed MEF. Therapeutic Protein Drug Interaction Potential in Subjects With Psoriasis: An Assessment Based on Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses of Sensitive Cytochrome P450 Probe Substrates. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 61:307-318. [PMID: 32960975 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevated cytokine levels in inflammatory diseases are associated with downregulation of certain cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Upon treatment with some cytokine-targeting therapeutic proteins, the CYP enzymes levels may be restored resulting in therapeutic protein-mediated drug interactions (TP-DI). These analyses characterized the worst-case scenario for CYP1A2, 2C9, and 3A-based TP-DI potential in patients with psoriasis by comparing the pharmacokinetics of probe substrates between healthy volunteers and subjects with moderate to severe psoriasis. Data for the CYP probe substrates midazolam (CYP3A), caffeine (CYP1A2), and S-warfarin (CYP2C9) from 7 drug interaction studies (1 in patients with psoriasis and 6 in healthy subjects) were pooled to develop a population pharmacokinetics model for each substrate. A 2-compartment model with absorption lag time for midazolam, a 1-compartment model with 5 transit absorption compartments for caffeine, and a 3-compartment model with absorption lag time for S-warfarin best described the observed data. Apparent oral clearance and relative bioavailability for caffeine and S-warfarin were not significantly different between the subject populations. Psoriasis patients were estimated to have 17% lower midazolam oral bioavailability than healthy volunteers. Compounded with other covariate effects, the ratio of median post hoc area under the plasma concentration-time estimates in subjects with psoriasis relative to healthy subjects was 0.96, 1.13, and 0.65 for midazolam, caffeine, and S-warfarin, respectively. Therefore, inflammation in psoriasis had no relevant effect on reducing CYP1A2, 2C9, and 3A activities in vivo and no significant TP-DIs mediated through these enzymes are expected in patients with psoriasis. This approach can potentially be used in lieu of dedicated TP-DI studies to identify TP-DI risks within a disease area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek G Sathe
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Abbvie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ahmed A Othman
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Abbvie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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21
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CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Breast Cancer Treatment: Potential Interactions with Drug, Gene, and Pathophysiological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176350. [PMID: 32883002 PMCID: PMC7504705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib belong to the third generation of cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors (CDKis), an established therapeutic class for advanced and metastatic breast cancer. Interindividual variability in the therapeutic response of CDKis has been reported and some individuals may experience increased and unexpected toxicity. This narrative review aims at identifying the factors potentially concurring at this variability for driving the most appropriate and tailored use of CDKis in the clinic. Specifically, concomitant medications, pharmacogenetic profile, and pathophysiological conditions could influence absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination pharmacokinetics. A personalized therapeutic approach taking into consideration all factors potentially contributing to an altered pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile could better drive safe and effective clinical use.
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22
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Functionality of primary hepatic non-parenchymal cells in a 3D spheroid model and contribution to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1251-1263. [PMID: 32112222 PMCID: PMC7225187 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to hepatocytes, the liver comprises a host of specialised non-parenchymal cells which are important to consider in the development of in vitro models which are both physiologically and toxicologically relevant. We have characterized a 3D co-culture system comprising primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and non-parenchymal cells (NPC) and applied it to the investigation of acetaminophen-induced toxicity. Firstly, we titrated ratios of PHH:NPC and confirmed the presence of functional NPCs via both immunohistochemistry and activation with both LPS and TGF-β. Based on these data we selected a ratio of 2:1 PHH:NPC for further studies. We observed that spheroids supplemented with NPCs were protected against acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity as determined by ATP (up to threefold difference in EC50 at day 14 compared to hepatocytes alone) and glutathione depletion, as well as miR-122 release. APAP metabolism was also altered in the presence of NPCs, with significantly lower levels of APAP-GSH detected. Expression of several CYP450 enzymes involved in the bioactivation of APAP was also lower in NPC-containing spheroids. Spheroids containing NPCs also expressed higher levels of miRNAs which have been implicated in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, including miR-382 and miR-155 which have potential roles in liver regeneration and inflammation, respectively. These data indicate that the interaction between hepatocytes and NPCs can have significant metabolic and toxicological consequences important for the correct elucidation of hepatic safety mechanisms.
