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Zhu H, Tan Y. The Origin of Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests in East Asia from the Evidence of Floristic Elements. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1106. [PMID: 38674515 PMCID: PMC11054231 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Arguments about the origin and evolution of the evergreen broad-leaved forests in East Asia exist generally, and are even contradictory in some cases. The origin and evolution of the flora of East Asia, especially in the evolutionary process, the formation time of the Asian monsoon, the implications of phylogenetic and biogeographic studies on some important taxa, and the implications of palaeobotanical evidence are debatable. Most research from different disciplines suggests that the monsoon in the Miocene was key to the diversification of East Asian flora and its evergreen broad-leaved forests. The common view is that the evergreen broad-leaved forests of East Asia are closely related to the monsoon's intensity and developments, which were caused by the uplift of Himalaya-Tibet during or after the mid-Miocene. Analysis of the floristic elements show that the present subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in East Asia could have an early or ancient tropical origin and a tropical Asian affinity, but that their species are dominated by endemic Chinese or East Asian ones, many of which have tropical Asian affinity or are tropical sister species. The time of Himalayan uplift and the intensity of the monsoon climate are believed to be key to the formation of the evergreen broad-leaved forests in East Asia. Combined with existing paleobotanical findings, the uplift of the Himalayas and the formation of the monsoon climate, as well as floristic elements of the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests, we believe that they evolved from an Asian tropical rainforest after the mid-Miocene in the southeastern region of East Asia, while the ancient subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in the southwestern region continuously evolved into the present subtropical ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Southeast Asia Biodiversity Conservation, Yunnan Key Laboratory for the Conservation of Tropical Rainforests and Asian Elephants, Mengla 666303, China;
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Luo Y, Mi W, Gao Y, Qin L. Provenance Analysis in the Nima Basin during Paleogene and Its Implications for the Decline of the Tibetan Central Valley. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13148-13162. [PMID: 38524406 PMCID: PMC10955701 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
It is unclear what caused the Bangong Nujiang suture zone in the central Tibetan plateau to rise from less than 2 km in early Cenozoic to more than 4 km at present. The zircon U-Pb ages and trace elements of samples from the Niubao Formation in the Paleogene of the Nima basin were analyzed and tested. Combined with the isostasy theory, the surface uplift height of the Nima Basin during the Cenozoic period was calculated. The zircon U-Pb age results of the Niubao formation are consistent with the ages of the Lhasa terrane on the south side of the basin, the Qiangtang terrane on the north side, and the uplift in central. The zircon Eu/Eu* results show that the crust in central part of Tibetan plateau thickened by ∼20 km in Paleogene, resulting in ∼3 km surface uplift. Sediments created a total of about 1 km of surface uplift throughout the Paleogene, and the deposition rate began to slow down significantly at ∼40 Ma. Therefore, it is inferred that in the early Cenozoic, the uplift of the valley was mainly caused by sedimentation. With the continuous downward subduction of the Indian plate, at about 40 Ma, factors such as crustal shortening dominated the uplift of the central valley, and the uplift caused by deposition only accounted for a very small part. In general, the uplift of the Central Valley in the Paleogene was mainly affected by crustal shortening, but a quarter of the surface uplift was caused by the accumulation of sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Luo
- School of Resource and Environmental
Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of
Technology, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wentian Mi
- School of Resource and Environmental
Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of
Technology, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Resource and Environmental
Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of
Technology, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luqing Qin
- School of Resource and Environmental
Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of
Technology, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Q, Yang Y, Liu B, Lu L, Sauquet H, Li D, Chen Z. Meta-analysis provides insights into the origin and evolution of East Asian evergreen broad-leaved forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38186378 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Evergreen broad-leaved forests (EBLFs) are dominated by a monsoon climate and form a distinct biome in East Asia with notably high biodiversity. However, the origin and evolution of East Asian EBLFs (EAEBLFs) remain elusive despite the estimation of divergence times for various representative lineages. Using 72 selected generic-level characteristic lineages, we constructed an integrated lineage accumulation rate (LAR) curve based on their crown ages. According to the crown-based LAR, the EAEBLF origin was identified at least as the early Oligocene (c. 31.8 million years ago (Ma)). The accumulation rate of the characteristic genera peaked at 25.2 and 6.4 Ma, coinciding with the two intensification periods of the Asian monsoon at the Oligocene - Miocene and the Miocene - Pliocene boundaries, respectively. Moreover, the LAR was highly correlated with precipitation in the EAEBLF region and negatively to global temperature, as revealed through time-lag cross-correlation analyses. An early Oligocene origin is suggested for EAEBLFs, bridging the gap between paleobotanical and molecular dating studies and solving conflicts among previous estimates based on individual representative lineages. The strong correlation between the crown-based LAR and the precipitation brought about by the Asian monsoon emphasizes its irreplaceable role in the origin and development of EAEBLFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yuchang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Limin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Dezhu Li
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhiduan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
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Liu L, Galbrun E, Tang H, Kaakinen A, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Žliobaitė I. The emergence of modern zoogeographic regions in Asia examined through climate-dental trait association patterns. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8194. [PMID: 38081824 PMCID: PMC10713550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex and contrasted distribution of terrestrial biota in Asia has been linked to active tectonics and dramatic climatic changes during the Neogene. However, the timings of the emergence of these distributional patterns and the underlying climatic and tectonic mechanisms remain disputed. Here, we apply a computational data analysis technique, called redescription mining, to track these spatiotemporal phenomena by studying the associations between the prevailing herbivore dental traits of mammalian communities and climatic conditions during the Neogene. Our results indicate that the modern latitudinal zoogeographic division emerged after the Middle Miocene climatic transition, and that the modern monsoonal zoogeographic pattern emerged during the late Late Miocene. Furthermore, the presence of a montane forest biodiversity hotspot in the Hengduan Mountains alongside Alpine fauna on the Tibetan Plateau suggests that the modern distribution patterns may have already existed since the Pliocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
- Department of Palaeobiology, The Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, Stockholm, SE-104 05, Sweden.
| | - Esther Galbrun
- School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, Technopolis, Microkatu 1, Kuopio, FI-70210, Finland.
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Climate System Research Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, FI-00101, Finland
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1022, Oslo, NO-0315, Norway
| | - Anu Kaakinen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Zhongshi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Zijian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19, Beitucheng Western Road, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Indrė Žliobaitė
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 68, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
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Qin HT, Mӧller M, Milne R, Luo YH, Zhu GF, Li DZ, Liu J, Gao LM. Multiple paternally inherited chloroplast capture events associated with Taxus speciation in the Hengduan Mountains. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 189:107915. [PMID: 37666379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Mountainous regions provide a multitude of habitats and opportunities for complex speciation scenarios. Hybridization leading to chloroplast capture, which can be revealed by incongruent phylogenetic trees, is one possible outcome. Four allopatric Taxus lineages (three species and an undescribed lineage) from the Hengduan Mountains, southwest China, exhibit conflicting phylogenetic relationships between nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies. Here, we use multi-omic data at the population level to investigate their historical speciation processes. Population genomic analysis based on ddRAD-seq data revealed limited contemporary inter-specific gene flow involving only populations located close to another species. In a historical context, chloroplast and nuclear data (transcriptome) consistently showed conflicting phylogenetic relationships for T. florinii and the Emei type lineage. ILS and chloroplast recombination were excluded as possible causes, and transcriptome and ddRAD-seq data revealed an absence of the mosaic nuclear genomes that characterize hybrid origin scenarios. Therefore, T. florinii appears to have originated when a lineage of T. florinii captured the T. chinensis plastid type, whereas plastid introgression in the opposite direction generated the Emei Type. All four species have distinct ecological niche based on community investigations and ecological niche analyses. We propose that the origins of both species represent very rare examples of chloroplast capture events despite the paternal cpDNA inheritance of gymnosperms. Specifically, allopatrically and/or ecologically diverged parental species experienced a rare secondary contact, subsequent hybridization and reciprocal chloroplast capture, generating two new lineages, each of which acquired a unique ecological niche. These events might have been triggered by orogenic activities of the Hengduan Mountains and an intensification of the Asian monsoon in the late Miocene, and may represent a scenario more common in these mountains than presently known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Tao Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Michael Mӧller
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Milne
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, United Kingdom
| | - Ya-Huang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang 674100, Yunnan, China
| | - Guang-Fu Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang 674100, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang 674100, Yunnan, China.
