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Brunner SM, Schrödl F, Preishuber-Pflügl J, Runge C, Koller A, Lenzhofer M, Reitsamer HA, Trost A. Distribution of the cysteinyl leukotriene system components in the human, rat and mouse eye. Exp Eye Res 2023; 232:109517. [PMID: 37211287 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) have important functions in the regulation of inflammation and cellular stress. Blocking the CysLT receptors (CysLTRs) with specific antagonists is beneficial against progression of retinopathies (e.g. diabetic retinopathy, wet AMD). However, the exact cellular localization of the CysLTRs and their endogenous ligands in the eye have not been elucidated in detail yet. It is also not known whether the expression patterns differ between humans and animal models. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe and compare the distribution of two important enzymes in CysLT biosynthesis, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), and of CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 in healthy human, rat and mouse eyes. Human donor eyes (n = 10) and eyes from adult Sprague Dawley rats (n = 5) and CD1 mice (n = 8) of both sexes were collected. The eyes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and cross-sections were investigated by immunofluorescence with specific antibodies against 5-LOX, FLAP (human tissue only), CysLTR1 and CysLTR2. Flat-mounts of the human choroid were prepared and processed similarly. Expression patterns were assessed and semiquantitatively evaluated using a confocal fluorescence microscope (LSM710, Zeiss). We observed so far unreported expression sites for CysLT system components in various ocular tissues. Overall, we detected expression of 5-LOX, CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 in the human, rat and mouse cornea, conjunctiva, iris, lens, ciliary body, retina and choroid. Importantly, expression profiles of CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 were highly similar between human and rodent eyes. FLAP was expressed in all human ocular tissues except the lens. Largely weak immunoreactivity of FLAP and 5-LOX was observed in a few, yet unidentified, cells of diverse ocular tissues, indicating low levels of CysLT biosynthesis in healthy eyes. CysLTR1 was predominantly detected in ocular epithelial cells, supporting the involvement of CysLTR1 in stress and immune responses. CysLTR2 was predominantly expressed in neuronal structures, suggesting neuromodulatory roles of CysLTR2 in the eye and revealing disparate functions of CysLTRs in ocular tissues. Taken together, we provide a comprehensive protein expression atlas of CysLT system components in the human and rodent eye. While the current study is purely descriptive and therefore does not allow significant functional conclusions yet, it represents an important basis for future studies in diseased ocular tissues in which distribution patterns or expression levels of the CysLT system might be altered. Furthermore, this is the first comprehensive study to elucidate expression patterns of CysLT system components in human and animal models that will help to identify and understand functions of the system as well as mechanisms of action of potential CysLTR ligands in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Brunner
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Falk Schrödl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Julia Preishuber-Pflügl
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Christian Runge
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Cornea Eye Bank, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andreas Koller
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Markus Lenzhofer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andrea Trost
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Sung BJ, Lim SB, Yang WM, Kim JH, Kulkarni RN, Kim YB, Lee MK. ROCK1 regulates insulin secretion from β-cells. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101625. [PMID: 36374631 PMCID: PMC9649378 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The endocrine pancreatic β-cells play a pivotal role in maintaining whole-body glucose homeostasis and its dysregulation is a consistent feature in all forms of diabetes. However, knowledge of intracellular regulators that modulate β-cell function remains incomplete. We investigated the physiological role of ROCK1 in the regulation of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. METHODS Mice lacking ROCK1 in pancreatic β-cells (RIP-Cre; ROCK1loxP/loxP, β-ROCK1-/-) were studied. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests as well as glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were measured. An insulin secretion response to a direct glucose or pyruvate or pyruvate kinase (PK) activator stimulation in isolated islets from β-ROCK1-/- mice or β-cell lines with knockdown of ROCK1 was also evaluated. A proximity ligation assay was performed to determine the physical interactions between PK and ROCK1. RESULTS Mice with a deficiency of ROCK1 in pancreatic β-cells exhibited significantly increased blood glucose levels and reduced serum insulin without changes in body weight. Interestingly, β-ROCK1-/- mice displayed a progressive impairment of glucose tolerance while maintaining insulin sensitivity mostly due to impaired GSIS. Consistently, GSIS markedly decreased in ROCK1-deficient islets and ROCK1 knockdown INS-1 cells. Concurrently, ROCK1 blockade led to a significant decrease in intracellular calcium and ATP levels and oxygen consumption rates in isolated islets and INS-1 cells. Treatment of ROCK1-deficient islets or ROCK1 knockdown β-cells either with pyruvate or a PK activator rescued the impaired GSIS. Mechanistically, we observed that glucose stimulation in β-cells greatly enhanced ROCK1 binding to PK. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that β-cell ROCK1 is essential for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and for glucose homeostasis and that ROCK1 acts as an upstream regulator of glycolytic pyruvate kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Jun Sung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Bin Lim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Won-Mo Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jae Hyeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Moon-Kyu Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Montelukast and Acute Coronary Syndrome: The Endowed Drug. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091147. [PMID: 36145367 PMCID: PMC9500901 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a set of signs and symptoms caused by a reduction of coronary blood flow with subsequent myocardial ischemia. ACS is associated with activation of the leukotriene (LT) pathway with subsequent releases of various LTs, including LTB4, LTC4, and LTD4, which cause inflammatory changes and induction of immunothrombosis. LTs through cysteine leukotriene (CysLT) induce activation of platelets and clotting factors with succeeding coronary thrombosis. CysLT receptor (CysLTR) antagonists such as montelukast (MK) may reduce the risk of the development of ACS and associated complications through suppression of the activation of platelet and clotting factors. Thus, this critical review aimed to elucidate the possible protective role of MK in the management of ACS. The LT pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. Inhibition of the LT pathway and CysL1TR by MK might be effective in preventing cardiovascular complications. MK could be an effective novel therapy in the management of ACS through inhibition of pro-inflammatory CysLT1R and modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways. MK can attenuate thrombotic events by inhibiting platelet activation and clotting factors that are activated during the development of ACS. In conclusion, MK could be an effective agent in reducing the severity of ACS and associated complications. Experimental, preclinical, and clinical studies are recommended to confirm the potential therapeutic of MK in the management of ACS.
