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Brunner SM, Schrödl F, Preishuber-Pflügl J, Runge C, Koller A, Lenzhofer M, Reitsamer HA, Trost A. Distribution of the cysteinyl leukotriene system components in the human, rat and mouse eye. Exp Eye Res 2023; 232:109517. [PMID: 37211287 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) have important functions in the regulation of inflammation and cellular stress. Blocking the CysLT receptors (CysLTRs) with specific antagonists is beneficial against progression of retinopathies (e.g. diabetic retinopathy, wet AMD). However, the exact cellular localization of the CysLTRs and their endogenous ligands in the eye have not been elucidated in detail yet. It is also not known whether the expression patterns differ between humans and animal models. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe and compare the distribution of two important enzymes in CysLT biosynthesis, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), and of CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 in healthy human, rat and mouse eyes. Human donor eyes (n = 10) and eyes from adult Sprague Dawley rats (n = 5) and CD1 mice (n = 8) of both sexes were collected. The eyes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and cross-sections were investigated by immunofluorescence with specific antibodies against 5-LOX, FLAP (human tissue only), CysLTR1 and CysLTR2. Flat-mounts of the human choroid were prepared and processed similarly. Expression patterns were assessed and semiquantitatively evaluated using a confocal fluorescence microscope (LSM710, Zeiss). We observed so far unreported expression sites for CysLT system components in various ocular tissues. Overall, we detected expression of 5-LOX, CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 in the human, rat and mouse cornea, conjunctiva, iris, lens, ciliary body, retina and choroid. Importantly, expression profiles of CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 were highly similar between human and rodent eyes. FLAP was expressed in all human ocular tissues except the lens. Largely weak immunoreactivity of FLAP and 5-LOX was observed in a few, yet unidentified, cells of diverse ocular tissues, indicating low levels of CysLT biosynthesis in healthy eyes. CysLTR1 was predominantly detected in ocular epithelial cells, supporting the involvement of CysLTR1 in stress and immune responses. CysLTR2 was predominantly expressed in neuronal structures, suggesting neuromodulatory roles of CysLTR2 in the eye and revealing disparate functions of CysLTRs in ocular tissues. Taken together, we provide a comprehensive protein expression atlas of CysLT system components in the human and rodent eye. While the current study is purely descriptive and therefore does not allow significant functional conclusions yet, it represents an important basis for future studies in diseased ocular tissues in which distribution patterns or expression levels of the CysLT system might be altered. Furthermore, this is the first comprehensive study to elucidate expression patterns of CysLT system components in human and animal models that will help to identify and understand functions of the system as well as mechanisms of action of potential CysLTR ligands in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Brunner
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Falk Schrödl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Julia Preishuber-Pflügl
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Christian Runge
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Cornea Eye Bank, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andreas Koller
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Markus Lenzhofer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andrea Trost
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Korbecki J, Rębacz-Maron E, Kupnicka P, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Synthesis and Significance of Arachidonic Acid, a Substrate for Cyclooxygenases, Lipoxygenases, and Cytochrome P450 Pathways in the Tumorigenesis of Glioblastoma Multiforme, Including a Pan-Cancer Comparative Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030946. [PMID: 36765904 PMCID: PMC9913267 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive gliomas. New and more effective therapeutic approaches are being sought based on studies of the various mechanisms of GBM tumorigenesis, including the synthesis and metabolism of arachidonic acid (ARA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). PubMed, GEPIA, and the transcriptomics analysis carried out by Seifert et al. were used in writing this paper. In this paper, we discuss in detail the biosynthesis of this acid in GBM tumors, with a special focus on certain enzymes: fatty acid desaturase (FADS)1, FADS2, and elongation of long-chain fatty acids family member 5 (ELOVL5). We also discuss ARA metabolism, particularly its release from cell membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (cPLA2, iPLA2, and sPLA2) and its processing by cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), lipoxygenases (5-LOX, 12-LOX, 15-LOX-1, and 15-LOX-2), and cytochrome P450. Next, we discuss the significance of lipid mediators synthesized from ARA in GBM cancer processes, including prostaglandins (PGE2, PGD2, and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2)), thromboxane A2 (TxA2), oxo-eicosatetraenoic acids, leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4), lipoxins, and many others. These lipid mediators can increase the proliferation of GBM cancer cells, cause angiogenesis, inhibit the anti-tumor response of the immune system, and be responsible for resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Rębacz-Maron
- Department of Ecology and Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-914-661-515