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Liu Y, Lai YJ, Ye JF, Hu HH, Peng DX, Lu LM, Sun H, Chen ZD. The Sino-Himalayan flora evolved from lowland biomes dominated by tropical floristic elements. BMC Biol 2023; 21:239. [PMID: 37904140 PMCID: PMC10617089 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01746-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Sino-Himalayan flora harbors highly diverse high-elevation biotas, but our understanding of its evolutionary history in temporal and spatial dimensions is limited. In this study, we integrated a dated phylogenetic tree with comprehensive species distribution data to investigate changes over time and space in floristic elements, including the tropical, Tethys, northern temperate, and East Asian floristic elements, across the entire Sino-Himalaya and its three floristic regions: the Yunnan Plateau, Hengduan Mountains, and East Himalaya regions. RESULTS Our results revealed that the Sino-Himalayan flora developed from lowland biomes and was predominantly characterized by tropical floristic elements before the collision between the Indian subcontinent and Eurasia during the Early Cenozoic. Subsequently, from the Late Eocene onwards, the uplifts of the Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains transformed the Sino-Himalayan region into a wet and cold plateau, on which harsh and diverse ecological conditions forced the rapid evolution of local angiosperms, giving birth to characteristic taxa adapted to the high altitudes and cold habitat. The percentage of temperate floristic elements increased and exceeded that of tropical floristic elements by the Late Miocene. CONCLUSIONS The Sino-Himalayan flora underwent four significant formation periods and experienced a considerable increase in endemic genera and species in the Miocene, which remain crucial to the present-day patterns of plant diversity. Our findings support the view that the Sino-Himalayan flora is relatively young but has ancient origins. The three major shifts in the divergence of genera and species during the four formation periods were primarily influenced by the uplifts of the Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains and the onset and intensification of the Asian monsoon system. Additionally, the temporal patterns of floristic elements differed among the three floristic regions of the Sino-Himalaya, indicating that the uplift of the Himalaya and surrounding areas was asynchronous. Compared to the Yunnan Plateau region, the East Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains experienced more recent and drastic uplifts, resulting in highly intricate topography with diverse habitats that promoted the rapid radiation of endemic genera and species in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang-Jun Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jian-Fei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Hai-Hua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Dan-Xiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Li-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Zhi-Duan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Sun J, Liu X, Huang Y, Wang F, Sun Y, Chen J, Chu D, Song H. Automatic identification and morphological comparison of bivalve and brachiopod fossils based on deep learning. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16200. [PMID: 37842038 PMCID: PMC10576495 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fossil identification is an essential and fundamental task for conducting palaeontological research. Because the manual identification of fossils requires extensive experience and is time-consuming, automatic identification methods are proposed. However, these studies are limited to a few or dozens of species, which is hardly adequate for the needs of research. This study enabled the automatic identification of hundreds of species based on a newly established fossil dataset. An available "bivalve and brachiopod fossil image dataset" (BBFID, containing >16,000 "image-label" data pairs, taxonomic determination completed) was created. The bivalves and brachiopods contained in BBFID are closely related in morphology, ecology and evolution that have long attracted the interest of researchers. We achieved >80% identification accuracy at 22 genera and ∼64% accuracy at 343 species using EfficientNetV2s architecture. The intermediate output of the model was extracted and downscaled to obtain the morphological feature space of fossils using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). We found a distinctive boundary between the morphological feature points of bivalves and brachiopods in fossil morphological feature distribution maps. This study provides a possible method for studying the morphological evolution of fossil clades using computer vision in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaokang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yunfei Huang
- School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fengyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yongfang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Yifu Museum, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Daoliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haijun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Xu T, Wang R, La Q, Yonezawa T, Huang X, Sun K, Song Z, Wang Y, Bartish IV, Zhang W, Cheng S. Climate heterogeneity shapes phylogeographic pattern of Hippophae gyantsensis (Elaeagnaceae) in the east Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10182. [PMID: 37304372 PMCID: PMC10251425 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of recent orographic uplift and climate heterogeneity acted as a key role in the East Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains (EHHM) has been reported in many studies. However, how exactly the interaction promotes clade diversification remains poorly understood. In this study, we both used the chloroplast trnT-trnF region and 11 nuclear microsatellite loci to investigate the phylogeographic structure and population dynamics of Hippophae gyantsensis and estimate what role geological barriers or ecological factors play in the spatial genetic structure. The results showed that this species had a strong east-west phylogeographic structure, with several mixed populations identified from microsatellite data in central location. The intraspecies divergence time was estimated to be about 3.59 Ma, corresponding well with the recent uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Between the two lineages, there was significant climatic differentiation without geographic barriers. High consistency between lineage divergence, climatic heterogeneity, and Qingzang Movement demonstrated that climatic heterogeneity but not geographic isolation drives the divergence of H. gyantsensis, and the recent regional uplift of the QTP, as the Himalayas, creates heterogeneous climates by affecting the flow of the Indian monsoon. The east group of H. gyantsensis experienced population expansion c. 0.12 Ma, closely associated with the last interglacial interval. Subsequently, a genetic admixture event between east and west groups happened at 26.90 ka, a period corresponding to the warm inter-glaciation again. These findings highlight the importance of the Quaternary climatic fluctuations in the recent evolutionary history of H. gyantsensis. Our study will improve the understanding of the history and mechanisms of biodiversity accumulation in the EHHM region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ruixue Wang
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Qiong La
- Department of BiologyTibet UniversityLhasaChina
| | - Takahiro Yonezawa
- Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kun Sun
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Zhiping Song
- Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuguo Wang
- Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Igor V. Bartish
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPruhoniceCzech Republic
| | - Wenju Zhang
- Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shanmei Cheng
- Laboratory of Subtropical BiodiversityJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
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Chen F, Xue G, Wang Y, Zhang H, Clift PD, Xing Y, He J, Albert JS, Chen J, Xie P. Evolution of the Yangtze River and its biodiversity. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100417. [PMID: 37091911 PMCID: PMC10119799 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Documenting the origins of megadiverse (sub)tropical aquatic ecosystems is an important goal for studies of evolution and ecology. Nonetheless, the geological and ecological establishment of the modern Yangtze River remains poorly understood. Here, we reconstruct the geographic and ecological history of an endemic clade of East Asian fishes based on the mitochondrial phylogenomics analysis of Cyprinidae using 15 fossil calibrations. We estimate an ancestral condition of benthic spawning with demersal or adhesive eggs in southern East Asia before ∼23 Ma and a derived condition of riverine spawning with semibuoyant eggs in the Yangtze by ∼18 Ma. These results imply the formation of Yangtze riverine ecosystems around the Oligocene-Miocene boundary in response to plateau uplift and monsoon strengthening. Some of these cyprinids reverted to benthic spawning with adhesive eggs by ∼15 Ma, a time of rising to peak net diversification rates, indicating the formation of potamo-lacustrine ecosystems by the mid-Miocene during a strong East Asian summer monsoon. Our study provides increased spatiotemporal resolution for the co-evolutionary histories of the Yangtze River and its biodiversity and highlights biological evidence concerning the geomorphological dynamics of the Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ge Xue
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yeke Wang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hucai Zhang
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Peter D. Clift
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Yaowu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - James S. Albert
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Corresponding author
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10
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Zhao D, Zhang J, Hui N, Wang L, Tian Y, Ni W, Long J, Jiang L, Li Y, Diao S, Li J, Tembrock LR, Wu Z, Wang Z. A Genomic Quantitative Study on the Contribution of the Ancestral-State Bases Relative to Derived Bases in the Divergence and Local Adaptation of Populus davidiana. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040821. [PMID: 37107579 PMCID: PMC10137690 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying alleles associated with adaptation to new environments will advance our understanding of evolution from the molecular level. Previous studies have found that the Populus davidiana southwest population in East Asia has differentiated from other populations in the range. We aimed to evaluate the contributions of the ancestral-state bases (ASBs) relative to derived bases (DBs) in the local adaptation of P. davidiana in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau from a quantitative perspective using whole-genome re-sequencing data from 90 P. davidiana samples from three regions across the species range. Our results showed that the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the Neogene and associated climate fluctuations during the Middle Pleistocene were likely an important factor in the early divergence of P. davidiana. Highly differentiated genomic regions between populations were inferred to have undergone strong linked natural selection, and ASBs are the chief means by which populations of P. davidiana adapt to novel environmental conditions; however, when adapting to regions with high environmental differences relative to the ancestral range, the proportion of DBs was significantly higher than that of background regions, as ASBs are insufficient to cope with these environments. Finally, a number of genes were identified in the outlier region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable, Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Nan Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wanning Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jinhua Long
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Songfeng Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Luke R Tembrock
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Zhaoshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable, Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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11
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Kumar S, Hazra T, Spicer RA, Hazra M, Spicer TE, Bera S, Khan MA. Coryphoid palms from the K-Pg boundary of central India and their biogeographical implications: Evidence from megafossil remains. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:80-97. [PMID: 36876312 PMCID: PMC9975480 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ten palm leaf impressions are documented from the latest Maastrichtian (late Cretaceous) to early Danian (earliest Paleocene) sediments (K-Pg, c. 66-64 Ma) of the Mandla Lobe of the Deccan Inter-trappean Beds, Madhya Pradesh, central India. The palmate leaf shape along with a definite well-preserved costa support their placement in the subfamily Coryphoideae of the family Arecaceae. We place all recovered palm leaf specimens in the fossil genus Sabalites, report seven species of coryphoid palms and describe two new species namely, Sabalities umariaensis sp. nov. and Sabalites ghughuaensis sp. nov. The fossils indicate that coryphoid palms were highly diverse in central India by the latest Cretaceous. These and earlier reported coryphoid palm fossils from the same locality indicate that they experienced a warm and humid tropical environment during the time of deposition. These discoveries confirm the presence of a diversity of Coryphoideae in Gondwana prior to the India-Eurasia collision and provide information about coryphoid biogeographical history over geological time. Based on megafossil remains, we trace coryphoid palm migration pathways from India to mainland Southeast (SE) Asia and other parts of Asia after the docking of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia early in the Paleogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Kumar
- Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia 723104, India
| | - Taposhi Hazra
- Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia 723104, India
| | - Robert A. Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, PR China
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Manoshi Hazra
- Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia 723104, India
| | - Teresa E.V. Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, PR China
| | - Subir Bera
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, B.C. Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Mahasin Ali Khan
- Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia 723104, India
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12
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Mo ZQ, Fu CN, Zhu MS, Milne RI, Yang JB, Cai J, Qin HT, Zheng W, Hollingsworth PM, Li DZ, Gao LM. Resolution, conflict and rate shifts: insights from a densely sampled plastome phylogeny for Rhododendron (Ericaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:687-701. [PMID: 36087101 PMCID: PMC9670778 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rhododendron is a species-rich and taxonomically challenging genus due to recent adaptive radiation and frequent hybridization. A well-resolved phylogenetic tree would help to understand the diverse history of Rhododendron in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains where the genus is most diverse. METHODS We reconstructed the phylogeny based on plastid genomes with broad taxon sampling, covering 161 species representing all eight subgenera and all 12 sections, including ~45 % of the Rhododendron species native to the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains. We compared this phylogeny with nuclear phylogenies to elucidate reticulate evolutionary events and clarify relationships at all levels within the genus. We also estimated the timing and diversification history of Rhododendron, especially the two species-rich subgenera Rhododendron and Hymenanthes that comprise >90 % of Rhododendron species in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains. KEY RESULTS The full plastid dataset produced a well-resolved and supported phylogeny of Rhododendron. We identified 13 clades that were almost always monophyletic across all published phylogenies. The conflicts between nuclear and plastid phylogenies suggested strongly that reticulation events may have occurred in the deep lineage history of the genus. Within Rhododendron, subgenus Therorhodion diverged first at 56 Mya, then a burst of diversification occurred from 23.8 to 17.6 Mya, generating ten lineages among the component 12 clades of core Rhododendron. Diversification in subgenus Rhododendron accelerated c. 16.6 Mya and then became fairly continuous. Conversely, Hymenanthes diversification was slow at first, then accelerated very rapidly around 5 Mya. In the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, subgenus Rhododendron contained one major clade adapted to high altitudes and another to low altitudes, whereas most clades in Hymenanthes contained both low- and high-altitude species, indicating greater ecological plasticity during its diversification. CONCLUSIONS The 13 clades proposed here may help to identify specific ancient hybridization events. This study will help to establish a stable and reliable taxonomic framework for Rhododendron, and provides insight into what drove its diversification and ecological adaption. Denser sampling of taxa, examining both organelle and nuclear genomes, is needed to better understand the divergence and diversification history of Rhododendron.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ming-Shu Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Richard I Milne
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Jun-Bo Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Han-Tao Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Wang X, Liang D, Wang X, Tang M, Liu Y, Liu S, Zhang P. Phylogenomics reveals the evolution, biogeography, and diversification history of voles in the Hengduan Mountains. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1124. [PMID: 36284161 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hengduan Mountains (HDM) of China are a biodiversity hotspot whose temperate flora and fauna are among the world's richest. However, the origin and evolution of biodiversity in the HDM remain poorly understood, especially in mammals. Given that the HDM shows the highest richness of vole species in the world, we used whole-exome capture sequencing data from the currently most comprehensive sampling of HDM voles to investigate their evolutionary history and diversification patterns. We reconstructed a robust phylogeny and re-estimated divergence times of the HDM voles. We found that all HDM voles could be divided into a western lineage (Volemys, Proedromys, and Neodon) and an eastern lineage (Caryomys and Eothenomys), and the two lineages originated from two migration events from North Eurasia to the HDM approximately 9 Mya. Both vole lineages underwent a significant acceleration of net diversification from 8-5 Mya, which was temporally congruent with the orogeny of the HDM region. We also identified strong intertribal gene flow among the HDM voles and hypothesized that frequent gene flow might have facilitated the speciation burst of the HDM voles. Our study highlights the importance of both environmental and biotic factors in shaping the biodiversity of mammals in mountain ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoYun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Yang Liu
- Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.
