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Li F, Lin H, Qin X, Gao J, Chen Z, Cao W, Zheng H, Xie S. In Silico Identification and Molecular Mechanism of Novel Tyrosinase Inhibitory Peptides Derived from Nacre of Pinctada martensii. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:359. [PMID: 39195475 DOI: 10.3390/md22080359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Pearl and nacre powders have been valuable traditional Chinese medicines with whitening properties for thousands of years. We utilized a high-temperature and high-pressure method along with compound enzyme digestion to prepare the enzymatic hydrolysates of nacre powder of Pinctada martensii (NP-PMH). The peptides were identified using LC-MS/MS and screened through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The interactions between peptides and tyrosinase were elucidated through enzyme kinetics, circular dichroism spectropolarimetry, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Additionally, their inhibitory effects on B16F10 cells were explored. The results showed that a tyrosinase-inhibitory peptide (Ala-His-Tyr-Tyr-Asp, AHYYD) was identified, which inhibited tyrosinase with an IC50 value of 2.012 ± 0.088 mM. The results of the in vitro interactions showed that AHYYD exhibited a mixed-type inhibition of tyrosinase and also led to a more compact enzyme structure. The binding reactions of AHYYD with tyrosinase were spontaneous, leading to the formation of a new set of binding sites on the tyrosinase. The B16F10 cell-whitening assay revealed that AHYYD could reduce the melanin content of the cells by directly inhibiting the activity of intracellular tyrosinase. Additionally, it indirectly affects melanin production by acting as an antioxidant. These results suggest that AHYYD could be widely used as a tyrosinase inhibitor in whitening foods and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Haisheng Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xiaoming Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jialong Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Zhongqin Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Wenhong Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Huina Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Shaohe Xie
- Guangdong Shaohe Pearl Co., Ltd., Shantou 515041, China
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2
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Purohit K, Reddy N, Sunna A. Exploring the Potential of Bioactive Peptides: From Natural Sources to Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1391. [PMID: 38338676 PMCID: PMC10855437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides, specific protein fragments with positive health effects, are gaining traction in drug development for advantages like enhanced penetration, low toxicity, and rapid clearance. This comprehensive review navigates the intricate landscape of peptide science, covering discovery to functional characterization. Beginning with a peptidomic exploration of natural sources, the review emphasizes the search for novel peptides. Extraction approaches, including enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and specialized methods for disulfide-linked peptides, are extensively covered. Mass spectrometric analysis techniques for data acquisition and identification, such as liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, untargeted peptide analysis, and bioinformatics, are thoroughly outlined. The exploration of peptide bioactivity incorporates various methodologies, from in vitro assays to in silico techniques, including advanced approaches like phage display and cell-based assays. The review also discusses the structure-activity relationship in the context of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), ACE-inhibitory peptides (ACEs), and antioxidative peptides (AOPs). Concluding with key findings and future research directions, this interdisciplinary review serves as a comprehensive reference, offering a holistic understanding of peptides and their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruttika Purohit
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Facilitated Advancement of Australia’s Bioactives (FAAB), Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - Narsimha Reddy
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Facilitated Advancement of Australia’s Bioactives (FAAB), Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
- School of Science, Parramatta Campus, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Anwar Sunna
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Facilitated Advancement of Australia’s Bioactives (FAAB), Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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3