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Harrington AW, Liu C, Phillips N, Nepomuceno D, Kuei C, Chang J, Chen W, Sutton SW, O'Malley D, Pham L, Yao X, Sun S, Bonaventure P. Identification and characterization of select oxysterols as ligands for GPR17. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:401-421. [PMID: 36214386 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE G-protein coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) is an orphan receptor involved in the process of myelination, due to its ability to inhibit the maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Despite multiple claims that the biological ligand has been identified, it remains an orphan receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Seventy-seven oxysterols were screened in a cell-free [35 S]GTPγS binding assay using membranes from cells expressing GPR17. The positive hits were characterized using adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), inositol monophosphate (IP1) and calcium mobilization assays, with results confirmed in rat primary oligodendrocytes. Rat and pig brain extracts were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and endogenous activator(s) were identified in receptor activation assays. Gene expression studies of GPR17, and CYP46A1 (cytochrome P450 family 46 subfamily A member 1) enzymes responsible for the conversion of cholesterol into specific oxysterols, were performed using quantitative real-time PCR. KEY RESULTS Five oxysterols were able to stimulate GPR17 activity, including the brain cholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-HC). A specific brain fraction from rat and pig extracts containing 24S-HC activates GPR17 in vitro. Expression of Gpr17 during mouse brain development correlates with the expression of Cyp46a1 and the levels of 24S-HC itself. Other active oxysterols have low brain concentrations below effective ranges. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Oxysterols, including but not limited to 24S-HC, could be physiological activators for GPR17 and thus potentially regulate OPC differentiation and myelination through activation of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changlu Liu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Naomi Phillips
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Chester Kuei
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joseph Chang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Steven W Sutton
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel O'Malley
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ly Pham
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiang Yao
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Siquan Sun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
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Functional Heterodimerization between the G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR17 and the Chemokine Receptors 2 and 4: New Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010261. [PMID: 36613703 PMCID: PMC9820414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR17, a G protein-coupled receptor, is a pivotal regulator of myelination. Its endogenous ligands trigger receptor desensitization and downregulation allowing oligodendrocyte terminal maturation. In addition to its endogenous agonists, GPR17 could be promiscuously activated by pro-inflammatory oxysterols and chemokines released at demyelinating lesions. Herein, the chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4 were selected to perform both in silico modelling and in vitro experiments to establish their structural and functional interactions with GPR17. The relative propensity of GPR17 and CXCR2 or CXCR4 to form homo- and hetero-dimers was assessed by homology modelling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and co-immunoprecipitation and immunoenzymatic assay. The interaction between chemokine receptors and GPR17 was investigated by determining receptor-mediated modulation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Our data show the GPR17 association with CXCR2 or CXCR4 and the negative regulation of these interactions by CXCR agonists or antagonists. Moreover, GPR17 and CXCR2 heterodimers can functionally influence each other. In contrast, CXCR4 can influence GPR17 functionality, but not vice versa. According to MD simulations, all the dimers reached conformational stability and negative formation energy, confirming the experimental observations. The cross-talk between these receptors could play a role in the development of the neuroinflammatory milieu associated with demyelinating events.
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Humanized zebrafish as a tractable tool for in vivo evaluation of pro-myelinating drugs. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1541-1555.e7. [PMID: 36126653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that promote neuroprotection and axonal survival by enhancing myelin regeneration are an unmet need to prevent disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Numerous potentially beneficial compounds have originated from phenotypic screenings but failed in clinical trials. It is apparent that current cell- and animal-based disease models are poor predictors of positive treatment options, arguing for novel experimental approaches. Here we explore the experimental power of humanized zebrafish to foster the identification of pro-remyelination compounds via specific inhibition of GPR17. Using biochemical and imaging techniques, we visualize the expression of zebrafish (zf)-gpr17 during the distinct stages of oligodendrocyte development, thereby demonstrating species-conserved expression between zebrafish and mammals. We also demonstrate species-conserved function of zf-Gpr17 using genetic loss-of-function and rescue techniques. Finally, using GPR17-humanized zebrafish, we provide proof of principle for in vivo analysis of compounds acting via targeted inhibition of human GPR17. We anticipate that GPR17-humanized zebrafish will markedly improve the search for effective pro-myelinating pharmacotherapies.