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14
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Xu XT, Szwedo J, Huang DY, Deng WYD, Obroślak M, Wu FX, Su T. A New Genus of Spittlebugs (Hemiptera, Cercopidae) from the Eocene of Central Tibetan Plateau. INSECTS 2022; 13:770. [PMID: 36135471 PMCID: PMC9503688 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The superfamily Cercopoidea is commonly named as "spittlebugs", as its nymphs produce a spittle mass to protect themselves. Cosmoscartini (Cercopoidea: Cercopidae) is a large and brightly colored Old World tropical tribe, including 11 genera. A new genus Nangamostethos gen. nov. (type species: Nangamostethostibetense sp. nov.) of Cosmoscartini is described from Niubao Formation, the late Eocene of central Tibetan Plateau (TP), China. Its placement is ensured by comparison with all the extant genera of the tribe Cosmoscartini. The new fossil represents one of few fossil Cercopidae species described from Asia. It is likely that Nangamostethos was extinct from the TP due to the regional aridification and an overturn of plant taxa in the late Paleogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jacek Szwedo
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, 59, Wita Stwosza Street, PL80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Di-Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | | | - Martyna Obroślak
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, 59, Wita Stwosza Street, PL80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Fei-Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Tao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Xia M, Cai M, Comes HP, Zheng L, Ohi-Toma T, Lee J, Qi Z, Konowalik K, Li P, Cameron KM, Fu C. An overlooked dispersal route of Cardueae (Asteraceae) from the Mediterranean to East Asia revealed by phylogenomic and biogeographical analyses of Atractylodes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:53-64. [PMID: 35533344 PMCID: PMC9295924 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The East Asian-Tethyan disjunction pattern and its mechanisms of formation have long been of interest to researchers. Here, we studied the biogeographical history of Asteraceae tribe Cardueae, with a particular focus on the temperate East Asian genus Atractylodes DC., to understand the role of tectonic and climatic events in driving the diversification and disjunctions of the genus. METHODS A total of 76 samples of Atractylodes from 36 locations were collected for RAD-sequencing. Three single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets based on different filtering strategies were used for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular dating and ancestral distribution reconstruction were performed using both chloroplast DNA sequences (127 Cardueae samples) and SNP (36 Atractylodes samples) datasets. KEY RESULTS Six species of Atractylodes were well resolved as individually monophyletic, although some introgression was identified among accessions of A. chinensis, A. lancea and A. koreana. Dispersal of the subtribe Carlininae from the Mediterranean to East Asia occurred after divergence between Atractylodes and Carlina L. + Atractylis L. + Thevenotia DC. at ~31.57 Ma, resulting in an East Asian-Tethyan disjunction. Diversification of Atractylodes in East Asia mainly occurred from the Late Miocene to the Early Pleistocene. CONCLUSIONS Aridification of Asia and the closure of the Turgai Strait in the Late Oligocene promoted the dispersal of Cardueae from the Mediterranean to East China. Subsequent uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as well as changes in Asian monsoon systems resulted in an East Asian-Tethyan disjunction between Atractylodes and Carlina + Atractylis + Thevenotia. In addition, Late Miocene to Quaternary climates and sea level fluctuations played major roles in the diversification of Atractylodes. Through this study of different taxonomic levels using genomic data, we have revealed an overlooked dispersal route between the Mediterranean and far East Asia (Japan/Korea) via Central Asia and East China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Biosciences, Salzburg University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Li Zheng
- Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity Group, MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiaxing Second Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tetsuo Ohi-Toma
- Nature Fieldwork Center, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Joongku Lee
- Department of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Zhechen Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kamil Konowalik
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pan Li
- For correspondence. E-email
| | | | - Chengxin Fu
- Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity Group, MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Rapid Eocene diversification of spiny plants in subtropical woodlands of central Tibet. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3787. [PMID: 35778378 PMCID: PMC9249787 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinescence is an important functional trait possessed by many plant species for physical defence against mammalian herbivores. The development of spinescence must have been closely associated with both biotic and abiotic factors in the geological past, but knowledge of spinescence evolution suffers from a dearth of fossil records, with most studies focusing on spatial patterns and spinescence-herbivore interactions in modern ecosystems. Numerous well-preserved Eocene (~39 Ma) plant fossils exhibiting seven different spine morphologies discovered recently in the central Tibetan Plateau, combined with molecular phylogenetic character reconstruction, point not only to the presence of a diversity of spiny plants in Eocene central Tibet but a rapid diversification of spiny plants in Eurasia around that time. These spiny plants occupied an open woodland landscape, indicated by numerous megafossils and grass phytoliths found in the same deposits, as well as numerical climate and vegetation modelling. Our study shows that regional aridification and expansion of herbivorous mammals may have driven the diversification of functional spinescence in central Tibetan woodlands, ~24 million years earlier than similar transformations in Africa. Spines are an important physical defense for many plant species. Here, the authors describe seven different spine morphologies from the Eocene of central Tibet associated with regional aridification and expansion of herbivorous mammals.
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17
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Song A, Liu J, Liang SQ, Van Do T, Nguyen HB, Deng WYD, Jia LB, Del Rio C, Srivastava G, Feng Z, Zhou ZK, Huang J, Su T. Leaf fossils of Sabalites (Arecaceae) from the Oligocene of northern Vietnam and their paleoclimatic implications. PLANT DIVERSITY 2022; 44:406-416. [PMID: 35967257 PMCID: PMC9363516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent paleobotanical investigations in Vietnam provide a good opportunity to improve our understanding of the biodiversity and paleoclimatic conditions in the geological past of Southeast Asia. Palms (Arecaceae) are a diverse family of typical thermophilous plants with a relatively low tolerance for freezing. In this study, we describe well-preserved fossil palm leaves from the Oligocene Dong Ho Formation of Hoanh Bo Basin, northern Vietnam. Characters of the fossil leaves, such as a fan-shaped costapalmate lamina, an unarmed petiole, a costa slightly enlarged at the base that then tapers distally into the blade, and well-preserved amphistomatic leaves with cuticles, suggest that they represent a new fossil species, which we herein designate Sabalites colaniae A. Song, T. Su, T. V. Do et Z.K. Zhou sp. nov. Together with other paleontological and palaeoclimatic evidence, we conclude that a warm climate prevailed in northern Vietnam and nearby areas during the Oligocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Song
- Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Jia Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Shui-Qing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Truong Van Do
- Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Graduate Academy of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hung Ba Nguyen
- Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Wei-Yu-Dong Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Lin-Bo Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Cédric Del Rio
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | | | - Zhuo Feng
- Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zhe-Kun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Jian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Tao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
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18
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Wu S, Wang Y, Wang Z, Shrestha N, Liu J. Species divergence with gene flow and hybrid speciation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:392-404. [PMID: 35020198 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) sensu lato (sl), comprising the platform, the Himalaya and the Hengduan Mountains, is characterized by a large number of endemic plant species. This evolutionary cradle may have arisen from explosive species diversification because of geographic isolation. However, gene flow has been widely detected during the speciation processes of all groups examined, suggesting that natural selection may have also played an important role during species divergence in this region. In addition, natural hybrids have been recovered in almost all species-rich genera. This suggests that numerous species in this region are still 'on the speciation pathway to complete reproductive isolation (RI)'. Such hybrids could directly develop into new species through hybrid polyploidization and homoploid hybrid speciation (HHS). HHS may take place more easily than previously thought through alternate inheritance of alleles of parents at multiple RI loci. Therefore, isolation, selection and hybridization could together have promoted species diversification of numerous plant genera on the QTP sl. We emphasize the need for identification and functional analysis of alleles of major genes for speciation, and especially encourage investigations of parallel adaptive divergence causing RI across different lineages within similar but specific habitats in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems and College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zefu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Nawal Shrestha
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems and College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems and College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Pulsed rise and growth of the Tibetan Plateau to its northern margin since ca. 30 Ma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2120364119. [PMID: 35169079 PMCID: PMC8872789 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120364119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of mountain building along margins of the Tibetan Plateau provides a key constraint on the processes by which the high topography in Eurasia formed. Although progressive expansion of thickened crust underpins most models, several studies suggest that the northern extent of the plateau was established early, soon after the collision between India and Eurasia at ca. 50 Ma. This inference relies heavily on the age and provenance of Cenozoic sediments preserved in the Qaidam basin. Here, we present evidence in the northern plateau for a considerably younger inception and evolution of the Qaidam basin, based on magnetostratigraphies combined with detrital apatite fission-track ages that date the basin fills to be from ca. 30 to 4.8 Ma. Detrital zircon-provenance analyses coupled with paleocurrents reveal that two-stage growth of the Qilian Shan in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau began at ca. 30 and at 10 Ma, respectively. Evidence for ca. 30 and 10 to 15 Ma widespread synchronous deformation throughout the Tibetan Plateau and its margins suggests that these two stages of outward growth may have resulted from the removal of mantle lithosphere beneath different portions of the Tibetan Plateau.