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23
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Bale SS, Manoppo A, Thompson R, Markoski A, Coppeta J, Cain B, Haroutunian N, Newlin V, Spencer A, Azizgolshani H, Lu M, Gosset J, Keegan P, Charest JL. A thermoplastic microfluidic microphysiological system to recapitulate hepatic function and multicellular interactions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3409-3420. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alex Markoski
- DraperCambridge Massachusetts
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringWorcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcester Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingjian Lu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - James Gosset
- Pfizer Global Research and Development Cambridge Massachusetts
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Zeng H, Lin Y, Gong J, Lin S, Gao J, Li C, Feng Z, Zhang H, Zhang J, Li Y, Yu C. CYP3A suppression during diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is independent of PXR regulation. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:185-193. [PMID: 31132328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) activity is inhibited, and its expression is suppressed during many diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the mechanism is controversial. Here, we report that PXR may not take part in the downregulation of CYP3A during NAFLD. Hepatic CYP3A11 (major subtype of mouse CYP3A) mRNA and protein expression was significantly decreased in both mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and palmitate (PA)-treated mouse primary hepatocytes. Similarly, in HepG2 cells, PA treatment significantly suppressed the CYP3A4 (major subtype of human CYP3A) mRNA level and promoter transcription activity. However, Western blotting analysis found an induction of PXR nuclear translocation during NAFLD in both in vivo and in vitro models. Moreover, immunofluorescence determination also found nuclear translocation effect of PXR by PA stimulation in HepG2 cells. In addition, the siRNA knockdown of PXR did not affect the suppressive effects of PA on the CYP3A4 promoter transcription activity and mRNA levels in HepG2 cells. Similarly, PXR knockdown also did not affect the suppressive effects of PA on CYP3A11 mRNA and protein expression levels in mouse primary hepatoctyes. Taken together, the results showed that the suppressive effect of CYP3A transcription was independent of PXR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yiming Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiande Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Sisi Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jianguo Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zemin Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Youming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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25
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Machavaram KK, Endo-Tsukude C, Terao K, Gill KL, Hatley OJ, Gardner I, Parrott N, Ducray PS. Simulating the Impact of Elevated Levels of Interleukin-6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Various CYP450 Substrates in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica or Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders in Different Ethnic Populations. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:42. [PMID: 30887238 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to simulate the impact of elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-6 on the exposure of several orally administered cytochrome P450 (CYP) probe substrates (caffeine, S-warfarin, omeprazole, dextromethorphan, midazolam, and simvastatin). The changes in exposure of these substrates in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (and hence elevated IL-6 levels) compared with healthy subjects were predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The PBPK model was then used to simulate the change in oral exposure of the probe substrates in North European Caucasian, Chinese, and Japanese population of patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or NMO spectrum disorder with elevated plasma IL-6 levels (up to 100 pg/mL). Moderate interactions [mean AUC fold change, ≤ 2.08 (midazolam) or 2.36 (simvastatin)] was predicted for CYP3A4 probe substrates and weak interactions (mean AUC fold change, ≤ 1.29-1.97) were predicted for CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6 substrates. No notable interaction was predicted with CYP1A2. Although ethnic differences led to differences in simulated exposure for some of the probe substrates, there were no marked differences in the predicted magnitude of the change in exposure following IL-6-mediated suppression of CYPs. Decreased levels of serum albumin (as reported in NMO patients) had little impact on the magnitude of the simulated IL-6-mediated drug interactions. This PBPK modeling approach allowed us to leverage knowledge from different disease and ethnic populations to make predictions of cytokine-related DDIs in a rare disease population where actual clinical studies would otherwise be difficult to conduct.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kimio Terao
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Iain Gardner
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Sheffield, UK
| | - Neil Parrott
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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Tasnim F, Xing J, Huang X, Mo S, Wei X, Tan MH, Yu H. Generation of mature kupffer cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2019; 192:377-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Kawase A, Kaneto A, Ishibashi M, Kobayashi A, Shimada H, Iwaki M. Involvement of diclofenac acyl-β-d-glucuronide in diclofenac-induced cytotoxicity in glutathione-depleted isolated murine hepatocytes co-cultured with peritoneal macrophages. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 29:203-210. [PMID: 30489186 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1544384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct hepatotoxic effects of drugs can occur when a parent drug and/or its reactive metabolites induces the formation of reactive oxygen species. Reactive metabolites of diclofenac (DIC) such as DIC acyl-β-d-glucuronide (DIC-AG) bind covalently to proteins, potentially decreasing protein function or inducing an immune response. However, it is unclear whether the macrophages and GSH depletion participate in DIC-induced cytotoxicity. Mouse hepatocytes (Hep) co-cultured with peritoneal macrophages (PMs) were used to clarify the effects of presence of PM with GSH depletion on DIC-induced cytotoxicity in Hep. DIC-AG but not hydroxy-DIC concentrations in medium were significantly increased in Hep co-cultured with PM with GSH depletion. Depletion of GSH resulted in significantly higher LDH leakage. Interestingly, LDH leakage in Hep/PM (1:0.4) with GSH depletion was significantly higher than in Hep/PM (1:0 and 1:0.1) with BSO. It is likely that macrophages with GSH depletion could facilitate DIC-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawase
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Ayaka Kaneto
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Mao Ishibashi
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Akihiro Kobayashi
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwaki
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
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28