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Intestinal Gpr17 deficiency improves glucose metabolism by promoting GLP-1 secretion. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110179. [PMID: 34986353 PMCID: PMC8972502 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in intestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs) respond to nutritional, neural, and microbial cues and modulate the release of gut hormones. Here we show that Gpr17, an orphan GPCR, is co-expressed in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-expressing EECs in human and rodent intestinal epithelium. Acute genetic ablation of Gpr17 in intestinal epithelium improves glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Importantly, inducible knockout (iKO) mice and Gpr17 null intestinal organoids respond to glucose or lipid ingestion with increased secretion of GLP-1, but not the other incretin glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). In an in vitro EEC model, overexpression or agonism of Gpr17 reduces voltage-gated calcium currents and decreases cyclic AMP (cAMP) production, and these are two critical factors regulating GLP-1 secretion. Together, our work shows that intestinal Gpr17 signaling functions as an inhibitory pathway for GLP-1 secretion in EECs, suggesting intestinal GPR17 is a potential target for diabetes and obesity intervention. Yan et al. locate GPR17 expression in the enteroendocrine cells of human and rodent intestinal epithelium. They find that GPR17 signaling inhibits intracellular rise of cAMP and calcium and that loss of intestinal Gpr17 in rodents leads to better glucose tolerance via increased hormone secretion in response to nutrient ingestion.
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7
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Braune M, Scherf N, Heine C, Sygnecka K, Pillaiyar T, Parravicini C, Heimrich B, Abbracchio MP, Müller CE, Franke H. Involvement of GPR17 in Neuronal Fibre Outgrowth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111683. [PMID: 34769111 PMCID: PMC8584086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of new pharmacological targets is a promising approach in research of neurorepair mechanisms. The G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) has recently been proposed as an interesting pharmacological target, e.g., in neuroregenerative processes. Using the well-established ex vivo model of organotypic slice co-cultures of the mesocortical dopaminergic system (prefrontal cortex (PFC) and substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) complex), the influence of GPR17 ligands on neurite outgrowth from SN/VTA to the PFC was investigated. The growth-promoting effects of Montelukast (MTK; GPR17- and cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor antagonist), the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and of two potent, selective GPR17 agonists (PSB-16484 and PSB-16282) were characterized. Treatment with MTK resulted in a significant increase in mean neurite density, comparable with the effects of GDNF. The combination of MTK and GPR17 agonist PSB-16484 significantly inhibited neuronal growth. qPCR studies revealed an MTK-induced elevated mRNA-expression of genes relevant for neuronal growth. Immunofluorescence labelling showed a marked expression of GPR17 on NG2-positive glia. Western blot and RT-qPCR analysis of untreated cultures suggest a time-dependent, injury-induced stimulation of GPR17. In conclusion, MTK was identified as a stimulator of neurite fibre outgrowth, mediating its effects through GPR17, highlighting GPR17 as an interesting therapeutic target in neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Braune
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Nico Scherf
- Methods and Development Group Neural Data Analysis and Statistical Computing, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Claudia Heine
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Katja Sygnecka
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (T.P.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Chiara Parravicini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.P.); (M.P.A.)
| | - Bernd Heimrich
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 23, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Maria P. Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.P.); (M.P.A.)