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20
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Xiong Z, Liu X, Ding L, Farnsworth A, Spicer RA, Xu Q, Valdes P, He S, Zeng D, Wang C, Li Z, Guo X, Su T, Zhao C, Wang H, Yue Y. The rise and demise of the Paleogene Central Tibetan Valley. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj0944. [PMID: 35138908 PMCID: PMC8827648 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructing the Paleogene topography and climate of central Tibet informs understanding of collisional tectonic mechanisms and their links to climate and biodiversity. Radiometric dates of volcanic/sedimentary rocks and paleotemperatures based on clumped isotopes within ancient soil carbonate nodules from the Lunpola Basin, part of an east-west trending band of basins in central Tibet and now at 4.7 km, suggest that the basin rose from <2.0 km at 50 to 38 million years (Ma) to >4.0 km by 29 Ma. The height change is quantified using the rates at which wet-bulb temperatures (Tw) decline at land surfaces as those surface rise. In this case, Tw fell from ~8°C at ~38 Ma to ~1°C at 29 Ma, suggesting at least ~2.0 km of surface uplift in ~10 Ma under warm Eocene to Oligocene conditions. These results confirm that a Paleogene Central Tibetan Valley transformed to a plateau before the Neogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alex Farnsworth
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Robert A. Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Paul Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Songlin He
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Deng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Chenyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Houqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yahui Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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21
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Liu HR, Khan G, Gao Q, Zhang F, Liu W, Wang Y, Fang J, Chen S, Afridi SG. Dispersal into the Qinghai-Tibet plateau: evidence from the genetic structure and demography of the alpine plant Triosteum pinnatifidum. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12754. [PMID: 35178292 PMCID: PMC8815373 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triosteum pinnatifidum Maxim., an alpine plant, is traditionally used for several medicinal purposes. Here, both chloroplast DNA sequences and nuclear low copy sequence markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of T. pinnatifidum. Materials were collected from thirteen localities in the northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and adjacent highlands and advanced analytical toolkits were used to access their origin and range shifts. The results revealed a higher level of population differentiation based on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) concatenated sequences compared with the nuclear DNA sequences (F ST = 0.654 for cpDNA, F ST = 0.398 for AT103), indicating that pollen flow was still extensive in T. pinnatifidum. A decline in haplotype variation was observed from the plateau edge and adjoining highlands toward the platform of the QTP. The hypothesis "dispersal into the QTP," proposing that T. pinnatifidum experienced migration from the plateau edge and adjacent highlands to the platform, was supported. These results were in line with the hypothesis that multiple refugia exist on the plateau edge and adjacent highlands rather than on the plateau platform. Our unimodal mismatch distribution, star-like network supported a recent expansion in T. pinnatifidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China,College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Gulzar Khan
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Qingbo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Faqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Department of Geological Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Yingfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Jie Fang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Shilong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Sahib Gul Afridi
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Marden, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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22
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Du W, Jia P, Du G. Current biogeographical roles of the Kunlun Mountains. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8493. [PMID: 35136553 PMCID: PMC8809438 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale patterns of biodiversity and formation have garnered increasing attention in biogeography and macroecology. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is an ideal area for exploring these issues. However, the QTP consists of multiple geographic subunits, which are understudied. The Kunlun Mountains is a geographical subunit situated in the northern edge of the QTP, in northwest China. The diversity pattern, community phylogenetic structures, and biogeographical roles of the current flora of the Kunlun Mountains were analyzed by collecting and integrating plant distribution, regional geological evolution, and phylogeography. A total of 1911 species, 397 genera, and 75 families present on the Kunlun Mountains, of which 29.8% of the seed plants were endemic to China. The mean divergence time (MDT) of the Kunlun Mountains flora was in the early Miocene (19.40 Ma). Analysis of plant diversity and MDT indicated that the eastern regions of the Kunlun Mountains were the center of species richness, endemic taxa, and ancient taxa. Geographical origins analysis showed that the Kunlun Mountains flora was diverse and that numerous clades were from East Asia and Tethyan. Analysis of geographical origins and geological history together highlighted that the extant biodiversity on the Kunlun Mountains appeared through species recolonization after climatic fluctuations and glaciations during the Quaternary. The nearest taxon index speculated that habitat filtering was the most important driving force for biodiversity patterns. These results suggest that the biogeographical roles of the Kunlun Mountains are corridor and sink, and the corresponding key processes are species extinction and immigration. The Kunlun Mountains also form a barrier, representing a boundary among multiple floras, and convert the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau into a relatively closed geographical unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Du
- School of Life SciencesState Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro‐EcosystemsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Peng Jia
- School of Life SciencesState Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro‐EcosystemsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Guozhen Du
- School of Life SciencesState Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro‐EcosystemsLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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23
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Zheng SS, Jiang XL, Huang QJ, Deng M. Historical Dynamics of Semi-Humid Evergreen Forests in the Southeast Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot: A Case Study of the Quercus franchetii Complex (Fagaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:774232. [PMID: 35035389 PMCID: PMC8753985 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.774232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Oligocene and Miocene are key periods in the formation of the modern topography and flora of East Asian and Indo-China. However, it is unclear how geological and climatic factors contributed to the high endemism and species richness of this region. The Quercus franchetii complex is widespread in the southeast Himalaya fringe and northern Indo-China with a long evolutionary history. It provides a unique proxy for studying the diversity pattern of evergreen woody lineages in this region since the Oligocene. In this study, we combined chloroplast (cpDNA) sequences, nuclear microsatellite loci (nSSRs), and species distribution modeling (SDM) to investigate the impacts of geological events on genetic diversity of the Q. franchetii complex. The results showed that the initial cpDNA haplotype divergence was estimated to occur during the middle Oligocene (30.7 Ma), which might have been raised by the tectonic activity at this episode to the Miocene. The nSSR results revealed two major groups of populations, the central Yunnan-Guizhou plateau (YGP) group and the peripheral distribution group when K = 2, in responding to the rapid YGP uplift during the late Miocene, which restricted gene flow between the populations in core and marginal areas. SDM analysis indicated that the distribution ranges of the Q. franchetii complex expanded northwards after the last glacial maximum, but the core distribution range in YGP was stable. Our results showed that the divergence of Q. franchetii complex is rooted in the mid-Oligocene. The early geological events during the Oligocene, and the late Miocene may play key roles to restrict seed-mediated gene flow among regions, but the pollen-mediated gene flow was less impacted. The uplifts of the YGP and the climate since LGM subsequently boosted the divergence of the populations in core and marginal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Zheng
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
- School of Ecological Technique and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Long Jiang
- The Laboratory of Forestry Genetics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qing-Jun Huang
- School of Ecological Technique and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Deng
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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24
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Miao J, Farhat P, Wang W, Ruhsam M, Milne R, Yang H, Tso S, Li J, Xu J, Opgenoorth L, Miehe G, Mao K. Evolutionary history of two rare endemic conifer species from the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:903-918. [PMID: 34472580 PMCID: PMC8577208 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Understanding the population genetics and evolutionary history of endangered species is urgently needed in an era of accelerated biodiversity loss. This knowledge is most important for regions with high endemism that are ecologically vulnerable, such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). METHODS The genetic variation of 84 juniper trees from six populations of Juniperus microsperma and one population of Juniperus erectopatens, two narrow-endemic junipers from the QTP that are sister to each other, was surveyed using RNA-sequencing data. Coalescent-based analyses were used to test speciation, migration and demographic scenarios. Furthermore, positively selected and climate-associated genes were identified, and the genetic load was assessed for both species. KEY RESULTS Analyses of 149 052 single nucleotide polymorphisms showed that the two species are well differentiated and monophyletic. They diverged around the late Pliocene, but interspecific gene flow continued until the Last Glacial Maximum. Demographic reconstruction by Stairway Plot detected two severe bottlenecks for J. microsperma but only one for J. erectopatens. The identified positively selected genes and climate-associated genes revealed habitat adaptation of the two species. Furthermore, although J. microsperma had a much wider geographical distribution than J. erectopatens, the former possesses lower genetic diversity and a higher genetic load than the latter. CONCLUSIONS This study sheds light on the evolution of two endemic juniper species from the QTP and their responses to Quaternary climate fluctuations. Our findings emphasize the importance of speciation and demographic history reconstructions in understanding the current distribution pattern and genetic diversity of threatened species in mountainous regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Miao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, PR China
| | - Perla Farhat
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wentao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Markus Ruhsam
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Richard Milne
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Heng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Sonam Tso
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, PR China
| | - Jialiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lars Opgenoorth
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Georg Miehe
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kangshan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, PR China
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25