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Shah DS, McNeilly AD, McCrimmon RJ, Hundal HS. The C5aR1 complement receptor: A novel immunomodulator of insulin action in skeletal muscle. Cell Signal 2024; 113:110944. [PMID: 37890688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The complement system constitutes an integral component of the innate immune system and plays a critical role in adaptive immunity. Activation of this system engenders the production of complement peptide fragments, including C5a, which engage G-protein coupled receptors predominantly expressed in immune-associated cells, such as neutrophils, initiating pro-inflammatory responses. Intriguingly, our investigation has unveiled the presence of C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) expression within skeletal muscle, a key metabolic tissue and primary target of insulin. Herein, we demonstrate that C5aR1 activation by C5a in differentiated human skeletal muscle cells elicits acute suppression of insulin signalling. This suppression manifests as impaired insulin-dependent association between IRS1 and the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase, a 50% reduction in Akt phosphorylation, and a 60% decline in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. This impairment in insulin signalling is associated with a three-fold elevation in intramyocellular diacylglycerol (DAG) levels and a two-fold increase in cytosolic calcium content, which promote PKC-mediated IRS1 inhibition via enhanced phosphorylation at IRS1 Ser1101. Significantly, our findings demonstrate that structurally diverse C5aR1 antagonists, along with genetic deletion or stable silencing of C5aR1 by 80% using short-hairpin RNA, effectively attenuate repression of insulin signalling by C5a in LHCN-M2 human skeletal myotubes. These results underscore the potential of heightened C5aR1 activation, characteristic of obesity and chronic inflammatory conditions, to detrimentally impact insulin function within skeletal muscle cells. Additionally, the study suggests that agents targeting the C5a-C5aR axis, originally devised for mitigating complement-dependent inflammatory conditions, may offer therapeutic avenues to ameliorate immune-driven insulin resistance in key peripheral metabolic tissues, including skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh S Shah
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alison D McNeilly
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Rory J McCrimmon
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Harinder S Hundal
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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Yap PG, Gan CY. Tyrosinase inhibitory peptides: Structure-activity relationship study on peptide chemical properties, terminal preferences and intracellular regulation of melanogenesis signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130503. [PMID: 37923180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioactive peptides have gained attention as potential alternatives to chemical-based skin lightening agents. Based on literature search, the reported articles focused mainly on the sources and preparation methods of tyrosinase inhibitory peptides and there is lacking information regarding the structure-activity relationship (SAR) between peptide property and tyrosinase inhibition. It was hypothesized that peptide properties such as hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and the amino acid type and position/arrangement at the terminal positions could affect peptide mode of binding hence result in various degrees of tyrosinase inhibition. METHODS In this study, the sequences of 128 tyrosinase inhibitory peptides were collected from peer-reviewed articles. The hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity property and the amino acid profile of peptides at the N- and C-terminals were analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Molecular docking analysis was employed to further elucidate the roles of reactive amino acids in tyrosinase-peptide binding interactions. The peptide-regulated intracellular melanogenesis pathways were also compiled and discussed. RESULTS It was found that hydrophobic and/or polar neutral properties may facilitate or stabilize peptide binding with tyrosinase. Moreover, short peptides featuring a cysteine and tyrosine at the N- and C- terminal ultimate positions tend to bind to the active site of tyrosinase whereas positively charged amino acid such as arginine at the N-terminal does not favor peptide binding to tyrosinase. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide detailed explanation on how peptide/amino acid structures are related and what function they play in tyrosinase inhibition. It could also inspire researchers to account for tyrosinase-peptide SAR and the underlying anti-melanogenesis mechanisms in formulating peptide-based treatments or strategies against skin hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Gee Yap
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, University Innovation Incubator Building, SAINS@USM, Lebuh Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Yuen Gan
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, University Innovation Incubator Building, SAINS@USM, Lebuh Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia.
