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Singh SB. Discovery, synthesis, activities, structure-activity relationships, and clinical development of combretastatins and analogs as anticancer drugs. A comprehensive review. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:298-322. [PMID: 38009216 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00053b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1982 to up to the end of 2022Bioassay guided purification of the extracts of Combretum caffrum led to the discovery of six series of combretastatins A-D with cytotoxic activities ranging from sub nM to >50 μM ED50's against a wide variety of cancer cell lines. Of these, cis-stilbenes combretastatins A-4 and A-1 were the most potent, exhibiting in vivo efficacy against a wide variety of tumor types in murine models. These antimitotic agents inhibited tubulin polymerization by reversibly binding to the colchicine binding sites. They inhibited tumor growth by a novel antivascular and antineogenesis mechanism in which they stopped blood flows to the blood vessels causing necrosis. Over 20 clinical trials of the phosphate prodrugs of combretastatin A-4 (CA4P) and A-1 (CA1P) showed objective and stable responses against many tumor types, with increased survival times of many patients along with the confirmed cure of certain patients inflicted with anaplastic thyroid cancers. Medicinal chemistry efforts led to the identification of three new leads (AVE8062, BNC105P, SCB01A) with improved in vitro and in vivo potency and an often-improved cellular spectrum. Unfortunately, these preclinical improvements did not translate clinically in any meaningful way. Objectively, CA4P remained the best compound and has garnered many Orphan drug designations by FDA. Clinical trials with tumor genetic mapping, particularly from previous responders, may help boost the success of these compounds in future studies. A comprehensive review of combretastatin series A-D, including bioassay guided discovery, total syntheses, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, biological and mechanistic studies, and preclinical and clinical evaluations of the isolated combretastatins and analogs, along with the personal perspective of the author who originated this project, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheo B Singh
- Charles A Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (RISE), Drew University, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
- SBS Pharma Consulting LLC, Edison, NJ 08820, USA
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2
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Wang S, Malebari AM, Greene TF, Kandwal S, Fayne D, Nathwani SM, Zisterer DM, Twamley B, O'Boyle NM, Meegan MJ. Antiproliferative and Tubulin-Destabilising Effects of 3-(Prop-1-en-2-yl)azetidin-2-Ones and Related Compounds in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1000. [PMID: 37513912 PMCID: PMC10385824 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 3-(prop-1-en-2-yl)azetidin-2-one, 3-allylazetidin-2-one and 3-(buta-1,3-dien-1-yl)azetidin-2-one analogues of combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) were designed and synthesised as colchicine-binding site inhibitors (CBSI) in which the ethylene bridge of CA-4 was replaced with a β-lactam (2-azetidinone) scaffold. These compounds, together with related prodrugs, were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity, cell cycle effects and ability to inhibit tubulin assembly. The compounds demonstrated significant in vitro antiproliferative activities in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, particularly for compounds 9h, 9q, 9r, 10p, 10r and 11h, with IC50 values in the range 10-33 nM. These compounds were also potent in the triple-negative breast cancer (TBNC) cell line MDA-MB-231, with IC50 values in the range 23-33 nM, and were comparable with the activity of CA-4. The compounds inhibited the polymerisation of tubulin in vitro, with significant reduction in tubulin polymerization, and were shown to interact at the colchicine-binding site on tubulin. Flow cytometry demonstrated that compound 9q arrested MCF-7 cells in the G2/M phase and resulted in cellular apoptosis. The antimitotic properties of 9q in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were also evaluated, and the effect on the organization of microtubules in the cells after treatment with compound 9q was observed using confocal microscopy. The immunofluorescence results confirm that β-lactam 9q is targeting tubulin and resulted in mitotic catastrophe in MCF-7 cells. In silico molecular docking supports the hypothesis that the compounds interact with the colchicine-binding domain of tubulin. Compound 9q is a novel potent microtubule-destabilising agent with potential as a promising lead compound for the development of new antitumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Azizah M Malebari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas F Greene
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shubhangi Kandwal
- Molecular Design Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darren Fayne
- Molecular Design Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seema M Nathwani
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh M O'Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary J Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Tan L, Wu C, Zhang J, Yu Q, Wang X, Zhang L, Ge M, Wang Z, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Heterocyclic-Fused Pyrimidine Chemotypes Guided by X-ray Crystal Structure with Potential Antitumor and Anti-multidrug Resistance Efficacy Targeting the Colchicine Binding Site. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3588-3620. [PMID: 36802449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a series of quinazoline and heterocyclic fused pyrimidine analogues were designed and synthesized based on the X-ray co-crystal structure of lead compound 3a, showing efficacious antitumor activities. Two analogues, 15 and 27a, exhibited favorable antiproliferative activities, which were more potent than lead compound 3a by 10-fold in MCF-7 cells. In addition, 15 and 27a exhibited potent antitumor efficacy and tubulin polymerization inhibition in vitro. 15 reduced the average tumor volume by 80.30% (2 mg/kg) in the MCF-7 xenograft model and 75.36% (4 mg/kg) in the A2780/T xenograft model, respectively. Most importantly, supported by structural optimization and Mulliken charge calculation, X-ray co-crystal structures of compounds 15, 27a, and 27b in complex with tubulin were resolved. In summary, our research provided the rational design strategy of colchicine binding site inhibitors (CBSIs) based on X-ray crystallography with antiproliferation, antiangiogenesis, and anti-multidrug resistance properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Tan
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengyong Wu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Quanwei Yu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiye Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Western Theater Command Hospital, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Meiyi Ge
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Amin MM, Abuo-Rahma GEDA, Shaykoon MSA, Marzouk AA, Abourehab MAS, Saraya RE, Badr M, Sayed AM, Beshr EAM. Design, synthesis, cytotoxic activities, and molecular docking of chalcone hybrids bearing 8-hydroxyquinoline moiety with dual tubulin/EGFR kinase inhibition. Bioorg Chem 2023; 134:106444. [PMID: 36893547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study established thirteen novel 8-hydroxyquinoline/chalcone hybrids3a-mof hopeful anticancer activity. According to NCI screening and MTT assay results, compounds3d-3f, 3i,3k,and3ldisplayed potent growth inhibition on HCT116 and MCF7 cells compared to Staurosporine. Among these compounds,3eand3fshowed outstanding superior activity against HCT116 and MCF7 cells and better safety toward normal WI-38 cells than Staurosporine. The enzymatic assay revealed that3e,3d, and3ihad goodtubulin polymerization inhibition (IC50 = 5.3, 8.6, and 8.05 µM, respectively) compared to the reference Combretastatin A4 (IC50 = 2.15 µM). Moreover,3e,3l, and3fexhibited EGFR inhibition (IC50 = 0.097, 0.154, and 0.334 µM, respectively) compared to Erlotinib (IC50 = 0.056 µM). Compounds3eand3fwere investigated for their effects on the cell cycle, apoptosis induction, andwnt1/β-cateningene suppression. The apoptosis markers Bax, Bcl2, Casp3, Casp9, PARP1, and β-actin were detected by Western blot. In-silico molecular docking, physicochemical, and pharmacokinetic studies were implemented for the validation of dual mechanisms and other bioavailability standards. Hence, Compounds3eand3fare promising antiproliferative leads with tubulin polymerization and EGFR kinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Gamal El-Din A Abuo-Rahma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61519, Egypt.
| | - Montaser Sh A Shaykoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Adel A Marzouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt; National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mohammed A S Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roshdy E Saraya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42515, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Badr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, 62513 Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Eman A M Beshr
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.