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Zhang Y, Yu J, Xia M, Chi X, Khan G, Chen S, Zhang F. Plastome sequencing reveals phylogenetic relationships among Comastoma and related taxa (Gentianaceae) from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:16034-16046. [PMID: 34824809 PMCID: PMC8601884 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Genus Comastoma (subt. Swertiinae, Gentianaceae) contains species, such as "Zangyinchen," that are important herbs in Tibetan medicine. The phylogenetic relationship of this within Gentianaceae and the circumscriptions of its species have long been controversial with conflicting morphological and molecular data reported. Here, we used whole chloroplast genome sequences for Comastoma species and related taxa to reconstruct their phylogeny and clarify their taxonomic relationships. The results revealed that the length of all plastome sequenced varied from 149 to 151 kb and have high similarity in structure and gene content. Phylogenomic analysis showed that Comastoma is a monophyletic group, closely related to the genus Lomatogonium. The divergence time estimation showed that Gentianaceae diverged at about 21.81 Ma, while the split of Comastoma occurred at 7.70 Ma. However, the results suggested the crown age of species formation in this genus is after 4.19 Ma. Our results suggest that QTP uplift, the alternation of Quaternary glaciation and interglaciation, and monsoon changes might have acted as drivers of speciation in Comastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology & Institute of Sanjiangyuan National ParkChinese Academy of SciencesXiningChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jingya Yu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology & Institute of Sanjiangyuan National ParkChinese Academy of SciencesXiningChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mingze Xia
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology & Institute of Sanjiangyuan National ParkChinese Academy of SciencesXiningChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaofeng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology & Institute of Sanjiangyuan National ParkChinese Academy of SciencesXiningChina
| | - Gulzar Khan
- Institute for Biology and Environmental SciencesCarl von Ossietzky‐University OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Shilong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology & Institute of Sanjiangyuan National ParkChinese Academy of SciencesXiningChina
| | - Faqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau BiotaNorthwest Institute of Plateau Biology & Institute of Sanjiangyuan National ParkChinese Academy of SciencesXiningChina
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular BreedingXiningChina
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26
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Xu W, Dong WJ, Fu TT, Gao W, Lu CQ, Yan F, Wu YH, Jiang K, Jin JQ, Chen HM, Zhang YP, Hillis DM, Che J. Herpetological phylogeographic analyses support a Miocene focal point of Himalayan uplift and biological diversification. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwaa263. [PMID: 34691726 PMCID: PMC8433089 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Himalaya are among the youngest and highest mountains in the world, but the exact timing of their uplift and origins of their biodiversity are still in debate. The Himalayan region is a relatively small area but with exceptional diversity and endemism. One common hypothesis to explain the rich montane diversity is uplift-driven diversification-that orogeny creates conditions favoring rapid in situ speciation of resident lineages. We test this hypothesis in the Himalayan region using amphibians and reptiles, two environmentally sensitive vertebrate groups. In addition, analysis of diversification of the herpetofauna provides an independent source of information to test competing geological hypotheses of Himalayan orogenesis. We conclude that the origins of the Himalayan herpetofauna date to the early Paleocene, but that diversification of most groups was concentrated in the Miocene. There was an increase in both rates and modes of diversification during the early to middle Miocene, together with regional interchange (dispersal) between the Himalaya and adjacent regions. Our analyses support a recently proposed stepwise geological model of Himalayan uplift beginning in the Paleocene, with a subsequent rapid increase of uplifting during the Miocene, finally giving rise to the intensification of the modern South Asian Monsoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Wen-Jie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Ting-Ting Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Chen-Qi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Fang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yun-He Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hong-Man Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - David M Hillis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jing Che
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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27
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Hofmann S, Jablonski D, Litvinchuk SN, Masroor R, Schmidt J. Relict groups of spiny frogs indicate Late Paleogene-Early Neogene trans-Tibet dispersal of thermophile faunal elements. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11793. [PMID: 34316409 PMCID: PMC8286701 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Himalaya-Tibet orogen (HTO) presents an outstanding geologically active formation that contributed to, and fostered, modern Asian biodiversity. However, our concepts of the historical biogeography of its biota are far from conclusive, as are uplift scenarios for the different parts of the HTO. Here, we revisited our previously published data set of the tribe Paini extending it with sequence data from the most western Himalayan spiny frogs Allopaa and Chrysopaa and using them as an indirect indicator for the potential paleoecological development of Tibet. METHODS We obtained sequence data of two mitochondrial loci (16S rRNA, COI) and one nuclear marker (Rag1) from Allopaa samples from Kashmir Himalaya as well as Chrysopaa sequence data from the Hindu Kush available from GenBank to complement our previous data set. A Maximum likelihood and dated Bayesian gene tree were generated based on the concatenated data set. To resolve the inconsistent placement of Allopaa, we performed different topology tests. RESULTS Consistent with previous results, the Southeast Asian genus Quasipaa is sister to all other spiny frogs. The results further reveal a basal placement of Chrysopaa relative to Allopaa and Nanorana with an estimated age of ca. 26 Mya. Based on the topology tests, the phylogenetic position of Allopaa as a sister clade to Chaparana seems to be most likely, resulting in a paraphyletic genus Nanorana and a separation from the latter clade around 20 Mya, although a basal position of Allopaa to the genus Nanorana cannot be entirely excluded. Both, the placements of Chrysopaa and Allopaa support the presence of basal Paini lineages in the far northwestern part of the HTO, which is diametrically opposite end of the HTO with respect to the ancestral area of spiny frogs in Southeast Asia. These striking distributional patterns can be most parsimoniously explained by trans-Tibet dispersal during the late Oligocene (subtropical Chrysopaa) respectively early Miocene (warm temperate Allopaa). Within spiny frogs, only members of the monophyletic Nanorana+Paa clade are adapted to the colder temperate climates, indicating that high-altitude environments did not dominate in the HTO before ca. 15 Mya. Our results are consistent with fossil records suggesting that large parts of Tibet were characterized by subtropical to warm temperate climates at least until the early Miocene. They contradict prevalent geological models of a highly uplifted late Paleogene proto-Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Hofmann
- Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Jablonski
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Rafaqat Masroor
- Zoological Sciences Division, Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Joachim Schmidt
- Institute of Biosciences, General and Systematic Zoology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Mi X, Feng G, Hu Y, Zhang J, Chen L, Corlett RT, Hughes AC, Pimm S, Schmid B, Shi S, Svenning JC, Ma K. The global significance of biodiversity science in China: an overview. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwab032. [PMID: 34694304 PMCID: PMC8310773 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity science in China has seen rapid growth over recent decades, ranging from baseline biodiversity studies to understanding the processes behind evolution across dynamic regions such as the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We review research, including species catalogues; biodiversity monitoring; the origins, distributions, maintenance and threats to biodiversity; biodiversity-related ecosystem function and services; and species and ecosystems' responses to global change. Next, we identify priority topics and offer suggestions and priorities for future biodiversity research in China. These priorities include (i) the ecology and biogeography of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and surrounding mountains, and that of subtropical and tropical forests across China; (ii) marine and inland aquatic biodiversity; and (iii) effective conservation and management to identify and maintain synergies between biodiversity and socio-economic development to fulfil China's vision for becoming an ecological civilization. In addition, we propose three future strategies: (i) translate advanced biodiversity science into practice for biodiversity conservation; (ii) strengthen capacity building and application of advanced technologies, including high-throughput sequencing, genomics and remote sensing; and (iii) strengthen and expand international collaborations. Based on the recent rapid progress of biodiversity research, China is well positioned to become a global leader in biodiversity research in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau and Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Yibo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Richard T Corlett
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303, China
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303, China
| | - Stuart Pimm
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Suhua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE) and Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Xie G, Sun B, Li JF, Wang SQ, Yao YF, Li M, Zhang XC, Ferguson DK, Li CS, Liu XD, Deng T, Wang YF. Fossil evidence reveals uplift of the central Tibetan Plateau and differentiated ecosystems during the Late Oligocene. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1164-1167. [PMID: 36654353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jin-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shi-Qi Wang
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi-Feng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xian-Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - David K Ferguson
- Department of Paleontology, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Cheng-Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Tao Deng
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yu-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Deng T, Lu X, Wang S, Flynn LJ, Sun D, He W, Chen S. An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolution. Commun Biol 2021; 4:639. [PMID: 34140631 PMCID: PMC8211792 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the largest land mammals, the origin and evolution of the giant rhino Paraceratherium bugtiense in Pakistan have been unclear. We report a new species Paraceratherium linxiaense sp. nov. from northwestern China with an age of 26.5 Ma. Morphology and phylogeny reveal that P. linxiaense is the highly derived species of the genus Paraceratherium, and its clade with P. lepidum has a tight relationship to P. bugtiense. Based on the paleogeographical literature, P. bugtiense represents a range expansion of Paraceratherium from Central Asia via the Tibetan region. By the late Oligocene, P. lepidum and P. linxiaense were found in the north side of the Tibetan Plateau. The Tibetan region likely hosted some areas with low elevation, possibly under 2000 m during Oligocene, and the lineage of giant rhinos could have dispersed freely along the eastern coast of the Tethys Ocean and perhaps through some lowlands of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaokang Lu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Lawrence J Flynn
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen He
- Hezheng Paleozoological Museum, Hezheng, Gansu, China
| | - Shanqin Chen
- Hezheng Paleozoological Museum, Hezheng, Gansu, China
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31
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Lei FW, Tong L, Zhu YX, Mu XY, Tu TY, Wen J. Plastid phylogenomics and biogeography of the medicinal plant lineage Hyoscyameae (Solanaceae). PLANT DIVERSITY 2021; 43:192-197. [PMID: 34195503 PMCID: PMC8233519 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cosmopolitan family Solanaceae, which originated and first diversified in South America, is economically important. The tribe Hyoscyameae is one of the three clades in Solanaceae that occurs outside of the New World; Hyoscyameae genera are distributed mainly in Europe and Asia, and have centers of species diversity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent regions. Although many phylogenetic studies have focused on Solanaceae, the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Hyoscyameae and its biogeographic history remain obscure. In this study, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Hyoscyameae based on whole chloroplast genome data, and estimated lineage divergence times according to the newly reported fruit fossil from the Eocene Patagonia, Physalis infinemundi, the earliest known fossil of Solanaceae. We reconstructed a robust phylogeny of Hyoscyameae that reveals the berry fruit-type Atropa is sister to the six capsule-bearing genera (Hyoscyameae sensu stricto), Atropanthe is sister to the clade (Scopolia, Physochlaina, Przewalskia), and together they are sister to the robustly supported Anisodus-Hyoscyamus clade. The stem age of Hyoscyameae was inferred to be in the Eocene (47.11 Ma, 95% HPD: 36.75-57.86 Ma), and the crown ages of Hyoscyameae sensu stricto were estimated as the early Miocene (22.52 Ma, 95% HPD: 15.19-30.53 Ma), which shows a close correlation with the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary. Our results provide insights into the phylogenetic relationships and the history of the biogeographic diversification of the tribe Hyoscyameae, as well as plant diversification on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Wei Lei