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Joompang A, Anwised P, Klaynongsruang S, Taemaitree L, Wanthong A, Choowongkomon K, Daduang S, Katekaew S, Jangpromma N. Rational design of an N-terminal cysteine-containing tetrapeptide that inhibits tyrosinase and evaluation of its mechanism of action. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100598. [PMID: 37790858 PMCID: PMC10543783 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a resurgence of interest in bioactive peptides as therapeutic agents. This is particularly interesting for tyrosinase, which can be inhibited by thiol-containing peptides. This work demonstrates that an N-terminal cysteine-containing tetrapeptide can be rationally designed to inhibit tyrosinase activity in vitro and in cells. The tetrapeptide cysteine (C), arginine (R), asparagine (N) and leucine (L) or CRNL is a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase activity with an IC50 value of 39.62 ± 6.21 μM, which is comparable to currently used tyrosinase inhibitors. Through structure-activity studies and computational modeling, we demonstrate the peptide interacts with the enzyme via electrostatic (R with E322), hydrogen bonding (N with N260) and hydrophobic (L with V248) intermolecular interactions and that a combination of these is required for potent activity. Moreover, copper chelating activity might be one of the mechanisms of tyrosinase inhibition by CRNL. Kinetic studies show that tetrapeptide is a competitive inhibitor with two-step irreversible inhibition. In addition, CRNL had no toxicity and could reduce melanin levels in the murine melanoma cell line (B16F1). Overall, CRNL is a very promising candidate for hyperpigmentation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupong Joompang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Preeyanan Anwised
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sompong Klaynongsruang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Lapatrada Taemaitree
- Department of Integrated Science, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Anuwat Wanthong
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sakda Daduang
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Somporn Katekaew
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nisachon Jangpromma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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6
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Huang P, Miao J, Liao W, Huang C, Chen B, Li Y, Wang X, Yu Y, Liang X, Zhao H, Cao Y. Rapid screening of novel tyrosinase inhibitory peptides from a pearl shell meat hydrolysate by molecular docking and the anti-melanin mechanism. Food Funct 2023; 14:1446-1458. [PMID: 36648079 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pearls are an edible and medicinal resource with whitening activity and nutritional value in China. In the previous study, we found that the pearl shell meat hydrolysate showed dual activities of antioxidation and tyrosinase inhibition, which were similar to the activities of pearls. In this research, a pearl shell meat hydrolysate was isolated, identified and screened by molecular docking, and three peptides FLF, SPSSS and WLL with high tyrosinase inhibitory activities were obtained. The results indicated that FLF, SPSSS and WLL could effectively inhibit tyrosinase activities and the inhibition rates (1.0 mg mL-1) were 54.32%, 65.26% and 57.50%, respectively. The results of a zebrafish whitening experiment showed that the tyrosinase activities of zebrafish treated with FLF, SPSSS and WLL decreased by 75.41%, 62.87% and 64.99% (p < 0.05), respectively, and the melanin content decreased by 37.34%, 38.52% and 40.39% (p < 0.05), respectively. In a B16F10 cell whitening experiment, compared with a control group, FLF, SPSSS and WLL also showed a significant whitening effect, the tyrosinase activities decreased by 84.08%, 79.08% and 77.45% (p < 0.05), respectively, and the melanin content decreased by 42.23%, 34.37% and 34.02% (p < 0.05), respectively. Moreover, the active peptides could act on three signal pathways including Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK and MC1R/α-MSH and significantly downregulated the expressions of the signaling factors WNT4, MITF, β-catenin, ERK, JNK, TRP1 and TRP2 (p < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the whitening active peptides were edible natural antioxidants, tyrosinase inhibitors and skin anti-melanin agents, which could be added to functional foods as food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantian Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jianyin Miao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
| | - Wanwen Liao
- B.I.R.D. (Guangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Congshu Huang
- B.I.R.D. (Guangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bingbing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yingkun Li
- Beihai Black Pearl Marine Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Xianghua Wang
- Beihai Black Pearl Marine Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Beihai Black Pearl Marine Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Xingtang Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Materials and Safety Technology, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Haishan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Kose A, Oncel SS. Design of melanogenesis regulatory peptides derived from phycocyanin of the microalgae Spirulina platensis. Peptides 2022; 152:170783. [PMID: 35278583 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pigmentation issues are common conditions associated with excessive or insufficient production of melanin. Recently peptides are investigated to discover novel melanogenesis regulators as low molecular weight compounds to regulate skin pigmentation. In this study, an internal library of peptides obtained through in silico enzymatic digestion of phycocyanin from microalgae S. platensis was tested to apprehend their anti-melanogenic effects. Seven peptides were investigated for their inhibitory potential against mushroom and B16-F10 murine tyrosinase enzymes. According to the results, P5 (SPSWY) and P7 (AADQRGKDKCARDIGY) were effective in lowering the activity of mushroom and B16-F10 tyrosinases. P5 was the most potent (IC50 value, 12.1 µM) in mushroom which was followed by P2 (MAACLR, 86.9 µM). Although the peptides were particularly powerful in inhibiting monophenolase activity, only moderate inhibition was observed for diphenolase activity in mushroom tyrosinase assay. Apart from tyrosinase inhibition, P2 and P3 (RCLNGRL) were efficient DPPH radical scavengers at low concentrations (IC50 < 200 µM). In the mammalian assay system, P5 and P7 were noticeably effective to decrease tyrosinase enzyme activity with IC50 values of 48.9 and 34.2 µM, respectively. However, although P4 (RYVTYAVF) was a potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor, it increased melanin synthesis up to 3-fold in B16-F10 cells. The results indicate that C-terminal tyrosine residue is important for tyrosinase inhibition. This study shows, for the first time, that microalgae proteins can be regarded as sources for melanogenesis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Kose
