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Jurva U, Sandinge AS, Baek JM, Avanthay M, Thomson RES, D'Cunha SA, Andersson S, Hayes MA, Gillam EMJ. Biocatalysis using Thermostable Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Bacterial Membranes - Comparison of Metabolic Pathways with Human Liver Microsomes and Recombinant Human Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:242-251. [PMID: 38176735 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Detailed structural characterization of small molecule metabolites is desirable during all stages of drug development, and often relies on the synthesis of metabolite standards. However, introducing structural changes into already complex, highly functionalized small molecules both regio- and stereo-selectively can be challenging using purely chemical approaches, introducing delays into the drug pipeline. An alternative is to use the cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) that produce the metabolites in vivo, taking advantage of the enzyme's inherently chiral active site to achieve regio- and stereoselectivity. Importantly, biotransformations are more sustainable: they proceed under mild conditions and avoid environmentally damaging solvents and transition metal catalysts. Recombinant enzymes avoid the need to use animal liver microsomes. However, native enzymes must be stabilized to work for extended periods or at elevated temperatures, and stabilizing mutations can alter catalytic activity. Here we assessed a set of novel, thermostable P450s in bacterial membranes, a format analogous to liver microsomes, for their ability to metabolize drugs through various pathways and compared them to human liver microsomes. Collectively, the thermostable P450s could replicate the metabolic pathways seen with human liver microsomes, including bioactivation to protein-reactive intermediates. Novel metabolites were found, suggesting the possibility of obtaining metabolites not produced by human or rodent liver microsomes. Importantly, no alteration in assay conditions from standard protocols for microsomal incubations was necessary. Thus, such bacterial membranes represent an analogous metabolite generation system to liver microsomes in terms of metabolites produced and ease of use, but which provides access to more diversity of metabolite structures. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In drug development it is often chemically challenging, to synthesize authentic metabolites of drug candidates for structural identification and evaluation of activity and safety. Biosynthesis using microsomes or recombinant human enzymes is confounded by the instability of the enzymes. Here we show that thermostable ancestral cytochrome P450 enzymes derived from P450 families responsible for human drug metabolism offer advantages over the native human forms in being more robust and over microbial enzymes in faithfully reflecting human drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Jurva
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandinge
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Jong Min Baek
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Mickaël Avanthay
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Raine E S Thomson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Stephlina A D'Cunha
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
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Yang S, Ooka M, Margolis RJ, Xia M. Liver three-dimensional cellular models for high-throughput chemical testing. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100432. [PMID: 37056374 PMCID: PMC10088249 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a leading cause of drug withdrawal from the market. High-throughput screening utilizing in vitro liver models is critical for early-stage liver toxicity testing. Traditionally, monolayer human hepatocytes or immortalized liver cell lines (e.g., HepG2, HepaRG) have been used to test compound liver toxicity. However, monolayer-cultured liver cells sometimes lack the metabolic competence to mimic the in vivo condition and are therefore largely appropriate for short-term toxicological testing. They may not, however, be adequate for identifying chronic and recurring liver damage caused by drugs. Recently, several three-dimensional (3D) liver models have been developed. These 3D liver models better recapitulate normal liver function and metabolic capacity. This review describes the current development of 3D liver models that can be used to test drugs/chemicals for their pharmacologic and toxicologic effects, as well as the advantages and limitations of using these 3D liver models for high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masato Ooka
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryan Jared Margolis
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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McDuffie D, Barr D, Helm M, Baumert T, Agarwal A, Thomas E. Physiomimetic In Vitro Human Models for Viral Infection in the Liver. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:31-49. [PMID: 36402129 PMCID: PMC10005888 DOI: 10.1055/a-1981-5944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is a leading cause of liver morbidity and mortality globally. The mechanisms underlying acute infection and clearance, versus the development of chronic infection, are poorly understood. In vitro models of viral hepatitis circumvent the high costs and ethical considerations of animal models, which also translate poorly to studying the human-specific hepatitis viruses. However, significant challenges are associated with modeling long-term infection in vitro. Differentiated hepatocytes are best able to sustain chronic viral hepatitis infection, but standard two-dimensional models are limited because they fail to mimic the architecture and cellular microenvironment of the liver, and cannot maintain a differentiated hepatocyte phenotype over extended periods. Alternatively, physiomimetic models facilitate important interactions between hepatocytes and their microenvironment by incorporating liver-specific environmental factors such as three-dimensional ECM interactions and co-culture with non-parenchymal cells. These physiologically relevant interactions help maintain a functional hepatocyte phenotype that is critical for sustaining viral hepatitis infection. In this review, we provide an overview of distinct, novel, and innovative in vitro liver models and discuss their functionality and relevance in modeling viral hepatitis. These platforms may provide novel insight into mechanisms that regulate viral clearance versus progression to chronic infections that can drive subsequent liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis McDuffie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - David Barr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Madeline Helm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Thomas Baumert
- Inserm Research Institute for Viral and Liver Diseases, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ashutosh Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Address for correspondence Emmanuel Thomas, MD, PhD, FAASLD Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of MiamiCoral Gables, FL 33136-1015
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Liu L, Liu Y, Zhou X, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Ji L, Hong C, Li C. Analyzing the metabolic fate of oral administration drugs: A review and state-of-the-art roadmap. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:962718. [PMID: 36278150 PMCID: PMC9585159 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.962718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The key orally delivered drug metabolism processes are reviewed to aid the assessment of the current in vivo/vitro experimental systems applicability for evaluating drug metabolism and the interaction potential. Orally administration is the most commonly used state-of-the-art road for drug delivery due to its ease of administration, high patient compliance and cost-effectiveness. Roles of gut metabolic enzymes and microbiota in drug metabolism and absorption suggest that the gut is an important site for drug metabolism, while the liver has long been recognized as the principal organ responsible for drugs or other substances metabolism. In this contribution, we explore various experimental models from their development to the application for studying oral drugs metabolism of and summarized advantages and disadvantages. Undoubtedly, understanding the possible metabolic mechanism of drugs in vivo and evaluating the procedure with relevant models is of great significance for screening potential clinical drugs. With the increasing popularity and prevalence of orally delivered drugs, sophisticated experimental models with higher predictive capacity for the metabolism of oral drugs used in current preclinical studies will be needed. Collectively, the review seeks to provide a comprehensive roadmap for researchers in related fields.
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McDuffie D, Barr D, Agarwal A, Thomas E. Physiologically relevant microsystems to study viral infection in the human liver. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:999366. [PMID: 36246284 PMCID: PMC9555087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is a leading cause of liver disease and mortality. Infection can occur acutely or chronically, but the mechanisms that govern the clearance of virus or lack thereof are poorly understood and merit further investigation. Though cures for viral hepatitis have been developed, they are expensive, not readily accessible in vulnerable populations and some patients may remain at an increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) even after viral clearance. To sustain infection in vitro, hepatocytes must be fully mature and remain in a differentiated state. However, primary hepatocytes rapidly dedifferentiate in conventional 2D in vitro platforms. Physiologically relevant or physiomimetic microsystems, are increasingly popular alternatives to traditional two-dimensional (2D) monocultures for in vitro studies. Physiomimetic systems reconstruct and incorporate elements of the native cellular microenvironment to improve biologic functionality in vitro. Multiple elements contribute to these models including ancillary tissue architecture, cell co-cultures, matrix proteins, chemical gradients and mechanical forces that contribute to increased viability, longevity and physiologic function for the tissue of interest. These microsystems are used in a wide variety of applications to study biological phenomena. Here, we explore the use of physiomimetic microsystems as tools for studying viral hepatitis infection in the liver and how the design of these platforms is tailored for enhanced investigation of the viral lifecycle when compared to conventional 2D cell culture models. Although liver-based physiomimetic microsystems are typically applied in the context of drug studies, the platforms developed for drug discovery purposes offer a solid foundation to support studies on viral hepatitis. Physiomimetic platforms may help prolong hepatocyte functionality in order to sustain chronic viral hepatitis infection in vitro for studying virus-host interactions for prolonged periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis McDuffie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - David Barr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ashutosh Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Ashutosh Agarwal,
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Emmanuel Thomas,
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6
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Fernandez-Checa JC, Bagnaninchi P, Ye H, Sancho-Bru P, Falcon-Perez JM, Royo F, Garcia-Ruiz C, Konu O, Miranda J, Lunov O, Dejneka A, Elfick A, McDonald A, Sullivan GJ, Aithal GP, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Fromenty B, Kranendonk M, Cubero FJ, Nelson LJ. Advanced preclinical models for evaluation of drug-induced liver injury - consensus statement by the European Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network [PRO-EURO-DILI-NET]. J Hepatol 2021; 75:935-959. [PMID: 34171436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of acute liver failure (ALF) and one of the leading indications for liver transplantation in Western societies. Given the wide use of both prescribed and over the counter drugs, DILI has become a major health issue for which there is a pressing need to find novel and effective therapies. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying DILI, our incomplete knowledge of its pathogenesis and inability to predict DILI is largely due to both discordance between human and animal DILI in preclinical drug development and a lack of models that faithfully recapitulate complex pathophysiological features of human DILI. This is exemplified by the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose, a major cause of ALF because of its extensive worldwide use as an analgesic. Despite intensive efforts utilising current animal and in vitro models, the mechanisms involved in the hepatotoxicity of APAP are still not fully understood. In this expert Consensus Statement, which is endorsed by the European Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network, we aim to facilitate and outline clinically impactful discoveries by detailing the requirements for more realistic human-based systems to assess hepatotoxicity and guide future drug safety testing. We present novel insights and discuss major players in APAP pathophysiology, and describe emerging in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical models, as well as advanced imaging and in silico technologies, which may improve prediction of clinical outcomes of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; USC Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States, CA 90033.