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Marques CF, Marques MM, Justino GC. Leukotrienes vs. Montelukast—Activity, Metabolism, and Toxicity Hints for Repurposing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091039. [PMID: 36145259 PMCID: PMC9505853 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing environmental distress is associated with a growing asthma incidence; no treatments are available but montelukast (MTK)—an antagonist of the cysteinyl leukotrienes receptor 1—is widely used in the management of symptoms among adults and children. Recently, new molecular targets have been identified and MTK has been proposed for repurposing in other therapeutic applications, with several ongoing clinical trials. The proposed applications include neuroinflammation control, which could be explored in some neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (AD and PD). However, this drug has been associated with an increasing number of reported neuropsychiatric adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Besides, and despite being on the market since 1998, MTK metabolism is still poorly understood and the mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric ADRs remain unknown. We review the role of MTK as a modulator of leukotriene pathways and systematize the current knowledge about MTK metabolism. Known toxic effects of MTK are discussed, and repurposing applications are presented comprehensively, with a focus on AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia F. Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo C. Justino
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Carion TW, Wang Y, Stambersky A, Ebrahim AS, Berger EA. A Dual Role for Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Corneal Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2331-2342. [PMID: 35470258 PMCID: PMC9117469 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) have been defined as central mediators of inflammation. Despite our extensive understanding of these bioactive lipid mediators in the pathogenesis of diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and even neurological disorders, information regarding the eye is markedly lacking. As a result, this study examined the expression profiles of two major CysLT receptors, CysLT1 and CysLT2, in the cornea using experimental mouse models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis with contrasting outcomes: susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) and resistant BALB/c. Postinfection, disparate levels of CysLT receptors were accompanied by distinct expression profiles for select proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cell surface markers detected on macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils between the two strains. Further, inhibition of either CysLT receptor converted the disease response of both strains, where corneal perforation was prevented in B6 mice, and BALB/c mice fared significantly worse. In addition, receptor antagonist studies revealed changes in inflammatory cell infiltrate phenotypes and an influence on downstream CysLT receptor signaling pathways. Although the B6 mouse model highlights the established proinflammatory activities related to CysLT receptor activation, results generated from BALB/c mice indicate a protective mechanism that may be essential to disease resolution. Further, basal expression levels of CysLT1 and CysLT2 were significantly higher in uninfected corneas of both mouse strains as opposed to during infection, suggestive of a novel role in homeostatic maintenance within the eye. In light of these findings, therapeutic targeting of CysLT receptors extends beyond inhibition of proinflammatory activities and may impact inflammation resolution, as well as corneal surface homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Carion
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Ashten Stambersky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Abdul Shukkur Ebrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Elizabeth A Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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Clinical and Translational Significance of Basophils in Patients with Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030438. [PMID: 35159247 PMCID: PMC8833920 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite comprising a very small proportion of circulating blood leukocytes, basophils are potent immune effector cells. The high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcɛRI) is expressed on the basophil cell surface and powerful inflammatory mediators such as histamine, granzyme B, and cytokines are stored in dense cytoplasmic granules, ready to be secreted in response to a range of immune stimuli. Basophils play key roles in eliciting potent effector functions in allergic diseases and type 1 hypersensitivity. Beyond allergies, basophils can be recruited to tissues in chronic and autoimmune inflammation, and in response to parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections. While their activation states and functions can be influenced by Th2-biased inflammatory signals, which are also known features of several tumor types, basophils have received little attention in cancer. Here, we discuss the presence and functional significance of basophils in the circulation of cancer patients and in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Interrogating publicly available datasets, we conduct gene expression analyses to explore basophil signatures and associations with clinical outcomes in several cancers. Furthermore, we assess how basophils can be harnessed to predict hypersensitivity to cancer treatments and to monitor the desensitization of patients to oncology drugs, using assays such as the basophil activation test (BAT).
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Hanssen KM, Haber M, Fletcher JI. Targeting multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1)-expressing cancers: Beyond pharmacological inhibition. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 59:100795. [PMID: 34983733 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy remains one of the most significant obstacles to successful cancer treatment. While inhibiting drug efflux mediated by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is a seemingly attractive and logical approach to combat multidrug resistance (MDR), small molecule inhibition of ABC transporters has so far failed to confer clinical benefit, despite considerable efforts by medicinal chemists, biologists, and clinicians. The long-sought treatment to eradicate cancers displaying ABC transporter overexpression may therefore lie within alternative targeting strategies. When aberrantly expressed, the ABC transporter multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1) confers MDR, but can also shift cellular redox balance, leaving the cell vulnerable to select agents. Here, we explore the physiological roles of MRP1, the rational for targeting this transporter in cancer, the development of small molecule MRP1 inhibitors, and the most recent developments in alternative therapeutic approaches for targeting cancers with MRP1 overexpression. We discuss approaches that extend beyond simple MRP1 inhibition by exploiting the collateral sensitivity to glutathione depletion and ferroptosis, the rationale for targeting the shared transcriptional regulators of both MRP1 and glutathione biosynthesis, advances in gene silencing, and new molecules that modulate transporter activity to the detriment of the cancer cell. These strategies illustrate promising new approaches to address multidrug resistant disease that extend beyond the simple reversal of MDR and offer exciting routes for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley M Hanssen
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jamie I Fletcher
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Eicosanoid receptors as therapeutic targets for asthma. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1945-1980. [PMID: 34401905 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids comprise a group of oxidation products of arachidonic and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids formed by oxygenases and downstream enzymes. The two major pathways for eicosanoid formation are initiated by the actions of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), leading to leukotrienes (LTs) and 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), and cyclooxygenase (COX), leading to prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane (TX). A third group (specialized pro-resolving mediators; SPMs), including lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and resolvins (Rvs), are formed by the combined actions of different oxygenases. The actions of the above eicosanoids are mediated by approximately 20 G protein-coupled receptors, resulting in a variety of both detrimental and beneficial effects on airway smooth muscle and inflammatory cells that are strongly implicated in asthma pathophysiology. Drugs targeting proinflammatory eicosanoid receptors, including CysLT1, the receptor for LTD4 (montelukast) and TP, the receptor for TXA2 (seratrodast) are currently in use, whereas antagonists of a number of other receptors, including DP2 (PGD2), BLT1 (LTB4), and OXE (5-oxo-ETE) are under investigation. Agonists targeting anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving eicosanoid receptors such as EP2/4 (PGE2), IP (PGI2), ALX/FPR2 (LXA4), and Chemerin1 (RvE1/2) are also being examined. This review summarizes the contributions of eicosanoid receptors to the pathophysiology of asthma and the potential therapeutic benefits of drugs that target these receptors. Because of the multifactorial nature of asthma and the diverse pathways affected by eicosanoid receptors, it will be important to identify subgroups of asthmatics that are likely to respond to any given therapy.
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Siddiqui A, Akhtar S, Shah Z, Othman I, Kumari Y. Inflammation Drives Alzheimer's Disease: Emphasis on 5-lipoxygenase Pathways. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:885-895. [PMID: 32972344 PMCID: PMC8686299 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200924122732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a known fact that inflammation affects several physiological processes, including the functioning of the central nervous system. Additionally, impairment of lipid mechanisms/pathways have been associated with a number of neurodegenerative disorders and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of them. However, much attention has been given to the link between tau and beta- amyloid hypothesis in AD pathogenesis/prognosis. Increasing evidences suggest that biologically active lipid molecules could influence the pathophysiology of AD via a different mechanism of inflammation. This review intends to highlight the role of inflammatory responses in the context of AD with the emphasis on biochemical pathways of lipid metabolism enzyme, 5-lipoxygenase (5- LO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Siddiqui
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sayeed Akhtar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha-21974, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahoor Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, 43614, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yatinesh Kumari
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
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Thibeault PE, Ramachandran R. Biased signaling in platelet G-protein coupled receptors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 99:255-269. [PMID: 32846106 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are small megakaryocyte-derived, anucleate, disk-like structures that play an outsized role in human health and disease. Both a decrease in the number of platelets and a variety of platelet function disorders result in petechiae or bleeding that can be life threatening. Conversely, the inappropriate activation of platelets, within diseased blood vessels, remains the leading cause of death and morbidity by affecting heart attacks and stroke. The fine balance of the platelet state in healthy individuals is controlled by a number of receptor-mediated signaling pathways that allow the platelet to rapidly respond and maintain haemostasis. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are particularly important regulators of platelet function. Here we focus on the major platelet-expressed GPCRs and discuss the roles of downstream signaling pathways (e.g., different G-protein subtypes or β-arrestin) in regulating the different phases of the platelet activation. Further, we consider the potential for selectively targeting signaling pathways that may contribute to platelet responses in disease through development of biased agonists. Such selective targeting of GPCR-mediated signaling pathways by drugs, often referred to as biased signaling, holds promise in delivering therapeutic interventions that do not present significant side effects, especially in finely balanced physiological systems such as platelet activation in haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre E Thibeault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada
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Modulation of neuroinflammation by cysteinyl leukotriene 1 and 2 receptors: implications for cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 87:1-10. [PMID: 31986345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex biological process and has been known to play an important role in age-related cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, such as cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent inflammatory lipid mediators that exhibit actions mainly through activating type 1 and type 2 CysLT receptors (CysLT1 and CysLT2). Accumulating evidence shows that CysLT1 and CysLT2 are activated at different stages of pathological process in various cell types in the brain such as vascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, microglia, and neurons in response to insults. However, the precise roles and mechanisms of CysLT1 and CysLT2 in regulating the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease are not fully understood. In this article, we focus on current advances that link activation of CysLT1 and CysLT2 to the pathological process during brain ischemia and neurodegeneration and discuss mechanisms by which CysLT1 and CysLT2 mediate inflammatory process and brain injury. Multitarget anti-inflammatory potentials of CysLT1 and CysLT2 antagonism for neuroinflammation and brain injury will also be reviewed.