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Xu M, Tang H, Zhou X, Chen H, Dong Q, Zhang Y, Ye G, Shi F, Lv C, Jing B, He C, Zhao L, Li Y. Effects and mechanisms of sub-chronic exposure to copper nanoparticles on renal cytochrome P450 enzymes in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 63:135-146. [PMID: 30100346 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) have widespread application because of their special physicochemical characteristics, however we need to more clearly study the toxicity mechanism of Cu NPs to ensure its safe use in pharmaceutical and animal feed. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of sub-chronic exposure to Cu NPs on renal CYP450 s of rats. In this study, we investigated the effects of Cu NPs on renal oxidative stress, cytokines and histopathology of rats. We found that Cu NPs (200 mg/kg) significantly disordered the function and structure of the kidney and caused a dose-dependent increase in oxidative stress and cytokines, which significantly decreased the levels of mRNA, protein, and activity of CYP450 s. Micro-coppers (Cu MPs) and Cu ions have similar effects, but their effects on CYP450 s were weaker than Cu NPs. The expression of nuclear receptors were inhibited and the expression of Akt, STAT3/5, CREB, p70S6K, NF-κB, P38 and ERK1/2 were activated when the inhibition effects of CYP450 s activity were observed in renal of rats. Therefore, we believe that Cu NPs can activate the STAT, NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways to down-regulate the expression and activity of CYP450 s by inducing oxidative stress and inflammatory response in rat kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - XueRong Zhou
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Helin Chen
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qi Dong
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuanli Zhang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Changliang He
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yinglun Li
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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29
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Elfaki I, Mir R, Almutairi FM, Duhier FMA. Cytochrome P450: Polymorphisms and Roles in Cancer, Diabetes and Atherosclerosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2057-2070. [PMID: 30139042 PMCID: PMC6171375 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.8.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450s (CYPs) constitute a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the metabolism of drugs and other substances. Endogenous substrates of CYPs include eicosanoids, estradiol, arachidonic acids, cholesterol, vitamin D and neurotransmitters. Exogenous substrates of CYPs include the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and about 80% of currently used drugs. Some isoforms can activate procarcinogens to ultimate carcinogens. Genetic polymorphisms of CYPs may affect the enzyme catalytic activity and have been reported among different populations to be associated with various diseases and adverse drug reactions. With regard of drug metabolism, phenotypes for CYP polymorphism range from ultrarapid to poor metabolizers. In this review, we discuss some of the most clinically important CYPs isoforms (CYP2D6, CYP2A6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP1B1 and CYP1A2) with respect to gene polymorphisms and drug metabolism. Moreover, we review the role of CYPs in renal, lung, breast and prostate cancers and also discuss their significance for atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imadeldin Elfaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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30
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Tegge AN, Rodrigues RR, Larkin AL, Vu L, Murali TM, Rajagopalan P. Transcriptomic Analysis of Hepatic Cells in Multicellular Organotypic Liver Models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11306. [PMID: 30054499 PMCID: PMC6063915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver homeostasis requires the presence of both parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs). However, systems biology studies of the liver have primarily focused on hepatocytes. Using an organotypic three-dimensional (3D) hepatic culture, we report the first transcriptomic study of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and Kupffer cells (KCs) cultured with hepatocytes. Through computational pathway and interaction network analyses, we demonstrate that hepatocytes, LSECs and KCs have distinct expression profiles and functional characteristics. Our results show that LSECs in the presence of KCs exhibit decreased expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling, a pathway linked to LSEC dedifferentiation. We report the novel result that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is transcribed in LSECs. The expression of downstream processes corroborates active PPARα signaling in LSECs. We uncover transcriptional evidence in LSECs for a feedback mechanism between PPARα and farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR) that maintains bile acid homeostasis; previously, this feedback was known occur only in HepG2 cells. We demonstrate that KCs in 3D liver models display expression patterns consistent with an anti-inflammatory phenotype when compared to monocultures. These results highlight the distinct roles of LSECs and KCs in maintaining liver function and emphasize the need for additional mechanistic studies of NPCs in addition to hepatocytes in liver-mimetic microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Tegge
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Richard R Rodrigues
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Ph.D. Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Adam L Larkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Lucas Vu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - T M Murali
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
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31
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Wollmann BM, Syversen SW, Vistnes M, Lie E, Mehus LL, Molden E. Associations between Cytokine Levels and CYP3A4 Phenotype in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1384-1389. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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32
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Jonsson-Schmunk K, Schafer SC, Croyle MA. Impact of nanomedicine on hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 activity: things to consider during pre-clinical and clinical studies. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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33
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Tissue Specific Modulation of cyp2c and cyp3a mRNA Levels and Activities by Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice: The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes on Drug Metabolizing Enzymes in Liver and Extra-Hepatic Tissues. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:pharmaceutics9040040. [PMID: 28954402 PMCID: PMC5750646 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) may alter drug clearance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of T2D on CYP450 expressions and activities using high-fat diet (HFD) as a model of obesity-dependent diabetes in C57BL6 mice. The cyp450 mRNA expression levels for 15 different isoforms were determined in the liver and extra-hepatic tissues (kidneys, lungs and heart) of HFD-treated animals (n = 45). Modulation of cyp450 metabolic activities by HFD was assessed using eight known substrates for specific human ortholog CYP450 isoforms: in vitro incubations were conducted with liver and extra-hepatic microsomes. Expression levels of cyp3a11 and cyp3a25 mRNA were decreased in the liver (>2-14-fold) and kidneys (>2-fold) of HFD groups which correlated with a significant reduction in midazolam metabolism (by 21- and 5-fold in hepatic and kidney microsomes, respectively, p < 0.001). HFD was associated with decreased activities of cyp2b and cyp2c subfamilies in all organs tested except in the kidneys (for tolbutamide). Other cyp450 hepatic activities were minimally or not affected by HFD. Taken together, our data suggest that substrate-dependent and tissue-dependent modulation of cyp450 metabolic capacities by early phases of T2D are observed, which could modulate drug disposition and pharmacological effects in various tissues.