| | - Pierre Bagnaninchi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regenerative and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4UU; School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, Colin Maclaurin Road, EH9 3 DW, Scotland, UK
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, 48160, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, 48015, Spain
| | - Felix Royo
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, 48160, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; USC Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States, CA 90033
| | - Ozlen Konu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Joana Miranda
- Research Institute for iMedicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alistair Elfick
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 3DW, UK
| | - Alison McDonald
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 3DW, UK
| | - Gareth J Sullivan
- University of Oslo and the Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Hybrid Technology Hub-Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hosptial, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M Isabel Lucena
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, UICEC SCReN, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Raul J Andrade
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Enfermedades Digestivas, Instituto de Investigación, Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Bernard Fromenty
- INSERM, Univ Rennes, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regenerative and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4UU; School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Faraday Building, Colin Maclaurin Road, EH9 3 DW, Scotland, UK; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences (EPS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH12 2AS, Scotland, UK.
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7
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Serras AS, Rodrigues JS, Cipriano M, Rodrigues AV, Oliveira NG, Miranda JP. A Critical Perspective on 3D Liver Models for Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Studies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626805. [PMID: 33732695 PMCID: PMC7957963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor predictability of human liver toxicity is still causing high attrition rates of drug candidates in the pharmaceutical industry at the non-clinical, clinical, and post-marketing authorization stages. This is in part caused by animal models that fail to predict various human adverse drug reactions (ADRs), resulting in undetected hepatotoxicity at the non-clinical phase of drug development. In an effort to increase the prediction of human hepatotoxicity, different approaches to enhance the physiological relevance of hepatic in vitro systems are being pursued. Three-dimensional (3D) or microfluidic technologies allow to better recapitulate hepatocyte organization and cell-matrix contacts, to include additional cell types, to incorporate fluid flow and to create gradients of oxygen and nutrients, which have led to improved differentiated cell phenotype and functionality. This comprehensive review addresses the drug-induced hepatotoxicity mechanisms and the currently available 3D liver in vitro models, their characteristics, as well as their advantages and limitations for human hepatotoxicity assessment. In addition, since toxic responses are greatly dependent on the culture model, a comparative analysis of the toxicity studies performed using two-dimensional (2D) and 3D in vitro strategies with recognized hepatotoxic compounds, such as paracetamol, diclofenac, and troglitazone is performed, further highlighting the need for harmonization of the respective characterization methods. Finally, taking a step forward, we propose a roadmap for the assessment of drugs hepatotoxicity based on fully characterized fit-for-purpose in vitro models, taking advantage of the best of each model, which will ultimately contribute to more informed decision-making in the drug development and risk assessment fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Serras
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana S. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Cipriano
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armanda V. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana P. Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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8
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Rose S, Ezan F, Cuvellier M, Bruyère A, Legagneux V, Langouët S, Baffet G. Generation of proliferating human adult hepatocytes using optimized 3D culture conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:515. [PMID: 33436872 PMCID: PMC7804446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Generating the proliferation of differentiated normal adult human hepatocytes is a major challenge and an expected central step in understanding the microenvironmental conditions that regulate the phenotype of human hepatocytes in vitro. In this work, we described optimized 3D culture conditions of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) to trigger two waves of proliferation and we identified matrix stiffness and cell–cell interactions as the main actors necessary for this proliferation. We demonstrated that DNA replication and overexpression of cell cycle markers are modulate by the matrix stiffness while PHH cultured in 3D without prior cellular interactions did not proliferate. Besides, we showed that PHH carry out an additional cell cycle after transient inhibition of MAPK MER1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Collagen cultured hepatocytes are organized as characteristic hollow spheroids able to maintain survival, cell polarity and hepatic differentiation for long-term culture periods of at least 28 days. Remarkably, we demonstrated by transcriptomic analysis and functional experiments that proliferating cells are mature hepatocytes with high detoxication capacities. In conclusion, the advanced 3D model described here, named Hepoid, is particularly relevant for obtaining normal human proliferating hepatocytes. By allowing concomitant proliferation and differentiation, it constitutes a promising tool for many pharmacological and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rose
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Ezan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Marie Cuvellier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Bruyère
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Legagneux
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Georges Baffet
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043, Rennes Cedex, France.
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9
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Advanced 3D Cell Culture Techniques in Micro-Bioreactors, Part II: Systems and Applications. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this second part of our systematic review on the research area of 3D cell culture in micro-bioreactors we give a detailed description of the published work with regard to the existing micro-bioreactor types and their applications, and highlight important results gathered with the respective systems. As an interesting detail, we found that micro-bioreactors have already been used in SARS-CoV research prior to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. As our literature research revealed a variety of 3D cell culture configurations in the examined bioreactor systems, we defined in review part one “complexity levels” by means of the corresponding 3D cell culture techniques applied in the systems. The definition of the complexity is thereby based on the knowledge that the spatial distribution of cell-extracellular matrix interactions and the spatial distribution of homologous and heterologous cell–cell contacts play an important role in modulating cell functions. Because at least one of these parameters can be assigned to the 3D cell culture techniques discussed in the present review, we structured the studies according to the complexity levels applied in the MBR systems.
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10
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Advanced 3D Cell Culture Techniques in Micro-Bioreactors, Part I: A Systematic Analysis of the Literature Published between 2000 and 2020. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioreactors have proven useful for a vast amount of applications. Besides classical large-scale bioreactors and fermenters for prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, micro-bioreactors, as specialized bioreactor systems, have become an invaluable tool for mammalian 3D cell cultures. In this systematic review we analyze the literature in the field of eukaryotic 3D cell culture in micro-bioreactors within the last 20 years. For this, we define complexity levels with regard to the cellular 3D microenvironment concerning cell–matrix-contact, cell–cell-contact and the number of different cell types present at the same time. Moreover, we examine the data with regard to the micro-bioreactor design including mode of cell stimulation/nutrient supply and materials used for the micro-bioreactors, the corresponding 3D cell culture techniques and the related cellular microenvironment, the cell types and in vitro models used. As a data source we used the National Library of Medicine and analyzed the studies published from 2000 to 2020.
