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Konger RL, Derr-Yellin E, Zimmers TA, Katona T, Xuei X, Liu Y, Zhou HM, Simpson ER, Turner MJ. Epidermal PPARγ Is a Key Homeostatic Regulator of Cutaneous Inflammation and Barrier Function in Mouse Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168634. [PMID: 34445339 PMCID: PMC8395473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Both agonist studies and loss-of-function models indicate that PPARγ plays an important role in cutaneous biology. Since PPARγ has a high level of basal activity, we hypothesized that epidermal PPARγ would regulate normal homeostatic processes within the epidermis. In this current study, we performed mRNA sequencing and differential expression analysis of epidermal scrapings from knockout mice and wildtype littermates. Pparg-/-epi mice exhibited a 1.5-fold or greater change in the expression of 11.8% of 14,482 identified transcripts. Up-regulated transcripts included those for a large number of cytokines/chemokines and their receptors, as well as genes associated with inflammasome activation and keratinization. Several of the most dramatically up-regulated pro-inflammatory genes in Pparg-/-epi mouse skin included Igfl3, 2610528A11Rik, and Il1f6. RT-PCR was performed from RNA obtained from non-lesional full-thickness skin and verified a marked increase in these transcripts, as well as transcripts for Igflr1, which encodes the receptor for Igfl3, and the 2610528A11Rik receptor (Gpr15). Transcripts for Il4 were detected in Pparg-/-epi mouse skin, but transcripts for Il17 and Il22 were not detected. Down-regulated transcripts included sebaceous gland markers and a number of genes associated with lipid barrier formation. The change in these transcripts correlates with an asebia phenotype, increased transepidermal water loss, alopecia, dandruff, and the appearance of spontaneous inflammatory skin lesions. Histologically, non-lesional skin showed hyperkeratosis, while inflammatory lesions were characterized by dermal inflammation and epidermal acanthosis, spongiosis, and parakeratosis. In conclusion, loss of epidermal Pparg alters a substantial set of genes that are associated with cutaneous inflammation, keratinization, and sebaceous gland function. The data indicate that epidermal PPARγ plays an important role in homeostatic epidermal function, particularly epidermal differentiation, barrier function, sebaceous gland development and function, and inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L. Konger
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (E.D.-Y.); (T.K.)
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.A.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-317-274-4154
| | - Ethel Derr-Yellin
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (E.D.-Y.); (T.K.)
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Teresa A. Zimmers
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.A.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Terrence Katona
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (E.D.-Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Yunlong Liu
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.A.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hong-Ming Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.-M.Z.); (M.J.T.)
| | - Ed Ronald Simpson
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.-M.Z.); (M.J.T.)
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Matthew J. Turner
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.-M.Z.); (M.J.T.)
- Department of Dermatology, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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18
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Ziegler T, Horstkotte J, Schwab C, Pfetsch V, Weinmann K, Dietzel S, Rohwedder I, Hinkel R, Gross L, Lee S, Hu J, Soehnlein O, Franz WM, Sperandio M, Pohl U, Thomas M, Weber C, Augustin HG, Fässler R, Deutsch U, Kupatt C. Angiopoietin 2 mediates microvascular and hemodynamic alterations in sepsis. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:66549. [PMID: 23863629 PMCID: PMC3726157 DOI: 10.1172/jci66549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic shock is characterized by increased vascular permeability and hypotension despite increased cardiac output. Numerous vasoactive cytokines are upregulated during sepsis, including angiopoietin 2 (ANG2), which increases vascular permeability. Here we report that mice engineered to inducibly overexpress ANG2 in the endothelium developed sepsis-like hemodynamic alterations, including systemic hypotension, increased cardiac output, and dilatory cardiomyopathy. Conversely, mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted ANG2 overexpression failed to develop hemodynamic alterations. Interestingly, the hemodynamic alterations associated with endothelial-specific overexpression of ANG2 and the loss of capillary-associated pericytes were reversed by intravenous injections of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) transducing cDNA for angiopoietin 1, a TIE2 ligand that antagonizes ANG2, or AAVs encoding PDGFB, a chemoattractant for pericytes. To confirm the role of ANG2 in sepsis, we i.p. injected LPS into C57BL/6J mice, which rapidly developed hypotension, acute pericyte loss, and increased vascular permeability. Importantly, ANG2 antibody treatment attenuated LPS-induced hemodynamic alterations and reduced the mortality rate at 36 hours from 95% to 61%. These data indicate that ANG2-mediated microvascular disintegration contributes to septic shock and that inhibition of the ANG2/TIE2 interaction during sepsis is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Ziegler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jan Horstkotte
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Schwab
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Pfetsch
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Karolina Weinmann
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Dietzel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ina Rohwedder
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Rabea Hinkel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Gross
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Seungmin Lee
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Junhao Hu
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M. Franz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pohl
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Thomas
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Hellmut G. Augustin
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Kupatt
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Theodor Kocher Institute, Bern, Switzerland.
Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
Joint Research Division Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim (Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ–Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
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