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5
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Dwivedi AR, Rawat SS, Kumar V, Kumar N, Kumar V, Yadav RP, Baranwal S, Prasad A, Kumar V. Benzotriazole Substituted 2-Phenylquinazolines as Anticancer Agents: Synthesis, Screening, Antiproliferative and Tubulin Polymerization Inhibition Activity. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2023; 23:278-292. [PMID: 36306454 DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666221028121906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Development of anticancer agents targeting tubulin protein. BACKGROUND Tubulin protein is being explored as an important target for anticancer drug development. Ligands binding to the colchicine binding site of the tubulin protein act as tubulin polymerization inhibitors and arrest the cell cycle in the G2/M phase. OBJECTIVE Synthesis and screening of benzotriazole-substituted 2-phenyl quinazolines as potential anticancer agents. METHODS A series of benzotriazole-substituted quinazoline derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated against human MCF-7 (breast), HeLa (cervical) and HT-29 (colon) cancer cell lines using standard MTT assays. RESULTS ARV-2 with IC50 values of 3.16 μM, 5.31 μM, 10.6 μM against MCF-7, HELA and HT29 cell lines, respectively displayed the most potent antiproliferative activities in the series while all the compounds were found non-toxic against HEK293 (normal cells). In the mechanistic studies involving cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assay and JC-1 studies, ARV-2 and ARV-3 were found to induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSION The benzotriazole-substituted 2-phenyl quinazolines have the potential to be developed as potent anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Ranjan Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
| | - Suraj Singh Rawat
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi-175005, HP, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
| | - Somesh Baranwal
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi-175005, HP, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India.,Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India
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6
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Tang H, Liu Y, Nie H, Xue K, Huang J, Wu F. Synthesis,characterization and biological activities of nitrogen-containing Combretastatin A-4 derivatives. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
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7
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Malebari AM, Duffy Morales G, Twamley B, Fayne D, Khan MF, McLoughlin EC, O’Boyle NM, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. Synthesis, Characterisation and Mechanism of Action of Anticancer 3-Fluoroazetidin-2-ones. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091044. [PMID: 36145265 PMCID: PMC9501633 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The stilbene combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) is a potent microtubule-disrupting agent interacting at the colchicine-binding site of tubulin. In the present work, the synthesis, characterisation and mechanism of action of a series of 3-fluoro and 3,3-difluoro substituted β-lactams as analogues of the tubulin-targeting agent CA-4 are described. The synthesis was achieved by a convenient microwave-assisted Reformatsky reaction and is the first report of 3-fluoro and 3,3-difluoro β-lactams as CA-4 analogues. The β-lactam compounds 3-fluoro-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxy phenyl)azetidin-2-one 32 and 3-fluoro-4-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)azetidin-2-one) 33 exhibited potent activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with IC50 values of 0.075 µM and 0.095 µM, respectively, and demonstrated low toxicity in non-cancerous cells. Compound 32 also demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity at nanomolar concentrations in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line Hs578T (IC50 0.033 μM), together with potency in the invasive isogenic subclone Hs578Ts(i)8 (IC50 = 0.065 μM), while 33 was also effective in MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 0.620 μM). Mechanistic studies demonstrated that 33 inhibited tubulin polymerisation, induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, and induced a downregulation in the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 and survivin with corresponding upregulation in the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax. In silico studies indicated the interaction of the compounds with the colchicine-binding site, demonstrating the potential for further developing novel cancer therapeutics as microtubule-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizah M. Malebari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabriela Duffy Morales
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darren Fayne
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mohemmed Faraz Khan
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eavan C. McLoughlin
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh M. O’Boyle
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela M. Zisterer
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary J. Meegan
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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Design, Synthesis and Biological Investigation of 2-Anilino Triazolopyrimidines as Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors with Anticancer Activities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081031. [PMID: 36015179 PMCID: PMC9415608 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A further investigation aiming to generate new potential antitumor agents led us to synthesize a new series of twenty-two compounds characterized by the presence of the 7-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine pharmacophore modified at its 2-position. Among the synthesized compounds, three were significantly more active than the others. These bore the substituents p-toluidino (3d), p-ethylanilino (3h) and 3',4'-dimethylanilino (3f), and these compounds had IC50 values of 30-43, 160-240 and 67-160 nM, respectively, on HeLa, A549 and HT-29 cancer cells. The p-toluidino derivative 3d was the most potent inhibitor of tubulin polymerization (IC50: 0.45 µM) and strongly inhibited the binding of colchicine to tubulin (72% inhibition), with antiproliferative activity superior to CA-4 against A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines. In vitro investigation showed that compound 3d was able to block treated cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and to induce apoptosis following the intrinsic pathway, further confirmed by mitochondrial depolarization and caspase-9 activation. In vivo experiments conducted on the zebrafish model showed good activity of 3d in reducing the mass of a HeLa cell xenograft. These effects occurred at nontoxic concentrations to the animal, indicating that 3d merits further developmental studies.
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Xu J, Elshazly AM, Gewirtz DA. The Cytoprotective, Cytotoxic and Nonprotective Functional Forms of Autophagy Induced by Microtubule Poisons in Tumor Cells—Implications for Autophagy Modulation as a Therapeutic Strategy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071632. [PMID: 35884937 PMCID: PMC9312878 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule poisons, as is the case with other antitumor drugs, routinely promote autophagy in tumor cells. However, the nature and function of the autophagy, in terms of whether it is cytoprotective, cytotoxic or nonprotective, cannot be predicted; this likely depends on both the type of drug studied as well as the tumor cell under investigation. In this article, we explore the literature relating to the spectrum of microtubule poisons and the nature of the autophagy induced. We further speculate as to whether autophagy inhibition could be a practical strategy for improving the response to cancer therapy involving these drugs that have microtubule function as a primary target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Ahmed M. Elshazly
- Massey Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Massey Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Hybridization Approach to Identify Salicylanilides as Inhibitors of Tubulin Polymerization and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 (STAT3). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070835. [PMID: 35890135 PMCID: PMC9318074 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The superimposition of the X-ray complexes of cyclohexanediones (i.e., TUB015), described by our research group, and nocodazole, within the colchicine binding site of tubulin provided an almost perfect overlap of both ligands. This structural information led us to propose hybrids of TUB015 and nocodazole using a salicylanilide core structure. Interestingly, salicylanilides, such as niclosamide, are well-established signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT3) inhibitors with anticancer properties. Thus, different compounds with this new scaffold have been synthesized with the aim to identify compounds inhibiting tubulin polymerization and/or STAT3 signaling. As a result, we have identified new salicylanilides (6 and 16) that showed significant antiproliferative activity against a panel of cancer cells. Both compounds were able to reduce the levels of p-STAT3Tyr705 without affecting the total expression of STAT3. While compound 6 inhibited tubulin polymerization and arrested the cell cycle of DU145 cells at G2/M, similar to TUB015, compound 16 showed a more potent effect on inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation and arrested the cell cycle at G1/G0, similar to niclosamide. In both cases, no toxicity towards PBMC cells was detected. Thus, the salicylanilides described here represent a new class of antiproliferative agents affecting tubulin polymerization and/or STAT3 phosphorylation.
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11
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Target-based anticancer indole derivatives and insight into structure‒activity relationship: A mechanistic review update (2018‒2021). Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3006-3027. [PMID: 35865090 PMCID: PMC9293743 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer, which is the uncontrolled growth of cells, is the second leading cause of death after heart disease. Targeting drugs, especially to specific genes and proteins involved in growth and survival of cancer cells, is the prime need of research world-wide. Indole moiety, which is a combination of aromatic-heterocyclic compounds, is a constructive scaffold for the development of novel leads. Owing to its bioavailability, high unique chemical properties and significant pharmacological behaviours, indole is considered as the most inquisitive scaffold for anticancer drug research. This is illustrated by the fact that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved several indole-based anticancer agents such as panobinostat, alectinib, sunitinib, osimertinib, anlotinib and nintedanib for clinical use. Furthermore, hundreds of studies on the synthesis and activity of the indole ring have been published in the last three years. Taking into account the facts stated above, we have presented the most recent advances in medicinal chemistry of indole derivatives, encompassing hot articles published between 2018 and 2021 in anticancer drug research. The recent advances made towards the synthesis of promising indole-based anticancer compounds that may act via various targets such as topoisomerase, tubulin, apoptosis, aromatase, kinases, etc., have been discussed. This review also summarizes some of the recent efficient green chemical synthesis for indole rings using various catalysts for the period during 2018–2021. The review also covers the synthesis, structure‒activity relationship, and mechanism by which these leads have demonstrated improved and promising anticancer activity. Indole molecules under clinical and preclinical stages are classified into groups based on their cancer targets and presented in tabular form, along with their mechanism of action. The goal of this review article is to point the way for medicinal chemists to design and develop effective indole-based anticancer agents.