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11
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Hartman GD, Kuduk SD, Espiritu C, Lam AM. P450s under Restriction (PURE) Screen Using HepaRG and Primary Human Hepatocytes for Discovery of Novel HBV Antivirals. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1919-1927. [PMID: 33062174 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein is reported a novel screening paradigm PURE (P450s under restriction) for the identification and optimization of hits as part of a hepatitis B virus (HBV) antiviral discovery program. To closely represent in vivo hepatocytes, differentiated HepaRG cells (dHRGs) and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) were used as the basis for an HBV infection system. However, a significant challenge arose during potency evaluation in using cultured dHRGs and PHHs as screening platforms because, as with hepatocytes in vivo, these cells express active cytochrome P450 enzymes and thus can metabolize test compounds. The observed antiviral effects may be the cumulative result of a dynamic pool of parent compound and metabolites thus confounding structure activity relationship (SAR) interpretation and subsequent optimization design initiatives. We show here that PURE methodology restricts metabolism of HBV-infected dHRGs and PHHs and thus provides highly informative potency data for decision-making on key representative antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D. Hartman
- Novira Therapeutics, a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Scott D. Kuduk
- Novira Therapeutics, a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Christine Espiritu
- Novira Therapeutics, a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Angela M. Lam
- Novira Therapeutics, a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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12
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Utility of Three-Dimensional Cultures of Primary Human Hepatocytes (Spheroids) as Pharmacokinetic Models. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100374. [PMID: 32977664 PMCID: PMC7598599 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the usefulness, current status, and potential of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) in three-dimensional (3D) cultures, also known as spheroids, in the field of pharmacokinetics (PK). Predicting PK and toxicity means pharmaceutical research can be conducted more efficiently. Various in vitro test systems using human hepatocytes have been proposed as tools to detect hepatic toxicity at an early stage in the drug development process. However, such evaluation requires long-term, low-level exposure to the test compound, and conventional screening systems such as PHHs in planar (2D) culture, in which the cells can only survive for a few days, are unsuitable for this purpose. In contrast, spheroids consisting of PHH are reported to retain the functional characteristics of human liver for at least 35 days. Here, we introduce a fundamental PK and toxicity assessment model of PHH spheroids and describe their applications for assessing species-specific metabolism, enzyme induction, and toxicity, focusing on our own work in these areas. The studies outlined in this paper may provide important information for pharmaceutical companies to reduce termination of development of drug candidates.
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13
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Ramm S, Todorov P, Chandrasekaran V, Dohlman A, Monteiro MB, Pavkovic M, Muhlich J, Shankaran H, Chen WW, Mettetal JT, Vaidya VS. A Systems Toxicology Approach for the Prediction of Kidney Toxicity and Its Mechanisms In Vitro. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:54-69. [PMID: 30649541 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure to predict kidney toxicity of new chemical entities early in the development process before they reach humans remains a critical issue. Here, we used primary human kidney cells and applied a systems biology approach that combines multidimensional datasets and machine learning to identify biomarkers that not only predict nephrotoxic compounds but also provide hints toward their mechanism of toxicity. Gene expression and high-content imaging-derived phenotypical data from 46 diverse kidney toxicants were analyzed using Random Forest machine learning. Imaging features capturing changes in cell morphology and nucleus texture along with mRNA levels of HMOX1 and SQSTM1 were identified as the most powerful predictors of toxicity. These biomarkers were validated by their ability to accurately predict kidney toxicity of four out of six candidate therapeutics that exhibited toxicity only in late stage preclinical/clinical studies. Network analysis of similarities in toxic phenotypes was performed based on live-cell high-content image analysis at seven time points. Using compounds with known mechanism as reference, we could infer potential mechanisms of toxicity of candidate therapeutics. In summary, we report an approach to generate a multidimensional biomarker panel for mechanistic de-risking and prediction of kidney toxicity in in vitro for new therapeutic candidates and chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ramm
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Petar Todorov
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA.,Safety and ADME Modeling, Drug Safety, and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham MA
| | - Vidya Chandrasekaran
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Anders Dohlman
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Maria B Monteiro
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Mira Pavkovic
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jeremy Muhlich
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Harish Shankaran
- Safety and ADME Modeling, Drug Safety, and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham MA
| | - William W Chen
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Jerome T Mettetal
- Safety and ADME Modeling, Drug Safety, and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham MA
| | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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14
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Akbari S, Arslan N, Senturk S, Erdal E. Next-Generation Liver Medicine Using Organoid Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:345. [PMID: 31921856 PMCID: PMC6933000 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
"Liver medicine" refers to all diagnostic and treatment strategies of diseases and conditions that cause liver failure directly or indirectly. Despite significant advances in the field of liver medicine in recent years, improved tools are needed to efficiently define the pathophysiology of liver diseases and provide effective therapeutic options to patients. Recently, organoid technology has been established as the state-of-the-art cell culture tool for studying human biology in health and disease. In general, organoids are simplified three-dimensional (3D) mini-organ structures that can be grown in a 3D matrix where the structural and functional aspects of real organs are efficiently recapitulated. The generation of organoids is facilitated by exogenous factors that regulate multiple signaling pathways and promote the self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of the cells to promote spontaneous self-organization and tissue-specific organogenesis. Newly established protocols suggest that liver-specific organoids can be derived from either pluripotent stem cells or liver-specific stem/progenitor cells. Today, robust and long-term cultures of organoids with the closest physiology to in vivo liver, in terms of cellular composition and function, open a new era in studying and understanding the disease pathology as well as high-throughput drug screening. Of note, these next-generation cell culture systems have immense potential to be further improved by genome editing and bioengineering technologies to foster the development of patient-specific therapeutic options for clinical applications. Here, we will discuss recent advances and challenges in the generation of human liver organoids and highlight emerging concepts for their potential applications in liver medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nur Arslan
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Serif Senturk
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdal
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
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15
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Malagnino V, Hussner J, Issa A, Midzic A, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE. OATP1B3-1B7, a novel organic anion transporting polypeptide, is modulated by FXR ligands and transports bile acids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G751-G762. [PMID: 31509437 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00330.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B3-1B7 (LST-3TM12) is a member of the OATP1B [solute carrier organic anion transporter (SLCO) 1B] family. This transporter is not only functional but also expressed in the membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes and enterocytes. OATP1B3-1B7 is a splice variant of SLCO1B3 in which the initial part is encoded by SLCO1B3, whereas the rest of the mRNA originates from the gene locus of SLCO1B7. In this study, we not only showed that SLCO1B3 and the mRNA encoding for OATP1B3-1B7 share the 5' untranslated region but also that silencing of an initial SLCO1B3 exon lowered the amount of SLCO1B3 and of SLCO1B7 mRNA in Huh-7 cells. To validate the assumption that both transcripts are regulated by the same promoter we tested the influence of the bile acid sensor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) on their transcription. Treatment of Huh-7 and HepaRG cells with activators of this known regulator of OATP1B3 not only increased SLCO1B3 but also OATP1B3-1B7 mRNA transcription. Applying a heterologous expression system, we showed that several bile acids interact with OATP1B3-1B7 and that taurocholic acid and lithocholic acid are OATP1B3-1B7 substrates. As OATP1B3-1B7 is located in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, it may grant access to metabolizing enzymes. In accordance are our findings showing that the OATP1B3-1B7 inhibitor bromsulphthalein significantly reduced uptake of bile acids into human liver microsomes. Taken together, we report that OATP1B3-1B7 transcription can be modulated with FXR agonists and antagonists and that OATP1B3-1B7 transports bile acids.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study on the transcriptional regulation of the novel organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B3-1B7 concludes that the promoter of solute carrier organic anion transporter (SLCO) 1B3 governs SLCO1B3-1B7 transcription. Moreover, the transcription of OATP1B3-1B7 can be modulated by farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists and antagonists. FXR is a major regulator in bile acid homeostasis that links OATP1B3-1B7 to this physiological function. Findings in transport studies with OATP1B3-1B7 suggest that this transporter interacts with the herein tested bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Malagnino
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janine Hussner
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ali Issa
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angela Midzic