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12
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Hacker TA, Diarra G, Fahl BL, Back S, Kaufmann E, Fahl WE. Significant reduction of ischemia-reperfusion cell death in mouse myocardial infarcts using the immediate-acting PrC-210 ROS-scavenger. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00500. [PMID: 31338199 PMCID: PMC6625532 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing myocardial infarction (MI) to reduce cardiac cell death relies primarily on timely reperfusion of the affected coronary site, but reperfusion itself induces cell death through a toxic, ROS-mediated process. In this study, we determined whether the PrC-210 aminothiol ROS-scavenger could prevent ROS-induced damage in post-MI hearts. In a series of both in vitro and in vivo experiments, we show that: (a) in vitro, PrC-210 was the most potent and effective ROS-scavenger when functionally compared to eight of the most commonly studied antioxidants in the MI literature, (b) in vitro PrC-210 ROS-scavenging efficacy was both immediate (seconds) and long-lasting (hours), which would make it effective in both (1) real-time (seconds), as post-MI or cardiac surgery hearts are reperfused with PrC-210-containing blood, and (2) long-term (hours), as hearts are bathed with systemic PrC-210 after MI or surgery, (c) systemic PrC-210 caused a significant 36% reduction of mouse cardiac muscle death following a 45-minute cardiac IR insult; in a striking coincidence, the PrC-210 36% reduction in cardiac muscle death equals the 36% of the MI-induced cardiac cell death estimated 6 years ago by Ovize and colleagues to result from "reperfusion injury," (d) hearts in PrC-210-treated mice performed better than controls after heart attacks when functionally analyzed using echocardiography, and (e) the PrC-210 ROS-scavenging mechanism of action was corroborated by its ability to prevent >85% of the direct, H2O2-induced killing of neonate cardiomyocytes in cell culture. PrC-210 does not cause the nausea, emesis, nor hypotension that preclude clinical use of the WR-1065/amifostine aminothiol. PrC-210 is a highly effective ROS-scavenger that significantly reduces IR injury-associated cardiac cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Hacker
- Cardiovascular Physiology Core Facility, Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - Gaoussou Diarra
- Cardiovascular Physiology Core Facility, Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - Bryan L. Fahl
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - Susan Back
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - Erin Kaufmann
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
| | - William E. Fahl
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical ResearchUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin
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Kanaoka Y, Austen KF. Roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors in immune cell-related functions. Adv Immunol 2019; 142:65-84. [PMID: 31296303 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs), leukotriene C4, (LTC4), LTD4, and LTE4, are lipid mediators of inflammation. LTC4 is the only intracellularly synthesized cys-LT through the 5-lipoxygenase and LTC4 synthase pathway and after transport is metabolized to LTD4 and LTE4 by specific extracellular peptidases. Each cys-LT has a preferred functional receptor in vivo; LTD4 to the type 1 cys-LT receptor (CysLT1R), LTC4 to CysLT2R, and LTE4 to CysLT3R (OXGR1 or GPR99). Recent studies in mouse models revealed that there are multiple regulatory mechanisms for these receptor functions and each receptor plays a distinct role as observed in different mouse models of inflammation and immune responses. This review focuses on the integrated host responses to the cys-LT/CysLTR pathway composed of sequential ligands with preferred receptors as seen from mouse models. It also discusses potential therapeutic targets for LTC4 synthase, CysLT2R, and CysLT3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Kanaoka
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - K Frank Austen
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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14
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Cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor promotes endothelial permeability, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 116:199-204. [PMID: 30559191 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817325115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) are proinflammatory mediators that enhance vascular permeability through distinct receptors (CysLTRs). We found that CysLT2R regulates angiogenesis in isolated mouse endothelial cells (ECs) and in Matrigel implants in WT mice and enhances EC contraction and permeability via the Rho-dependent myosin light chain 2 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin axis. Since solid tumors utilize aberrant angiogenesis for their growth and metastasis and their vessels exhibit vascular hyperpermeability, we hypothesized that CysLT2R, via its actions on the endothelium, might regulate tumor growth. Both tumor growth and metastases of adoptively transferred syngeneic Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells are significantly reduced in CysLT2R-null mice (Cysltr2 -/-) compared with WT and CysLT1R-null mice (Cysltr1 -/-). In WT recipients of LLC cells, CysLT2R expression is significantly increased in the tumor vasculature, compared with CysLT1R. Further, the tumor vasculature in Cysltr2 -/- recipients exhibited significantly improved integrity, as revealed by increased pericyte coverage and decreased leakage of i.v.-administered Texas Red-conjugated dextran. Administration of a selective CysLT2R antagonist significantly reduced LLC tumor volume, vessel density, dextran leakage, and metastases in WT mice, highlighting CysLT2R as a VEGF-independent regulator of the vasculature promoting risk of metastasis. Thus, both genetic and pharmacological findings establish CysLT2R as a gateway for angiogenesis and EC dysregulation in vitro and ex vivo and in an in vivo model with a mouse tumor. Our data suggest CysLT2R as a possible target for intervention.
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15
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Hoxha M, Lewis-Mikhael AM, Bueno-Cavanillas A. Potential role of leukotriene receptor antagonists in reducing cardiovascular and cerbrovascular risk: A systematic review of human clinical trials and in vivo animal studies. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:956-965. [PMID: 30119268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukotrienes are important lipid mediators of inflammation arising from arachidonic acid cascade. They are implicated in vascular inflammation and produced in different pathologic conditions as atherosclerosis, stroke and myocardial infarction. Different studies have investigated the role of leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) in reducing some cardiovascular events, especially in animals. We conducted a systematic review of both in vivo animal and human studies to determine the potential role of leukotriene receptor antagonist in reducing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. METHODS Data sources: Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane database. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently screened potentially eligible articles and extracted relevant data. RESULTS A total of 28 studies were included, of which 26 were conducted in animals, and 2 in humans. CONCLUSIONS All animal studies reported that using a leukotriene receptor antagonist brings to a reduction of either myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or atherosclerosis risk. Similar results were obtained from two clinical trials on humans, suggesting a potential role of montelukast in reducing some cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Hoxha
- Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Department of Chemical- Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of Drugs, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana, Albania; Università degli studi di Milano, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Via Balzaretti, 9-20133, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosantiaria, IBS Granada, Spain; Ciber of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
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16
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Zhao B, Wang H, Li CX, Song SW, Fang SH, Wei EQ, Shi QJ. GPR17 mediates ischemia-like neuronal injury via microglial activation. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2750-2762. [PMID: 30226562 PMCID: PMC6192776 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR17 is a G (i)-coupled dual receptor, linked to P2Y and CysLT receptors stimulated by uracil nucleotides and cysteinyl leukotrienes, respectively. Recent evidence has demonstrated that GPR17 inhibition ameliorates the progression of cerebral ischemic injury by regulating neuronal death and microglial activation. The present study aimed to assess the detailed regulatory roles of this receptor in oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery (OGD/R)-induced ischemia-like injury in vitro and explore the underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that OGD/R induced ischemic neuronal injury and microglial activation, including enhanced phagocytosis and increased inflammatory cytokine release in neuron‑glial mixed cultures of cortical cells. GPR17 upregulation during OGD/R was spatially and temporally correlated with neuronal injury and microglial activation. In addition, GPR17 knockdown inhibited OGD/R-induced responses in neuron-glial mixed cultures. GPR17 knockdown also attenuated cell injury induced by the agonist leukotriene D4 (LTD4) or uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP) in neuron-glial mixed cultures. However, GPR17 knockdown did not affect OGD/R-induced ischemic neuronal injury in primary cultures of neurons. In primary astrocyte cultures, neither GPR17 nor OGD/R induced injury. By contrast, GPR17 knockdown ameliorated OGD/R-induced microglial activation, boosting phagocytosis and inflammatory cytokine release in primary microglia cultures. Finally, the results demonstrated that the conditioned medium of microglia pretreated with OGD/R induced neuronal death, and the neuronal injury was significantly inhibited by GPR17 knockdown. These findings suggested that GPR17 may mediate ischemia-like neuronal injury and microglial activation in vitro; however, the protective effects on ischemic neuronal injury might depend upon microglial activation. Whether GPR17 regulates neuronal injury mediated by oligodendrocyte linkage remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Xia Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Wen Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - San-Hua Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Er-Qing Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Juan Shi
- Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
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17
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Merten N, Fischer J, Simon K, Zhang L, Schröder R, Peters L, Letombe AG, Hennen S, Schrage R, Bödefeld T, Vermeiren C, Gillard M, Mohr K, Lu QR, Brüstle O, Gomeza J, Kostenis E. Repurposing HAMI3379 to Block GPR17 and Promote Rodent and Human Oligodendrocyte Differentiation. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:775-786.e5. [PMID: 29706593 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of additional uses for existing drugs is a hot topic in drug discovery and a viable alternative to de novo drug development. HAMI3379 is known as an antagonist of the cysteinyl-leukotriene CysLT2 receptor, and was initially developed to treat cardiovascular and inflammatory disorders. In our study we identified HAMI3379 as an antagonist of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR17. HAMI3379 inhibits signaling of recombinant human, rat, and mouse GPR17 across various cellular backgrounds, and of endogenous GPR17 in primary rodent oligodendrocytes. GPR17 blockade by HAMI3379 enhanced maturation of primary rat and mouse oligodendrocytes, but was without effect in oligodendrocytes from GPR17 knockout mice. In human oligodendrocytes prepared from inducible pluripotent stem cells, GPR17 is expressed and its activation impaired oligodendrocyte differentiation. HAMI3379, conversely, efficiently favored human oligodendrocyte differentiation. We propose that HAMI3379 holds promise for pharmacological exploitation of orphan GPR17 to enhance regenerative strategies for the promotion of remyelination in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Merten
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE&BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Simon
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ralf Schröder
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lucas Peters
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Hennen
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ramona Schrage
- UCB Biopharma, CNS Research, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Theresa Bödefeld
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Michel Gillard
- UCB Biopharma, CNS Research, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Klaus Mohr
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Qing Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE&BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jesus Gomeza
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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18
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Li X, Mazaleuskaya LL, Yuan C, Ballantyne LL, Meng H, Smith WL, FitzGerald GA, Funk CD. Flipping the cyclooxygenase ( Ptgs) genes reveals isoform-specific compensatory functions. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:89-101. [PMID: 29180445 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two prostaglandin (PG) H synthases encoded by Ptgs genes, colloquially known as cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, catalyze the formation of PG endoperoxide H2, the precursor of the major prostanoids. To address the functional interchangeability of these two isoforms and their distinct roles, we have generated COX-2>COX-1 mice whereby Ptgs2 is knocked in to the Ptgs1 locus. We then "flipped" Ptgs genes to successfully create the Reversa mouse strain, where knock-in COX-2 is expressed constitutively and knock-in COX-1 is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inducible. In macrophages, flipping the two Ptgs genes has no obvious impact on COX protein subcellular localization. COX-1 was shown to compensate for PG synthesis at high concentrations of substrate, whereas elevated LPS-induced PG production was only observed for cells expressing endogenous COX-2. Differential tissue-specific patterns of expression of the knock-in proteins were evident. Thus, platelets from COX-2>COX-1 and Reversa mice failed to express knock-in COX-2 and, therefore, thromboxane (Tx) production in vitro and urinary Tx metabolite formation in COX-2>COX-1 and Reversa mice in vivo were substantially decreased relative to WT and COX-1>COX-2 mice. Manipulation of COXs revealed isoform-specific compensatory functions and variable degrees of interchangeability for PG biosynthesis in cells/tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Li
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liudmila L Mazaleuskaya
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Chong Yuan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Laurel L Ballantyne
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hu Meng
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - William L Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Colin D Funk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Role of the Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Cardiovascular Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:2432958. [PMID: 28932020 PMCID: PMC5592403 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2432958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent lipid inflammatory mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid, through the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway. Owing to their properties, CysLTs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammation; therefore, CysLT modifiers as synthesis inhibitors or receptor antagonists, central in asthma management, may become a potential target for the treatment of other inflammatory diseases such as the cardiovascular disorders. 5-LO pathway activation and increased expression of its mediators and receptors are found in cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the cardioprotective effects observed by using CysLT modifiers are promising and contribute to elucidate the link between CysLTs and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the state of present research about the role of the CysLTs in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.
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20
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Cysteinyl Leukotrienes as Potential Pharmacological Targets for Cerebral Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3454212. [PMID: 28607533 PMCID: PMC5451784 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3454212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent lipid mediators widely known for their actions in asthma and in allergic rhinitis. Accumulating data highlights their involvement in a broader range of inflammation-associated diseases such as cancer, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases. The reported elevated levels of CysLTs in acute and chronic brain lesions, the association between the genetic polymorphisms in the LTs biosynthesis pathways and the risk of cerebral pathological events, and the evidence from animal models link also CysLTs and brain diseases. This review will give an overview of how far research has gone into the evaluation of the role of CysLTs in the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders (ischemia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, multiple sclerosis/experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and epilepsy) in order to understand the underlying mechanism by which they might be central in the disease progression.
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21
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Hoxha M, Rovati GE, Cavanillas AB. The leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast and its possible role in the cardiovascular field. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 73:799-809. [PMID: 28374082 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-017-2242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) are pro-inflammatory mediators of the 5-lipooxygenase (5-LO) pathway, that play an important role in bronchoconstriction, but can also enhance endothelial cell permeability and myocardial contractility, and are involved in many other inflammatory conditions. In the late 1990s, leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) were introduced in therapy for asthma and later on, approved for the relief of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and urticaria. In addition, it has been shown that LTRAs may have a potential role in preventing atherosclerosis progression. PURPOSE The aims of this short review are to delineate the potential cardiovascular protective role of a LTRA, montelukast, beyond its traditional use, and to foster the design of appropriate clinical trials to test this hypothesis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS What it is known about leukotriene receptor antagonists? •Leukotriene receptor antagonist, such as montelukast and zafirlukast, is used in asthma, COPD, and allergic rhinitis. • Montelukast is the most prescribed CysLT1 antagonist used in asthmatic patients. • Different in vivo animal studies have shown that leukotriene receptor antagonists can prevent the atherosclerosis progression, and have a protective role after cerebral ischemia. What we still need to know? • Today, there is a need for conducting clinical trials to assess the role of montelukast in reducing cardiovascular risk and to further understand the mechanism of action behind this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Hoxha
- Department of Chemical, Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of Drugs, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Rruga. D. Hoxha, Tirana, Albania.