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, College of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ling Tong
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, College of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Zhu
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, College of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xian-Yun Mu
- Laboratory of Systematic Evolution and Biogeography of Woody Plants, College of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Tie-Yao Tu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
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32
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Xie G, Li JF, Wang SQ, Yao YF, Sun B, Ferguson DK, Li CS, Deng T, Liu XD, Wang YF. Bridging the knowledge gap on the evolution of the Asian monsoon during 26-16 Ma. Innovation (N Y) 2021; 2:100110. [PMID: 34557760 PMCID: PMC8454623 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the Asian monsoon from the Late Oligocene to the Early Miocene is poorly understood. Here, we first reconstruct the precipitation data of central Tibet during 26–16 million years ago (Ma), applying the coexistence approach to sedimentary pollen data, and detect an intensified Asian monsoon with ∼1.35 Ma and ∼0.33 Ma cycles. Paleoclimate modeling is used to show the importance of paleogeographic location in the development of the paleomonsoon. In addition, the results of spectral analysis suggest that the fluctuations in the Asian monsoon during 26–16 Ma can be attributed to the long-period cyclicities in obliquity (∼1.2 Ma). These findings provide climate data that can be used to understand the Asian monsoon evolution during the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene and highlight the effects of paleogeographic patterns and long-period orbital forcings on the tectonic-scale evolution of the Asian monsoon. To reconstruct the precipitation changes in central Tibet during 26-16 Ma To depict the early evolution of Asian monsoon using the modern monsoon definition To explain the occurrence of the paleo-monsoon by paleoclimate modeling To reveal that long-period orbital forcings is responsible for the monsoon evolution
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shi-Qi Wang
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi-Feng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Bin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - David K. Ferguson
- Department of Paleontology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cheng-Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tao Deng
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Yu-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author
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Xiang KL, Erst AS, Yang J, Peng HW, Ortiz RDC, Jabbour F, Erst TV, Wang W. Biogeographic diversification of Eranthis (Ranunculaceae) reflects the geological history of the three great Asian plateaus. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210281. [PMID: 33823668 PMCID: PMC8059577 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary history of organisms with poor dispersal abilities usually parallels geological events. Collisions of the Indian and Arabian plates with Eurasia greatly changed Asian topography and affected regional and global climates as well as biotic evolution. However, the geological evolution of Asia related to these two collisions remains debated. Here, we used Eranthis, an angiosperm genus with poor seed dispersal ability and a discontinuous distribution across Eurasia, to shed light on the orogenesis of the Qinghai-Tibetan, Iranian and Mongolian Plateaus. Our phylogenetic analyses show that Eranthis comprises four major geographical clades: east Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau clade (I-1), North Asian clade (I-2), west Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau clade (II-1) and Mediterranean clade (II-2). Our molecular dating and biogeographic analyses indicate that within Eranthis, four vicariance events correlate well with the two early uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the Late Eocene and the Oligocene-Miocene boundary and the two uplifts of the Iranian Plateau during the Middle and Late Miocene. The origin and divergence of the Mongolian Plateau taxa are related to the two uplifts of the Mongolian Plateau during the Middle and Late Miocene. Additionally, our results are in agreement with the hypothesis that the central part of Tibet only reached an altitude of less than 2.3 km at approximately 40 Ma. This study highlights that organismal evolution could be related to the formation of the three great Asian plateaus, hence contributing to the knowledge on the timing of the key tectonic events in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrey S. Erst
- Laboratory of Herbarium, Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zolotodolinskaya Street 101, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Laboratory of Herbarium, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Wen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Rosa del C. Ortiz
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd, St Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA
| | - Florian Jabbour
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris 75005, France
| | - Tatyana V. Erst
- Laboratory of Herbarium, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
All models of the magmatic and plate tectonic processes that create continental crust predict the presence of a mafic lower crust. Earlier proposed crustal doubling in Tibet and the Himalayas by underthrusting of the Indian plate requires the presence of a mafic layer with high seismic P-wave velocity (Vp > 7.0 km/s) above the Moho. Our new seismic data demonstrates that some of the thickest crust on Earth in the middle Lhasa Terrane has exceptionally low velocity (Vp < 6.7 km/s) throughout the whole 80 km thick crust. Observed deep crustal earthquakes throughout the crustal column and thick lithosphere from seismic tomography imply low temperature crust. Therefore, the whole crust must consist of felsic rocks as any mafic layer would have high velocity unless the temperature of the crust were high. Our results form basis for alternative models for the formation of extremely thick juvenile crust with predominantly felsic composition in continental collision zones.
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Li SF, Valdes PJ, Farnsworth A, Davies-Barnard T, Su T, Lunt DJ, Spicer RA, Liu J, Deng WYD, Huang J, Tang H, Ridgwell A, Chen LL, Zhou ZK. Orographic evolution of northern Tibet shaped vegetation and plant diversity in eastern Asia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabc7741. [PMID: 33571113 PMCID: PMC7840128 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc7741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The growth of the Tibetan Plateau throughout the past 66 million years has profoundly affected the Asian climate, but how this unparalleled orogenesis might have driven vegetation and plant diversity changes in eastern Asia is poorly understood. We approach this question by integrating modeling results and fossil data. We show that growth of north and northeastern Tibet affects vegetation and, crucially, plant diversity in eastern Asia by altering the monsoon system. This northern Tibetan orographic change induces a precipitation increase, especially in the dry (winter) season, resulting in a transition from deciduous broadleaf vegetation to evergreen broadleaf vegetation and plant diversity increases across southeastern Asia. Further quantifying the complexity of Tibetan orographic change is critical for understanding the finer details of Asian vegetation and plant diversity evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China.
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul J Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alex Farnsworth
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - T Davies-Barnard
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- College of Engineering, Maths, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Tao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Daniel J Lunt
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert A Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Jia Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Wei-Yu-Dong Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - He Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Andy Ridgwell
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe-Kun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Biodiversity, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
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36
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Spicer RA, Su T, Valdes PJ, Farnsworth A, Wu FX, Shi G, Spicer TEV, Zhou Z. Why 'the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau' is a myth. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwaa091. [PMID: 34691550 PMCID: PMC8288424 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The often-used phrase 'the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau' implies a flat-surfaced Tibet rose as a coherent entity, and that uplift was driven entirely by the collision and northward movement of India. Here, we argue that these are misconceptions derived in large part from simplistic geodynamic and climate modeling, as well as proxy misinterpretation. The growth of Tibet was a complex process involving mostly Mesozoic collisions of several Gondwanan terranes with Asia, thickening the crust and generating complex relief before the arrival of India. In this review, Earth system modeling, paleoaltimetry proxies and fossil finds contribute to a new synthetic view of the topographic evolution of Tibet. A notable feature overlooked in previous models of plateau formation was the persistence through much of the Cenozoic of a wide east-west orientated deep central valley, and the formation of a plateau occurred only in the late Neogene through compression and internal sedimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Tao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Paul J Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | | | - Fei-Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Gongle Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Teresa E V Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Zhekun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
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Lai YJ, Han Y, Schuiteman A, Chase MW, Xu SZ, Li JW, Wu JY, Yang BY, Jin XH. Diversification in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Orchidinae (Orchidaceae) clades exhibiting pre-adaptations play critical role. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 157:107062. [PMID: 33387648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We explore the origins of the extraordinary plant diversity in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) using Orchidinae (Orchidaceae) as a model. Our results indicate that six major clades in Orchidinae exhibited substantial variation in the temporal and spatial sequence of diversification. Our time-calibrated phylogenetic model suggests that the species-richness of Orchidinae arose through a combination of in situ diversification, colonisation, and local recruitment. There are multiple origins of species-richness of Orchidinae in the QTP, and pre-adaptations in clades from North Temperate and alpine regions were crucial for in situ diversification. The geographic analysis identified 29 dispersals from Asia, Africa and Europe into the QTP and 15 dispersals out. Most endemic species of Orchidinae evolved within the past six million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Jun Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10093, China
| | - Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10093, China
| | - Andre Schuiteman
- Identification and Naming Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Mark W Chase
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Song-Zhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10093, China
| | - Jian-Wu Li
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Township, Mengla County, Yunnan 666303, China.
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), China
| | - Bo-Yun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Xiao-Hua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10093, China.