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Zhou Y, Shen JX, Lauschke VM. Comprehensive Evaluation of Organotypic and Microphysiological Liver Models for Prediction of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1093. [PMID: 31616302 PMCID: PMC6769037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major concern for the pharmaceutical industry and constitutes one of the most important reasons for the termination of promising drug development projects. Reliable prediction of DILI liability in preclinical stages is difficult, as current experimental model systems do not accurately reflect the molecular phenotype and functionality of the human liver. As a result, multiple drugs that passed preclinical safety evaluations failed due to liver toxicity in clinical trials or postmarketing stages in recent years. To improve the selection of molecules that are taken forward into the clinics, the development of more predictive in vitro systems that enable high-throughput screening of hepatotoxic liabilities and allow for investigative studies into DILI mechanisms has gained growing interest. Specifically, it became increasingly clear that the choice of cell types and culture method both constitute important parameters that affect the predictive power of test systems. In this review, we present current 3D culture paradigms for hepatotoxicity tests and critically evaluate their utility and performance for DILI prediction. In addition, we highlight possibilities of these emerging platforms for mechanistic evaluations of selected drug candidates and present current research directions towards the further improvement of preclinical liver safety tests. We conclude that organotypic and microphysiological liver systems have provided an important step towards more reliable DILI prediction. Furthermore, we expect that the increasing availability of comprehensive benchmarking studies will facilitate model dissemination that might eventually result in their regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Maharao N, Venitz J, Gerk PM. Use of generally recognized as safe or dietary compounds to inhibit buprenorphine metabolism: potential to improve buprenorphine oral bioavailability. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2019; 40:18-31. [PMID: 30520057 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the potential of five generally recognized as safe (GRAS) or dietary compounds (α-mangostin, chrysin, ginger extract, pterostilbene and silybin) to inhibit oxidative (CYP) and conjugative (UGT) metabolism using pooled human intestinal and liver microsomes. Buprenorphine was chosen as the model substrate as it is extensively metabolized by CYPs to norbuprenorphine and by UGTs to buprenorphine glucuronide. Chrysin, ginger extract, α-mangostin, pterostilbene and silybin were tested for their inhibition of the formation of norbuprenorphine or buprenorphine glucuronide in both intestinal and liver microsomes. Pterostilbene was the most potent inhibitor of norbuprenorphine formation in both intestinal and liver microsomes, with IC50 values of 1.3 and 0.8 μM, respectively, while α-mangostin and silybin most potently inhibited buprenorphine glucuronide formation. The equipotent combination of pterostilbene and ginger extract additively inhibited both pathways in intestinal microsomes. Since pterostilbene and ginger extract showed potent CYP and/or UGT inhibition of buprenorphine metabolism, their equipotent combination was tested to assess the presence of synergistic inhibition. However, because the combination showed additive inhibition, it was not used while performing IVIVE analysis. Based on quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, pterostilbene (21 mg oral dose) appeared to be most effective in improving the mean predicted Foral and AUC∞ PO of buprenorphine from 3 ± 2% and 340 ± 330 ng*min/ml to 75 ± 8% and 36,000 ± 25,000 ng*min/ml, respectively. At a 10-fold lower dose of pterostilbene, the predicted buprenorphine Foral approximated sublingual bioavailability (~35%) and showed a 2-4 fold reduction in the variability around the predicted AUC∞ PO of buprenorphine. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using various GRAS/dietary compounds to inhibit substantially the metabolism by CYP and UGT enzymes to achieve higher and less variable oral bioavailability. This inhibitor strategy may be useful for drugs suffering from low and variable oral bioavailability due to extensive presystemic oxidative and/or conjugative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Maharao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, VCU School of Pharmacy, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Jurgen Venitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, VCU School of Pharmacy, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Phillip M Gerk
- Department of Pharmaceutics, VCU School of Pharmacy, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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18
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Gouliarmou V, Lostia AM, Coecke S, Bernasconi C, Bessems J, Dorne JL, Ferguson S, Testai E, Remy UG, Brian Houston J, Monshouwer M, Nong A, Pelkonen O, Morath S, Wetmore BA, Worth A, Zanelli U, Zorzoli MC, Whelan M. Establishing a systematic framework to characterise in vitro methods for human hepatic metabolic clearance. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 53:233-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Novel in vitro dynamic metabolic system for predicting the human pharmacokinetics of tolbutamide. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1522-1532. [PMID: 29644999 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver metabolism is commonly considered the major determinant in drug discovery and development. Many in vitro drug metabolic studies have been developed and applied to understand biotransformation. However, these methods have disadvantages, resulting in inconsistencies between in vivo and in vitro experiments. A major factor is that they are static systems that do not consider the transport process in the liver. Here we developed an in vitro dynamic metabolic system (Bio-PK metabolic system) to mimic the human pharmacokinetics of tolbutamide. Human liver microsomes (HLMs) encapsulated in a F127'-Acr-Bis hydrogel (FAB hydrogel) were placed in the incubation system. A microdialysis sampling technique was used to monitor the metabolic behavior of tolbutamide in hydrogels. The measured results in the system were used to fit the in vitro intrinsic clearance of tolbutamide with a mathematical model. Then, a PBPK model that integrated the corresponding in vitro intrinsic clearance was developed to verify the system. Compared to the traditional incubation method, reasonable PK profiles and the in vivo clearance of tolbutamide could be predicted by integrating the intrinsic clearance of tolbutamide obtained from the Bio-PK metabolic system into the PBPK model. The predicted maximum concentration (Cmax), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) and in vivo clearance were consistent with the clinically observed data. This novel in vitro dynamic metabolic system can compensate for some limitations of traditional incubation methods; it may provide a new method for screening compounds and predicting pharmacokinetics in the early stages, supporting the development of compounds.
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20
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Ramaiahgari SC, Waidyanatha S, Dixon D, DeVito MJ, Paules RS, Ferguson SS. From the Cover: Three-Dimensional (3D) HepaRG Spheroid Model With Physiologically Relevant Xenobiotic Metabolism Competence and Hepatocyte Functionality for Liver Toxicity Screening. Toxicol Sci 2018. [PMID: 28633424 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective prediction of human responses to chemical and drug exposure is of critical importance in environmental toxicology research and drug development. While significant progress has been made to address this challenge using invitro liver models, these approaches often fail due to inadequate tissue model functionality. Herein, we describe the development, optimization, and characterization of a novel three-dimensional (3D) spheroid model using differentiated HepaRG cells that achieve and maintain physiologically relevant levels of xenobiotic metabolism (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4/5). This invitro model maintains a stable phenotype over multiple weeks in both 96- and 384-well formats, supports highly reproducible tissue-like architectures and models pharmacologically- and environmentally important hepatic receptor pathways (ie AhR, CAR, and PXR) analogous to primary human hepatocyte cultures. HepaRG spheroid cultures use 50-100× fewer cells than conventional two dimensional cultures, and enable the identification of metabolically activated toxicants. Spheroid size, time in culture and culture media composition were important factors affecting basal levels of xenobiotic metabolism and liver enzyme inducibility with activators of hepatic receptors AhR, CAR and PXR. Repeated exposure studies showed higher sensitivity than traditional 2D cultures in identifying compounds that cause liver injury and metabolism-dependent toxicity. This platform combines the well-documented impact of 3D culture configuration for improved tissue functionality and longevity with the requisite throughput and repeatability needed for year-over-year toxicology screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasa C Ramaiahgari
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Darlene Dixon
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Michael J DeVito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Richard S Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Durham, North Carolina 27709
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21
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Koyama S, Arakawa H, Itoh M, Masuda N, Yano K, Kojima H, Ogihara T. Evaluation of the metabolic capability of primary human hepatocytes in three-dimensional cultures on microstructural plates. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:187-195. [PMID: 29469947 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The NanoCulture Plate (NCP) is a novel microstructural plate designed as a base for the three-dimensional culture of cells/tissues. This study examined whether or not the metabolic capability of human primary hepatocytes is well maintained during culture on NCPs. The hepatocytes formed aggregates after seeding and their ATP content was well maintained during culture for 21 days. Expression of CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4 mRNAs was detected throughout the 21-day culture period. Addition of CYP substrate drugs (midazolam, diclofenac, lamotrigine and acetaminophen) resulted in the formation of multiple metabolites with a corresponding decrease in the amounts of the unchanged compounds. The inducers omeprazole, phenobarbital and rifampicin increased the levels of CYP1A2, 2B6 and 3A4 mRNAs by 110-fold, 12.5-fold and 5.4-fold, respectively, at day 2, compared with control human hepatocytes. CYP activities were also increased at 2 days after inducer treatment (CYP1A2, 2.2-fold; CYP2B6, 20.6-fold; CYP3A4, 3.3-fold). The results indicate that the hepatocyte spheroids on NCP have detectable and inducible metabolic abilities during the 7-day culture period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Koyama
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taksaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Manabu Itoh
- JSR Life Sciences, 25 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0841, Japan
| | - Norio Masuda
- JSR Life Sciences, 25 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0841, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yano
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taksaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takuo Ogihara
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taksaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
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22
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Cassidy KC, Yi P. Qualitative and quantitative prediction of human in vivo metabolic pathways in a human hepatocyte-murine stromal cell co-culture model. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1192-1205. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1395927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Yi
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Centre , Indianapolis, IN , USA
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23