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; (T.P.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)341-9724602; Fax: +49-(0)341-9724609
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Eicosanoid receptors as therapeutic targets for asthma. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1945-1980. [PMID: 34401905 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids comprise a group of oxidation products of arachidonic and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids formed by oxygenases and downstream enzymes. The two major pathways for eicosanoid formation are initiated by the actions of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), leading to leukotrienes (LTs) and 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), and cyclooxygenase (COX), leading to prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane (TX). A third group (specialized pro-resolving mediators; SPMs), including lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and resolvins (Rvs), are formed by the combined actions of different oxygenases. The actions of the above eicosanoids are mediated by approximately 20 G protein-coupled receptors, resulting in a variety of both detrimental and beneficial effects on airway smooth muscle and inflammatory cells that are strongly implicated in asthma pathophysiology. Drugs targeting proinflammatory eicosanoid receptors, including CysLT1, the receptor for LTD4 (montelukast) and TP, the receptor for TXA2 (seratrodast) are currently in use, whereas antagonists of a number of other receptors, including DP2 (PGD2), BLT1 (LTB4), and OXE (5-oxo-ETE) are under investigation. Agonists targeting anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving eicosanoid receptors such as EP2/4 (PGE2), IP (PGI2), ALX/FPR2 (LXA4), and Chemerin1 (RvE1/2) are also being examined. This review summarizes the contributions of eicosanoid receptors to the pathophysiology of asthma and the potential therapeutic benefits of drugs that target these receptors. Because of the multifactorial nature of asthma and the diverse pathways affected by eicosanoid receptors, it will be important to identify subgroups of asthmatics that are likely to respond to any given therapy.
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Biringer RG. A review of non-prostanoid, eicosanoid receptors: expression, characterization, regulation, and mechanism of action. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:5-46. [PMID: 34173964 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoid signaling controls a wide range of biological processes from blood pressure homeostasis to inflammation and resolution thereof to the perception of pain and to cell survival itself. Disruption of normal eicosanoid signaling is implicated in numerous disease states. Eicosanoid signaling is facilitated by G-protein-coupled, eicosanoid-specific receptors and the array of associated G-proteins. This review focuses on the expression, characterization, regulation, and mechanism of action of non-prostanoid, eicosanoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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10
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Conley JM, Sun H, Ayers KL, Zhu H, Chen R, Shen M, Hall MD, Ren H. Human GPR17 missense variants identified in metabolic disease patients have distinct downstream signaling profiles. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100881. [PMID: 34144038 PMCID: PMC8267566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR17 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) implicated in the regulation of glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. Such evidence is primarily drawn from mouse knockout studies and suggests GPR17 as a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic diseases. However, links between human GPR17 genetic variants, downstream cellular signaling, and metabolic diseases have yet to be reported. Here, we analyzed GPR17 coding sequences from control and disease cohorts consisting of individuals with adverse clinical metabolic deficits including severe insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. We identified 18 nonsynonymous GPR17 variants, including eight variants that were exclusive to the disease cohort. We characterized the protein expression levels, membrane localization, and downstream signaling profiles of nine GPR17 variants (F43L, V96M, V103M, D105N, A131T, G136S, R248Q, R301H, and G354V). These nine GPR17 variants had similar protein expression and subcellular localization as wild-type GPR17; however, they showed diverse downstream signaling profiles. GPR17-G136S lost the capacity for agonist-mediated cAMP, Ca2+, and β-arrestin signaling. GPR17-V96M retained cAMP inhibition similar to GPR17-WT, but showed impaired Ca2+ and β-arrestin signaling. GPR17-D105N displayed impaired cAMP and Ca2+ signaling, but unaffected agonist-stimulated β-arrestin recruitment. The identification and functional profiling of naturally occurring human GPR17 variants from individuals with metabolic diseases revealed receptor variants with diverse signaling profiles, including differential signaling perturbations that resulted in GPCR signaling bias. Our findings provide a framework for structure–function relationship studies of GPR17 signaling and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Conley
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hongmao Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin L Ayers
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hu Zhu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongxia Ren