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Su T, Spicer RA, Wu FX, Farnsworth A, Huang J, Del Rio C, Deng T, Ding L, Deng WYD, Huang YJ, Hughes A, Jia LB, Jin JH, Li SF, Liang SQ, Liu J, Liu XY, Sherlock S, Spicer T, Srivastava G, Tang H, Valdes P, Wang TX, Widdowson M, Wu MX, Xing YW, Xu CL, Yang J, Zhang C, Zhang ST, Zhang XW, Zhao F, Zhou ZK. A Middle Eocene lowland humid subtropical "Shangri-La" ecosystem in central Tibet. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32989-32995. [PMID: 33288692 PMCID: PMC7777077 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012647117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tibet's ancient topography and its role in climatic and biotic evolution remain speculative due to a paucity of quantitative surface-height measurements through time and space, and sparse fossil records. However, newly discovered fossils from a present elevation of ∼4,850 m in central Tibet improve substantially our knowledge of the ancient Tibetan environment. The 70 plant fossil taxa so far recovered include the first occurrences of several modern Asian lineages and represent a Middle Eocene (∼47 Mya) humid subtropical ecosystem. The fossils not only record the diverse composition of the ancient Tibetan biota, but also allow us to constrain the Middle Eocene land surface height in central Tibet to ∼1,500 ± 900 m, and quantify the prevailing thermal and hydrological regime. This "Shangri-La"-like ecosystem experienced monsoon seasonality with a mean annual temperature of ∼19 °C, and frosts were rare. It contained few Gondwanan taxa, yet was compositionally similar to contemporaneous floras in both North America and Europe. Our discovery quantifies a key part of Tibetan Paleogene topography and climate, and highlights the importance of Tibet in regard to the origin of modern Asian plant species and the evolution of global biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China;
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Robert A Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Fei-Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044 Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Alexander Farnsworth
- School of Geographical Sciences and Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Cédric Del Rio
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Tao Deng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044 Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ding
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Yu-Dong Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204 Kunming, China
| | - Alice Hughes
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Lin-Bo Jia
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204 Kunming, China
| | - Jian-Hua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shu-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Shui-Qing Liang
- Public Technology Service Center, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Jia Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Sarah Sherlock
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Gaurav Srivastava
- Cenozoic Palaeofloristic Megafossil Lab, Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleosciences, Lucknow 226 007, India
| | - He Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Paul Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences and Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
| | - Teng-Xiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Mike Widdowson
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Meng-Xiao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yao-Wu Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Cong-Li Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Tectonics and Dynamics, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 100037 Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Tao Zhang
- Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650093 Kunming, China
| | - Xin-Wen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Zhe-Kun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China;
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204 Kunming, China
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Fang X, Dupont-Nivet G, Wang C, Song C, Meng Q, Zhang W, Nie J, Zhang T, Mao Z, Chen Y. Revised chronology of central Tibet uplift (Lunpola Basin). SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba7298. [PMID: 33298435 PMCID: PMC7725450 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the topographic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau is essential for understanding its construction and its influences on climate, environment, and biodiversity. Previous elevations estimated from stable isotope records from the Lunpola Basin in central Tibet, which indicate a high plateau since at least 35 Ma, are challenged by recent discoveries of low-elevation tropical fossils apparently deposited at 25.5 Ma. Here, we use magnetostratigraphic and radiochronologic dating to revise the chronology of elevation estimates from the Lunpola Basin. The updated ages reconcile previous results and indicate that the elevations of central Tibet were generally low (<2.3 km) at 39.5 Ma and high (3.5 to 4.5 km) at ~26 Ma. This supports the existence in the Eocene of low-elevation longitudinally oriented narrow regions until their uplift in the early Miocene, with potential implications for the growth mechanisms of the Tibetan Plateau, Asian atmospheric circulation, surface processes, and biotic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Fang
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
- Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environment and College of Resources and Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guillaume Dupont-Nivet
- Institute of Geosciences, Potsdam University, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Géosciences Rennes-UMR CNRS 6118, Université de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Chengshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Research Center for Tibetan Plateau Geology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chunhui Song
- School of Earth Sciences and Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qingquan Meng
- School of Earth Sciences and Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weilin Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junsheng Nie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environment and College of Resources and Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ziqiang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Earth Sciences and Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Barbolini N, Woutersen A, Dupont-Nivet G, Silvestro D, Tardif D, Coster PMC, Meijer N, Chang C, Zhang HX, Licht A, Rydin C, Koutsodendris A, Han F, Rohrmann A, Liu XJ, Zhang Y, Donnadieu Y, Fluteau F, Ladant JB, Le Hir G, Hoorn C. Cenozoic evolution of the steppe-desert biome in Central Asia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb8227. [PMID: 33036969 PMCID: PMC7546705 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The origins and development of the arid and highly seasonal steppe-desert biome in Central Asia, the largest of its kind in the world, remain largely unconstrained by existing records. It is unclear how Cenozoic climatic, geological, and biological forces, acting at diverse spatial and temporal scales, shaped Central Asian ecosystems through time. Our synthesis shows that the Central Asian steppe-desert has existed since at least Eocene times but experienced no less than two regime shifts, one at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition and one in the mid-Miocene. These shifts separated three successive "stable states," each characterized by unique floral and faunal structures. Past responses to disturbance in the Asian steppe-desert imply that modern ecosystems are unlikely to recover their present structures and diversity if forced into a new regime. This is of concern for Asian steppes today, which are being modified for human use and lost to desertification at unprecedented rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Barbolini
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Woutersen
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - G Dupont-Nivet
- Universität Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes-UMR 6118, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - D Silvestro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Ch. De Musée 10, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - D Tardif
- Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris 75005, France
| | - P M C Coster
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - N Meijer
- Universität Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - C Chang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - H-X Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - A Licht
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Rydin
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Bergius Foundation, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Koutsodendris
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - F Han
- School of Earth Sciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - A Rohrmann
- Universität Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - X-J Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Y Zhang
- The First Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Tianjin 300180, China
| | - Y Donnadieu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE)/Institute Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Commissariat á l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA)-CNRS-Université de Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (IRD), Collège de France, Centre de Recherche et d'Enseignement de Géosciences de l'Environnement (CEREGE), Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - F Fluteau
- Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris 75005, France
| | - J-B Ladant
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - G Le Hir
- Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris 75005, France
| | - C Hoorn
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Ding WN, Ree RH, Spicer RA, Xing YW. Ancient orogenic and monsoon-driven assembly of the world's richest temperate alpine flora. Science 2020; 369:578-581. [PMID: 32732426 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb4484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how alpine biotas formed in response to historical environmental change may improve our ability to predict and mitigate the threats to alpine species posed by global warming. In the world's richest temperate alpine flora, that of the Tibet-Himalaya-Hengduan region, phylogenetic reconstructions of biome and geographic range evolution show that extant lineages emerged by the early Oligocene and diversified first in the Hengduan Mountains. By the early to middle Miocene, accelerated diversification and colonization of adjacent regions were likely driven jointly by mountain building and intensification of the Asian monsoon. The alpine flora of the Hengduan Mountains has continuously existed far longer than any other alpine flora on Earth and illustrates how modern biotas have been shaped by past geological and climatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Na Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Richard H Ree
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA.