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34
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Hughes DJ, Kostrzewski T, Sceats EL. Opportunities and challenges in the wider adoption of liver and interconnected microphysiological systems. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1593-1604. [PMID: 28504617 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217708976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease represents a growing global health burden. The development of in vitro liver models which allow the study of disease and the prediction of metabolism and drug-induced liver injury in humans remains a challenge. The maintenance of functional primary hepatocytes cultures, the parenchymal cell of the liver, has historically been difficult with dedifferentiation and the consequent loss of hepatic function limiting utility. The desire for longer term functional liver cultures sparked the development of numerous systems, including collagen sandwiches, spheroids, micropatterned co-cultures and liver microphysiological systems. This review will focus on liver microphysiological systems, often referred to as liver-on-a-chip, and broaden to include platforms with interconnected microphysiological systems or multi-organ-chips. The interconnection of microphysiological systems presents the opportunity to explore system level effects, investigate organ cross talk, and address questions which were previously the preserve of animal experimentation. As a field, microphysiological systems have reached a level of maturity suitable for commercialization and consequent evaluation by a wider community of users, in academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Here scientific, operational, and organizational considerations relevant to the wider adoption of microphysiological systems will be discussed. Applications in which microphysiological systems might offer unique scientific insights or enable studies currently feasible only with animal models are described, and challenges which might be addressed to enable wider adoption of the technologies are highlighted. A path forward which envisions the development of microphysiological systems in partnerships between academia, vendors and industry, is proposed. Impact statement Microphysiological systems are in vitro models of human tissues and organs. These systems have advanced rapidly in recent years and are now being commercialized. To achieve wide adoption in the biological and pharmaceutical research communities, microphysiological systems must provide unique insights which translate to humans. This will be achieved by identifying key applications and making microphysiological systems intuitive to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hughes
- CN Bio Innovations Limited, Welwyn Garden City AL73AX, UK
| | | | - Emma L Sceats
- CN Bio Innovations Limited, Welwyn Garden City AL73AX, UK
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35
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Sistare FD, Mattes WB, LeCluyse EL. The Promise of New Technologies to Reduce, Refine, or Replace Animal Use while Reducing Risks of Drug Induced Liver Injury in Pharmaceutical Development. ILAR J 2017; 57:186-211. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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36
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Rose KA, Holman NS, Green AM, Andersen ME, LeCluyse EL. Co-culture of Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells as an In Vitro Model of Inflammation and Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:950-964. [PMID: 26869439 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3549(15)00192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated drug-induced hepatotoxicity is often unrecognized as a potential mode of action due to the lack of appropriate in vitro models. We have established an in vitro rat donor-matched hepatocyte and Kupffer cell co-culture (HKCC) model to study immune-related responses to drug exposure. Optimal cell culture conditions were identified for the maintenance of co-cultures based on cell longevity, monolayer integrity, and cytokine response after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Hepatocyte monocultures and HKCCs were then used to test a subset of compounds associated with hepatotoxic effects with or without LPS. Cytokine levels and metabolic activity (cytochrome P450 3A [Cyp3A]) were measured after a 48-h exposure to monitor endotoxin-induced changes in acute phase and functional end points. LPS-activated HKCCs, but not hepatocyte monocultures, treated with trovafloxacin or acetaminophen, compounds associated with immune-mediated hepatotoxicity, showed LPS-dependent decreases in interleukin-6 production with concomitant increases in Cyp3A activity. Differential endotoxin- and model-dependent alterations were observed in cytokine profiles and Cyp3A activity levels that corresponded to specific compounds. These results indicate the utility of the HKCC model system to discern compound-specific effects that may lead to enhanced or mitigate hepatocellular injury due to innate or adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Rose
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Natalie S Holman
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; The Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
| | - Angela M Green
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Melvin E Andersen
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Edward L LeCluyse
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; The Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514.
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37
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Long TJ, Cosgrove PA, Dunn RT, Stolz DB, Hamadeh H, Afshari C, McBride H, Griffith LG. Modeling Therapeutic Antibody-Small Molecule Drug-Drug Interactions Using a Three-Dimensional Perfusable Human Liver Coculture Platform. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1940-1948. [PMID: 27621203 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional in vitro human liver cell culture models lose key hepatic functions such as metabolic activity during short-term culture. Advanced three-dimensional (3D) liver coculture platforms offer the potential for extended hepatocyte functionality and allow for the study of more complex biologic interactions, which can improve and refine human drug safety evaluations. Here, we use a perfusion flow 3D microreactor platform for the coculture of cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes and Kupffer cells to study the regulation of cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform (CYP3A4) activity by chronic interleukin 6 (IL-6)-mediated inflammation over 2 weeks. Hepatocyte cultures remained stable over 2 weeks, with consistent albumin production and basal IL-6 levels. Direct IL-6 stimulation that mimics an inflammatory state induced a dose-dependent suppression of CYP3A4 activity, an increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) secretion, and a decrease in shed soluble interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) levels, indicating expected hepatic IL-6 bioactivity. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibody used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, has been demonstrated clinically to impact small molecule drug pharmacokinetics by modulating cytochrome P450 enzyme activities, an effect not observed in traditional hepatic cultures. We have now recapitulated the clinical observation in a 3D bioreactor system. Tocilizumab was shown to desuppress CYP3A4 activity while reducing the CRP concentration after 72 hours in the continued presence of IL-6. This change in CYP3A4 activity decreased the half-life and area under the curve up to the last measurable concentration (AUClast) of the small molecule CYP3A4 substrate simvastatin hydroxy acid, measured before and after tocilizumab treatment. We conclude that next-generation in vitro liver culture platforms are well suited for these types of long-term treatment studies and show promise for improved drug safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Long
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Patrick A Cosgrove
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Robert T Dunn
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Hisham Hamadeh
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Cynthia Afshari
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Helen McBride
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L.); Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.J.L., L.G.G.); Comparative Biology and Safety Science Laboratory, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (P.A.C., R.T.D., H.H., H.M., C.A.); Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G.G.); Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.); Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.B.S.)