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Sokolowska M, Rovati GE, Diamant Z, Untersmayr E, Schwarze J, Lukasik Z, Sava F, Angelina A, Palomares O, Akdis CA, O’Mahony L, Sanak M, Dahlen S, Woszczek G. Current perspective on eicosanoids in asthma and allergic diseases: EAACI Task Force consensus report, part I. Allergy 2021; 76:114-130. [PMID: 32279330 DOI: 10.1111/all.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are biologically active lipid mediators, comprising prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and lipoxins, involved in several pathophysiological processes relevant to asthma, allergies, and allied diseases. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are the most studied eicosanoids and established inducers of airway pathophysiology including bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. Drugs inhibiting the synthesis of lipid mediators or their effects, such as leukotriene synthesis inhibitors, leukotriene receptors antagonists, and more recently prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonists, have been shown to modulate features of asthma and allergic diseases. This review, produced by an European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) task force, highlights our current understanding of eicosanoid biology and its role in mediating human pathology, with a focus on new findings relevant for clinical practice, development of novel therapeutics, and future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - G. Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology Skane University Hospital Lund Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and Thomayer Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Jargen Schwarze
- Child Life and Health and Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Zuzanna Lukasik
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Florentina Sava
- London North Genomic Laboratory Hub Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Alba Angelina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University Madrid Spain
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University Madrid Spain
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - Liam O’Mahony
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology APC Microbiome Ireland University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Sven‐Erik Dahlen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
- Centre for Allergy Research Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - Grzegorz Woszczek
- MRC/Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences King's College London London UK
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12
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Lecca D, Raffaele S, Abbracchio MP, Fumagalli M. Regulation and signaling of the GPR17 receptor in oligodendroglial cells. Glia 2020; 68:1957-1967. [PMID: 32086854 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination, namely, the formation of new myelin sheaths around denuded axons, counteracts axonal degeneration and restores neuronal function. Considerable advances have been made in understanding this regenerative process that often fails in diseases like multiple sclerosis, leaving axons demyelinated and vulnerable to damage, thus contributing to disease progression. The identification of the membrane receptor GPR17 on a subset of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which mediate remyelination in the adult central nervous system (CNS), has led to a huge amount of evidence that validated this receptor as a new attractive target for remyelinating therapies. Here, we summarize the role of GPR17 in OPC function, myelination and remyelination, describing its atypical pharmacology, its downstream signaling, and the genetic and epigenetic factors modulating its activity. We also highlight crucial insights into GPR17 pathophysiology coming from the demonstration that oligodendrocyte injury, associated with inflammation in chronic neurodegenerative conditions, is invariably characterized by abnormal and persistent GPR17 upregulation, which, in turn, is accompanied by a block of OPCs at immature premyelinating stages. Finally, we discuss the current literature in light of the potential exploitment of GPR17 as a therapeutic target to promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lecca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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13
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of suramin-derived dual antagonists of the proinflammatory G protein-coupled receptors P2Y2 and GPR17. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 186:111789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Foster JR, Ueno S, Chen MX, Harvey J, Dowell SJ, Irving AJ, Brown AJ. N-Palmitoylglycine and other N-acylamides activate the lipid receptor G2A/GPR132. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00542. [PMID: 31768260 PMCID: PMC6868653 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor GPR132, also known as G2A, is activated by 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) and other oxidized fatty acids. Other suggested GPR132 agonists including lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) have not been readily reproduced. Here, we identify N-acylamides in particular N-acylglycines, as lipid activators of GPR132 with comparable activity to 9-HODE. The order-of-potency is N-palmitoylglycine > 9-HODE ≈ N-linoleoylglycine > linoleamide > N-oleoylglycine ≈ N-stereoylglycine > N-arachidonoylglycine > N-docosehexanoylglycine. Physiological concentrations of N-acylglycines in tissue are sufficient to activate GPR132. N-linoleoylglycine and 9-HODE also activate rat and mouse GPR132, despite limited sequence conservation to human. We describe pharmacological tools for GPR132, identified through drug screening. SKF-95667 is a novel GPR132 agonist. SB-583831 and SB-583355 are peptidomimetic molecules containing core amino acids (glycine and phenylalanine, respectively), and structurally related to previously described ligands. A telmisartan analog, GSK1820795A, antagonizes the actions of N-acylamides at GPR132. The synthetic cannabinoid CP-55 940 also activates GPR132. Molecular docking to a homology model suggested a site for lipid binding, predicting the acyl side-chain to extend into the membrane bilayer between TM4 and TM5 of GPR132. Small-molecule ligands are envisaged to occupy a "classical" site encapsulated in the 7TM bundle. Structure-directed mutagenesis indicates a critical role for arginine at position 203 in transmembrane domain 5 to mediate GPR132 activation by N-acylamides. Our data suggest distinct modes of binding for small-molecule and lipid agonists to the GPR132 receptor. Antagonists, such as those described here, will be vital to understand the physiological role of this long-studied target.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Foster