- Ege University Faculty of Engineering Department of Bioengineering, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suphi S Oncel
- Ege University Faculty of Engineering Department of Bioengineering, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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8
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Evaluation of TILI-2 as an Anti-Tyrosinase, Anti-Oxidative Agent and Its Role in Preventing Melanogenesis Using a Proteomics Approach. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103228. [PMID: 35630706 PMCID: PMC9147390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a desire to develop new molecules that can combat hyperpigmentation. To this end, the N-terminal cysteine-containing heptapeptide TILI-2 has shown promising preliminary results. In this work, the mechanism by which it works was evaluated using a series of biochemical assays focusing on known biochemical pathways, followed by LC-MS/MS proteomics to discover pathways that have not been considered before. We demonstrate that TILI-2 is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase’s monophenolase activity and it could potentially scavenge ABTS and DPPH radicals. It has a very low cytotoxicity up to 1400 µM against human fibroblast NFDH cells and macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. Our proteomics study revealed that another putative mechanism by which TILI-2 may reduce melanin production involves the disruption of the TGF-β signaling pathway in mouse B16F1 cells. This result suggests that TILI-2 has potential scope to be used as a depigmenting agent.
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9
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Hariri R, Saeedi M, Akbarzadeh T. Naturally occurring and synthetic peptides: Efficient tyrosinase inhibitors. J Pept Sci 2021; 27:e3329. [PMID: 33860571 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of melanin pigment, which is the most important photo protective agent against skin photo carcinogenesis. Excess production of melanin causes hyperpigmentation leading to undesired browning in human skin, fruits, and vegetable as well as plant-derived foods. Moreover, the role of tyrosinase in the onset and progression of various diseases such as cancers, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson diseases has been well documented in the literature. In this respect, tyrosinase inhibitors have been in the center of attention particularly as the efficient skin whitening agents. Among a wide range of compounds possessing anti-tyrosinase activity, peptides both natural and synthetic derivatives have attracted attention due to high potency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Hariri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Saeedi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Galeb HA, Wilkinson EL, Stowell AF, Lin H, Murphy ST, Martin‐Hirsch PL, Mort RL, Taylor AM, Hardy JG. Melanins as Sustainable Resources for Advanced Biotechnological Applications. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000102. [PMID: 33552556 PMCID: PMC7857133 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are a class of biopolymers that are widespread in nature and have diverse origins, chemical compositions, and functions. Their chemical, electrical, optical, and paramagnetic properties offer opportunities for applications in materials science, particularly for medical and technical uses. This review focuses on the application of analytical techniques to study melanins in multidisciplinary contexts with a view to their use as sustainable resources for advanced biotechnological applications, and how these may facilitate the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A. Galeb
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Department of ChemistryScience and Arts CollegeRabigh CampusKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21577Saudi Arabia
| | - Emma L. Wilkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Alison F. Stowell
- Department of Organisation, Work and TechnologyLancaster University Management SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YXUK
| | - Hungyen Lin
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Samuel T. Murphy
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
| | - Pierre L. Martin‐Hirsch
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustRoyal Preston HospitalSharoe Green LanePrestonPR2 9HTUK
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Adam M. Taylor
- Lancaster Medical SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
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Joompang A, Jangpromma N, Choowongkomon K, Payoungkiattikun W, Tankrathok A, Viyoch J, Luangpraditkun K, Klaynongsruang S. Evaluation of tyrosinase inhibitory activity and mechanism of Leucrocin I and its modified peptides. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:239-246. [PMID: 32389468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This research first reports the tyrosinase inhibition and mechanism of Leucrocin I and its modified peptides (TILI-1 and TILI-2). Docking simulation showed that these peptides were predicted to bind and interact to active site of tyrosinase and exhibited the possibility to promote tyrosinase inhibition. Therefore, these peptides were synthesized, and their inhibitory activity was investigated. The results showed that the highest tyrosinase inhibition was achieved by TILI-2 followed by TILI-1 and Leucrocin I. A Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated that Leucrocin I exhibited mixed type characteristics, while its modified peptides exhibited competitive inhibition. Based on the greatest tyrosinase inhibition, TILI-2 was selected for further study. TILI-2 showed irreversible inhibition with two-step inactivation. Additionally, Leucrocin I and its modified peptides showed no toxicity toward B16F1 and HaCaT cells and decreased melanin and tyrosinase content in B16F1 cells. These results suggest that these peptides are promising peptides for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupong Joompang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mittraphap Road, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mittraphap Road, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nisachon Jangpromma
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mittraphap Road, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Integrated Science, Forensic Science Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mittraphap Road, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wisarut Payoungkiattikun