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Ewart L, Dehne EM, Fabre K, Gibbs S, Hickman J, Hornberg E, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Jang KJ, Jones DR, Lauschke VM, Marx U, Mettetal JT, Pointon A, Williams D, Zimmermann WH, Newham P. Application of Microphysiological Systems to Enhance Safety Assessment in Drug Discovery. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 58:65-82. [PMID: 29029591 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing the early detection of new therapies that are likely to carry a safety liability in the context of the intended patient population would provide a major advance in drug discovery. Microphysiological systems (MPS) technology offers an opportunity to support enhanced preclinical to clinical translation through the generation of higher-quality preclinical physiological data. In this review, we highlight this technological opportunity by focusing on key target organs associated with drug safety and metabolism. By focusing on MPS models that have been developed for these organs, alongside other relevant in vitro models, we review the current state of the art and the challenges that still need to be overcome to ensure application of this technology in enhancing drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Ewart
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom;
| | | | - Kristin Fabre
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA
| | - Ellinor Hornberg
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - David R Jones
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London SW1W 9SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jerome T Mettetal
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Amy Pointon
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom;
| | - Dominic Williams
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom;
| | - Wolfram-Hubertus Zimmermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Peter Newham
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom;
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24
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Helvenstein M, Hambÿe S, Blankert B. Hepatocyte-based flow analytical bioreactor for online xenobiotics metabolism bioprediction. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2017; 4:1849543517702898. [PMID: 29942392 PMCID: PMC6009796 DOI: 10.1177/1849543517702898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The research for new in vitro screening tools for predictive metabolic profiling of drug candidates is of major interest in the pharmaceutical field. The main motivation is to avoid late rejection in drug development and to deliver safer drugs to the market. Thanks to the superparamagnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles, a flow bioreactor has been developed which is able to perform xenobiotic metabolism studies. The selected cell line (HepaRG) maintained its metabolic competencies once iron oxide nanoparticles were internalized. Based on magnetically trapped cells in a homemade immobilization chamber, through which a flow of circulating phase was injected to transport nutrients and/or the studied xenobiotic, off-line and online (when coupled to a high-performance liquid chromatography chain) metabolic assays were developed using diclofenac as a reference compound. The diclofenac demonstrated a similar metabolization profile chromatogram, both with the newly developed setup and with the control situation. Highly versatile, this pioneering and innovative instrumental design paves the way for a new approach in predictive metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Helvenstein
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - S Hambÿe
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - B Blankert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons - UMONS, Mons, Belgium
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25
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Orbach SM, Less RR, Kothari A, Rajagopalan P. In Vitro Intestinal and Liver Models for Toxicity Testing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1898-1910. [PMID: 33440548 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human body is exposed to hundreds of chemicals every day. Many of these toxicants have unknown effects on the body that can be deleterious. Furthermore, chemicals can have a synergistic effect, resulting in toxic responses of cocktails at relatively low individual exposure levels. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the liver are the first organs to be exposed to ingested pharmaceuticals and environmental chemicals. As a result, these organs often experience extensive damage from xenobiotics and their metabolites. In vitro models offer a promising method for testing toxic effects. Many advanced in vitro models have been developed for GI and liver toxicity. These models strive to recapitulate the in vivo organ architecture to more accurately model chemical toxicity. In this review, we discuss many of these advances, in addition to recent efforts to integrate the GI and the liver in vitro for a more holistic toxicity model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Orbach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and §ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Rebekah R Less
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and §ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Anjaney Kothari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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26
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Uta M, Sima LE, Hoffmann P, Dinca V, Branza-Nichita N. Development of a DsRed-expressing HepaRG cell line for real-time monitoring of hepatocyte-like cell differentiation by fluorescence imaging, with application in screening of novel geometric microstructured cell growth substrates. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:3. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Lauschke VM, Hendriks DFG, Bell CC, Andersson TB, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Novel 3D Culture Systems for Studies of Human Liver Function and Assessments of the Hepatotoxicity of Drugs and Drug Candidates. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1936-1955. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker M. Lauschke
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delilah F. G. Hendriks
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine C. Bell
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development
Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section
of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Hultman I, Vedin C, Abrahamsson A, Winiwarter S, Darnell M. Use of HμREL Human Coculture System for Prediction of Intrinsic Clearance and Metabolite Formation for Slowly Metabolized Compounds. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2796-807. [PMID: 27377099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Design of slowly metabolized compounds is an important goal in many drug discovery projects. Standard hepatocyte suspension intrinsic clearance (CLint) methods can only provide reliable CLint values above 2.5 μL/min/million cells. A method that permits extended incubation time with maintained performance and metabolic activity of the in vitro system is warranted to allow in vivo clearance predictions and metabolite identification of slowly metabolized drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the static HμREL coculture of human hepatocytes with stromal cells to be set up in-house as a standard method for in vivo clearance prediction and metabolite identification of slowly metabolized drugs. Fourteen low CLint compounds were incubated for 3 days, and seven intermediate to high CLint compounds and a cocktail of cytochrome P450 (P450) marker substrates were incubated for 3 h. In vivo clearance was predicted for 20 compounds applying the regression line approach, and HμREL coculture predicted the human intrinsic clearance for 45% of the drugs within 2-fold and 70% of the drugs within 3-fold of the clinical values. CLint values as low as 0.3 μL/min/million hepatocytes were robustly produced, giving 8-fold improved sensitivity of robust low CLint determination, over the cutoff in hepatocyte suspension CLint methods. The CLint values of intermediate to high CLint compounds were at similar levels both in HμREL coculture and in freshly thawed hepatocytes. In the HμREL coculture formation rates for five P450-isoform marker reactions, paracetamol (CYP1A2), 1-OH-bupropion (CYP2B6), 4-OH-diclofenac (CYP2C9), and 1-OH-midazolam (3A4) were within the range of literature values for freshly thawed hepatocytes, whereas 1-OH-bufuralol (CYP2D6) formation rate was lower. Further, both phase I and phase II metabolites were detected and an increased number of metabolites were observed in the HμREL coculture compared to hepatocyte suspension. In conclusion, HμREL coculture can be applied to accurately estimate intrinsic clearance of slowly metabolized drugs and is now utilized as a standard method for in vivo clearance prediction of such compounds in-house.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ia Hultman
- Drug Safety & Metabolism and §RIA iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Vedin
- Drug Safety & Metabolism and §RIA iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Abrahamsson
- Drug Safety & Metabolism and §RIA iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Susanne Winiwarter
- Drug Safety & Metabolism and §RIA iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Malin Darnell
- Drug Safety & Metabolism and §RIA iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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29
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Richert L, Baze A, Parmentier C, Gerets HHJ, Sison-Young R, Dorau M, Lovatt C, Czich A, Goldring C, Park BK, Juhila S, Foster AJ, Williams DP. Cytotoxicity evaluation using cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes in various culture formats. Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:207-215. [PMID: 27363785 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen training compounds selected in the IMI MIP-DILI consortium, 12 drug-induced liver injury (DILI) positive compounds and 4 non-DILI compounds, were assessed in cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes. When a ten-fold safety margin threshold was applied, the non-DILI-compounds were correctly identified 2h following a single exposure to pooled human hepatocytes (n=13 donors) in suspension and 14-days following repeat dose exposure (3 treatments) to an established 3D-microtissue co-culture (3D-MT co-culture, n=1 donor) consisting of human hepatocytes co-cultured with non-parenchymal cells (NPC). In contrast, only 5/12 DILI-compounds were correctly identified 2h following a single exposure to pooled human hepatocytes in suspension. Exposure of the 2D-sandwich culture human hepatocyte monocultures (2D-sw) for 3days resulted in the correct identification of 11/12 DILI-positive compounds, whereas exposure of the human 3D-MT co-cultures for 14days resulted in identification of 9/12 DILI-compounds; in addition to ximelagatran (also not identified by 2D-sw monocultures, Sison-Young et al., 2016), the 3D-MT co-cultures failed to detect amiodarone and bosentan. The sensitivity of the 2D human hepatocytes co-cultured with NPC to ximelagatran was increased in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but only at high concentrations, therefore preventing its classification as a DILI positive compound. In conclusion (1) despite suspension human hepatocytes having the greatest metabolic capacity in the short term, they are the least predictive of clinical DILI across the MIP-DILI test compounds, (2) longer exposure periods than 72h of human hepatocytes do not allow to increase DILI-prediction rate, (3) co-cultures of human hepatocytes with NPC, in the presence of LPS during the 72h exposure period allow the assessment of innate immune system involvement of a given drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysiane Richert
- KaLy-Cell, 20A rue du Général Leclerc, 67115 Plobsheim, France; Université de Franche-Comté, EA 4267 Besançon, France.