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9-20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - G Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurora Bueno Cavanillas
- IBS Granada, University of Granada, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada, Spain
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22
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Bang DW, Wi CI, Kim EN, Hagan J, Roger V, Manemann S, Lahr B, Ryu E, Juhn YJ. Asthma Status and Risk of Incident Myocardial Infarction: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2016; 4:917-23. [PMID: 27157653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of asthma status and characteristics of asthma in the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We determined whether asthma and its characteristics are associated with risk of MI. METHODS The study was designed as a population-based retrospective case-control study, which included all eligible incident MI cases between November 1, 2002, and May 31, 2006, and their matched controls. Asthma was ascertained using predetermined criteria. Active (current) asthma was defined as the occurrence of asthma-related episodes (asthma symptoms, use of asthma medications, unscheduled medical or emergency department visit, or hospitalization for asthma) within 1 year before MI index date. RESULTS There were 543 eligible incident MI cases during the study period. Of the 543 MI cases, 81 (15%) had a history of asthma before index date of MI, whereas 52 of 543 controls (10%) had such a history (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.06-2.66) adjusting for risk factors for MI and comorbid conditions (excluding chronic obstructive lung disease). Although inactive asthma did not increase the risk of MI, individuals with active asthma had a higher odds of MI, compared with those without asthma (adjusted OR: 3.18; 95% CI: 1.57-6.44) without controlling for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). After adjusting for COPD, although asthma overall was no longer statistically significant (adjusted OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 0.84-2.15), active asthma still was associated (adjusted OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.12-4.82). CONCLUSION Active asthma is an unrecognized risk factor for MI. Further studies are needed to assess the role of asthma control and medications in the risk of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk Won Bang
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chung-Il Wi
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Eun Na Kim
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John Hagan
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Veronique Roger
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Sheila Manemann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Brian Lahr
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Euijung Ryu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Young J Juhn
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
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23
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Csandl MA, Conseil G, Cole SPC. Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor 1/2 Antagonists Nonselectively Modulate Organic Anion Transport by Multidrug Resistance Proteins (MRP1-4). Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:857-66. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.069468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Chen H, Yang H, Wang Z, Xie X, Nan F. Discovery of 3-Substituted 1H-Indole-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives as a Novel Class of CysLT1 Selective Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:335-9. [PMID: 26985325 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The indole derivative, 3-((E)-3-((3-((E)-2-(7-chloroquinolin-2yl)vinyl)phenyl)amino)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-7-methoxy-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (17k), was identified as a novel and highly potent and selective CysLT1 antagonist with IC50 values of 0.0059 ± 0.0011 and 15 ± 4 μM for CysLT1 and CysLT2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhilong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fajun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Dvash
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Menachem Rubinstein
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
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26
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Barajas-Espinosa A, Basye A, Angelos MG, Chen CA. Modulation of p38 kinase by DUSP4 is important in regulating cardiovascular function under oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:170-81. [PMID: 26184564 PMCID: PMC4684778 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Over-activation of p38 is implicated in many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including myocardial infarction, hypertrophy, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. Numerous therapeutic interventions for CVDs have been directed toward the inhibition of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation that contributes to the detrimental effect after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries. However, the efficacy of these treatments is far from ideal, as they lack specificity and are associated with high toxicity. Previously, we demonstrated that N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) pretreatment up-regulates DUSP4 expression in endothelial cells, regulating p38 and ERK1/2 activities, and thus providing a protective effect against oxidative stress. Here, endothelial cells under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) insult and isolated heart I/R injury were used to investigate the role of DUSP4 in the modulation of the p38 pathway. In rat endothelial cells, DUSP4 is time-dependently degraded by H/R (0.25 ± 0.07-fold change of control after 2h H/R). Its degradation is closely associated with hyperphosphorylation of p38 (2.1 ± 0.36-fold change) and cell apoptosis, as indicated by the increase in cells immunopositive for cleaved caspase-3 (12.59 ± 3.38%) or TUNEL labeling (29.46 ± 3.75%). The inhibition of p38 kinase activity with 20 µM SB203580 during H/R prevents H/R-induced apoptosis, assessed via TUNEL (12.99 ± 1.89%). Conversely, DUSP4 gene silencing in endothelial cells augments their sensitivity to H/R-induced apoptosis (45.81 ± 5.23%). This sensitivity is diminished via the inhibition of p38 activity (total apoptotic cells drop to 17.47 ± 1.45%). Interestingly, DUSP4 gene silencing contributes to the increase in superoxide generation from cells. Isolated Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts were subjected to global I/R injury. DUSP4(-/-) hearts had significantly larger infarct size than WT. The increase in I/R-induced infarct in DUSP4(-/-) mice significantly correlates with reduced functional recovery (assessed by RPP%, LVDP%, HR%, and dP/dtmax) as well as lower CF% and a higher initial LVEDP. From immunoblotting analysis, it is evident that p38 is significantly overactivated in DUSP4(-/-) mice after I/R injury. The activation of cleaved caspase-3 is seen in both WT and DUSP4(-/-) I/R hearts. Infusion of a p38 inhibitor prior to ischemia and during the reperfusion improves both WT and DUSP4(-/-) cardiac function. Therefore, the identification of p38 kinase modulation by DUSP4 provides a novel therapeutic target for oxidant-induced diseases, especially myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Barajas-Espinosa
- Department of Emergency Medicine and the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, 43210USA
| | - Ariel Basye
- Department of Emergency Medicine and the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, 43210USA
| | - Mark G Angelos
- Department of Emergency Medicine and the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, 43210USA
| | - Chun-An Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine and the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, 43210USA.
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Itadani S, Yashiro K, Aratani Y, Sekiguchi T, Kinoshita A, Moriguchi H, Ohta N, Takahashi S, Ishida A, Tajima Y, Hisaichi K, Ima M, Ueda J, Egashira H, Sekioka T, Kadode M, Yonetomi Y, Nakao T, Inoue A, Nomura H, Kitamine T, Fujita M, Nabe T, Yamaura Y, Matsumura N, Imagawa A, Nakayama Y, Takeuchi J, Ohmoto K. Discovery of Gemilukast (ONO-6950), a Dual CysLT1 and CysLT2 Antagonist As a Therapeutic Agent for Asthma. J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26200813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An orally active dual CysLT1 and CysLT2 antagonist possessing a distinctive structure which consists of triple bond and dicarboxylic acid moieties is described. Gemilukast (ONO-6950) was generated via isomerization of the core indole and the incorporation of a triple bond into a lead compound. Gemilukast exhibited antagonist activities with IC50 values of 1.7 and 25 nM against human CysLT1 and human CysLT2, respectively, and potent efficacy at an oral dose of 0.1 mg/kg given 24 h before LTD4 challenge in a CysLT1-dependent guinea pig asthmatic model. In addition, gemilukast dose-dependently reduced LTC4-induced bronchoconstriction in both CysLT1- and CysLT2-dependent guinea pig asthmatic models, and it reduced antigen-induced constriction of isolated human bronchi. Gemilukast is currently being evaluated in phase II trials for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takeshi Nabe
- ∥Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.,⊥Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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Autocrine activity of cysteinyl leukotrienes in human vascular endothelial cells: Signaling through the CysLT2 receptor. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 120:115-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Liu T, Garofalo D, Feng C, Lai J, Katz H, Laidlaw TM, Boyce JA. Platelet-driven leukotriene C4-mediated airway inflammation in mice is aspirin-sensitive and depends on T prostanoid receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5061-8. [PMID: 25904552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are bronchoconstricting lipid mediators that amplify eosinophilic airway inflammation by incompletely understood mechanisms. We recently found that LTC4, the parent cysLT, potently activates platelets in vitro and induces airway eosinophilia in allergen-sensitized and -challenged mice by a platelet- and type 2 cysLT receptor-dependent pathway. We now demonstrate that this pathway requires production of thromboxane A2 and signaling through both hematopoietic and lung tissue-associated T prostanoid (TP) receptors. Intranasal administration of LTC4 to OVA-sensitized C57BL/6 mice markedly increased the numbers of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, while simultaneously decreasing the percentages of eosinophils in the blood by a TP receptor-dependent mechanism. LTC4 upregulated the expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in an aspirin-sensitive and TP receptor-dependent manner. Both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic TP receptors were essential for LTC4 to induce eosinophil recruitment. Thus, the autocrine and paracrine functions of thromboxane A2 act downstream of LTC4/type 2 cysLT receptor signaling on platelets to markedly amplify eosinophil recruitment through pulmonary vascular adhesion pathways. The findings suggest applications for TP receptor antagonists in cases of asthma with high levels of cysLT production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Denise Garofalo
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Chunli Feng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Juying Lai
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Howard Katz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Tanya M Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA 02115
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Li X, Ballantyne LL, Che X, Mewburn JD, Kang JX, Barkley RM, Murphy RC, Yu Y, Funk CD. Endogenously generated omega-3 fatty acids attenuate vascular inflammation and neointimal hyperplasia by interaction with free fatty acid receptor 4 in mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:jah3926. [PMID: 25845931 PMCID: PMC4579939 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.001856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs) suppress inflammation through activation of free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4), but this pathway has not been explored in the context of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to elucidate the involvement of FFAR4 activation by ω3 PUFAs in the process of vascular inflammation and neointimal hyperplasia in mice. Methods and Results We used mice with disruption of FFAR4 (Ffar4−/−), along with a strain that synthesizes high levels of ω3 PUFAs (fat‐1) and a group of crossed mice (Ffar4−/−/fat‐1), to elucidate the role of FFAR4 in vascular dysfunction using acute and chronic thrombosis/vascular remodeling models. The presence of FFAR4 in vascular‐associated cells including perivascular adipocytes and macrophages, but not platelets, was demonstrated. ω3 PUFAs endogenously generated in fat‐1 mice (n=9), but not in compound Ffar4−/−/fat‐1 mice (n=9), attenuated femoral arterial thrombosis induced by FeCl3. Neointimal hyperplasia and vascular inflammation in the common carotid artery were significantly curtailed 4 weeks after FeCl3 injury in fat‐1 mice (n=6). This included greater luminal diameter and enhanced blood flow, reduced intima:media ratio, and diminished macrophage infiltration in the vasculature and perivascular adipose tissue compared with control mice. These effects were attenuated in the Ffar4−/−/fat‐1 mice. Conclusions These results indicate that ω3 PUFAs mitigate vascular inflammation, arterial thrombus formation, and neointimal hyperplasia by interaction with FFAR4 in mice. Moreover, the ω3 PUFA–FFAR4 pathway decreases inflammatory responses with dampened macrophage transmigration and infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Li
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (X.L., L.L.B., X.C., C.D.F.)