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mittraphap Road, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anupong Tankrathok
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Kalasin University, 62/1 Kasetsomboon Road, Muang District, Kalasin 46000, Thailand
| | - Jarupa Viyoch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9 Phitsanulok-Nakhonsawan Road, Tapho Sub-District, Muang District, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9 Phitsanulok-Nakhonsawan Road, Tapho Sub-District, Muang District, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Kunlathida Luangpraditkun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9 Phitsanulok-Nakhonsawan Road, Tapho Sub-District, Muang District, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9 Phitsanulok-Nakhonsawan Road, Tapho Sub-District, Muang District, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Sompong Klaynongsruang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mittraphap Road, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mittraphap Road, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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12
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Lopes RS, Queiroz MAF, Gomes STM, Vallinoto ACR, Goulart LR, Ishak R. Phage display: an important tool in the discovery of peptides with anti-HIV activity. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1847-1854. [PMID: 30012540 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a worldwide health problem despite huge investments and research breakthroughs, and no single drug is effective in killing the virus yet. Among new strategies to control HIV infection, the phage display (PD) technology has become a promising tool in the discovery of peptides that can be used as new drugs, or also as possible vaccine candidates. This review discusses basic aspects of PD and its use to advance two main objectives related to combating HIV-1 infection: the identification of peptides that inhibit virus replication and the identification of peptides that induce the production of neutralizing antibodies. We will cover the different approaches used for mapping and selection of mimotopes, and discuss the promising results of these biologicals as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Souza Lopes
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/Universidade Feral do Pará - ICB/UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1 - Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/Universidade Feral do Pará - ICB/UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1 - Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Samara Tatielle Monteiro Gomes
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/Universidade Feral do Pará - ICB/UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1 - Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/Universidade Feral do Pará - ICB/UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1 - Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia (Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU), Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 2E, Sala 248 - Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/Universidade Feral do Pará - ICB/UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1 - Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil.
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Puangphet A, Jiamyangyuen S, Tiyaboonchai W, Thongsook T. Amino acid composition and anti-polyphenol oxidase of peptide fractions from sericin hydrolysate. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aschariyakul Puangphet
- Department of Agro-Industry; Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment; Naresuan University; Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand
| | - Sudarat Jiamyangyuen
- Department of Agro-Industry; Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment; Naresuan University; Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand
| | - Waree Tiyaboonchai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Naresuan University; Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand
| | - Tipawan Thongsook
- Department of Agro-Industry; Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment; Naresuan University; Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand
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Chen X, Dreskin SC. Application of phage peptide display technology for the study of food allergen epitopes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 27995755 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phage peptide display technology has been used to identify IgE-binding mimotopes (mimics of natural epitopes) that mimic conformational epitopes. This approach is effective in the characterization of those epitopes that are important for eliciting IgE-mediated allergic responses by food allergens and those that are responsible for cross-reactivity among allergenic food proteins. Application of this technology will increase our understanding of the mechanisms whereby food allergens elicit allergic reactions, will facilitate the discovery of diagnostic reagents and may lead to mimotope-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueni Chen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephen C Dreskin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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Modifying effects of carboxyl group on the interaction of recombinant S100A8/A9 complex with tyrosinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1865:370-379. [PMID: 28017864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a determinant enzyme for modulating melanin production as its abnormal activity can result in an increased amount of melanin. Reduction of tyrosinase activity has been targeted for preventing and healing hyperpigmentation of skin, such as melanoma and age related spots. The aim of this systematic study is to investigate whether recombinant S100A8/A9 and its modified form reduce the activity of mushroom tyrosinase (MT) through changing its structure. Recombinant His-Tagged S100A8 and S100A9 are expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and modified using Woodward's reagent K which is a carboxyl group modifier. The structures of S100A8/A9 and its modified form are studied using fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy, and the activity of MT is measured using UV-visible spectrophotometry in the presence of its substrate, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). The results show a lower stability of the modified protein when compared with its unmodified form. The interaction of S100A8/A9 with MT changes the structure and successfully reduces the activity of mushroom tyrosinase. Recombinant S100A8/A9 complex decreases MT activity which can control malignant melanoma, the most dangerous type of skin cancer.