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Medicines Research CentreStevenageUK
- School of MedicineNinewells Hospital and Medical SchoolDundee UniversityDundeeUK
| | - Shohta Ueno
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Medicines Research CentreStevenageUK
- Present address:
RegeneronUxbridgeUK
| | - Mao Xiang Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Medicines Research CentreStevenageUK
| | - Jenni Harvey
- School of MedicineNinewells Hospital and Medical SchoolDundee UniversityDundeeUK
| | - Simon J. Dowell
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Medicines Research CentreStevenageUK
| | - Andrew J. Irving
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceThe Conway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Andrew J. Brown
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Medicines Research CentreStevenageUK
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15
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Michael J, Marschallinger J, Aigner L. The leukotriene signaling pathway: a druggable target in Alzheimer’s disease. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:505-516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Krebs K, Pfeil EM, Simon K, Grundmann M, Häberlein F, Bautista-Aguilera OM, Gütschow M, Weaver CD, Fleischmann BK, Kostenis E. Label-Free Whole Cell Biosensing for High-Throughput Discovery of Activators and Inhibitors Targeting G Protein-Activated Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:14814-14823. [PMID: 30555990 PMCID: PMC6289404 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) and cellular dielectric spectroscopy (CDS) are label-free biosensor technologies that capture real-time integrated cellular responses upon exposure to extra- and intracellular stimuli. They register signaling routes that are accompanied by cell shape changes and/or molecular movement of cells proximal to the biosensor to which they are attached. Here, we report the unexpected observation that robust DMR and CDS signatures are also elicited upon direct stimulation of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels, which are involved in the regulation of excitability in the heart and brain. Using ML297, a small-molecule GIRK activator, along with channel blockers and cytoskeletal network inhibitors, we found that GIRK activation exerts its effects on cell shape by a mechanism which depends on actin but not the microtubule network. Because label-free real-time biosensing (i) quantitatively determines concentration dependency of GIRK activators, (ii) accurately assesses the impact of GIRK channel blockers, (iii) is high throughput-compatible, and (iv) visualizes previously unknown cellular consequences downstream of direct GIRK activation, we do not only provide a novel experimental strategy for identification of GIRK ligands but also an entirely new angle to probe GIRK (ligand) biology. We envision that DMR and CDS may add to the repertoire of technologies for systematic exploitation of ion channel function and, in turn, to the identification of novel GIRK ligands in order to treat cardiovascular and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin
M. Krebs
- Molecular,
Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical
Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Research
Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva M. Pfeil
- Molecular,
Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical
Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Research
Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Simon
- Molecular,
Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical
Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Grundmann
- Molecular,
Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical
Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Häberlein
- Molecular,
Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical
Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oscar M. Bautista-Aguilera
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, Institute of Pharmacy, University
of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, Institute of Pharmacy, University
of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - C. David Weaver
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, 37232 Tennessee, United States
| | - Bernd K. Fleischmann
- Institute
of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular,
Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical
Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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17
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Baqi Y, Pillaiyar T, Abdelrahman A, Kaufmann O, Alshaibani S, Rafehi M, Ghasimi S, Akkari R, Ritter K, Simon K, Spinrath A, Kostenis E, Zhao Q, Köse M, Namasivayam V, Müller CE. 3-(2-Carboxyethyl)indole-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Structural Requirements and Properties of Potent Agonists of the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR17. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8136-8154. [PMID: 30048589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The orphan receptor GPR17 may be a novel drug target for inflammatory diseases. 3-(2-Carboxyethyl)-4,6-dichloro-1 H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (MDL29,951, 1) was previously identified as a moderately potent GPR17 agonist. In the present study, we investigated the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of 1. Substitution of the indole 1-, 5-, or 7-position was detrimental. Only small substituents were tolerated in the 4-position while the 6-position accommodated large lipophilic residues. Among the most potent compounds were 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-1 H-indole-2-carboxylic acid derivatives containing the following substituents: 6-phenoxy (26, PSB-1737, EC50 270 nM), 4-fluoro-6-bromo (33, PSB-18422, EC50 27.9 nM), 4-fluoro-6-iodo (35, PSB-18484, EC50 32.1 nM), and 4-chloro-6-hexyloxy (43, PSB-1767, EC50 67.0 nM). (3-(2-Carboxyethyl)-6-hexyloxy-1 H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (39, PSB-17183, EC50 115 nM) behaved as a partial agonist. Selected potent compounds tested at human P2Y receptor subtypes showed high selectivity for GPR17. Docking into a homology model of the human GPR17 and molecular dynamic simulation studies rationalized the observed SARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younis Baqi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Sultan Qaboos University , P.O. Box 36, 123 Muscat , Oman