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12
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Sun M, Wang Y, Yuan M, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Duan Y. Angiogenesis, Anti-Tumor, and Anti-Metastatic Activity of Novel α-Substituted Hetero-Aromatic Chalcone Hybrids as Inhibitors of Microtubule Polymerization. Front Chem 2021; 9:766201. [PMID: 34900935 PMCID: PMC8652888 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.766201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A library of new heteroaromatic ring-linked chalcone analogs were designed and synthesized of these, compound 7m with α-CH3 substitution and bearing a benzofuran ring, displaying the most potent activity, with IC50 values of 0.07–0.183 µM against three cancer cells. Its low cytotoxicity toward normal human cells and strong potency on drug-resistant cells revealed the possibility for cancer therapy. It also could moderately inhibit in vitro tubulin polymerization with an IC50 value of 12.23 µM, and the disruption of cellular architecture in MCF-7 cells was observed by an immunofluorescence assay. Cellular-based mechanism studies elucidated that 7m arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis by regulating the expression levels of caspases and PARP protein. Importantly, the compound 7 m was found to inhibit HUVEC tube formation, migration, and invasion in vitro. In vivo assay showed that 7m could effectively destroy angiogenesis of zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, our data suggested that treatment with 7m significantly reduced MCF-7 cell metastasis and proliferation in vitro and in zebrafish xenograft. Collectively, this work showed that chalcone hybrid 7m deserves further investigation as dual potential tubulin polymerization and angiogenesis inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Sun
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Minghua Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongtao Duan
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Reipsch F, Biersack B, Lucas H, Schobert R, Mueller T. Imidazole Analogs of Vascular-Disrupting Combretastatin A-4 with Pleiotropic Efficacy against Resistant Colorectal Cancer Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13082. [PMID: 34884888 PMCID: PMC8658273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific targeting of the tumoral vasculature by vascular-disrupting agents (VDA), of which combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) is a main representative, has been considered a new therapeutic strategy against multidrug-resistant tumors. In addition, CA-4 and analogs are tubulin-targeting agents and can exert direct antitumor effects by different mechanisms. Herein, we analyzed a series of synthetic CA-4 analogs featuring N-methylimidazole-bridged Z-alkenes with different halo- or amino-substituted aryl rings in vitro and in vivo, focusing on models of colorectal cancer. Combined in vitro/in vivo structure-activity relationship studies using cell lines and xenograft tumors susceptible to VDA-induced vascular damage demonstrated a clear association of cytotoxic and vascular-disrupting activity with the ability to inhibit tubulin polymerization, which was determined by specific substitution constellations. The most active compounds were tested in an extended panel of colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines and showed activity in CA-4-resistant and chemotherapy-resistant cell lines. The bromo derivative brimamin was then compared with the known fosbretabulin (CA-4P) by activity tests on DLD-1- (multidrug-resistant) and HT29- (CA-4-resistant) derived xenograft tumors. Treatment did not induce pronounced vascular-disrupting effects in these tumors. Histological analyses revealed distinct tumor substructures and vessel compositions of DLD-1/HT29 tumors, which clearly differed from the tumor models susceptible to VDA treatment. Even so, brimamin effectively retarded the growth of DLD-1 tumors, overcoming their resistance to standard treatment, and it inhibited the outgrowth of disseminated HT29 tumor cells in an experimental metastasis model. In conclusion, combretastatin analogous N-methylimidazoles proved capable of inducing vascular-disrupting effects, comparable to those of CA-4P. In addition, they showed antitumor activities in models of drug-resistant colorectal cancer, independent of vascular-disrupting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Reipsch
- University Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, Hematology/Oncology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (B.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Henrike Lucas
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (B.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Thomas Mueller
- University Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, Hematology/Oncology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
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14
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Ibrahim TS, Hawwas MM, Malebari AM, Taher ES, Omar AM, Neamatallah T, Abdel-Samii ZK, Safo MK, Elshaier YAMM. Discovery of novel quinoline-based analogues of combretastatin A-4 as tubulin polymerisation inhibitors with apoptosis inducing activity and potent anticancer effect. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:802-818. [PMID: 33730937 PMCID: PMC7993375 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1899168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of quinoline derivatives of combretastatin A-4 have been designed, synthesised and demonstrated as tubulin polymerisation inhibitors. These novel compounds showed significant antiproliferative activities, among them, 12c exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against different cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HL-60, HCT-116 and HeLa) with IC50 ranging from 0.010 to 0.042 µM, and with selectivity profile against MCF-10A non-cancer cells. Further mechanistic studies suggest that 12c can inhibit tubulin polymerisation and cell migration, leading to G2/M phase arrest. Besides, 12c induces apoptosis via a mitochondrial-dependant apoptosis pathway and caused reactive oxygen stress generation in MCF-7 cells. These results provide guidance for further rational development of potent tubulin polymerisation inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.HighlightsA novel series of quinoline derivatives of combretastatin A-4 have been designed and synthesised.Compound 12c showed significant antiproliferative activities against different cancer cell lines.Compound 12c effectively inhibited tubulin polymerisation and competed with [3H] colchicine in binding to tubulin.Compound 12c arrested the cell cycle at G2/M phase, effectively inducing apoptosis and inhibition of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek S. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Hawwas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Azizah M. Malebari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab S. Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Thikryat Neamatallah
- Department of Pharmacology and toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zakaria K. Abdel-Samii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yaseen A. M. M. Elshaier
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
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15
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Wordeman L, Vicente JJ. Microtubule Targeting Agents in Disease: Classic Drugs, Novel Roles. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225650. [PMID: 34830812 PMCID: PMC8616087 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) represent one of the most successful first-line therapies prescribed for cancer treatment. They interfere with microtubule (MT) dynamics by either stabilizing or destabilizing MTs, and in culture, they are believed to kill cells via apoptosis after eliciting mitotic arrest, among other mechanisms. This classical view of MTA therapies persisted for many years. However, the limited success of drugs specifically targeting mitotic proteins, and the slow growing rate of most human tumors forces a reevaluation of the mechanism of action of MTAs. Studies from the last decade suggest that the killing efficiency of MTAs arises from a combination of interphase and mitotic effects. Moreover, MTs have also been implicated in other therapeutically relevant activities, such as decreasing angiogenesis, blocking cell migration, reducing metastasis, and activating innate immunity to promote proinflammatory responses. Two key problems associated with MTA therapy are acquired drug resistance and systemic toxicity. Accordingly, novel and effective MTAs are being designed with an eye toward reducing toxicity without compromising efficacy or promoting resistance. Here, we will review the mechanism of action of MTAs, the signaling pathways they affect, their impact on cancer and other illnesses, and the promising new therapeutic applications of these classic drugs.
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16
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Synthesis and Antiproliferative Evaluation of 3-Chloroazetidin-2-ones with Antimitotic Activity: Heterocyclic Bridged Analogues of Combretastatin A-4. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111119. [PMID: 34832901 PMCID: PMC8624998 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimitotic drugs that target tubulin are among the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents; however, the development of multidrug resistance has limited their clinical activity. We report the synthesis and biological properties of a series of novel 3-chloro-β-lactams and 3,3-dichloro-β-lactams (2-azetidinones) that are structurally related to the tubulin polymerisation inhibitor and vascular targeting agent, Combretastatin A-4. These compounds were evaluated as potential tubulin polymerisation inhibitors and for their antiproliferative effects in breast cancer cells. A number of the compounds showed potent activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, e.g., compound 10n (3-chloro-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)azetidin-2-one) and compound 11n (3,3-dichloro-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-azetidin-2-one), with IC50 values of 17 and 31 nM, respectively, and displayed comparable cellular effects to those of Combretastatin A-4. Compound 10n demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity against non-tumorigenic HEK-293T cells and inhibited the in vitro polymerisation of tubulin with significant G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Immunofluorescence staining of MCF-7 cells confirmed that β-lactam 10n caused a mitotic catastrophe by targeting tubulin. In addition, compound 10n promoted apoptosis by regulating the expression of pro-apoptotic protein BAX and anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1. Molecular docking was used to explore the potential molecular interactions between novel 3-chloro-β-lactams and the amino acid residues of the colchicine binding active site cavity of β-tubulin. Collectively, these results suggest that 3-chloro-2-azetidinones, such as compound 10n, could be promising lead compounds for further clinical anti-cancer drug development.
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17
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Design, Synthesis, and Antipoliferative Activities of Novel Substituted Imidazole-Thione Linked Benzotriazole Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195983. [PMID: 34641526 PMCID: PMC8512560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of benzotriazole moiety bearing substituted imidazol-2-thiones at N1 has been designed, synthesized and evaluated for in vitro anticancer activity against the different cancer cell lines MCF-7(breast cancer), HL-60 (Human promyelocytic leukemia), and HCT-116 (colon cancer). Most of the benzotriazole analogues exhibited promising antiproliferative activity against tested cancer cell lines. Among all the synthesized compounds, BI9 showed potent activity against the cancer cell lines such as MCF-7, HL-60 and HCT-116 with IC50 3.57, 0.40 and 2.63 µM, respectively. Compound BI9 was taken up for elaborate biological studies and the HL-60 cells in the cell cycle were arrested in G2/M phase. Compound BI9 showed remarkable inhibition of tubulin polymerization with the colchicine binding site of tubulin. In addition, compound BI9 promoted apoptosis by regulating the expression of pro-apoptotic protein BAX and anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2. These results provide guidance for further rational development of potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.