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Wu CH, Liu IJ, Lu RM, Wu HC. Advancement and applications of peptide phage display technology in biomedical science. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:8. [PMID: 26786672 PMCID: PMC4717660 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial phage library is a powerful research tool for high-throughput screening of protein interactions. Of all available molecular display techniques, phage display has proven to be the most popular approach. Screening phage-displayed random peptide libraries is an effective means of identifying peptides that can bind target molecules and regulate their function. Phage-displayed peptide libraries can be used for (i) B-cell and T-cell epitope mapping, (ii) selection of bioactive peptides bound to receptors or proteins, disease-specific antigen mimics, peptides bound to non-protein targets, cell-specific peptides, or organ-specific peptides, and (iii) development of peptide-mediated drug delivery systems and other applications. Targeting peptides identified using phage display technology may be useful for basic research and translational medicine. In this review article, we summarize the latest technological advancements in the application of phage-displayed peptide libraries to applied biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - I-Ju Liu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Min Lu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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Tseng TS, Tsai KC, Chen WC, Wang YT, Lee YC, Lu CK, Don MJ, Chang CY, Lee CH, Lin HH, Hsu HJ, Hsiao NW. Discovery of Potent Cysteine-Containing Dipeptide Inhibitors against Tyrosinase: A Comprehensive Investigation of 20 × 20 Dipeptides in Inhibiting Dopachrome Formation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6181-6188. [PMID: 26083974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is an essential copper-containing enzyme required for melanin synthesis. The overproduction and abnormal accumulation of melanin cause hyperpigmentation and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, tyrosinase is promising for use in medicine and cosmetics. Our previous study identified a natural product, A5, resembling the structure of the dipeptide WY and apparently inhibiting tyrosinase. Here, we comprehensively estimated the inhibitory capability of 20 × 20 dipeptides against mushroom tyrosinase. We found that cysteine-containing dipeptides, directly blocking the active site of tyrosinase, are highly potent in inhibition; in particular, N-terminal cysteine-containing dipeptides markedly outperform the C-terminal-containing ones. The cysteine-containing dipeptides, CE, CS, CY, and CW, show comparative bioactivities, and tyrosine-containing dipeptides are substrate-like inhibitors. The dipeptide PD attenuates 16.5% melanin content without any significant cytotoxicity. This study reveals the functional role of cysteine residue positional preference and the selectivity of specific amino acids in cysteine-containing dipeptides against tyrosinase, aiding in developing skin-whitening products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Sheng Tseng
- †Institute of Biotechnology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Chang Tsai
- ‡National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Chuan Chen
- §The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- #Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yeng-Tseng Wang
- ⊥Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lee
- ΔThe Center of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- ⊗Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology in Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kuang Lu
- ‡National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jaw Don
- ‡National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yu Chang
- ΠDepartment of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiao Lee
- ΠDepartment of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsiung Lin
- †Institute of Biotechnology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
- ‡National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ju Hsu
- ‡National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wan Hsiao