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Aliaa Abdelrahman
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Olesja Kaufmann
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Samer Alshaibani
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Muhammad Rafehi
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Saman Ghasimi
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Rhalid Akkari
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Kirsten Ritter
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Katharina Simon
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Section Molecular-, Cellular-, and Pharmacobiology, University of Bonn , Nußallee 6 , 53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Andreas Spinrath
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Section Molecular-, Cellular-, and Pharmacobiology, University of Bonn , Nußallee 6 , 53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Section Molecular-, Cellular-, and Pharmacobiology, University of Bonn , Nußallee 6 , 53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Qiang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Meryem Köse
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
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18
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Zhao B, Wang H, Li CX, Song SW, Fang SH, Wei EQ, Shi QJ. GPR17 mediates ischemia-like neuronal injury via microglial activation. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2750-2762. [PMID: 30226562 PMCID: PMC6192776 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR17 is a G (i)-coupled dual receptor, linked to P2Y and CysLT receptors stimulated by uracil nucleotides and cysteinyl leukotrienes, respectively. Recent evidence has demonstrated that GPR17 inhibition ameliorates the progression of cerebral ischemic injury by regulating neuronal death and microglial activation. The present study aimed to assess the detailed regulatory roles of this receptor in oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery (OGD/R)-induced ischemia-like injury in vitro and explore the underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that OGD/R induced ischemic neuronal injury and microglial activation, including enhanced phagocytosis and increased inflammatory cytokine release in neuron‑glial mixed cultures of cortical cells. GPR17 upregulation during OGD/R was spatially and temporally correlated with neuronal injury and microglial activation. In addition, GPR17 knockdown inhibited OGD/R-induced responses in neuron-glial mixed cultures. GPR17 knockdown also attenuated cell injury induced by the agonist leukotriene D4 (LTD4) or uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP) in neuron-glial mixed cultures. However, GPR17 knockdown did not affect OGD/R-induced ischemic neuronal injury in primary cultures of neurons. In primary astrocyte cultures, neither GPR17 nor OGD/R induced injury. By contrast, GPR17 knockdown ameliorated OGD/R-induced microglial activation, boosting phagocytosis and inflammatory cytokine release in primary microglia cultures. Finally, the results demonstrated that the conditioned medium of microglia pretreated with OGD/R induced neuronal death, and the neuronal injury was significantly inhibited by GPR17 knockdown. These findings suggested that GPR17 may mediate ischemia-like neuronal injury and microglial activation in vitro; however, the protective effects on ischemic neuronal injury might depend upon microglial activation. Whether GPR17 regulates neuronal injury mediated by oligodendrocyte linkage remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Xia Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Wen Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - San-Hua Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Er-Qing Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Juan Shi
- Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
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19
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Merten N, Fischer J, Simon K, Zhang L, Schröder R, Peters L, Letombe AG, Hennen S, Schrage R, Bödefeld T, Vermeiren C, Gillard M, Mohr K, Lu QR, Brüstle O, Gomeza J, Kostenis E. Repurposing HAMI3379 to Block GPR17 and Promote Rodent and Human Oligodendrocyte Differentiation. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:775-786.e5. [PMID: 29706593 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of additional uses for existing drugs is a hot topic in drug discovery and a viable alternative to de novo drug development. HAMI3379 is known as an antagonist of the cysteinyl-leukotriene CysLT2 receptor, and was initially developed to treat cardiovascular and inflammatory disorders. In our study we identified HAMI3379 as an antagonist of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR17. HAMI3379 inhibits signaling of recombinant human, rat, and mouse GPR17 across various cellular backgrounds, and of endogenous GPR17 in primary rodent oligodendrocytes. GPR17 blockade by HAMI3379 enhanced maturation of primary rat and mouse oligodendrocytes, but was without effect in oligodendrocytes from GPR17 knockout mice. In human oligodendrocytes prepared from inducible pluripotent stem cells, GPR17 is expressed and its activation impaired oligodendrocyte differentiation. HAMI3379, conversely, efficiently favored human oligodendrocyte differentiation. We propose that HAMI3379 holds promise for pharmacological exploitation of orphan GPR17 to enhance regenerative strategies for the promotion of remyelination in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Merten