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18
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Liang Y, Zhang M, Zhou P, Liu M, Li J, Wang Y. Design, synthesis and antitumor evaluation of novel chiral diaryl substituted azetidin-2-one derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105239. [PMID: 34399321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of diaryl substituted azetidin-2-one derivatives were designed, asymmetrically synthesized, and evaluated for antiproliferative activities. The in vitro antitumor assay revealed that among the 4-aryl-substituted 1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)azetidin-2-ones (B series), most possessed moderate to strong activities, with compound B7c that bears a 2-naphthyl substituent being the most potent one (IC50 0.16-0.40 μM) against a panel of human cancer cell lines. In contrast, none of the 3-(arylmethylene)-substituted 1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)azetidin-2-ones (L series) showed significant activities in the assay. Further studies indicated that B7c inhibited tubulin polymerization, disrupted in vitro vascularization, blocked cell cycle progression at G2/M phase, induced cell apoptosis, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species level in a dose-dependent way. Compound B7c also inhibited significantly tumor growth in a xenograft mice model with no obvious drop in the mice body weights. Collectively, these results suggested that B7c and its analogues should merit further investigation as new promising antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Jianqi Li
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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19
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Wu Q, Wang Q, Wang Y, Huang J, Fang Y, Wu W, Wu W, Wu F, Yu X, Sun Y. A high-throughput and simultaneous determination of combretastatin A-4 phosphate and its metabolites in human plasma using HPLC-MS/MS: Application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5204. [PMID: 34165810 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the clinical pharmacokinetics of CA4P, a high-throughput high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay with an identical positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode was developed for the simultaneous determination of CA4P, its active metabolite CA4, and CA4 glucuronide in human plasma. CA4P and CA4 were easier to protonate in positive ESI mode, whereas CA4G was reported to produce deprotonated ion in negative ESI mode. Because the baseline separation of CA4P and CA4G could not be achieved, using MS positive/negative ion switching is not feasible. In this study, an abundant ammonium adduct ion of CA4G in ESI+ was observed as an ideal precursor ion. The final precursor/product transition pairs chosen for CA4P, CA4, and CA4G were at m/z 397/350, 317/286, and 510/317, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on the simultaneous quantification of CA4P, CA4, and CA4G in biological samples. The proposed method was validated, which showed a wide linear dynamic range, high selectivity and sensitivity, good repeatability, and a short run time. Compared with the literatures, the lower limits of quantification were five- and two-fold more sensitive for CA4G and CA4, respectively. Therefore, this method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of CA4P in phase I clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhen Wu
- Laboratory of Phase I Clinical Trials, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Laboratory of Phase I Clinical Trials, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingqiu Huang
- Laboratory of Phase I Clinical Trials, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalin Fang
- Laboratory of Phase I Clinical Trials, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyi Wu
- Laboratory of Phase I Clinical Trials, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenying Wu
- Laboratory of Phase I Clinical Trials, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanhong Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Fluoro Pharmaceutical Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Yu
- Shanghai Ecust Biomedicine Company Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Laboratory of Phase I Clinical Trials, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Shuai W, Wang G, Zhang Y, Bu F, Zhang S, Miller DD, Li W, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Recent Progress on Tubulin Inhibitors with Dual Targeting Capabilities for Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7963-7990. [PMID: 34101463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules play a crucial role in multiple cellular functions including mitosis, cell signaling, and organelle trafficking, which makes the microtubule an important target for cancer therapy. Despite the great successes of microtubule-targeting agents in the clinic, the development of drug resistance and dose-limiting toxicity restrict their clinical efficacy. In recent years, multitarget therapy has been considered an effective strategy to achieve higher therapeutic efficacy, in particular dual-target drugs. In terms of the synergetic effect of tubulin and other antitumor agents such as receptor tyrosine kinases inhibitors, histone deacetylases inhibitors, DNA-damaging agents, and topoisomerase inhibitors in combination therapy, designing dual-target tubulin inhibitors is regarded as a promising approach to overcome these limitations and improve therapeutic efficacy. In this Perspective, we discussed rational target combinations, design strategies, structure-activity relationships, and future directions of dual-target tubulin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Faqian Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Sicheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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21
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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1-(Diarylmethyl)-1 H-1,2,4-triazoles and 1-(Diarylmethyl)-1 H-imidazoles as a Novel Class of Anti-Mitotic Agent for Activity in Breast Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020169. [PMID: 33671674 PMCID: PMC7926793 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of compounds that are designed as hybrids of the microtubule targeting benzophenone phenstatin and the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. A preliminary screening in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells identified 5-((2H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl)-2-methoxyphenol 24 as a potent antiproliferative compound with an IC50 value of 52 nM in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (ER+/PR+) and 74 nM in triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The compounds demonstrated significant G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in the MCF-7 cell line, inhibited tubulin polymerisation, and were selective for cancer cells when evaluated in non-tumorigenic MCF-10A breast cells. The immunofluorescence staining of MCF-7 cells confirmed that the compounds targeted tubulin and induced multinucleation, which is a recognised sign of mitotic catastrophe. Computational docking studies of compounds 19e, 21l, and 24 in the colchicine binding site of tubulin indicated potential binding conformations for the compounds. Compounds 19e and 21l were also shown to selectively inhibit aromatase. These compounds are promising candidates for development as antiproliferative, aromatase inhibitory, and microtubule-disrupting agents for breast cancer.
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22
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Faouzi A, Arnaud A, Bancet A, Barette C, Preto J, Do CV, Jordheim LP, Bousfiha Z, Nguyen TTB, Verrière M, Farce A, Fauvarque MO, Barret R, Lomberget T. Combretastatin A-4 sulfur-containing heterocyclic derivatives: Synthesis, antiproliferative activities and molecular docking studies. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113275. [PMID: 33618157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Combretastatin A-4 inspired heterocyclic derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their biological activities on tubulin polymerization and cell proliferation. Among the 19 described sulfur-containing compounds, derivatives (Z)-4h and (Z)-4j exhibited interesting in cellulo tubulin polymerization inhibition and antiproliferative activities with IC50 values for six different cell lines between 8 and 27 nM. Furthermore, in silico docking studies within the colchicine/CA-4 binding site of tubulin were carried out to understand the interactions of our products with the protein target. The effects on the cell cycle of follicular lymphoma cells were also investigated at 1-10 nM concentrations showing that apoptotic processes occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Faouzi
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453, INSERM US7, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France; Present Address: Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandre Arnaud
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453, INSERM US7, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Alexandre Bancet
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453, INSERM US7, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Caroline Barette
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, BGE U1038, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jordane Preto
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, 69008, France
| | - Cong Viet Do
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453, INSERM US7, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France; University of Science and Technology of HanoÏ USTH, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam; Present Address: Faculty of Pharmacy, Dai Nam University, 56 Vu Trong Phung, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Lars Petter Jordheim
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, 69008, France
| | - Zineb Bousfiha
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, 69008, France
| | - Thi Thanh Binh Nguyen
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453, INSERM US7, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France; Present Address: VNU School of Medicine and Pharmacy, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Marion Verrière
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453, INSERM US7, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Amaury Farce
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995, LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | | | - Roland Barret
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453, INSERM US7, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Thierry Lomberget
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453, INSERM US7, F-69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246 Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Faculté de Pharmacie, ISPB, 8, Avenue Rockefeller, F-69373, Lyon, Cedex 08, France.
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23
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Xia LY, Zhang YL, Yang R, Wang ZC, Lu YD, Wang BZ, Zhu HL. Tubulin Inhibitors Binding to Colchicine-Site: A Review from 2015 to 2019. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6787-6814. [PMID: 31580244 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191003154051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the three domains of the colchicine-site which is conducive to the combination with small molecule compounds, colchicine-site on the tubulin has become a common target for antitumor drug development, and accordingly, a large number of tubulin inhibitors binding to the colchicine-site have been reported and evaluated over the past years. In this study, tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine-site and their application as antitumor agents were reviewed based on the literature from 2015 to 2019. Tubulin inhibitors were classified into ten categories according to the structural features, including colchicine derivatives, CA-4 analogs, chalcone analogs, coumarin analogs, indole hybrids, quinoline and quinazoline analogs, lignan and podophyllotoxin derivatives, phenothiazine analogs, N-heterocycle hybrids and others. Most of them displayed potent antitumor activity, including antiproliferative effects against Multi-Drug-Resistant (MDR) cell lines and antivascular properties, both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, the design, synthesis and the analysis of the structure-activity relationship of tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine-site were described in detail. In addition, multi-target inhibitors, anti-MDR compounds, and inhibitors bearing antitumor activity in vivo are further listed in tables to present a clear picture of potent tubulin inhibitors, which could be beneficial for medicinal chemistry researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Ying Xia
- Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, P.R. China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Liang Zhang
- Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, P.R. China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Rong Yang
- Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, P.R. China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Chang Wang
- Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, P.R. China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Dong Lu
- Neonatal Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, P.R. China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, P.R. China
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24
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Cui H, Arnst K, Miller DD, Li W. Recent Advances in Elucidating Paclitaxel Resistance Mechanisms in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:6573-6595. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191016113631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is a first-line drug for late-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients
who do not benefit from targeted therapy or immunotherapy. However, patients invariably develop
resistance to PTX upon prolonged treatments. Although diverse mechanisms leading to PTX
resistance have been well-documented in the literature, strategies to overcome PTX resistance in
NSCLC based on these mechanisms are still challenging. In this article, we reviewed recent advancements
elucidating major mechanisms of PTX resistance in NSCLC, including the overexpression of
ABC transporters, alternations to tubulin structures, and the involvement of cytokines, miRNAs, kinase
signaling pathways, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Potential markers of PTX resistance or
PTX response that could help to direct treatment decisions and restore cellular sensitivity to PTX were
also discussed. Finally, we summarized the corresponding strategies to overcome PTX resistance in
NSCLC cells, which might provide new insights into clinical trials and benefit lung cancer patients in
the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Kinsie Arnst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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25
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Ibrahim TS, Hawwas MM, Malebari AM, Taher ES, Omar AM, O’Boyle NM, McLoughlin E, Abdel-Samii ZK, Elshaier YAMM. Potent Quinoline-Containing Combretastatin A-4 Analogues: Design, Synthesis, Antiproliferative, and Anti-Tubulin Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E393. [PMID: 33203182 PMCID: PMC7698209 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of quinoline derivatives of combretastatin A-4 incorporating rigid hydrazone and a cyclic oxadiazole linkers were synthesized and have demonstrated potent tubulin polymerization inhibitory properties. Many of these novel derivatives have shown significant antiproliferative activities in the submicromolar range. The most potent compound, 19h, demonstrated superior IC50 values ranging from 0.02 to 0.04 µM against four cancer cell lines while maintaining low cytotoxicity in MCF-10A non-cancer cells, thereby suggesting 19h's selectivity towards proliferating cancer cells. In addition to tubulin polymerization inhibition, 19h caused cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells at the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis. Collectively, these findings indicate that 19h holds potential for further investigation as a potent chemotherapeutic agent targeting tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek S. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (A.M.O.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed M. Hawwas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt; (M.M.H.); (E.S.T.)