- †Institute of Biotechnology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, several library-based methods have been developed to discover ligands with strong binding affinities for their targets. These methods mimic the natural evolution for screening and identifying ligand-target interactions with specific functional properties. Phage display technology is a well-established method that has been applied to many technological challenges including novel drug discovery. AREAS COVERED This review describes the recent advances in the use of phage display technology for discovering novel bioactive compounds. Furthermore, it discusses the application of this technology to produce proteins and peptides as well as minimize the use of antibodies, such as antigen-binding fragment, single-chain fragment variable or single-domain antibody fragments like VHHs. EXPERT OPINION Advances in screening, manufacturing and humanization technologies demonstrate that phage display derived products can play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The effects of this technology are inevitable in the development pipeline for bringing therapeutics into the market, and this number is expected to rise significantly in the future as new advances continue to take place in display methods. Furthermore, a widespread application of this methodology is predicted in different medical technological areas, including biosensing, monitoring, molecular imaging, gene therapy, vaccine development and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Omidfar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Biosensor Research Center , Tehran , Iran
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Discovery of highly potent tyrosinase inhibitor, T1, with significant anti-melanogenesis ability by zebrafish in vivo assay and computational molecular modeling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7995. [PMID: 25613357 PMCID: PMC4303873 DOI: 10.1038/srep07995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is involved in melanin biosynthesis and the abnormal accumulation of melanin pigments leading to hyperpigmentation disorders that can be treated with depigmenting agents. A natural product T1, bis(4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide, isolated from the Chinese herbal plant, Gastrodia elata, is a strong competitive inhibitor against mushroom tyrosinase (IC50 = 0.53 μM, Ki = 58 ± 6 nM), outperforms than kojic acid. The cell viability and melanin quantification assay demonstrate that 50 μM of T1 apparently attenuates 20% melanin content of human normal melanocytes without significant cell toxicity. Moreover, the zebrafish in vivo assay reveals that T1 effectively reduces melanogenesis with no adverse side effects. The acute oral toxicity study evidently confirms that T1 molecule is free of discernable cytotoxicity in mice. Furthermore, the molecular modeling demonstrates that the sulfur atom of T1 coordinating with the copper ions in the active site of tyrosinase is essential for mushroom tyrosinase inhibition and the ability of diminishing the human melanin synthesis. These results evident that T1 isolated from Gastrodia elata is a promising candidate in developing pharmacological and cosmetic agents of great potency in skin-whitening.
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Hubbard KB, Hepler JR. Cell signalling diversity of the Gqalpha family of heterotrimeric G proteins. Cell Signal 2005; 18:135-50. [PMID: 16182515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many receptors for neurotransmitters and hormones rely upon members of the Gqalpha family of heterotrimeric G proteins to exert their actions on target cells. Galpha subunits of the Gq class of G proteins (Gqalpha, G11alpha, G14alpha and G15/16alpha) directly link receptors to activation of PLC-beta isoforms which, in turn, stimulate inositol lipid (i.e. calcium/PKC) signalling. Although Gqalpha family members share a capacity to activate PLC-beta, they also differ markedly in their biochemical properties and tissue distribution which predicts functional diversity. Nevertheless, established models suggest that Gqalpha family members are functionally redundant and that their cellular responses are a result of PLC-beta activation and downstream calcium/PKC signalling. Growing evidence, however, indicates that Gqalpha, G11alpha, G14alpha and G15/16alpha are functionally diverse and that many of their cellular actions are independent of inositol lipid signalling. Recent findings show that Gqalpha family members differ with regard to their linked receptors and downstream binding partners. Reported binding partners distinct from PLC-beta include novel candidate effector proteins, various regulatory proteins, and a growing list of scaffolding/adaptor proteins. Downstream of these signalling proteins, Gqalpha family members exhibit unexpected differences in the signalling pathways and the gene expression profiles they regulate. Finally, genetic studies using whole animal models demonstrate the importance of certain Gqalpha family members in cardiac, lung, brain and platelet functions among other physiological processes. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that Gqalpha, G11alpha, G14alpha and G15/16alpha regulate both overlapping and distinct signalling pathways, indicating that they are more functionally diverse than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Hubbard
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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