| | - Audrey Baze
- KaLy-Cell, 20A rue du Général Leclerc, 67115 Plobsheim, France.
| | | | - Helga H J Gerets
- UCB BioPharma SPRL, Non-Clinical Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
| | - Martina Dorau
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D DSAR Preclinical Safety, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Cerys Lovatt
- GlaxoSmithKline, Safety Assessment, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Andreas Czich
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D DSAR Preclinical Safety, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Christopher Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
| | - B Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
| | - Satu Juhila
- Orion Corporation, R&D, In Vitro Biology, Orionintie 1A, P.O. Box 65, FI-02101 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Alison J Foster
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Dominic P Williams
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK.
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30
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Heslop JA, Rowe C, Walsh J, Sison-Young R, Jenkins R, Kamalian L, Kia R, Hay D, Jones RP, Malik HZ, Fenwick S, Chadwick AE, Mills J, Kitteringham NR, Goldring CEP, Kevin Park B. Mechanistic evaluation of primary human hepatocyte culture using global proteomic analysis reveals a selective dedifferentiation profile. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:439-452. [PMID: 27039104 PMCID: PMC5225178 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of primary human hepatocytes following isolation from human tissue is well accepted to be compromised by the process of dedifferentiation. This phenomenon reduces many unique hepatocyte functions, limiting their use in drug disposition and toxicity assessment. The aetiology of dedifferentiation has not been well defined, and further understanding of the process would allow the development of novel strategies for sustaining the hepatocyte phenotype in culture or for improving protocols for maturation of hepatocytes generated from stem cells. We have therefore carried out the first proteomic comparison of primary human hepatocyte differentiation. Cells were cultured for 0, 24, 72 and 168 h as a monolayer in order to permit unrestricted hepatocyte dedifferentiation, so as to reveal the causative signalling pathways and factors in this process, by pathway analysis. A total of 3430 proteins were identified with a false detection rate of <1 %, of which 1117 were quantified at every time point. Increasing numbers of significantly differentially expressed proteins compared with the freshly isolated cells were observed at 24 h (40 proteins), 72 h (118 proteins) and 168 h (272 proteins) (p < 0.05). In particular, cytochromes P450 and mitochondrial proteins underwent major changes, confirmed by functional studies and investigated by pathway analysis. We report the key factors and pathways which underlie the loss of hepatic phenotype in vitro, particularly those driving the large-scale and selective remodelling of the mitochondrial and metabolic proteomes. In summary, these findings expand the current understanding of dedifferentiation should facilitate further development of simple and complex hepatic culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Heslop
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Cliff Rowe
- CN Bio, Centre for Innovation and Enterprise, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Joanne Walsh
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Roz Jenkins
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Laleh Kamalian
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Richard Kia
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - David Hay
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Robert P Jones
- University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Hassan Z Malik
- University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Stephen Fenwick
- University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - John Mills
- AstraZeneca, Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Chris E P Goldring
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
| | - B Kevin Park
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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31
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Iegre J, Hayes MA, Thompson RA, Weidolf L, Isin EM. Database Extraction of Metabolite Information of Drug Candidates: Analysis of 27 AstraZeneca Compounds with Human Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion Data. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:732-40. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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32
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Bomo J, Ezan F, Tiaho F, Bellamri M, Langouët S, Theret N, Baffet G. Increasing 3D Matrix Rigidity Strengthens Proliferation and Spheroid Development of Human Liver Cells in a Constant Growth Factor Environment. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:708-20. [PMID: 26331987 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces influence the growth and shape of virtually all tissues and organs. Recent studies show that increased cell contractibility, growth and differentiation might be normalized by modulating cell tensions. Particularly, the role of these tensions applied by the extracellular matrix during liver fibrosis could influence the hepatocarcinogenesis process. The objective of this study is to determine if 3D stiffness could influence growth and phenotype of normal and transformed hepatocytes and to integrate extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness to tensional homeostasis. We have developed an appropriate 3D culture model: hepatic cells within three-dimensional collagen matrices with varying rigidity. Our results demonstrate that the rigidity influenced the cell phenotype and induced spheroid clusters development whereas in soft matrices, Huh7 transformed cells were less proliferative, well-spread and flattened. We confirmed that ERK1 played a predominant role over ERK2 in cisplatin-induced death, whereas ERK2 mainly controlled proliferation. As compared to 2D culture, 3D cultures are associated with epithelial markers expression. Interestingly, proliferation of normal hepatocytes was also induced in rigid gels. Furthermore, biotransformation activities are increased in 3D gels, where CYP1A2 enzyme can be highly induced/activated in primary culture of human hepatocytes embedded in the matrix. In conclusion, we demonstrated that increasing 3D rigidity could promote proliferation and spheroid developments of liver cells demonstrating that 3D collagen gels are an attractive tool for studying rigidity-dependent homeostasis of the liver cells embedded in the matrix and should be privileged for both chronic toxicological and pharmacological drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Bomo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Ezan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - François Tiaho
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Theret
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
| | - Georges Baffet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET); University of Rennes 1, SFR Biosit, F-35043, Rennes, France
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33
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Goldring C, Norris A, Kitteringham N, Aleo MD, Antoine DJ, Heslop J, Howell BA, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Kia R, Kamalian L, Koerber S, Martinou JC, Mercer A, Moggs J, Naisbitt DJ, Powell C, Sidaway J, Sison-Young R, Snoeys J, van de Water B, Watkins PB, Weaver RJ, Wolf A, Zhang F, Park BK. Mechanism-Based Markers of Drug-Induced Liver Injury to Improve the Physiological Relevance and Predictivity of In Vitro Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2015.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Norris
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Aleo
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Daniel J. Antoine
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James Heslop
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Brett A. Howell
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Richard Kia
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laleh Kamalian
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Koerber
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amy Mercer
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Moggs
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Powell
- Safety Assessment, GSK David Jack Research Centre, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - James Sidaway
- Molecular Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Global Safety Assessment UK, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul B. Watkins
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Armin Wolf
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fang Zhang
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - B. Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Li AP. Evaluation of Adverse Drug Properties with Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes and the Integrated Discrete Multiple Organ Co-culture (IdMOC(TM)) System. Toxicol Res 2015; 31:137-49. [PMID: 26191380 PMCID: PMC4505344 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2015.31.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocytes, with complete hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters and cofactors, represent the gold standard for in vitro evaluation of drug metabolism, drug-drug interactions, and hepatotoxicity. Successful cryopreservation of human hepatocytes enables this experimental system to be used routinely. The use of human hepatocytes to evaluate two major adverse drug properties: drug-drug interactions and hepatotoxicity, are summarized in this review. The application of human hepatocytes in metabolism-based drug-drug interaction includes metabolite profiling, pathway identification, P450 inhibition, P450 induction, and uptake and efflux transporter inhibition. The application of human hepatocytes in toxicity evaluation includes in vitro hepatotoxicity and metabolism-based drug toxicity determination. A novel system, the Integrated Discrete Multiple Organ Co-culture (IdMOC) which allows the evaluation of nonhepatic toxicity in the presence of hepatic metabolism, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, 9221 Rumsey Road Suite 8, Columbia, MD 21045