| | - Azizah M. Malebari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (A.M.O.)
| | - Ehab S. Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt; (M.M.H.); (E.S.T.)
| | - Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (A.M.O.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Niamh M. O’Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland; (N.M.O.); (E.M.)
| | - Eavan McLoughlin
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland; (N.M.O.); (E.M.)
| | - Zakaria K. Abdel-Samii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Yaseen A. M. M. Elshaier
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32958, Egypt;
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26
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Smolarczyk R, Czapla J, Jarosz-Biej M, Czerwinski K, Cichoń T. Vascular disrupting agents in cancer therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 891:173692. [PMID: 33130277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor blood vessel formation is a key process for tumor expansion. Tumor vessels are abnormal and differ from normal vessels in architecture and components. Besides oxygen and nutrients supply, the tumor vessels system, due to its abnormality, is responsible for: hypoxia formation, and metastatic routes. Tumor blood vessels can be a target of anti-cancer therapies. There are two types of therapies that target tumor vessels. The first one is the inhibition of the angiogenesis process. However, the inhibition is often ineffective because of alternative angiogenesis mechanism activation. The second type is a specific targeting of existing tumor blood vessels by vascular disruptive agents (VDAs). There are three groups of VDAs: microtubule destabilizing drugs, flavonoids with anti-vascular functions, and tumor vascular targeted drugs based on endothelial cell receptors. However, VDAs possess some limitations. They may be cardiotoxic and their application in therapy may leave viable residual, so called, rim cells on the edge of the tumor. However, it seems that a well-designed combination of VDAs with other anti-cancer drugs may bring a significant therapeutic effect. In this article, we describe three groups of vascular disruptive agents with their advantages and disadvantages. We mention VDAs clinical trials. Finally, we present the current possibilities of VDAs combination with other anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Smolarczyk
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Justyna Czapla
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Jarosz-Biej
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Kyle Czerwinski
- University of Manitoba, Faculty of Science. 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Tomasz Cichoń
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej Street 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
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27
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Álvarez R, Aramburu L, Gajate C, Vicente-Blázquez A, Mollinedo F, Medarde M, Peláez R. Methylsulfanylpyridine based diheteroaryl isocombretastatin analogs as potent anti-proliferative agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112933. [PMID: 33328100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Isocombretastatins are the not isomerizable 1,1-diarylethene isomers of combretastatins. Both families of antimitotics are poorly soluble and new analogs with improved water solubility are needed. The ubiquitous 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl ring and most of its replacements contribute to the solubility problem. 39 new compounds belonging to two series of isocombretastatin analogs with 2-chloro-6-methylsulfanyl-4-pyridinyl or 2,6-bis(methylsulfanyl)-4-pyridinyl moieties replacing the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl have been synthesized and their antimitotic activity and aqueous solubility have been studied. We show here that 2-chloro-6-methylsulfanylpyridines are more successful replacements than 2,6-bis(methylsulfanyl)pyridines, giving highly potent tubulin inhibitors and cytotoxic compounds with improved water solubilities. The optimal combination is with indole rings carrying polar substitutions at the three position. The resulting diheteroaryl isocombretastatin analogs showed potent cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines caused by tubulin inhibition, as shown by in vitro tubulin polymerization inhibitory assays, cell cycle analysis, and confocal microscopy studies. Cell cycle analysis also showed apoptotic responses following G2/M arrest after treatment. Conformational analysis and docking studies were applied to propose binding modes of the compounds at the colchicine site of tubulin and were in good agreement with the observed SAR. 2-Chloro-6-methylsulfanylpyridines represent a new and successful trimethoxyphenyl ring substitution for the development of improved colchicine site ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de La Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Laura Aramburu
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de La Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Consuelo Gajate
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Vicente-Blázquez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), E-28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de La Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Medarde
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de La Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de La Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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28
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Design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of 2-amino-3-aroylbenzo[b]furan derivatives as highly potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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29
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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Antitubulin Agents Containing 2-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyanilino)-3,6-disubstituted-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3- c]pyridine Scaffold. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071690. [PMID: 32272719 PMCID: PMC7181277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel series of compounds based on the 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene molecular skeleton, characterized by the presence of a 3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyanilino moiety and a cyano or an alkoxycarbonyl group at its 2- or 3-position, respectively, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antiproliferative activity on a panel of cancer cell lines and for selected highly active compounds, inhibition of tubulin polymerization, and cell cycle effects. We have identified the 2-(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyanilino)-3-cyano-6-methoxycarbonyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivative 3a and its 6-ethoxycarbonyl homologue 3b as new antiproliferative agents that inhibit cancer cell growth with IC50 values ranging from 1.1 to 4.7 μM against a panel of three cancer cell lines. Their interaction with tubulin at micromolar levels leads to the accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and to an apoptotic cell death. The cell apoptosis study found that compounds 3a and 3b were very effective in the induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. These two derivatives did not induce cell death in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, suggesting that they may be selective against cancer cells. Molecular docking studies confirmed that the inhibitory activity of these molecules on tubulin polymerization derived from binding to the colchicine site.
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30
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Agut R, Falomir E, Murga J, Martín-Beltrán C, Gil-Edo R, Pla A, Carda M, Marco JA. Synthesis of Combretastatin A-4 and 3'-Aminocombretastatin A-4 derivatives with Aminoacid Containing Pendants and Study of Their Interaction with Tubulin and as Downregulators of the VEGF, hTERT and c-Myc Gene Expression. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030660. [PMID: 32033084 PMCID: PMC7037732 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural product combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) and its nitrogenated analogue 3′-aminocombretastatin A-4 (AmCA-4) have shown promising antitumor activities. In this study, a range of CA-4 and AmCA-4 derivatives containing amino acid pendants have been synthesized in order to compare their biological actions with those of their parent compounds. Thus, inhibition of cell proliferation on tumor cell lines HT-29, MCF-7 and A-549, as well as on the nontumor cell line HEK-273; in vitro tubulin polymerization; mitotic cell arrest; action on the microtubule cell network and inhibition of VEGF, hTERT, and c-Myc genes have been evaluated. Some AmCA-4 derivatives bearing L-amino acids exhibited inhibition of cell proliferation at low nanomolar levels exceeding the values shown by AmCA-4. Furthermore, while CA-4 and AmCA-4 derivatives do not show significant effects on the in vitro tubulin polymerization and cell cycle arrest, some selected CA-4 and AmCA-4 derivatives are able to cause total depolymerization of the microtubule network on A-549 cells. The best results were obtained in the inhibition of gene expression, particularly on the VEGF gene, in which some AmCA-4 derivatives greatly exceeded the inhibition values achieved by the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raül Agut
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain; (R.A.); (J.M.); (C.M.-B.); (R.G.-E.); (A.P.)
| | - Eva Falomir
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain; (R.A.); (J.M.); (C.M.-B.); (R.G.-E.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.F.); (M.C.); Tel.: +34-964-728-240 (E.F.); +34-964-728-242 (M.C.)
| | - Juan Murga
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain; (R.A.); (J.M.); (C.M.-B.); (R.G.-E.); (A.P.)
| | - Celia Martín-Beltrán
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain; (R.A.); (J.M.); (C.M.-B.); (R.G.-E.); (A.P.)
| | - Raquel Gil-Edo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain; (R.A.); (J.M.); (C.M.-B.); (R.G.-E.); (A.P.)
| | - Alberto Pla
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain; (R.A.); (J.M.); (C.M.-B.); (R.G.-E.); (A.P.)
| | - Miguel Carda
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain; (R.A.); (J.M.); (C.M.-B.); (R.G.-E.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.F.); (M.C.); Tel.: +34-964-728-240 (E.F.); +34-964-728-242 (M.C.)