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Hannoun Z, Steichen C, Dianat N, Weber A, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. The potential of induced pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2016; 65:182-199. [PMID: 26916529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation remains the only curative treatment for liver disease. However, the number of patients who die while on the waiting list (15%) has increased in recent years as a result of severe organ shortages; furthermore the incidence of liver disease is increasing worldwide. Clinical trials involving hepatocyte transplantation have provided encouraging results. However, transplanted cell function appears to often decline after several months, necessitating liver transplantation. The precise aetiology of the loss of cell function is not clear, but poor engraftment and immune-mediated loss appear to be important factors. Also, primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are not readily available, de-differentiate, and die rapidly in culture. Hepatocytes are available from other sources, such as tumour-derived human hepatocyte cell lines and immortalised human hepatocyte cell lines or porcine hepatocytes. However, all these cells suffer from various limitations such as reduced or differences in functions or risk of zoonotic infections. Due to their significant potential, one possible inexhaustible source of hepatocytes is through the directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This review will discuss the potential applications and existing limitations of hiPSC-derived hepatocytes in regenerative medicine, drug screening, in vitro disease modelling and bioartificial livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Hannoun
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Clara Steichen
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Noushin Dianat
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Anne Weber
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France
| | - Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt
- INSERM U1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France; UMR_S1193, Université Paris-Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94800, France; Département hospitalo-universitaire Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif F-94807, France.
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39
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Petersen BK, Ropella GEP, Hunt CA. Virtual Experiments Enable Exploring and Challenging Explanatory Mechanisms of Immune-Mediated P450 Down-Regulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155855. [PMID: 27227433 PMCID: PMC4881988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic cytochrome P450 levels are down-regulated during inflammatory disease states, which can cause changes in downstream drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Long-term, we seek sufficient new insight into P450-regulating mechanisms to correctly anticipate how an individual’s P450 expressions will respond when health and/or therapeutic interventions change. To date, improving explanatory mechanistic insight relies on knowledge gleaned from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical experiments augmented by case reports. We are working to improve that reality by developing means to undertake scientifically useful virtual experiments. So doing requires translating an accepted theory of immune system influence on P450 regulation into a computational model, and then challenging the model via in silico experiments. We build upon two existing agent-based models—an in silico hepatocyte culture and an in silico liver—capable of exploring and challenging concrete mechanistic hypotheses. We instantiate an in silico version of this hypothesis: in response to lipopolysaccharide, Kupffer cells down-regulate hepatic P450 levels via inflammatory cytokines, thus leading to a reduction in metabolic capacity. We achieve multiple in vitro and in vivo validation targets gathered from five wet-lab experiments, including a lipopolysaccharide-cytokine dose-response curve, time-course P450 down-regulation, and changes in several different measures of drug clearance spanning three drugs: acetaminophen, antipyrine, and chlorzoxazone. Along the way to achieving validation targets, various aspects of each model are falsified and subsequently refined. This iterative process of falsification-refinement-validation leads to biomimetic yet parsimonious mechanisms, which can provide explanatory insight into how, where, and when various features are generated. We argue that as models such as these are incrementally improved through multiple rounds of mechanistic falsification and validation, we will generate virtual systems that embody deeper credible, actionable, explanatory insight into immune system-drug metabolism interactions within individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden K. Petersen
- UCSF/UCB Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - C. Anthony Hunt
- UCSF/UCB Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Zhou X, Rougée LRA, Bedwell DW, Cramer JW, Mohutsky MA, Calvert NA, Moulton RD, Cassidy KC, Yumibe NP, Adams LA, Ruterbories KJ. Difference in the Pharmacokinetics and Hepatic Metabolism of Antidiabetic Drugs in Zucker Diabetic Fatty and Sprague-Dawley Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1184-92. [PMID: 27217490 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat, an inbred strain of obese Zucker fatty rat, develops early onset of insulin resistance and displays hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. The phenotypic changes resemble human type 2 diabetes associated with obesity and therefore the strain is used as a pharmacological model for type 2 diabetes. The aim of the current study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and hepatic metabolism in male ZDF and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of five antidiabetic drugs that are known to be cleared via various mechanisms. Among the drugs examined, metformin, cleared through renal excretion, and rosiglitazone, metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 2C, did not exhibit differences in the plasma clearance in ZDF and SD rats. In contrast, glibenclamide, metabolized by hepatic CYP3A, canagliflozin, metabolized mainly by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), and troglitazone, metabolized by sulfotransferase and UGT, exhibited significantly lower plasma clearance in ZDF than in SD rats after a single intravenous administration. To elucidate the mechanisms for the difference in the drug clearance, studies were performed to characterize the activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes using liver S9 fractions from the two strains. The results revealed that the activity for CYP3A and UGT was decreased in ZDF rats using the probe substrates, and decreased unbound intrinsic clearance in vitro for glibenclamide, canagliflozin, and troglitazone was consistent with lower plasma clearance in vivo. The difference in pharmacokinetics of these two strains may complicate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic correlations, given that ZDF is used as a pharmacological model, and SD rat as the pharmacokinetics and toxicology strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Luc R A Rougée