| | - Laurel L Ballantyne
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (X.L., L.L.B., X.C., C.D.F.)
| | - Xinghui Che
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (X.L., L.L.B., X.C., C.D.F.)
| | - Jeffrey D Mewburn
- Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.D.M.)
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.X.K.)
| | - Robert M Barkley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.M.B., R.C.M.)
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.M.B., R.C.M.)
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Y.Y.)
| | - Colin D Funk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (X.L., L.L.B., X.C., C.D.F.)
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Shi QJ, Wang H, Liu ZX, Fang SH, Song XM, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Sa XY, Ying HZ, Wei EQ. HAMI 3379, a CysLT2R antagonist, dose- and time-dependently attenuates brain injury and inhibits microglial inflammation after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neuroscience 2015; 291:53-69. [PMID: 25681271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) induce inflammatory responses by activating their receptors, CysLT1R and CysLT2R. We have reported that CysLT2R is involved in neuronal injury, astrocytosis, and microgliosis, and that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the selective CysLT2R antagonist HAMI 3379 protects against acute brain injury after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. In the present study, we clarified features of the protective effect of intraperitoneally-injected HAMI 3379 in rats. We found that HAMI 3379 attenuated the acute brain injury 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with effective doses of 0.1-0.4 mg/kg and a therapeutic window of ∼1h. It attenuated the neurological deficits, and reduced infarct volume, brain edema, and neuronal loss and degeneration 24 and 72h after MCAO. RNA interference with i.c.v. injection of CysLT2R short hairpin RNA (shRNA) attenuated the acute injury as well. Also, HAMI 3379 inhibited release of the cytokines IL-1β, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) into the serum and cerebrospinal fluid 24h after MCAO. Moreover, HAMI 3379 ameliorated the microglial activation and neutrophil accumulation in the ischemic regions, but did not affect astrocyte proliferation 72h after MCAO. In comparison, the CysLT1R antagonist pranlukast did not affect microglial activation and IFN-γ release, but inhibited astrocyte proliferation and reduced serum IL-4. Thus, we conclude that HAMI 3379 has a protective effect on acute and subacute ischemic brain injury, and attenuates microglia-related inflammation. CysLT2R antagonist(s) alone or in combination with CysLT1R antagonists may be a novel class of therapeutic agents in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q J Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 182 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Z X Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - S H Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - X M Song
- Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 182 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Y B Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - W P Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - X Y Sa
- Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 182 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - H Z Ying
- Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 182 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - E Q Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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MK-571 attenuates kidney ischemia and reperfusion-induced airway hypersensitivity in rats. Transplant Proc 2015; 46:1127-30. [PMID: 24815144 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reperfusion of the rat kidney has been shown to up-regulate cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor, an asthma-associated gene in human bronchioles, and increase expression of leukotriene D4. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of MK-571, a leukotriene D4 inhibitor, against hypersensitivity induced by kidney ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-associated acute kidney injury. METHODS Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 3 study groups: a sham-operated group, a kidney I/R group, and a group treated with MK-571 before the kidney I/R injury: MK-571 (5 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 15 minutes before ischemia and every 12 hours after reperfusion up to 24 hours. Ischemia was conducted by bilateral occlusion of renal pedicles for 45 minutes, followed by releasing the clamps and closing the abdominal incision. Respiratory function was tested 24 hours after reperfusion, with the use of a 2-chamber whole body plethysmograph for conscious rats. Blood samples, pulmonary bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissues were collected at the end of study. In 10 rats, urine was collected at baseline and the end of study. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, kidney I/R injury markedly increased enhanced pause (Penh) index during methacholine challenge test (P < .05), suggesting airway hypersensitivity; it also increased in inflammatory response and levels of hydroxyl radical production and lipid peroxidation in the lungs. In contrast, in MK-571-treated rats, Penh was muted during methacholine challenge test (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Kidney I/R injury induces airway hypersensitivity to methacholine challenge test and inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the lungs. Treatment with MK-571, a leukotriene D4 inhibitor, effectively attenuates airway hypersensitivity, pulmonary inflammatory response, and lung and kidney injury.
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Itadani S, Takahashi S, Ima M, Sekiguchi T, Fujita M, Nakayama Y, Takeuchi J. Discovery of Highly Potent Dual CysLT1 and CysLT2 Antagonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1230-4. [PMID: 25408836 PMCID: PMC4233365 DOI: 10.1021/ml500298y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The benzoxazine derivative, (2S)-4-(3-carboxypropyl)-8-{[4-(4-phenylbutoxy)benzoyl]amino}-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine-2-carboxylic acid (19, ONO-2050297), was identified as the first potent dual CysLT1 and CysLT2 antagonist with IC50 values of 0.017 μM (CysLT1) and 0.00087 μM (CysLT2), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Itadani
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Shinya Takahashi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Ima
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sekiguchi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujita
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshisuke Nakayama
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Jun Takeuchi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories and Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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Bäck M, Powell WS, Dahlén SE, Drazen JM, Evans JF, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Rovati GE. Update on leukotriene, lipoxin and oxoeicosanoid receptors: IUPHAR Review 7. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:3551-74. [PMID: 24588652 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous ligands for the LT, lipoxin (LX) and oxoeicosanoid receptors are bioactive products produced by the action of the lipoxygenase family of enzymes. The LT receptors BLT1 and BLT2 , are activated by LTB4 and the CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors are activated by the cysteinyl-LTs, whereas oxoeicosanoids exert their action through the OXE receptor. In contrast to these pro-inflammatory mediators, LXA4 transduces responses associated with the resolution of inflammation through the receptor FPR2/ALX (ALX/FPR2). The aim of the present review is to give a state of the field on these receptors, with focus on recent important findings. For example, BLT1 receptor signalling in cancer and the dual role of the BLT2 receptor in pro- and anti-inflammatory actions have added more complexity to lipid mediator signalling. Furthermore, a cross-talk between the CysLT and P2Y receptor systems has been described, and also the presence of novel receptors for cysteinyl-LTs, such as GPR17 and GPR99. Finally, lipoxygenase metabolites derived from ω-3 essential polyunsaturated acids, the resolvins, activate the receptors GPR32 and ChemR23. In conclusion, the receptors for the lipoxygenase products make up a sophisticated and tightly controlled system of endogenous pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Nomenclature Subcommittee for Leukotriene Receptors, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lin K, Fang S, Cai B, Huang X, Zhang X, Lu Y, Zhang W, Wei E. ERK/Egr-1 signaling pathway is involved in CysLT2 receptor-mediated IL-8 production in HEK293 cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:278-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Kawakami Y, Hirano S, Kinoshita M, Otsuki A, Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Suzuki M, Kimoto M, Sasabe S, Fukushima M, Kishimoto K, Izumi T, Oga T, Narumiya S, Sugahara M, Miyano M, Yamamoto S, Takahashi Y. Neutralization of leukotriene C4 and D4 activity by monoclonal and single-chain antibodies. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1625-33. [PMID: 24361619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTs) are key mediators in inflammation. To explore the structure of the antigen-recognition site of a monoclonal antibody against LTC4 (mAbLTC), we previously isolated full-length cDNAs for heavy and light chains of the antibody and prepared a single-chain antibody comprising variable regions of these two chains (scFvLTC). METHODS We examined whether mAbLTC and scFvLTC neutralized the biological activities of LTC4 and LTD4 by competing their binding to their receptors. RESULTS mAbLTC and scFvLTC inhibited their binding of LTC4 or LTD4 to CysLT1 receptor (CysLT1R) and CysLT2 receptor (CysLT2R) overexpressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The induction by LTD4 of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8 mRNAs in human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells expressing CysLT1R was dose-dependently suppressed not only by mAbLTC but also by scFvLTC. LTC4- and LTD4-induced aggregation of mouse platelets expressing CysLT2R was dose-dependently suppressed by either mAbLTC or scFvLTC. Administration of mAbLTC reduced pulmonary eosinophil infiltration and goblet cell hyperplasia observed in a murine model of asthma. Furthermore, mAbLTC bound to CysLT2R antagonists but not to CysLT1R antagonists. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that mAbLTC and scFvLTC neutralize the biological activities of LTs by competing their binding to CysLT1R and CysLT2R. Furthermore, the binding of cysteinyl LT receptor antagonists to mAbLTC suggests the structural resemblance of the LT-recognition site of the antibody to that of these receptors. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE mAbLTC can be used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kawakami
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Shiori Hirano
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Mai Kinoshita
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Akemi Otsuki
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Toshiko Suzuki-Yamamoto
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Makiko Suzuki
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Masumi Kimoto
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Sae Sasabe
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Fukushima
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Koji Kishimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Izumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Toru Oga
- Department of Respiratory Care & Sleep Control Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Sugahara
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Harima Institute, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Masashi Miyano
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Harima Institute, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamamoto
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takahashi
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama 719-1197, Japan.