| | - J. Alberto Marco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Valencia, Spain;
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31
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Malebari AM, Fayne D, Nathwani SM, O'Connell F, Noorani S, Twamley B, O'Boyle NM, O'Sullivan J, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. β-Lactams with antiproliferative and antiapoptotic activity in breast and chemoresistant colon cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 189:112050. [PMID: 31954879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 1,4-diaryl-2-azetidinone analogues of combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) have been designed, synthesised and evaluated in vitro for antiproliferative activity, antiapoptotic activity and inhibition of tubulin polymerisation. Glucuronidation of CA-4 by uridine 5-diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase enzymes (UGTs) has been identified as a mechanism of resistance in cancer cells. Potential sites of ring B glucuronate conjugation are removed by replacing the B ring meta-hydroxy substituent of selected series of β-lactams with alternative substituents e.g. F, Cl, Br, I, CH3. The 3-phenyl-β-lactam 11 and 3-hydroxy-β-lactam 46 demonstrate improved activity over CA-4 in CA-4 resistant HT-29 colon cancer cells (IC50 = 9 nM and 3 nM respectively compared with IC50 = 4.16 μM for CA-4), while retaining potency in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50 = 17 nM and 22 nM respectively compared with IC50 = for 4 nM for CA-4). Compound 46 binds at the colchicine site of tubulin, and strongly inhibits tubulin assembly at micromolar concentrations comparable to CA-4. In addition, compound 46 induced mitotic arrest at low concentration in both cell lines MCF-7 and HT-29 together with downregulation of expression of antiapoptotic proteins Mcl-1, Bcl-2 and survivin in MCF-7 cells. These novel antiproliferative and antiapoptotic β-lactams are potentially useful scaffolds in the development of tubulin-targeting agents for the treatment of breast cancers and chemoresistant colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizah M Malebari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Darren Fayne
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Seema M Nathwani
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fiona O'Connell
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sara Noorani
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Niamh M O'Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary J Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Colchicine-Binding Site Inhibitors from Chemistry to Clinic: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13010008. [PMID: 31947889 PMCID: PMC7168938 DOI: 10.3390/ph13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is over 50 years since the discovery of microtubules, and they have become one of the most important drug targets for anti-cancer therapies. Microtubules are predominantly composed of the protein tubulin, which contains a number of different binding sites for small-molecule drugs. There is continued interest in drug development for compounds targeting the colchicine-binding site of tubulin, termed colchicine-binding site inhibitors (CBSIs). This review highlights CBSIs discovered through diverse sources: from natural compounds, rational design, serendipitously and via high-throughput screening. We provide an update on CBSIs reported in the past three years and discuss the clinical status of CBSIs. It is likely that efforts will continue to develop CBSIs for a diverse set of cancers, and this review provides a timely update on recent developments.
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Sarker SD, Nahar L, Miron A, Guo M. Anticancer natural products. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Nowikow C, Fuerst R, Kauderer M, Dank C, Schmid W, Hajduch M, Rehulka J, Gurska S, Mokshyna O, Polishchuk P, Zupkó I, Dzubak P, Rinner U. Synthesis and biological evaluation of cis-restrained carbocyclic combretastatin A-4 analogs: Influence of the ring size and saturation on cytotoxic properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nainwal LM, Alam MM, Shaquiquzzaman M, Marella A, Kamal A. Combretastatin-based compounds with therapeutic characteristics: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:703-731. [PMID: 31369715 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1651841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Combretastatins represent a potent class of phenolic-stilbene natural products that function as colchicine binding site inhibitors of tubulin polymerization and have been advanced as promising anticancer lead compounds. Among them, combretastatin A-4 is the most potent lead molecule due to its broad spectrum cytotoxicity against a variety of tumors. However, low water solubility due to its high lipophilic nature and inter-conversion of olefinic double bond from more active cis to less active trans-conformation poses limitations to its clinical utility. However, different approaches including prodrugs, salt formations, structural modifications, prevention of inter-conversion of the olefinic bond and changes to the substitution pattern on the rings of combretastatin A-4 were investigated and successfully resulted in different combretastatin-based molecules that demonstrated varying levels of potency against different types of tumors during their in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Areas covered: This review covers the patents over a period of 2008-2018. Expert opinion: Molecular hybridization and prodrug designing imparted multi-targeted actions to combretastatin derivatives. Currently, various combretastatin derivatives are under clinical trials. These derivatives could be used to treat disorders other than cancer, due to their vascular disrupting action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Mohan Nainwal
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Akranth Marella
- Regulatory Affairs Division, Genpact India Pvt Ltd , Mumbai , India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , New Delhi , India
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Duan YT, Sangani CB, Liu W, Soni KV, Yao Y. New Promises to Cure Cancer and Other Genetic Diseases/Disorders: Epi-drugs Through Epigenetics. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:972-994. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190603094439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All the heritable alterations in gene expression and chromatin structure due to chemical modifications that do not involve changes in the primary gene nucleotide sequence are referred to as epigenetics. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs are distinct types of epigenetic inheritance. Epigenetic patterns have been linked to the developmental stages, environmental exposure, and diet. Therapeutic strategies are now being developed to target human diseases such as cancer with mutations in epigenetic regulatory genes using specific inhibitors. Within the past two decades, seven epigenetic drugs have received regulatory approval and many others show their candidature in clinical trials. The current article represents a review of epigenetic heritance, diseases connected with epigenetic alterations and regulatory approved epigenetic drugs as future medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tao Duan
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Chetan B. Sangani
- Shri Maneklal M. Patel Institute of Sciences and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 362024, India
| | - Wei Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Kunjal V. Soni
- Shri Maneklal M. Patel Institute of Sciences and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 362024, India
| | - Yongfang Yao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Bueno O, Gargantilla M, Estévez-Gallego J, Martins S, Díaz JF, Camarasa MJ, Liekens S, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Priego EM. Diphenyl ether derivatives occupy the expanded binding site of cyclohexanedione compounds at the colchicine site in tubulin by movement of the αT5 loop. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:195-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wang S, Malebari AM, Greene TF, O'Boyle NM, Fayne D, Nathwani SM, Twamley B, McCabe T, Keely NO, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. 3-Vinylazetidin-2-Ones: Synthesis, Antiproliferative and Tubulin Destabilizing Activity in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020056. [PMID: 30979033 PMCID: PMC6630832 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-targeted drugs are essential chemotherapeutic agents for various types of cancer. A series of 3-vinyl-β-lactams (2-azetidinones) were designed, synthesized and evaluated as potential tubulin polymerization inhibitors, and for their antiproliferative effects in breast cancer cells. These compounds showed potent activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells with an IC50 value of 8 nM for compound 7s 4-[3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl]-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-3-vinylazetidin-2-one) which was comparable to the activity of Combretastatin A-4. Compound 7s had minimal cytotoxicity against both non-tumorigenic HEK-293T cells and murine mammary epithelial cells. The compounds inhibited the polymerisation of tubulin in vitro with an 8.7-fold reduction in tubulin polymerization at 10 μM for compound 7s and were shown to interact at the colchicine-binding site on tubulin, resulting in significant G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Immunofluorescence staining of MCF-7 cells confirmed that β-lactam 7s is targeting tubulin and resulted in mitotic catastrophe. A docking simulation indicated potential binding conformations for the 3-vinyl-β-lactam 7s in the colchicine domain of tubulin. These compounds are promising candidates for development as antiproiferative microtubule-disrupting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, 2 DO2R590 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Azizah M Malebari
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, 2 DO2R590 Dublin, Ireland.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Thomas F Greene
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, 2 DO2R590 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Niamh M O'Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, 2 DO2R590 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Darren Fayne
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, 2 DO2R590 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Seema M Nathwani
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, 2 DO2R590 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, 2 DO2R590 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Thomas McCabe
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, 2 DO2R590 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Niall O Keely
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, 2 DO2R590 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, 2 DO2R590 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Mary J Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, 2 DO2R590 Dublin, Ireland.