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David W Bedwell
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jeff W Cramer
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael A Mohutsky
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nathan A Calvert
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Richard D Moulton
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth C Cassidy
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nathan P Yumibe
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lisa A Adams
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth J Ruterbories
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
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41
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Ma J, Wang J, Cheng J, Xiao W, Fan K, Gu J, Yu B, Yin G, Wu J, Ren J, Hou J, Jiang Y, Tan Y, Jin W. Impacts of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury on Expressions of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 1A2, 2B1, 2D1, and 3A2 in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:111-120. [PMID: 26913515 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme superfamily is one of the most important drug-metabolizing enzyme systems, which is responsible for the metabolism of a large number of clinically relevant medications used in traumatic brain injury (TBI) therapy. Modification of CYP450 expression may have important influences on drug metabolism and lead to untoward effects on those with narrow therapeutic windows. However, the impact of blast-induced TBI (bTBI) on the expression of CYP450 has received little attention. The subfamilies of CYP1A, 2B, 2D, and 3A account for about 85 % of all human drug metabolism of clinical significance. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the expressions of hepatic CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2D1, and CYP3A2 in rats suffering bTBI. Meanwhile, we also measured some important cytokines in serum after injury, and calculated the correlation between these cytokines and the expressions of CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2D1, and CYP3A2. The results showed that bTBI could significantly reduce mRNA expressions of CYP1A2, CYP2D1, and CYP3A2 at the early stage and induce the expressions from 48 h to 1 week after injury. The protein expressions of these CYP450s had all been downregulated from 24 to 48 h post- injury, and then began to elevate at 48 h after bTBI. The cytokines, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α, increased significantly in the early phase, and began to reduce at the delayed phase of bTBI. The serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α but not IL-2 were significantly negative correlated with the mRNA expressions of CYP2B1 and CYP2D1 and the proteins expressions of CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2D1, and CYP3A2. In conclusion, our work has, for the first time, indicated that bTBI has significant impact on the expressions of CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2D1, and CYP3A2, which may be related to the cytokines induced by the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Aveneue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junrui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingmin Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Aveneue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Aveneue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihua Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Aveneue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Aveneue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, The 306th Hospital of PLA, NO.9, Anxiang Beili, Deshengmen, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Botao Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Aveneue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangfu Yin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Aveneue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Aveneue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Aveneue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Aveneue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Aveneue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No.270, Rongdu Aveneue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Maes M, Vinken M, Jaeschke H. Experimental models of hepatotoxicity related to acute liver failure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 290:86-97. [PMID: 26631581 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure can be the consequence of various etiologies, with most cases arising from drug-induced hepatotoxicity in Western countries. Despite advances in this field, the management of acute liver failure continues to be one of the most challenging problems in clinical medicine. The availability of adequate experimental models is of crucial importance to provide a better understanding of this condition and to allow identification of novel drug targets, testing the efficacy of new therapeutic interventions and acting as models for assessing mechanisms of toxicity. Experimental models of hepatotoxicity related to acute liver failure rely on surgical procedures, chemical exposure or viral infection. Each of these models has a number of strengths and weaknesses. This paper specifically reviews commonly used chemical in vivo and in vitro models of hepatotoxicity associated with acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, United States
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43
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Sarkar U, Rivera-Burgos D, Large EM, Hughes DJ, Ravindra KC, Dyer RL, Ebrahimkhani MR, Wishnok JS, Griffith LG, Tannenbaum SR. Metabolite profiling and pharmacokinetic evaluation of hydrocortisone in a perfused three-dimensional human liver bioreactor. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1091-9. [PMID: 25926431 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to cause liver injury primarily involving inflammatory cells such as Kupffer cells, but few in vitro culture models are applicable for investigation of inflammatory effects on drug metabolism. We have developed a three-dimensional human microphysiological hepatocyte-Kupffer cell coculture system and evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids on liver cultures. LPS was introduced to the cultures to elicit an inflammatory response and was assessed by the release of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α. A sensitive and specific reversed-phase-ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry method was used to evaluate hydrocortisone disappearance and metabolism at near physiologic levels. For this, the systems were dosed with 100 nM hydrocortisone and circulated for 2 days; hydrocortisone was depleted to approximately 30 nM, with first-order kinetics. Phase I metabolites, including tetrahydrocortisone and dihydrocortisol, accounted for 8-10% of the loss, and 45-52% consisted of phase II metabolites, including glucuronides of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone. Pharmacokinetic parameters, i.e., half-life, rate of elimination, clearance, and area under the curve, were 23.03 hours, 0.03 hour(-1), 6.6 × 10(-5) l⋅hour(-1), and 1.03 (mg/l)*h, respectively. The ability of the bioreactor to predict the in vivo clearance of hydrocortisone was characterized, and the obtained intrinsic clearance values correlated with human data. This system offers a physiologically relevant tool for investigating hepatic function in an inflamed liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Sarkar