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Ni NC, Ballantyne LL, Mewburn JD, Funk CD. Multiple-site activation of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 is required for exacerbation of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 34:321-30. [PMID: 24285579 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transgenic overexpression of the human cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CysLT2R) in murine endothelium exacerbates vascular permeability and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Here, we explore the underlying mechanisms of CysLT2R activation-mediated inflammation and delineate the relative contributions of endogenous murine CysLT2R and the transgene-derived receptor. APPROACH AND RESULTS We created a novel mouse with only endothelial-expressed CysLT2R (endothelium-targeted overexpression mice [EC]/CysLT2R-knockout mice [KO]) by crossing EC with KO to dissect the role of endothelial CysLT2R in tissue injury. Surprisingly, we discovered that damage in EC/KO mice was not elevated (24% versus 47% EC) after ischemia/reperfusion. We examined vascular permeability and leukocyte recruitment/rolling responses in the cremaster vasculature after cysteinyl leukotriene (cysLT) stimulation. Mice possessing transgenic endothelial CysLT2R overexpression, whether EC or EC/KO, when stimulated with cysLTs, exhibited vascular hyperpermeability, declining leukocyte flux, and a transient increase in slow-rolling leukocyte fraction. Mice lacking endogenous CysLT2R (both KO [20 ± 3 cells/min] EC/KO [24 ± 3]) showed lower-rolling leukocyte flux versus wild-type (38 ± 6) and EC (35 ± 6) mice under unstimulated conditions. EC/KO mice differed from EC counterparts in that vascular hyperpermeability was not present in the absence of exogenous cysLTs. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that endothelial and nonendothelial CysLT2R niches have separate roles in mediating inflammatory responses. Endothelial receptor activation results in increased vascular permeability and leukocyte slow-rolling, facilitating leukocyte transmigration. Nonendothelial receptors, likely located on resident/circulating leukocytes, facilitate endothelial receptor activation and leukocyte transit. Activation of both receptor populations is required for injury exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Ni
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences (N.C.N., L.L.B., C.D.F.) and Cancer Research Institute (J.D.M.), Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Senescence-related changes in gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from octo/nonagenarians compared to their offspring. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:189129. [PMID: 24381713 PMCID: PMC3863454 DOI: 10.1155/2013/189129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms determining both functional rate of decline and the time of onset in aging remain elusive. Studies of the aging process especially those involving the comparison of long-lived individuals and young controls are fairly limited. Therefore, this research aims to determine the differential gene expression profile in related individuals from villages in Pahang, Malaysia. Genome-wide microarray analysis of 18 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from two groups: octo/nonagenarians (80-99 years old) and their offspring (50.2 ± 4.0 years old) revealed that 477 transcripts were age-induced and 335 transcripts were age-repressed with fold changes ≥1.2 in octo/nonagenarians compared to offspring. Interestingly, changes in gene expression were associated with increased capacity for apoptosis (BAK1), cell cycle regulation (CDKN1B), metabolic process (LRPAP1), insulin action (IGF2R), and increased immune and inflammatory response (IL27RA), whereas response to stress (HSPA8), damage stimulus (XRCC6), and chromatin remodelling (TINF2) pathways were downregulated in octo/nonagenarians. These results suggested that systemic telomere maintenance, metabolism, cell signalling, and redox regulation may be important for individuals to maintain their healthy state with advancing age and that these processes play an important role in the determination of the healthy life-span.
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Duah E, Adapala RK, Al-Azzam N, Kondeti V, Gombedza F, Thodeti CK, Paruchuri S. Cysteinyl leukotrienes regulate endothelial cell inflammatory and proliferative signals through CysLT₂ and CysLT₁ receptors. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3274. [PMID: 24253666 PMCID: PMC3834363 DOI: 10.1038/srep03274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs), LTC₄, LTD₄, LTE₄ are potent inflammatory lipid mediators that act through two distinct G-protein-coupled receptors, CysLT₁R and CysLT₂R. Although cys-LTs are shown to induce vascular leakage and atherosclerosis, the molecular mechanism by which cys-LTs modulate endothelial function is not known. Here, we show that cys-LTs (LTC₄ and LTD₄) induce robust calcium influx in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) through CysLT₂R, but not CysLT₁R. Further, cys-LT treatment induced endothelial cell (EC) contraction leading to monolayer disruption via CysLT₂R/Rho kinase dependent pathway. Furthermore, stimulation with cys-LTs potentiated TNFα-induced VCAM-1 expression and leukocyte recruitment to ECs through CysLT₂R. In contrast, we found that both LTC₄ and LTD₄ stimulated EC proliferation through CysLT₁R. Taken together, these results suggest that cys-LTs induce endothelial inflammation and proliferation via CysLT₂R/Rho kinase and CysLT₁R/Erk dependent pathways, respectively, which play critical role in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Duah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, OH 44325
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Sharkey LC, Radin MJ, Heller L, Rogers LK, Tobias A, Matise I, Wang Q, Apple FS, McCune SA. Differential cardiotoxicity in response to chronic doxorubicin treatment in male spontaneous hypertension-heart failure (SHHF), spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Li X, Yu Y, Funk CD. Cyclooxygenase‐2 induction in macrophages is modulated by docosahexaenoic acid
via
interactions with free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4). FASEB J 2013; 27:4987-97. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-235333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Li
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular SciencesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and MetabolismInstitute for Nutritional SciencesShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Colin D. Funk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular SciencesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
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Abstract
G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) still offer enormous scope for new therapeutic targets. Currently marketed agents are dominated by those with activity at aminergic receptors and yet they account for only ~10% of the family. Progress up until now with other subfamilies, notably orphans, Family A/peptide, Family A/lipid, Family B, Family C, and Family F, has been, at best, patchy. This may be attributable to the heterogeneous nature of GPCRs, their endogenous ligands, and consequently their binding sites. Our appreciation of receptor similarity has arguably been too simplistic, and screening collections have not necessarily been well suited to identifying leads in new areas. Despite the relative shortage of high-quality tool molecules in a number of cases, there is an emerging, and increasingly substantial, body of evidence associating many as yet “undrugged” receptors with a very wide range of diseases. Significant advances in our understanding of receptor pharmacology and technical advances in screening, protein X-ray crystallography, and ligand design methods are paving the way for new successes in the area. Exploitation of allosteric mechanisms; alternative signaling pathways such as G12/13, Gβγ, and β-arrestin; the discovery of “biased” ligands; and the emergence of GPCR-protein complexes as potential drug targets offer scope for new and much improved drugs.
