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Lin Y, Li J, Liang X, Hu T, Huang Z, Zhu Z, Diao M, Zhao X, Peng Z, Wang Y, Chen Q, Liu J, Wu K. Steering Electron-Induced Surface Reaction via a Molecular Assembly Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10150-10158. [PMID: 38557061 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Electrons not only serve as a "reactant" in redox reactions but also play a role in "catalyzing" some chemical processes. Despite the significance and ubiquitousness of electron-induced chemistry, many related scientific issues still await further exploration, among which is the impact of molecular assembly. In this work, microscopic insights into the vital role of molecular assembly in tweaking the electron-induced surface chemistry are unfolded by combined scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory studies. It is shown that the selective dissociation of a C-Cl bond in 4,4″-dichloro-1,1':3',1''-terphenyl (DCTP) on Cu(111) can be efficiently triggered by an electron injection via the STM tip into the unoccupied molecular orbital. The DCTP molecules are embedded in different assembly structures, including its self-assembly and coassemblies with Br adatoms. The energy threshold for the C-Cl bond cleavage increases as more Br adatoms stay close to the molecule, indicative of the sensitive response of the electron-induced surface reactivity of the C-Cl bond to the subtle change in the molecular assembly. Such a phenomenon is rationalized by the energy shift of the involved unoccupied molecular orbital of DCTP that is embedded in different assemblies. These findings shed new light on the tuning effect of molecular assembly on electron-induced reactions and introduce an efficient approach to precisely steer surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Lin
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ting Hu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhichao Huang
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengxiao Diao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhantao Peng
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Lipton-Duffin J, MacLeod J. Innovations in nanosynthesis: emerging techniques for precision, scalability, and spatial control in reactions of organic molecules on solid surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:183001. [PMID: 36876935 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acbc01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface science-based approach to synthesising new organic materials on surfaces has gained considerable attention in recent years, owing to its success in facilitating the formation of novel 0D, 1D and 2D architectures. The primary mechanism used to date has been the catalytic transformation of small organic molecules through substrate-enabled reactions. In this Topical Review, we provide an overview of alternate approaches to controlling molecular reactions on surfaces. These approaches include light, electron and ion-initiated reactions, electrospray ionisation deposition-based techniques, collisions of neutral atoms and molecules, and superhydrogenation. We focus on the opportunities afforded by these alternative approaches, in particular where they may offer advantages in terms of selectivity, spatial control or scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Lipton-Duffin
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer MacLeod
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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3
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Ordering a rhenium catalyst on Ag(001) through molecule-surface step interaction. Commun Chem 2022; 5:3. [PMID: 36697683 PMCID: PMC9814538 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic scale studies of the anchoring of catalytically active complexes to surfaces may provide valuable insights for the design of new catalytically active hybrid systems. In this work, the self-assembly of 1D, 2D and 3D structures of the complex fac-Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), a CO2 reduction catalyst, on the Ag(001) surface are studied by a combination of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations. Infrared and sum frequency generation spectroscopy confirm that the complex remains chemically intact under sublimation. Deposition of the complexes onto the silver surface at 300 K leads to strong local variations in the resulting surface coverage on the nanometer scale, indicating that in the initial phase of deposition a large fraction of the molecules is desorbing from the surface. Low coverage regions show a decoration of step edges aligned along the crystal's symmetry axes <110>. These crystallographic directions are found to be of major importance to the binding of the complexes to the surface. Moreover, the interaction between the molecules and the substrate promotes the restructuring of surface steps along these directions. Well-aligned and decorated steps are found to act as nucleation point for monolayer growth (2D) before 3D growth starts.
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Abstract
Chemical reactions that occur at nanostructured electrodes have garnered widespread interest because of their potential applications in fields including nanotechnology, green chemistry and fundamental physical organic chemistry. Much of our present understanding of these reactions comes from probes that interrogate ensembles of molecules undergoing various stages of the transformation concurrently. Exquisite control over single-molecule reactivity lets us construct new molecules and further our understanding of nanoscale chemical phenomena. We can study single molecules using instruments such as the scanning tunnelling microscope, which can additionally be part of a mechanically controlled break junction. These are unique tools that can offer a high level of detail. They probe the electronic conductance of individual molecules and catalyse chemical reactions by establishing environments with reactive metal sites on nanoscale electrodes. This Review describes how chemical reactions involving bond cleavage and formation can be triggered at nanoscale electrodes and studied one molecule at a time.