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Cao QY, Guo XY, Duan JA, Liang QL. The active fraction from the tuber of Bolboschoenus yagara inhibits melanoma B16 cells metastasis LPS-induced in vitro and in vivo. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:3378-3381. [PMID: 30732478 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1566722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was to identify anti-metastatic active fractions and compounds of Bolboschoenus yagara (B. yagara). The results indicated that 50 µg/mL ethyl acetate fraction (Et) can dramatically inhibit mouse melanoma B16 cells migration and invasion in vitro. In B16 cells pulmonary and hepatic metastasis assays, 50 µg/mL Et alleviated mouse lung and liver weights, the number of metastatic nodules and the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in mouse serum and organs. Histological studies showed that Et fraction was able to prevent liver and lung metastasis. And the inhibition of 50 µg/mL Et fraction against hepatic metastasis was almost equivalent to that of 1 µM TAK242. In addition, fourteen compounds of Et were quantified by HPLC analysis, in which, isocoumarins, stilbenes and xanthones obviously abated LPS-modulated B16 cells migration and invasion.[Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yun Cao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing-Yu Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiao-Li Liang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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40
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Jaroch K, Boyaci E, Pawliszyn J, Bojko B. The use of solid phase microextraction for metabolomic analysis of non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line (A549) after administration of combretastatin A4. Sci Rep 2019; 9:402. [PMID: 30674916 PMCID: PMC6344489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of solid phase microextraction (SPME) for cell culture metabolomic analysis allows for the attainment of more sophisticated data from in vitro cell cultures. Moreover, considering that SPME allows the implementation of multiple extractions from the same sample due to its non/low-depletive nature, time course studies using the same set of samples are thus facilitated via this method. Such an approach results in a reduction in the number of samples needed for analysis thus eliminates inter-batch variability related to biological variation occurring during cell culturing. The current work aims to demonstrate the capability of SPME for measurements of combretastatin A4 (CA4) effectiveness on non-small cell cancer cell line. A cultivation protocol was established in the 96-well plate, and a fiber format of SPME was selected for metabolite extraction. The extracellular metabolic pattern of cells was changed after administration of the tested drug. This suggests pharmacological activity of the administered compound towards the studied cell line model. Results support that the use of direct immersion SPME for analysis of cell cultures does not affect cells growth or contaminate sample. Consequently, SPME allows the attainment of accurate information regarding drug uptake, metabolism, and metabolomic changes in the studied cells induced by exposure to the drug simultaneously in a single experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Jaroch
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Ezel Boyaci
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
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41
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Romagnoli R, Prencipe F, Oliva P, Baraldi S, Baraldi PG, Schiaffino Ortega S, Chayah M, Kimatrai Salvador M, Lopez-Cara LC, Brancale A, Ferla S, Hamel E, Ronca R, Bortolozzi R, Mariotto E, Mattiuzzo E, Viola G. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 6-Substituted Thieno[3,2- d]pyrimidine Analogues as Dual Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase and Microtubule Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1274-1290. [PMID: 30633509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The clinical evidence for the success of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in combination with microtubule-targeting agents prompted us to design and develop single agents that possess both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase and tubulin polymerization inhibitory properties. A series of 6-aryl/heteroaryl-4-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyanilino)thieno[3,2- d]pyrimidine derivatives were discovered as novel dual tubulin polymerization and EGFR kinase inhibitors. The 4-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyanilino)-6-( p-tolyl)thieno[3,2- d]pyrimidine derivative 6g was the most potent compound of the series as an antiproliferative agent, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the single- or double-digit nanomolar range. Compound 6g bound to tubulin in the colchicine site and inhibited tubulin assembly with an IC50 value of 0.71 μM, and 6g inhibited EGFR activity with an IC50 value of 30 nM. Our data suggested that the excellent in vitro and in vivo profile of 6g may be derived from its dual inhibition of tubulin polymerization and EGFR kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche , Università degli Studi di Ferrara , Via Luigi Borsari 46 , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - Filippo Prencipe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche , Università degli Studi di Ferrara , Via Luigi Borsari 46 , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - Paola Oliva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche , Università degli Studi di Ferrara , Via Luigi Borsari 46 , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche , Università degli Studi di Ferrara , Via Luigi Borsari 46 , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche , Università degli Studi di Ferrara , Via Luigi Borsari 46 , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - Santiago Schiaffino Ortega
- Departamento de Química Farmacéutica y Orgánica , Facultad de Farmacia , Campus de Cartuja s/n , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Mariem Chayah
- Departamento de Química Farmacéutica y Orgánica , Facultad de Farmacia , Campus de Cartuja s/n , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Maria Kimatrai Salvador
- Departamento de Química Farmacéutica y Orgánica , Facultad de Farmacia , Campus de Cartuja s/n , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Luisa Carlota Lopez-Cara
- Departamento de Química Farmacéutica y Orgánica , Facultad de Farmacia , Campus de Cartuja s/n , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Cardiff University , King Edward VII Avenue , Cardiff CF10 3NB , U.K
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Cardiff University , King Edward VII Avenue , Cardiff CF10 3NB , U.K
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick , Maryland 21702 , United States
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale Unità di Oncologia Sperimentale ed Immunologia , Università di Brescia , 25123 Brescia , Italy
| | - Roberta Bortolozzi
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Laboratorio di Oncoematologia , Università di Padova , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Elena Mariotto
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Laboratorio di Oncoematologia , Università di Padova , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Elena Mattiuzzo
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Laboratorio di Oncoematologia , Università di Padova , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Laboratorio di Oncoematologia , Università di Padova , 35131 Padova , Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP) , Corso Stati Uniti 4 , 35128 Padova , Italy
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42
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El Bairi K, Atanasov AG, Amrani M, Afqir S. The arrival of predictive biomarkers for monitoring therapy response to natural compounds in cancer drug discovery. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:2492-2498. [PMID: 30551510 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic or acquired drug resistance, adverse drug reactions and tumor heterogeneity between and within cancer patients limit the efficacy of clinical management of advanced cancers. To overcome these barriers, predictive biomarkers have recently emerged to guide medical oncologists in the selection of cancer patients who will respond to various anticancer treatments and to improve the toxicity to benefit ratio. Notably, targeted therapy has significantly benefited from these advances, but the application of predictive biomarkers have been a bit slower with some drugs derived from natural sources such as trabectedin, cabazitaxel and alvocidib. In this paper, we discuss some recent advances regarding the use of cancer biomarkers to predict efficacy of some selected natural compounds with a focus on human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid El Bairi
- Cancer Biomarkers Working Group, Mohamed I(st) University, Oujda, Morocco; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed I(st) University, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; GLOBE Program Association (GLOBE-PA), Grandville, MI, USA
| | - Mariam Amrani
- Equipe de Recherche en Virologie et Onco-biologie, Faculty of Medicine, Pathology Department, National Institute of Oncology, Université Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Said Afqir
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed I(st) University, Oujda, Morocco; Department of Medical Oncology, Mohamed VI University Hospital, Oujda, Morocco
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43
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Du S, Sarver JG, Trabbic CJ, Erhardt PW, Schroering A, Maltese WA. 6-MOMIPP, a novel brain-penetrant anti-mitotic indolyl-chalcone, inhibits glioblastoma growth and viability. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 83:237-254. [PMID: 30426158 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 3-(6-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propene-1-one (6-MOMIPP) is a novel indole-based chalcone that disrupts microtubules. The present study aims to define the mechanism through which 6-MOMIPP induces cell death and to evaluate the efficacy of the compound in penetrating the blood-brain barrier and inhibiting growth of glioblastoma xenografts. METHODS The effects of 6-MOMIPP were evaluated in cultured U251 glioblastoma cells, using viability, flow cytometry, and tubulin polymerization assays. Scintillation proximity and tubulin crosslinking methods were used to identify the binding site of 6-MOMIPP on tubulin, and western blots were performed to define the signaling pathways that contribute to cell death. LC/MS assays were used to study the pharmacokinetic behavior of 6-MOMIPP in mice. Subcutaneous and intracerebral xenograft models were utilized to assess the effects of 6-MOMIPP on growth of U251 glioblastoma in vivo. RESULTS The findings indicate that 6-MOMIPP targets the colchicine site on β-tubulin. At concentrations ≥ 250 nm, 6-MOMIPP induces mitotic arrest, caspase activation and loss of cell viability. Cells are protected by caspase inhibitors, pointing to an apoptotic mechanism of cell death. Loss of cell viability is preceded by activation of Cdk1(Cdc2) and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Inhibition of both events with a Cdk1 inhibitor prevents cell death. 6-MOMIPP has broad activity against the viability of multiple glioblastoma, melanoma and lung carcinoma cell lines. Viability of normal cells, including differentiated neurons, is not significantly affected at a drug concentration (1 µM) that reduces viability in most cancer lines. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice show that concentrations of 6-MOMIPP in the brain mirror those in the plasma, indicating that 6-MOMIPP readily penetrates the blood-brain barrier. Studies with mice bearing human U251 glioblastoma xenografts demonstrate that 6-MOMIPP is effective in suppressing growth of subcutaneous and intracerebral tumors without causing general toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that 6-MOMIPP is a novel microtubule disruptor that targets the colchicine binding site on β-tubulin to induce mitotic arrest and cell death. The ability of 6-MOMIPP to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and inhibit growth of glioblastoma xenografts suggests that it warrants further preclinical evaluation as potential small-molecule therapeutic that may have advantages in treating primary and metastatic brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Du
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Transverse Drive, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Sarver
- Center for Drug Design and Development, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2810 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Christopher J Trabbic
- Center for Drug Design and Development, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2810 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Paul W Erhardt
- Center for Drug Design and Development, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2810 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Allen Schroering
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Transverse Drive, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - William A Maltese
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Transverse Drive, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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El Bairi K, Amrani M, Afqir S. Starvation tactics using natural compounds for advanced cancers: pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and predictive biomarkers. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2221-2246. [PMID: 29732738 PMCID: PMC6010871 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mortality associated with oncological diseases is mostly due to tumors in advanced stages, and their management is a major challenge in modern oncology. Angiogenesis is a defined hallmark of cancer and predisposes to metastatic invasion and dissemination and is therefore an important druggable target for cancer drug discovery. Recently, because of drug resistance and poor prognosis, new anticancer drugs from natural sources targeting tumor vessels have attracted more attention and have been used in several randomized and controlled clinical trials as therapeutic options. Here, we outline and discuss potential natural compounds as salvage treatment for advanced cancers from recent and ongoing clinical trials and real-world studies. We also discuss predictive biomarkers for patients' selection to optimize the use of these potential anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid El Bairi
- Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyMohamed Ist UniversityOujdaMorocco
| | - Mariam Amrani
- Equipe de Recherche en Virologie et Onco‐biologieFaculty of MedicinePathology DepartmentNational Institute of OncologyUniversité Mohamed VRabatMorocco
| | - Said Afqir
- Department of Medical OncologyMohamed VI University HospitalOujdaMorocco
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Bueno O, Estévez Gallego J, Martins S, Prota AE, Gago F, Gómez-SanJuan A, Camarasa MJ, Barasoain I, Steinmetz MO, Díaz JF, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Liekens S, Priego EM. High-affinity ligands of the colchicine domain in tubulin based on a structure-guided design. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4242. [PMID: 29523799 PMCID: PMC5844890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-targeting agents that bind at the colchicine-site of tubulin are of particular interest in antitumoral therapy due to their dual mechanism of action as antimitotics and vascular disrupting agents. Cyclohexanediones derivatives have been described as a new family of colchicine-domain binders with an association constant to tubulin similar to that of colchicine. Here, the high-resolution structures of tubulin in complex with cyclohexanediones TUB015 and TUB075 were solved by X-ray crystallography. A detailed analysis of the tubulin-TUB075 interaction by means of computational affinity maps allowed the identification of two additional regions at the binding site that were addressed with the design and synthesis of a new series of cyclohexanediones with a distal 2-substituted benzofurane. These new compounds showed potent antiproliferative activity with IC50 values in the nM range, arrested cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis at sub μM concentrations. Moreover, they caused the destruction of a preformed vascular network in vitro and inhibited the migration of endothelial cells at non-toxic concentrations. Finally, these compounds displayed high affinity for tubulin as substantiated by a K b value of 2.87 × 108 M-1 which, to the best of our knowledge, represents the highest binding constant measured to date for a colchicine-domain ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskía Bueno
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM,CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Estévez Gallego
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB,CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Solange Martins
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea E Prota
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Unidad Asociada IQM,CSIC) and Instituto de Investigación Quimica "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Unidad Asociada CSIC, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asier Gómez-SanJuan
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM,CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM,CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Barasoain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB,CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Fernando Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB,CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva-María Priego
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM,CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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Shi W, Yin Y, Wang Y, Zhang B, Tan P, Jiang T, Mei H, Deng J, Wang H, Guo T, Pang Z, Hu Y. A tissue factor-cascade-targeted strategy to tumor vasculature: a combination of EGFP-EGF1 conjugation nanoparticles with photodynamic therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:32212-32227. [PMID: 27793028 PMCID: PMC5458279 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor requires tumor vasculature to supply oxygen and nutrients so as to support its continued growth, as well as provide a main route for metastatic spread. In this study, a TF-cascade-targeted strategy aiming to disrupt tumor blood vessels was developed by combination of TF-targeted HMME-loaded drug delivery system and PDT. PDT is a promising new modality in the treatment of cancers, which employs the interaction between a tumor-localizing photosensitizer and light of an appropriate wavelength to bring about ROS-induced cell death. In vitro results showed that protein EGFP-EGF1modification could significantly contribute to the uptake of nanoparticles by TF over-expressed BCECs. In vivo multispectral fluorescent imaging, the EGFP-EGF1 conjugated nanoparticles showed significantly higher accumulation in tumor tissues than non-conjugated ones. Tumor tissue slides further presented that EGFP-EGF1 conjugated nanoparticles showed significantly higher accumulation in tumor vasculature than non-conjugated ones. In vitro study demonstrated that PDT increased TF expression of BCECs. In vivo imaging, ex vivo imaging and tumor tissue slides showed that PDT further contribute EGFP-EGF1-NP accumulation in tumor. These promising results indicated that PDT enhanced EGFP-EGF1modified PEG-PLGA nanoparticle accumulation in tumor vaculature. Considering that EGFP-EGF1 conjugation enhanced nanoparticles uptake by TF over-expressed endothelium and PDT increased endothelium TF expression. We conclude that PDT triggered a TF cascade targeted effect. A combination of both EGFP-EGF1 modification and PDT provided a positive feed-back target effect to tumor vessels and might have a great potential for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanxue Yin
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pei Tan
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Heng Mei
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huafang Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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47
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Conesa-Milián L, Falomir E, Murga J, Carda M, Meyen E, Liekens S, Alberto Marco J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of carbamates derived from aminocombretastatin A-4 as vascular disrupting agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:183-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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48
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Bzeih T, Naret T, Hachem A, Jaber N, Khalaf A, Bignon J, Brion JD, Alami M, Hamze A. A general synthesis of arylindoles and (1-arylvinyl)carbazoles via a one-pot reaction from N-tosylhydrazones and 2-nitro-haloarenes and their potential application to colon cancer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:13027-13030. [PMID: 27752657 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07666a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A convergent and effective synthesis of 3-aryl-indoles, 2,3-diaryl indoles, and (1-arylvinyl)carbazoles from a one-pot sequence involving the coupling of N-tosylhydrazones with ortho-nitro-haloarenes followed by a cyclization has been developed. Compound 5i exhibits excellent antiproliferative activity in the low nM range against colon cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tourin Bzeih
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France. and Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences (1) and PRASE-EDST, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Timothée Naret
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Ali Hachem
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences (1) and PRASE-EDST, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada Jaber
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences (1) and PRASE-EDST, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Khalaf
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences (1) and PRASE-EDST, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jerome Bignon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS avenue de la terrasse, F-91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Brion
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Mouad Alami
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Abdallah Hamze
- BioCIS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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49
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Romagnoli R, Kimatrai Salvador M, Schiaffino Ortega S, Baraldi PG, Oliva P, Baraldi S, Lopez-Cara LC, Brancale A, Ferla S, Hamel E, Balzarini J, Liekens S, Mattiuzzo E, Basso G, Viola G. 2-Alkoxycarbonyl-3-arylamino-5-substituted thiophenes as a novel class of antimicrotubule agents: Design, synthesis, cell growth and tubulin polymerization inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:683-698. [PMID: 29220790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are recognized as crucial components of the mitotic spindle during cell division, and, for this reason, the microtubule system is an attractive target for the development of anticancer agents. Continuing our search strategy for novel tubulin targeting-compounds, a new series of 2-alkoxycarbonyl-3-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyanilino)-5-aryl/heteroarylthiophene derivatives was designed, synthesized and demonstrated to act as tubulin polymerization inhibitors at the colchicine site. A structure-activity relationship study on the phenyl at the 5-position of the thiophene ring was performed by introducing a variety of substituents containing electron-releasing and electron-withdrawing groups, with the 2-alkoxycarbonyl-3-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyanilino)thiophene scaffold being the minimum structural requirement for activity. Of the tested compounds, derivatives 4a, 4c, 4i and 4k possessed the highest overall potency and displayed high antiproliferative activities at submicromolar concentrations, with IC50 values ranging from 0.13 to 0.84 μM against four different cancer cell lines. Three agents (4a, 4c and 4i) in the present series had similar effects, and these were comparable to those of the reference compound combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) as inhibitors of tubulin assembly. The antitubulin effects correlated with the cytostatic activities and indicate that these compounds inhibit cell growth through inhibition of tubulin polymerization by binding at the colchicine site. Compound 4c, containing the 2'-thienyl ring at the 5-position of the 2-methoxycarbonyl-3-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyanilino)thiophene scaffold, exhibited substantial antiproliferative activity with a mean IC50 value of 140 nM, inhibited tubulin polymerization with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM, similar to that of CA-4 (IC50: 1.1 μM), and induced apoptosis in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Maria Kimatrai Salvador
- Departamento de Química Farmaceútica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Santiago Schiaffino Ortega
- Departamento de Química Farmaceútica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Oliva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Carlota Lopez-Cara
- Departamento de Química Farmaceútica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Mattiuzzo
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Laboratorio di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Laboratorio di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Laboratorio di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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50
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel combretastatin A-4 thio derivatives as microtubule targeting agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 144:797-816. [PMID: 29291446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) thio derivatives containing different molecular cores, namely α-phenylcinnamic acids (core 1), (Z)-stilbenes (core 2), 4,5-disubstituted oxazoles (core 3), and 4,5-disubstituted N-methylimidazoles (core 4), as cis-restricted analogues were designed and synthesized. They were selected with the use of a parallel virtual screening protocol including the generation of a virtual combinatorial library based on an elaborated synthesis protocol of CA-4 analogues. The selected compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against a panel of six human cancer cell lines (A431, HeLa, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, A549 and SKOV) and two human non-cancer cell lines (HaCaT and CCD39Lu). Moreover, the effect of the test compounds on the inhibition of tubulin polymerization in vitro was estimated. In the series studied here, oxazole-bridged analogues exhibited the most potent antiproliferative activity. Compounds 23a, 23e, and 23i efficiently inhibited tubulin polymerization with IC50 values of 0.86, 1.05, and 0.85 μM, respectively. Thio derivative 23i, when compared to its oxygen analogue 23j, showed a 5-fold higher inhibitory impact on tubulin polymerization. Compounds 23e and 23i, which showed both best cytotoxic and antitubulin activity, were further studied in terms of their effect on cell cycle distribution and proapoptotic activity. Compound 23e induced a statistically significant block of the cell cycle at the G2/M phase in A431, HaCaT, HeLa, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and SKOV-3 cells to an extent comparable to that observed in CA-4. In HeLa and SKOV-3 cells incubated with 23i, a concentration-dependent block of the G2/M phase was observed. The proapoptotic effect of 23e and 23i in A431, HaCaT, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and SKOV-3 was demonstrated with ELISA assay and double staining with Annexin V-FITC/PI. The results indicated that compound 23e and 23i may serve as novel lead compounds in research on more effective anticancer agents.
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