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Zhang XY, Wang XR, Xu DM, Yu SY, Shi QJ, Zhang LH, Chen L, Fang SH, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Wei EQ. HAMI 3379, a CysLT2 Receptor Antagonist, Attenuates Ischemia-Like Neuronal Injury by Inhibiting Microglial Activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:328-41. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Di Gennaro A, Haeggström JZ. The leukotrienes: immune-modulating lipid mediators of disease. Adv Immunol 2013; 116:51-92. [PMID: 23063073 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394300-2.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The leukotrienes are important lipid mediators with immune modulatory and proinflammatory properties. Classical bioactions of leukotrienes include chemotaxis, endothelial adherence, and activation of leukocytes, chemokine production, as well as contraction of smooth muscles in the microcirculation and respiratory tract. When formed in excess, these compounds play a pathogenic role in several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. An increasing number of diseases have been linked to inflammation implicating the leukotrienes as potential mediators. For example, recent investigations using genetic, morphological, and biochemical approaches have pointed to the involvement of leukotrienes in cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Moreover, new insights have changed our previous notion of leukotrienes as mediators of inflammatory reactions to molecules that can fine-tune the innate and adaptive immune response. Here, we review the most recent understanding of the leukotriene cascade with emphasis on recently identified roles in immune reactions and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Gennaro
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Shi QJ, Xiao L, Zhao B, Zhang XY, Wang XR, Xu DM, Yu SY, Fang SH, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Sa XY, Wei EQ. Intracerebroventricular injection of HAMI 3379, a selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 antagonist, protects against acute brain injury after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2012; 1484:57-67. [PMID: 23000196 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) induce inflammatory responses by activating their receptors, CysLT(1)R and CysLT(2)R. We recently reported that CysLT(2)R is involved in neuronal injury, astrocytosis and microgliosis after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Here, we determined whether HAMI 3379, a selective CysLT(2)R antagonist, protects against acute brain injury after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. We induced transient focal cerebral ischemia by 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), followed by 24h of reperfusion. HAMI 3379 (1, 10 or 100 ng) was injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) 30 min before MCAO, and the CysLT(1)R antagonist pranlukast (0.1mg/kg, i.p.) was used as a positive control. HAMI 3379 at 10 and 100 ng (but not at 1 ng) attenuated the neurological deficits, and reduced infarct volume, brain edema, IgG exudation, neuronal degeneration and neuronal loss. This protective effect was similar to that of pranlukast. Thus, HAMI 3339 at 10-100 ng i.c.v. is neuroprotective against acute brain injury after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. These findings suggest therapeutic potential for CysLT(2)R antagonists in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Juan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Cysteinyl leukotriene signaling aggravates myocardial hypoxia in experimental atherosclerotic heart disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41786. [PMID: 22848603 PMCID: PMC3404957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LT) are powerful spasmogenic and immune modulating lipid mediators involved in inflammatory diseases, in particular asthma. Here, we investigated whether cys-LT signaling, in the context of atherosclerotic heart disease, compromises the myocardial microcirculation and its response to hypoxic stress. To this end, we examined Apoe−/− mice fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and analysed the expression of key enzymes of the cys-LT pathway and their receptors (CysLT1/CysLT2) in normal and hypoxic myocardium as well as the potential contribution of cys-LT signaling to the acute myocardial response to hypoxia. Methods and principal findings Myocardial biopsies from Apoe−/− mice demonstrated signs of chronic inflammation with fibrosis, increased apoptosis and expression of IL-6, as compared to biopsies from C57BL/6J control mice. In addition, we found increased leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4S) and CysLT1 expression in the myocardium of Apoe−/− mice. Acute bouts of hypoxia further induced LTC4S expression, increased LTC4S enzyme activity and CysLT1 expression, and were associated with increased extension of hypoxic areas within the myocardium. Inhibition of cys-LT signaling by treatment with montelukast, a selective CysLT1 receptor antagonist, during acute bouts of hypoxic stress reduced myocardial hypoxic areas in Apoe−/− mice to levels equal to those observed under normoxic conditions. In human heart biopsies from 14 patients with chronic coronary artery disease mRNA expression levels of LTC4S and CysLT1 were increased in chronic ischemic compared to non-ischemic myocardium, constituting a molecular basis for increased cys-LT signaling. Conclusion Our results suggest that CysLT1 antagonists may have protective effects on the hypoxic heart, and improve the oxygen supply to areas of myocardial ischemia, for instance during episodes of sleep apnea.
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Huang XQ, Zhang XY, Wang XR, Yu SY, Fang SH, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Wei EQ. Transforming growth factor β1-induced astrocyte migration is mediated in part by activating 5-lipoxygenase and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:145. [PMID: 22734808 PMCID: PMC3419068 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1) is an important regulator of cell migration and plays a role in the scarring response in injured brain. It is also reported that 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and its products, cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs, namely LTC₄, LTD₄ and LTE₄), as well as cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT₁R) are closely associated with astrocyte proliferation and glial scar formation after brain injury. However, how these molecules act on astrocyte migration, an initial step of the scarring response, is unknown. To clarify this, we determined the roles of 5-LOX and CysLT₁R in TGF-β 1-induced astrocyte migration. METHODS In primary cultures of rat astrocytes, the effects of TGF-β 1 and CysLT receptor agonists on migration and proliferation were assayed, and the expression of 5-LOX, CysLT receptors and TGF-β1 was detected. 5-LOX activation was analyzed by measuring its products (CysLTs) and applying its inhibitor. The role of CysLT₁R was investigated by applying CysLT receptor antagonists and CysLT₁R knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA). TGF-β 1 release was assayed as well. RESULTS TGF-β 1-induced astrocyte migration was potentiated by LTD₄, but attenuated by the 5-LOX inhibitor zileuton and the CysLT₁R antagonist montelukast. The non-selective agonist LTD₄ at 0.1 to 10 nM also induced a mild migration; however, the selective agonist N-methyl-LTC₄ and the selective antagonist Bay cysLT2 for CysLT₂R had no effects. Moreover, CysLT₁R siRNA inhibited TGF-β 1- and LTD₄-induced astrocyte migration by down-regulating the expression of this receptor. However, TGF-β 1 and LTD4 at various concentrations did not affect astrocyte proliferation 24 h after exposure. On the other hand, TGF-β 1 increased 5-LOX expression and the production of CysLTs, and up-regulated CysLT1R (not CysLT₂R), while LTD4 and N-methyl-LTC4 did not affect TGF-β 1 expression and release. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β 1-induced astrocyte migration is, at least in part, mediated by enhanced endogenous CysLTs through activating CysLT₁R. These findings indicate that the interaction between the cytokine TGF-β 1 and the pro-inflammatory mediators CysLTs in the regulation of astrocyte function is relevant to glial scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Barajas‐Espinosa A, Ni NC, Yan D, Zarini S, Murphy RC, Funk CD. The cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor mediates retinal edema and pathological neovascularization in a murine model of oxygen‐induced retinopathy. FASEB J 2011; 26:1100-9. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-195792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Barajas‐Espinosa
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular SciencesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Nathan C. Ni
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular SciencesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular SciencesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Simona Zarini
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado–DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Robert C. Murphy
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado–DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Colin D. Funk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular SciencesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
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Haeggström JZ, Funk CD. Lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathways: biochemistry, biology, and roles in disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5866-98. [PMID: 21936577 DOI: 10.1021/cr200246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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