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Timm MJ, Leung L, Polanyi JC. Direct Observation of Knock-on in Surface Reactions at Zero Impact Parameter. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12644-12649. [PMID: 34370480 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction dynamics examines molecular motions in reactive collisions. The aiming of reagents at one another has been achieved at selected miss distances (impact parameters, b) by using the corrugations on crystalline surfaces as collimator. Prior experimental work and ab initio calculation showed single atoms aimed at chemisorbed molecules with b = 0 gave knock-on of atomic reaction products through a linear transition state. Here we report a study of b = 0 collision between directed CF2 and stationary chemisorbed CF3. Experiments and ab initio calculations again show linear reaction with a linear transition state, despite the additional degrees of freedom for CF2. The directed motion of CF2 is conserved through this linear transition state. Conservation of directionality is evidenced experimentally by the observation of a knock-on chain reaction along a line of chemisorbed CF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Timm
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lydie Leung
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John C Polanyi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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6
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Timm MJ, Leung L, Anggara K, Polanyi JC. Direct observation of knock-on reaction with umbrella inversion arising from zero-impact-parameter collision at a surface. Commun Chem 2021; 4:14. [PMID: 36697691 PMCID: PMC9814886 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In Surface-Aligned-Reactions (SAR), the degrees of freedom of chemical reactions are restricted and therefore the reaction outcome is selected. Using the inherent corrugation of a Cu(110) substrate the adsorbate molecules can be positioned and aligned and the impact parameter, the collision miss-distance, can be chosen. Here, substitution reaction for a zero impact parameter collision gives an outcome which resembles the classic Newton's cradle in which an incident mass 'knocks-on' the same mass in the collision partner, here F + CF3 → (CF3)' + (F)' at a copper surface. The mechanism of knock-on was shown by Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy to involve reversal of the CF3 umbrella as in Walden inversion, with ejection of (F)' product along the continuation of the F-reagent direction of motion, in collinear reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Timm
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Lydie Leung
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Kelvin Anggara
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - John C. Polanyi
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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8
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Jahangiri S, Arrazola JM, Quesada N, Delgado A. Quantum algorithm for simulating molecular vibrational excitations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25528-25537. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a quantum algorithm for simulating molecular vibrational excitations during vibronic transitions. The algorithm is used to simulate vibrational excitations of pyrrole and butane during photochemical and mechanochemical excitations.
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9
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Wang C, Chi L, Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Chemische Synthese an Oberflächen mit Präzision in atomarer Größenordnung: Beherrschung von Komplexität und Genauigkeit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS ISIS 8 alleé Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou 215123 V.R. China
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS ISIS 8 alleé Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg CNRS ISIS 8 alleé Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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10
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Wang C, Chi L, Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Chemical Synthesis at Surfaces with Atomic Precision: Taming Complexity and Perfection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18758-18775. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSISIS 8 alleé Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional, Materials & DevicesSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSISIS 8 alleé Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de StrasbourgCNRSISIS 8 alleé Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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11
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Kong H, Qian Y, Liu X, Wan X, Amirjalayer S, Fuchs H. Long‐Range Chirality Recognition of a Polar Molecule on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Kong
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
| | - Yinyue Qian
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
| | - Xinbang Liu
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
| | - Xinling Wan
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institute Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Münster 48149 Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstrasse 11 48149 Münster Germany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC) Heisenbergstrasse 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
- Physikalisches Institute Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Münster 48149 Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) Heisenbergstrasse 11 48149 Münster Germany
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12
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Kong H, Qian Y, Liu X, Wan X, Amirjalayer S, Fuchs H. Long-Range Chirality Recognition of a Polar Molecule on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:182-186. [PMID: 31532066 PMCID: PMC6973085 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chiral molecular self‐assemblies were usually achieved using short‐range intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen‐, metal–organic, and covalent bonding. However, unavoidable surface defects, such as step edges, surface reconstructions, or site dislocations may limit the applicability of short‐range chirality recognition. Long‐range chirality recognition on surfaces would be an appealing but challenging strategy for chiral reservation across surface defects at long distances. Now, long‐range chirality recognition is presented between neighboring 3‐bromo‐naphthalen‐2‐ol (BNOL) stripes on an inert Au(111) surface across the herringbone reconstruction as investigated by STM and DFT calculations. The key to achieving such recognition is the herringbone reconstruction‐induced local dipole accumulation at the edges of the BNOL stripes. The neighboring stripes are then forced to adopt the same chirality to create the opposite edged dipoles and neutralize the neighbored dipole moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Kong