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Dinelia Rivera-Burgos
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Emma M Large
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - David J Hughes
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Kodihalli C Ravindra
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Rachel L Dyer
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Mohammad R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - John S Wishnok
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
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Nguyen TV, Ukairo O, Khetani SR, McVay M, Kanchagar C, Seghezzi W, Ayanoglu G, Irrechukwu O, Evers R. Establishment of a hepatocyte-kupffer cell coculture model for assessment of proinflammatory cytokine effects on metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:774-85. [PMID: 25739975 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines associated with infection and inflammation can modulate cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to potential disease-drug interactions and altered small-molecule drug disposition. We established a human-derived hepatocyte-Kupffer cell (Hep:KC) coculture model to assess the indirect cytokine impact on hepatocytes through stimulation of KC-mediated cytokine release and compared this model with hepatocytes alone. Characterization of Hep:KC cocultures showed an inflammation response after treatment with lipopolysaccharide and interleukin (IL)-6 (indicated by secretion of various cytokines). Additionally, IL-6 exposure upregulated acute-phase proteins (C-reactive protein, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and serum amyloid A2) and downregulated CYP3A4. Compared with hepatocytes alone, Hep:KC cocultures showed enhanced IL-1β-mediated effects but less impact from both IL-2 and IL-23. Hep:KC cocultures treated with IL-1β exhibited a higher release of proinflammatory cytokines, an increased upregulation of acute-phase proteins, and a larger extent of metabolic enzyme and transporter suppression. IC50 values for IL-1β-mediated CYP3A4 suppression were lower in Hep:KC cocultures (98.0-144 pg/ml) compared with hepatocytes alone (IC50 > 5000 pg/ml). Cytochrome suppression was preventable by blocking IL-1β interaction with IL-1R1 using an antagonist cytokine or an anti-IL-1β antibody. Unlike IL-1β, IL-6-mediated effects were comparable between hepatocyte monocultures and Hep:KC cocultures. IL-2 and IL-23 caused a negligible inflammation response and a minimal inhibition of CYP3A4. In both hepatocyte monocultures and Hep:KC cocultures, IL-2RB and IL-23R were undetectable, whereas IL-6R and IL-1R1 levels were higher in Hep:KC cocultures. In summary, compared with hepatocyte monocultures, the Hep:KC coculture system is a more robust in vitro model for studying the impact of proinflammatory cytokines on metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa V Nguyen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Okechukwu Ukairo
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Michael McVay
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Chitra Kanchagar
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Wolfgang Seghezzi
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Gulesi Ayanoglu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Onyi Irrechukwu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
| | - Raymond Evers
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Rahway, New Jersey (T.V.N., R.E.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (O.U., O.I.); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (S.R.K.); Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.M.); University Of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts (C.K); and Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Bioanalytics, Palo Alto, California (W.S., G.A)
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Bonzo JA, Rose K, Freeman K, Deibert E, Amaral KB, Ferguson SS, Andersen ME, Witek RP, LeCluyse EL. Differential Effects of Trovafloxacin on TNF-α and IL-6 Profiles in a Rat Hepatocyte–Kupffer Cell Coculture System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2014.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Bonzo
- Cell Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Kelly Rose
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kimberly Freeman
- Primary & Stem Cell Systems, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Erica Deibert
- Primary & Stem Cell Systems, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Kirsten B. Amaral
- Primary & Stem Cell Systems, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Stephen S. Ferguson
- Primary & Stem Cell Systems, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Rafal P. Witek
- Cell Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Liu Z, Megaraj V, Li L, Sell S, Hu J, Ding X. Suppression of pulmonary CYP2A13 expression by carcinogen-induced lung tumorigenesis in a CYP2A13-humanized mouse model. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:698-702. [PMID: 25710941 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP2A13 is a human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme important in the bioactivation of the tobacco-specific lung procarcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). CYP2A13 expression levels vary dramatically among lung biopsy samples from patients, presumably owing in part to a suppression of CYP2A13 expression by disease-associated inflammation. Here, we determined whether CYP2A13 expression in the lungs of CYP2A13-humanized mice is suppressed by the presence of lung tumors. Tissues from an NNK lung tumor bioassay were examined. CYP2A13-humanized mice (95-100%) had multiple lung tumors at 16 weeks after NNK (30 or 50 mg/kg) treatment; whereas only ∼9% of saline-treated CYP2A13-humanized mice had lung tumor (∼1/lung). Mice with lung tumors, from the NNK-treated groups, were used for dissecting adjacent tumor-free lung tissues; whereas mice without visible lung tumors, from the saline-treated group, were used as controls. Compared with the controls, the levels of CYP2A13 protein and mRNA were both reduced significantly (by ≥50%) in the NNK-treated groups. The levels of mouse CYP2B10 and CYP2F2 mRNAs were also significantly lower in the dissected normal lung tissues from tumor-bearing mice than in lungs from the control mice. Pulmonary tissue levels of three proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and interleukin-6, were significantly higher in the tumor-bearing mice than in the controls, indicating occurrence of low-grade lung inflammation at the time of necropsy. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that CYP2A13 levels in human lungs can be suppressed by disease-associated inflammation in tissue donors, a scenario causing underestimation of CYP2A13 levels in healthy lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York (Z.L., V.M., S.S., J.H., X.D.); College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (L.L., X.D.)