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Olayanju A, Copple IM, Bryan HK, Edge GT, Sison RL, Wong MW, Lai ZQ, Lin ZX, Dunn K, Sanderson CM, Alghanem AF, Cross MJ, Ellis EC, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Malik HZ, Kitteringham NR, Goldring CE, Park BK. Brusatol provokes a rapid and transient inhibition of Nrf2 signaling and sensitizes mammalian cells to chemical toxicity-implications for therapeutic targeting of Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 78:202-12. [PMID: 25445704 PMCID: PMC4291150 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 regulates the basal and inducible expression of a battery of cytoprotective genes. Whereas numerous Nrf2-inducing small molecules have been reported, very few chemical inhibitors of Nrf2 have been identified to date. The quassinoid brusatol has recently been shown to inhibit Nrf2 and ameliorate chemoresistance in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that brusatol provokes a rapid and transient depletion of Nrf2 protein, through a posttranscriptional mechanism, in mouse Hepa-1c1c7 hepatoma cells. Importantly, brusatol also inhibits Nrf2 in freshly isolated primary human hepatocytes. In keeping with its ability to inhibit Nrf2 signaling, brusatol sensitizes Hepa-1c1c7 cells to chemical stress provoked by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, iodoacetamide, and N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, the hepatotoxic metabolite of acetaminophen. The inhibitory effect of brusatol toward Nrf2 is shown to be independent of its repressor Keap1, the proteasomal and autophagic protein degradation systems, and protein kinase signaling pathways that are known to modulate Nrf2 activity, implying the involvement of a novel means of Nrf2 regulation. These findings substantiate brusatol as a useful experimental tool for the inhibition of Nrf2 signaling and highlight the potential for therapeutic inhibition of Nrf2 to alter the risk of adverse events by reducing the capacity of nontarget cells to buffer against chemical and oxidative insults. These data will inform a rational assessment of the risk:benefit ratio of inhibiting Nrf2 in relevant therapeutic contexts, which is essential if compounds such as brusatol are to be developed into efficacious and safe drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedamola Olayanju
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian M Copple
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Holly K Bryan
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - George T Edge
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rowena L Sison
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Min Wei Wong
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Zheng-Quan Lai
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Karen Dunn
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher M Sanderson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ahmad F Alghanem
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael J Cross
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ewa C Ellis
- Unit for Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hassan Z Malik
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher E Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - B Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Zhang S, Zhang B, Chen X, Chen L, Wang Z, Wang Y. Three-dimensional culture in a microgravity bioreactor improves the engraftment efficiency of hepatic tissue constructs in mice. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:2699-2709. [PMID: 25056199 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered liver using primary hepatocytes has been considered a valuable new therapeutic modality as an alternative to whole organ liver transplantation for different liver diseases. The development of clinically feasible liver tissue engineering approaches, however, has been hampered by the poor engraftment efficiency of hepatocytes. We developed a three-dimensional (3D) culture system using a microgravity bioreactor (MB), biodegradable scaffolds and growth-factor-reduced Matrigel to construct a tissue-engineered liver for transplantation into the peritoneal cavity of non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice. The number of viable cells in the hepatic tissue constructs was stably maintained in the 3D MB culture system. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and zonula occludens-1 expression revealed that neonatal mouse liver cells were reorganized to form tissue-like structures during MB culture. Significantly upregulated hepatic functions (albumin secretion, urea production and cytochrome P450 activity) were observed in the MB culture group. Post-transplantation analysis indicated that the engraftment efficiency of the hepatic tissue constructs prepared in MB cultures was higher than that of those prepared in the static cultures. Higher level of hepatic function in the implants was confirmed by the expression of albumin. These findings suggest that 3D MB culture systems may offer an improved method for creating tissue-engineered liver because of the higher engraftment efficiency and the reduction of the initial cell function loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China,
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37
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van Wenum M, Chamuleau RAFM, van Gulik TM, Siliakus A, Seppen J, Hoekstra R. Bioartificial liversin vitroandin vivo: tailoring biocomponents to the expanding variety of applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1745-60. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.950651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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38
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Galetin A. Rationalizing underprediction of drug clearance from enzyme and transporter kinetic data: from in vitro tools to mechanistic modeling. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1113:255-88. [PMID: 24523117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-758-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, there has been an increase in the number and quality of available in vitro tools for the assessment of clearance. Complexity of data analysis and modelling of corresponding in vitro data has increased in an analogous manner, in particular for the simultaneous characterization of transporter and metabolism kinetics, together with intracellular binding and passive diffusion. In the current chapter, the impact of different factors on the in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of clearance will be addressed in a stepwise manner, from the selection of the most adequate in vitro system and experimental design/condition to the corresponding modelling of data generated. The application of static or physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in the prediction of clearance will be discussed, highlighting limitations and current challenges of some of the approaches. Particular focus will be on the ability of in vitro and in silico predictive tools to overcome the trend of clearance underprediction. Improvements made as a result of inclusion of extrahepatic metabolism and consideration of transporter-metabolism interplay across different organs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Galetin
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
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Pinne M, Raucy JL. Advantages of cell-based high-volume screening assays to assess nuclear receptor activation during drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:669-86. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.913019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Ohkura T, Ohta K, Nagao T, Kusumoto K, Koeda A, Ueda T, Jomura T, Ikeya T, Ozeki E, Wada K, Naitoh K, Inoue Y, Takahashi N, Iwai H, Arakawa H, Ogihara T. Evaluation of human hepatocytes cultured by three-dimensional spheroid systems for drug metabolism. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 29:373-8. [PMID: 24695277 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-13-rg-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the utility of three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures of human hepatocytes in discovering drug metabolites. Metabolites of acetaminophen, diclofenac, lamotrigine, midazolam, propranolol and salbutamol were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to measure enzyme activities in this system cultured for 2 and 7 days. Sequential metabolic reactions by Phase I and then Phase II enzymes were found in diclofenac [CYP2C9 and UDP-glucuronyltransferases (UGTs)], midazolam (CYP3A4 and UGTs) and propranolol (CYP1A2/2D6 and UGTs). Moreover, lamotrigine and salbutamol were metabolized to lamotrigine-N-glucuronide and salbutamol 4-O-sulfate, respectively. These metabolites, which are human specific, could be observed in clinical studies, but not in conventional hepatic culture systems as in previous reports. Acetaminophen was metabolized to glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, and N-acetyl-p-benzo-quinoneimine (NAPQI) and its metabolites were not observed. In addition, mRNA of drug-metabolism enzymes [CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, UGT1A1, UGT2B7, sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) and glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1)], which were measured by qRT-PCR, were expressed in the human hepatocyte spheroids. In conclusion, these results suggest that human hepatocyte spheroids are useful in discovering drug metabolites.