| | - Robert A Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.,Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.,School of Environment, Earth, and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Yao-Wu Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China. .,Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
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42
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Bai Y, Tian Q, Fang X, Chen C, Liu X. Responses of sedimentary δ 2H alk values to environmental changes as revealed by different plant responses to altitude and altitude-related temperatures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:138087. [PMID: 32422458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Single species-based altitudinal transects may provide a new understanding of the variabilities in sedimentary wax-derived n-alkane hydrogen isotope (δ2Halk) values caused by altitude and complex climatic change linked with the growth of mountains. We investigated Kobresia pygmaea (Kobresia), Quercus aquifolioides (Quercus) and Berberis thunbergii DC (Berberis) along three altitudinal transects on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), i.e., the southern TP, the Longmen Mountains (LM; eastern TP) and the Qilian Mountains (QL; northeastern TP). Here we present 47 plant δ2Halk values: these include 14 Kobresia, 27 Berberis and 6 Quercus samples, which are accompanied by comparisons with nine new soil δ2Halk values from the QL, and 105 previously-published δ2Halk values for surface soils along the first two transects. Our data show that altitude is the dominant factor in determining three plant δ2Halk values. However, we observed substantial differences in the δ2Halk values and their εwax-p ratios for Kobresia, Quercus and Berberis for different climatic regimes and along these three transects. Significantly, for Kobresia along the LM and QL transects, ∆δ2Halk = -84.3‰/km (r2 = 0.94; p < 0.05; n = 4) and - 65.5‰/km (r2 = 0.74; p < 0.01; n = 10), and ∆εwax-p = -80.4‰/km (r2 = 0.93; p < 0.05) and -56.7‰/km (r2 = 0.66; p < 0.01), respectively, were three or four times as large as for the soil δ2Halk values observed along these altitudinal gradients. Overall, the altitudinal lapse rate (ALR) of δ2Halk values and their εwax-p ratios varies between species, with Kobresia being the most negative and Berberis the least negative, potentially resulting from the strong response of monocotyledoneae Kobresia δ2Halk values to cooling with increasing altitude, and the relative influence of cryosphere meltwater at higher altitudes. Thus, impact of climate change on the sedimentary δ2Halk values should therefore be fully taken into account during reconstructions of paleoaltitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bai
- CAS Center of Excellence for Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Qian Tian
- Yan an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- CAS Center of Excellence for Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chihao Chen
- CAS Center of Excellence for Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- CAS Center of Excellence for Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
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Spicer RA, Farnsworth A, Su T. Cenozoic topography, monsoons and biodiversity conservation within the Tibetan Region: An evolving story. PLANT DIVERSITY 2020; 42:229-254. [PMID: 33094197 PMCID: PMC7567768 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The biodiversity of the Himalaya, Hengduan Mountains and Tibet, here collectively termed the Tibetan Region, is exceptional in a global context. To contextualize and understand the origins of this biotic richness, and its conservation value, we examine recent fossil finds and review progress in understanding the orogeny of the Tibetan Region. We examine the deep-time origins of monsoons affecting Asia, climate variation over different timescales, and the establishment of environmental niche heterogeneity linked to topographic development. The origins of the modern biodiversity were established in the Eocene, concurrent with the formation of pronounced topographic relief across the Tibetan Region. High (>4 km) mountains to the north and south of what is now the Tibetan Plateau bounded a Paleogene central lowland (<2.5 km) hosting moist subtropical vegetation influenced by an intensifying monsoon. In mid Miocene times, before the Himalaya reached their current elevation, sediment infilling and compressional tectonics raised the floor of the central valley to above 3000 m, but central Tibet was still moist enough, and low enough, to host a warm temperate angiosperm-dominated woodland. After 15 Ma, global cooling, the further rise of central Tibet, and the rain shadow cast by the growing Himalaya, progressively led to more open, herb-rich vegetation as the modern high plateau formed with its cool, dry climate. In the moist monsoonal Hengduan Mountains, high and spatially extensive since the Eocene but subsequently deeply dissected by river incision, Neogene cooling depressed the tree line, compressed altitudinal zonation, and created strong environmental heterogeneity. This served as a cradle for the then newly-evolving alpine biota and favoured diversity within more thermophilic vegetation at lower elevations. This diversity has survived through a combination of minimal Quaternary glaciation, and complex relief-related environmental niche heterogeneity. The great antiquity and diversity of the Tibetan Region biota argues for its conservation, and the importance of that biota is demonstrated through our insights into its long temporal gestation provided by fossil archives and information written in surviving genomes. These data sources are worthy of conservation in their own right, but for the living biotic inventory we need to ask what it is we want to conserve. Is it 1) individual taxa for their intrinsic properties, 2) their services in functioning ecosystems, or 3) their capacity to generate future new biodiversity? If 2 or 3 are our goal then landscape conservation at scale is required, and not just seed banks or botanical/zoological gardens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna 666303, China
- School of Environmental, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | | | - Tao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna 666303, China
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Yuan J, Yang Z, Deng C, Krijgsman W, Hu X, Li S, Shen Z, Qin H, An W, He H, Ding L, Guo Z, Zhu R. Rapid drift of the Tethyan Himalaya terrane before two-stage India-Asia collision. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa173. [PMID: 34691680 PMCID: PMC8310735 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The India-Asia collision is an outstanding smoking gun in the study of continental collision dynamics. How and when the continental collision occurred remains a long-standing controversy. Here we present two new paleomagnetic data sets from rocks deposited on the distal part of the Indian passive margin, which indicate that the Tethyan Himalaya terrane was situated at a paleolatitude of ∼19.4°S at ∼75 Ma and moved rapidly northward to reach a paleolatitude of ∼13.7°N at ∼61 Ma. This implies that the Tethyan Himalaya terrane rifted from India after ∼75 Ma, generating the North India Sea. We document a new two-stage continental collision, first at ∼61 Ma between the Lhasa and Tethyan Himalaya terranes, and subsequently at ∼53−48 Ma between the Tethyan Himalaya terrane and India, diachronously closing the North India Sea from west to east. Our scenario matches the history of India-Asia convergence rates and reconciles multiple lines of geologic evidence for the collision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- College of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chenglong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wout Krijgsman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht HD 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Xiumian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shihu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhongshan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huafeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei An
- State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Huaiyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lin Ding
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengtang Guo
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Del Rio C, Wang TX, Liu J, Liang SQ, Spicer RA, Wu FX, Zhou ZK, Su T. Asclepiadospermum gen. nov., the earliest fossil record of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) from the early Eocene of central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and its biogeographic implications. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:126-138. [PMID: 31944266 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Apocynaceae is common in the fossil record, especially as seed remains from the Neogene of Europe and North America, but rare in Asia. Intrafamilial assignment is difficult due to the lack of diagnostic characters, and new fossil and modern data are needed to understand the paleobiogeography of this group. METHODS We studied three Apocynaceae seed impressions from the Lower Eocene Niubao Formation, Jianglang village, Bangor County, central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Morphological data from living and fossil species were phylogenetically mapped to enable systematic assignment. RESULTS We describe a new genus, Asclepiadospermum gen. nov., and two new species, A. marginatum sp. nov. and A. ellipticum sp. nov. These species are characterized by an elliptical seed, a margin surrounding the central part of the seed, and polygonal, irregular, and small epidermal cells, and differ mainly in terms of the size of the margin and the shape of the apex. All these characters indicate that this new genus belongs to the subfamily Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae). CONCLUSIONS These fossils represent the earliest fossil seed records of Asclepiadoideae. Asclepiadospermum indicates a humid tropical to subtropical flora during the early Eocene in central Tibet. Moreover, our discoveries indicate a close floristic connection between Eurasia and Africa during the early Eocene, which expands our knowledge of the floristic linkage between Tibet and other regions at that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Del Rio
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology / Economic Botany / Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Teng-Xiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology / Economic Botany / Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
| | - Shui-Qing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Public Technology Service Center, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Robert A Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Fei-Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthro- pology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Zhe-Kun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology / Economic Botany / Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Tao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology / Economic Botany / Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Hofmann S, Baniya CB, Litvinchuk SN, Miehe G, Li J, Schmidt J. Phylogeny of spiny frogs Nanorana (Anura: Dicroglossidae) supports a Tibetan origin of a Himalayan species group. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14498-14511. [PMID: 31938536 PMCID: PMC6953589 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of the evolution of the Asian continent challenge the long-held belief of a faunal immigration into the Himalaya. Spiny frogs of the genus Nanorana are a characteristic faunal group of the Himalaya-Tibet orogen (HTO). We examine the phylogeny of these frogs to explore alternative biogeographic scenarios for their origin in the Greater Himalaya, namely, immigration, South Tibetan origin, strict vicariance. We sequenced 150 Nanorana samples from 62 localities for three mitochondrial (1,524 bp) and three nuclear markers (2,043 bp) and complemented the data with sequence data available from GenBank. We reconstructed a gene tree, phylogenetic networks, and ancestral areas. Based on the nuDNA, we also generated a time-calibrated species tree. The results revealed two major clades (Nanorana and Quasipaa), which originated in the Lower Miocene from eastern China and subsequently spread into the HTO (Nanorana). Five well-supported subclades are found within Nanorana: from the East, Central, and Northwest Himalaya, the Tibetan Plateau, and the southeastern Plateau margin. The latter subclade represents the most basal group (subgenus Chaparana), the Plateau group (Nanorana) represents the sister clade to all species of the Greater Himalaya (Paa). We found no evidence for an east-west range expansion of Paa along the Himalaya, nor clear support for a strict vicariance model. Diversification in each of the three Himalayan subclades has probably occurred in distinct areas. Specimens from the NW Himalaya are placed basally relative to the highly diverse Central Himalayan group, while the lineage from the Tibetan Plateau is placed within a more terminal clade. Our data indicate a Tibetan origin of Himalayan Nanorana and support a previous hypothesis, which implies that a significant part of the Himalayan biodiversity results from primary diversification of the species groups in South Tibet before this part of the HTO was uplifted to its recent heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Hofmann
- Department of Conservation BiologyUFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | | | | | - Georg Miehe
- Faculty of GeographyPhilipps University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Jia‐Tang Li
- Department of HerpetologyChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Joachim Schmidt
- Institute of Biosciences, General and Systematic ZoologyUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
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Valdes PJ, Lin D, Farnsworth A, Spicer RA, Li SH, Tao S. Comment on "Revised paleoaltimetry data show low Tibetan Plateau elevation during the Eocene". Science 2019; 365:365/6459/eaax8474. [PMID: 31604210 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax8474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Botsyun et al (Research Articles, 1 March 2019, eaaq1436) have suggested that the Tibetan Plateau was low (substantially less than 3000 meters) during the Eocene, based on a comparison of oxygen isotope proxy data with isotope-enabled climate model simulations. However, we contend that their conclusions are flawed as the result of a number of failings of both the modeling and the data comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences and Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK.
| | - Ding Lin
- Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, and Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alex Farnsworth
- School of Geographical Sciences and Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Robert A Spicer
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK.,CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Shi-Hu Li
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Su Tao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
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Wu F, He D, Fang G, Deng T. Into Africa via docked India: a fossil climbing perch from the Oligocene of Tibet helps solve the anabantid biogeographical puzzle. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:455-463. [PMID: 36659795 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The northward drift of the Indian Plate and its collision with Eurasia have profoundly impacted the evolutionary history of the terrestrial organisms, especially the ones along the Indian Ocean rim. Climbing perches (Anabantidae) are primary freshwater fishes showing a disjunct south Asian-African distribution, but with an elusive paleobiogeographic history due to the lack of fossil evidence. Here, based on an updated time-calibrated anabantiform phylogeny integrating a number of relevant fossils, the divergence between Asian and African climbing perches is estimated to have occurred in the middle Eocene (ca. 40 Ma, Ma: million years ago), a time when India had already joined with Eurasia. The key fossil lineage is †Eoanabas, the oldest anabantid known so far, from the upper Oligocene of the Tibetan Plateau. Ancestral range reconstructions suggest a Southeast Asian origin in the early Eocene (ca. 48 Ma) and subsequent dispersals to Tibet and then India for this group. Thereby we propose their westbound dispersal to Africa via the biotic bridge between India and Africa. If so, climbing perch precursors had probably followed the paleobiogeographical route of snakehead fishes, which have a slightly older divergence between African and Asian taxa. As such, our study echoes some recent molecular analyses in rejecting the previously held "Gondwana continental drift vicariance" or late Mesozoic dispersal scenarios for the climbing perches, but provides a unique biogeographical model to highlight the role of the pre-uplift Tibet and the docked India in shaping the disjunct distribution of some air-breathing freshwater fishes around the Indian Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Dekui He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Gengyu Fang
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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