| | - Vandana Megaraj
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York (Z.L., V.M., S.S., J.H., X.D.); College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (L.L., X.D.)
| | - Lei Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York (Z.L., V.M., S.S., J.H., X.D.); College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (L.L., X.D.)
| | - Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York (Z.L., V.M., S.S., J.H., X.D.); College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (L.L., X.D.)
| | - Jing Hu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York (Z.L., V.M., S.S., J.H., X.D.); College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (L.L., X.D.)
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York (Z.L., V.M., S.S., J.H., X.D.); College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (L.L., X.D.)
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Spitz J, Becquet V, Rosen DAS, Trites AW. A nutrigenomic approach to detect nutritional stress from gene expression in blood samples drawn from Steller sea lions. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 187:214-23. [PMID: 25700740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression profiles are increasingly being used as biomarkers to detect the physiological responses of a number of species to disease, nutrition, and other stressors. However, little attention has been given to using gene expression to assess the stressors and physiological status of marine mammals. We sought to develop and validate a nutrigenomic approach to quantify nutritional stress in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). We subjected 4 female Steller sea lions to 3 feeding regimes over 70-day trials (unrestricted food intake, acute nutritional stress, and chronic nutritional stress), and drew blood samples from each animal at the end of each feeding regime. We then extracted the RNA of white blood cells and measured the response of 8 genes known to react to diet restriction in terrestrial mammals. Overall, we found that the genomic response of Steller sea lions experiencing nutritional stress was consistent with how terrestrial mammals respond to dietary restrictions. Our nutritionally stressed sea lions down-regulated some cellular processes involved in immune response and oxidative stress, and up-regulated pro-inflammatory responses and metabolic processes. Nutrigenomics appears to be a promising means to monitor nutritional status and contribute to mitigation measures needed to assist in the recovery of Steller sea lions and other at-risk species of marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Spitz
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Vanessa Becquet
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, UMR 7266 Université de La Rochelle/CNRS, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17042 La Rochelle, Cedex, France
| | - David A S Rosen
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andrew W Trites
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Christmas P. Role of Cytochrome P450s in Inflammation. CYTOCHROME P450 FUNCTION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ROLES IN INFLAMMATION AND CANCER 2015; 74:163-92. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Shah RR, Smith RL. Inflammation-induced phenoconversion of polymorphic drug metabolizing enzymes: hypothesis with implications for personalized medicine. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:400-10. [PMID: 25519488 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenoconversion transiently converts genotypic extensive metabolizers (EMs) into phenotypic poor metabolizers (PMs) of drugs, potentially with corresponding changes in clinical response. This phenomenon, typically resulting from coadministration of medications that inhibit certain drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), is especially well documented for enzymes of the cytochrome P450 family. Nonclinical evidence gathered over the last two decades also strongly implicates elevated levels of some proinflammatory cytokines, released during inflammation, in down-regulation of drug metabolism, especially by certain DMEs of the P450 family, thereby potentially causing transient phenoconversion. Clinically, phenoconversion of NAT2, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 has been documented in inflammatory conditions associated with elevated cytokines, such as human immunodeficiency virus infection, cancer, and liver disease. The potential of other inflammatory conditions to cause phenoconversion has not been studied but experimental and anecdotal clinical evidence supports infection-induced down-regulation of CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 as well. Collectively, the evidence supports a hypothesis that certain inflammatory conditions associated with elevated proinflammatory cytokines may cause phenoconversion of certain DMEs. Since inflammatory conditions associated with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines are highly prevalent, phenoconversion of genotypic EM patients into transient phenotypic PMs may be more frequent than appreciated. Since drug pharmacokinetics, and therefore the clinical response, is influenced by DME phenotype rather than genotype per se, phenoconversion (whatever its cause) can have a significant impact on the analysis and interpretation of genotype-focused clinical outcome association studies. There is a risk that focusing on genotype alone may miss important associations between clinical outcomes and DME phenotypes, thus compromising future prospects of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi R Shah
- Rashmi Shah Consultancy Ltd., 8 Birchdale, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom (R.R.S.); and Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, South Kensington campus, London, United Kingdom (R.L.S.)
| | - Robert L Smith
- Rashmi Shah Consultancy Ltd., 8 Birchdale, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom (R.R.S.); and Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, South Kensington campus, London, United Kingdom (R.L.S.)
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50
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Rubin K, Janefeldt A, Andersson L, Berke Z, Grime K, Andersson TB. HepaRG Cells as Human-Relevant In Vitro Model to Study the Effects of Inflammatory Stimuli on Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:119-25. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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