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE&BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Simon
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ralf Schröder
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lucas Peters
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Hennen
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ramona Schrage
- UCB Biopharma, CNS Research, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Theresa Bödefeld
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Michel Gillard
- UCB Biopharma, CNS Research, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Klaus Mohr
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Qing Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE&BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jesus Gomeza
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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20
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The G protein-coupled receptors deorphanization landscape. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:62-74. [PMID: 29454621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are usually highlighted as being both the largest family of membrane proteins and the most productive source of drug targets. However, most of the GPCRs are understudied and hence cannot be used immediately for innovative therapeutic strategies. Besides, there are still around 100 orphan receptors, with no described endogenous ligand and no clearly defined function. The race to discover new ligands for these elusive receptors seems to be less intense than before. Here, we present an update of the various strategies employed to assign a function to these receptors and to discover new ligands. We focus on the recent advances in the identification of endogenous ligands with a detailed description of newly deorphanized receptors. Replication being a key parameter in these endeavors, we also discuss the latest controversies about problematic ligand-receptor pairings. In this context, we propose several recommendations in order to strengthen the reporting of new ligand-receptor pairs.
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21
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Milligan G. G protein-coupled receptors not currently in the spotlight: free fatty acid receptor 2 and GPR35. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:2543-2553. [PMID: 28940377 PMCID: PMC6003633 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely appreciated that G protein‐coupled receptors have been the most successfully exploited class of targets for the development of small molecule medicines. Despite this, to date, less than 15% of the non‐olfactory G protein‐coupled receptors in the human genome are the targets of a clinically used medicine. In many cases, this is likely to reflect a lack of understanding of the basic underpinning biology of many G protein‐coupled receptors that are not currently in the spotlight, as well as a paucity of pharmacological tool compounds and appropriate animal models to test in vivo function of such G protein‐coupled receptors in both normal physiology and in the context of disease. ‘Open Innovation’ arrangements, in which pharmaceutical companies and public–private partnerships provide wider access to tool compounds identified from ligand screening programmes, alongside enhanced medicinal chemistry support to convert such screening ‘hits’ into useful ‘tool’ compounds will provide important routes to improved understanding. However, in parallel, novel approaches to define and fully appreciate the selectivity and mode of action of such tool compounds, as well as better understanding of potential species orthologue variability in the pharmacology and/or signalling profile of a wide range of currently poorly understood and understudied G protein‐coupled receptors, will be vital to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of this large target class. I consider these themes using as exemplars two G protein‐coupled receptors, free fatty acid receptor 2 and GPR35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Le Duc D, Schulz A, Lede V, Schulze A, Thor D, Brüser A, Schöneberg T. P2Y Receptors in Immune Response and Inflammation. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:85-121. [PMID: 28950952 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic pyrimidine and purine nucleotide receptors (P2Y receptors) are expressed in virtually all cells with implications in very diverse biological functions, including the well-established platelet aggregation (P2Y12), but also immune regulation and inflammation. The classical P2Y receptors bind nucleotides and are encoded by eight genes with limited sequence homology, while phylogenetically related receptors (e.g., P2Y12-like) recognize lipids and peptides, but also nucleotide derivatives. Growing lines of evidence suggest an important function of P2Y receptors in immune cell differentiation and maturation, migration, and cell apoptosis. Here, we give a perspective on the P2Y receptors' molecular structure and physiological importance in immune cells, as well as the related diseases and P2Y-targeting therapies. Extensive research is being undertaken to find modulators of P2Y receptors and uncover their physiological roles. We anticipate the medical applications of P2Y modulators and their immune relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Le Duc
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vera Lede
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annelie Schulze
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Brüser
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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