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Abstract
The accuracy of preclinical safety evaluation to predict human toxicity is hindered by species difference in drug metabolism and toxic mechanism between human and nonhuman animals. In vitro human-based experimental systems allowing the assessment of human-specific drug properties represent a logical and practical approach to provide human-specific information. An advantage of in vitro approaches is that they require only limited amounts of time and resources, and, most importantly, do not invoke harm to human patients. Human hepatocytes, with complete hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters and cofactors, represent a practical and useful experimental system to assess drug metabolism. The use of human hepatocytes to evaluate two major adverse drug properties, drug–drug interactions and hepatotoxicity, are reviewed. The application of human hepatocytes in metabolism-based drug–drug interactions includes metabolite profiling, pathway identification, CYP450 inhibition, CYP450 induction, and uptake and efflux transporter inhibition. The application of human hepatocytes in toxicity evaluation includes in vitro hepatotoxicity and metabolism-based drug toxicity determination. Correlation of drug toxicity with proteomics and genomics data may allow the discovery of clinical biomarkers for early detection of liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, 9221 Rumsey Road Suite 8, Columbia, MD 21045, USA
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42
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Mueller D, Krämer L, Hoffmann E, Klein S, Noor F. 3D organotypic HepaRG cultures as in vitro model for acute and repeated dose toxicity studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:104-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Handa K, Matsubara K, Fukumitsu K, Guzman-Lepe J, Watson A, Soto-Gutierrez A. Assembly of human organs from stem cells to study liver disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:348-57. [PMID: 24333262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, significant developments in the field of liver tissue engineering have raised new possibilities for the study of complex physiological and pathophysiological processes in vitro, as well as the potential to assemble entire organs for transplantation. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells have been differentiated into relatively functional populations of hepatic cells, and novel techniques to generate whole organ acellular three-dimensional scaffolds have been developed. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in organ assembly regarding the development of liver tissue in vitro. We emphasize applications that involve multiple types of cells with a biomimetic spatial organization for which three-dimensional configurations could be used for drug development or to explain mechanisms of disease. We also discuss applications of liver organotypic surrogates and the challenges of translating the highly promising new field of tissue engineering into a proven platform for predicting drug metabolism and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Handa
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Transplantation Section, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kentaro Matsubara
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Transplantation Section, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jorge Guzman-Lepe
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Transplantation Section, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alicia Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Transplantation Section, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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44
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Petrareanu C, Macovei A, Sokolowska I, Woods AG, Lazar C, Radu GL, Darie CC, Branza-Nichita N. Comparative proteomics reveals novel components at the plasma membrane of differentiated HepaRG cells and different distribution in hepatocyte- and biliary-like cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71859. [PMID: 23977166 PMCID: PMC3748114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human pathogen causing severe liver disease and eventually death. Despite important progress in deciphering HBV internalization, the early virus-cell interactions leading to infection are not known. HepaRG is a human bipotent liver cell line bearing the unique ability to differentiate towards a mixture of hepatocyte- and biliary-like cells. In addition to expressing metabolic functions normally found in liver, differentiated HepaRG cells support HBV infection in vitro, thus resembling cultured primary hepatocytes more than other hepatoma cells. Therefore, extensive characterization of the plasma membrane proteome from HepaRG cells would allow the identification of new cellular factors potentially involved in infection. Here we analyzed the plasma membranes of non-differentiated and differentiated HepaRG cells using nanoliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify the differences between the proteomes and the changes that lead to differentiation of these cells. We followed up on differentially-regulated proteins in hepatocytes- and biliary-like cells, focusing on Cathepsins D and K, Cyclophilin A, Annexin 1/A1, PDI and PDI A4/ERp72. Major differences between the two proteomes were found, including differentially regulated proteins, protein-protein interactions and intracellular localizations following differentiation. The results advance our current understanding of HepaRG differentiation and the unique properties of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Petrareanu
- Department of Viral Glycoproteins, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Enviromental Engineering, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Macovei
- Department of Viral Glycoproteins, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Izabela Sokolowska
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America
| | - Alisa G. Woods
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America
| | - Catalin Lazar
- Department of Viral Glycoproteins, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel L. Radu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Enviromental Engineering, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Costel C. Darie
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America
| | - Norica Branza-Nichita
- Department of Viral Glycoproteins, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- * E-mail:
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Darnell M, Weidolf L. Metabolism of xenobiotic carboxylic acids: focus on coenzyme A conjugation, reactivity, and interference with lipid metabolism. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1139-55. [PMID: 23790050 DOI: 10.1021/tx400183y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While xenobiotic carboxylic acids (XCAs) have been studied extensively with respect to their enzymatic conversion to potentially reactive acyl glucuronides with implications to drug induced hepatotoxicity, the formation of xenobiotic-S-acyl-CoA thioesters (xenobiotic-CoAs) have been much less studied in spite of data indicating that such conjugates may be equally or more reactive than the corresponding acyl glucuronides. This review addresses enzymes and cell organelles involved in the formation of xenobiotic-CoAs, the reactivity of such conjugates toward biological macromolecules, and in vitro and in vivo methodology to assess consequences of such reactivity. Further, the propensity of xenobiotic-CoAs to interfere with endogenous lipid metabolism, e.g., inhibition of β-oxidation or depletion of the CoA or carnitine pools, adds to the complexity of the potential contribution of XCAs to hepatotoxicity by a number of mechanisms in addition to those in common with the corresponding acyl glucuronides. On the basis of our review of the literature on xenobiotic-CoA conjugates, there appear to be a number of gaps in our understanding of the bioactivation of XCA both with respect to the mechanisms involved and the experimental approaches to distinguish between the role of acyl glucuronides and xenobiotic-CoA conjugates. These aspects are focused upon and described in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Darnell
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Mölnda l, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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46
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Ginai M, Elsby R, Hewitt CJ, Surry D, Fenner K, Coopman K. The use of bioreactors as in vitro models in pharmaceutical research. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:922-35. [PMID: 23748137 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bringing a new drug to market is costly in terms of capital and time investments, and any development issues encountered during late-stage clinical trials can often be the result of in vitro-in vivo extrapolations (IVIVE) not accurately reflecting clinical outcome. In the discipline of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK), current in vitro cellular methods do not provide the 3D structure and function of organs found in vivo; therefore, new dynamic methods need to be established to aid improvement of IVIVE. In this review, we highlight the importance of model progression into dynamic systems for use within drug development, focusing on devices developed currently in the areas of the liver and blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the potential to develop models for other organ systems, such as the kidney. We discuss the development of dynamic 3D bioreactor-based systems as in vitro models for use in DMPK studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaria Ginai
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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47
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Gunness P, Mueller D, Shevchenko V, Heinzle E, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Noor F. 3D organotypic cultures of human HepaRG cells: a tool for in vitro toxicity studies. Toxicol Sci 2013; 133:67-78. [PMID: 23377618 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced human hepatotoxicity is difficult to predict using the current in vitro systems. In this study, long-term 3D organotypic cultures of the human hepatoma HepaRG cell line were prepared using a high-throughput hanging drop method. The organotypic cultures were maintained for 3 weeks and assessed for (1) liver specific functions, including phase I enzyme and transporter activities, (2) expression of liver-specific proteins, and (3) responses to three drugs (acetaminophen, troglitazone, and rosiglitazone). Our results show that the organotypic cultures maintain high liver-specific functionality during 3 weeks of culture. The immunohistochemistry analyses illustrate that the organotypic cultures express liver-specific markers such as albumin, CYP3A4, CYP2E1, and MRP-2 throughout the cultivation period. Accordingly, the production rates of albumin and glucose, as well as CYP2E1 activity, were significantly higher in the 3D versus the 2D cultures. Toxicity studies show that the organotypic cultures are more sensitive to acetaminophen- and rosiglitazone-induced toxicity but less sensitive to troglitazone-induced toxicity than the 2D cultures. Furthermore, the EC50 value (2.7mM) for acetaminophen on the 3D cultures was similar to in vivo toxicity. In summary, the results from our study suggest that the 3D organotypic HepaRG culture is a promising in vitro tool for more accurate assessment of acute and also possibly for chronic drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrina Gunness
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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48
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Hoekstra R, Nibourg GAA, van der Hoeven TV, Plomer G, Seppen J, Ackermans MT, Camus S, Kulik W, van Gulik TM, Elferink RPO, Chamuleau RAFM. Phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism and bile acid production of HepaRG cells in a bioartificial liver in absence of dimethyl sulfoxide. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:562-7. [PMID: 23238784 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.049098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human liver cell line HepaRG has been recognized as a promising source for in vitro testing of metabolism and toxicity of compounds. However, currently the hepatic differentiation of these cells relies on exposure to dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), which, as a side effect, has a cytotoxic effect and represses an all-round hepatic functionality. The AMC-bioartificial liver (AMC-BAL) is a three-dimensional bioreactor that has previously been shown to upregulate various liver functions of cultured cells. We therefore cultured HepaRG cells in the AMC-BAL without DMSO and characterized the drug metabolism. Within 14 days of culture, the HepaRG-AMC-BALs contained highly polarized viable liver-like tissue with heterogeneous expression of CYP3A4. We found a substantial metabolism of the tested substrates, ranging from 26% (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1), 47% (CYP3A4), to 240% (CYP2C9) of primary human hepatocytes. The CYP3A4 activity could be induced 2-fold by rifampicin, whereas CYP2C9 activity remained equally high. The HepaRG-AMC-BAL secreted bile acids at 43% the rate of primary human hepatocytes and demonstrated hydroxylation, conjugation, and transport of bile salts. Concluding, culturing HepaRG cells in the AMC-BAL yields substantial phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism, while maintaining high viability, rendering DMSO addition superfluous for the promotion of drug metabolism. Therefore, AMC-BAL culturing makes the HepaRG cells more suitable for testing metabolism and toxicity of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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