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yinyue Qian
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xinbang Liu
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xinling Wan
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.,Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China.,Physikalisches Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.,Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
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13
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Anggara K, Leung L, Timm MJ, Hu Z, Polanyi JC. Electron-induced molecular dissociation at a surface leads to reactive collisions at selected impact parameters. Faraday Discuss 2019; 214:89-103. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00137e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A collimated beam of ‘projectiles’ strikes a chemisorbed ‘target’ thereby selecting the impact parameter, achieving an elusive goal of reaction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Anggara
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Lydie Leung
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Matthew J. Timm
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Zhixin Hu
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - John C. Polanyi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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14
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Anggara K, Leung L, Timm MJ, Hu Z, Polanyi JC. Approaching the forbidden fruit of reaction dynamics: Aiming reagent at selected impact parameters. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau2821. [PMID: 30310869 PMCID: PMC6173530 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Collision geometry is central to reaction dynamics. An important variable in collision geometry is the miss-distance between molecules, known as the "impact parameter." This is averaged in gas-phase molecular beam studies. By aligning molecules on a surface prior to electron-induced dissociation, we select impact parameters in subsequent inelastic collisions. Surface-collimated "projectile" molecules, difluorocarbene (CF2), were aimed at stationary "target" molecules characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), with the observed scattering interpreted by computational molecular dynamics. Selection of impact parameters showed that head-on collisions favored bimolecular reaction, whereas glancing collisions led only to momentum transfer. These collimated projectiles could be aimed at the wide variety of adsorbed targets identifiable by STM, with the selected impact parameter assisting in the identification of the collision geometry required for reaction.
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15
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Wang YL, Sun K, Tu YB, Tao ML, Xie ZB, Yuan HK, Xiong ZH, Wang JZ. Chirality switching of the self-assembled CuPc domains induced by electric field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7125-7131. [PMID: 29479594 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08279g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chiral switching of the self-assembled domains of CuPc molecules on the Cd(0001) surface has been investigated by means of a low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). With the coverage increasing, the CuPc molecules show the structural evolutions from an initial gas-like state to a network phase, a square phase, and finally to a compact phase at full monolayer. In the network and square phases, the achiral CuPc molecules reveal both the point chirality and chiral domains. In particular, the chirality of network domain can be switched from one enantiomer to another driven by the electric filed from a STM tip, which can also lead to the lattice rotation of network phase. These results demonstrate that (i) there is strong interaction between the CuPc molecules and STM tip; (ii) the adsorbed CuPc molecules carry considerable net charge or polarizability due to the charge transfer; (iii) the network phase has a low barrier for the interconversion between right- and left-handed domains. Our findings are significant for the understanding and control of the domain's chirality in the self-assembled structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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16
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MacLean O, Huang K, Leung L, Polanyi JC. Direct and Delayed Dynamics in Electron-Induced Surface Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17368-17375. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver MacLean
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kai Huang
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lydie Leung
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John C. Polanyi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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17
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Borca B, Michnowicz T, Pétuya R, Pristl M, Schendel V, Pentegov I, Kraft U, Klauk H, Wahl P, Gutzler R, Arnau A, Schlickum U, Kern K. Electric-Field-Driven Direct Desulfurization. ACS NANO 2017; 11:4703-4709. [PMID: 28437066 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to elucidate the elementary steps of a chemical reaction at the atomic scale is important for the detailed understanding of the processes involved, which is key to uncover avenues for improved reaction paths. Here, we track the chemical pathway of an irreversible direct desulfurization reaction of tetracenothiophene adsorbed on the Cu(111) closed-packed surface at the submolecular level. Using the precise control of the tip position in a scanning tunneling microscope and the electric field applied across the tunnel junction, the two carbon-sulfur bonds of a thiophene unit are successively cleaved. Comparison of spatially mapped molecular states close to the Fermi level of the metallic substrate acquired at each reaction step with density functional theory calculations reveals the two elementary steps of this reaction mechanism. The first reaction step is activated by an electric field larger than 2 V nm-1, practically in absence of tunneling electrons, opening the thiophene ring and leading to a transient intermediate. Subsequently, at the same threshold electric field and with simultaneous injection of electrons into the molecule, the exergonic detachment of the sulfur atom is triggered. Thus, a stable molecule with a bifurcated end is obtained, which is covalently bound to the metallic surface. The sulfur atom is expelled from the vicinity of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdana Borca
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- National Institute of Materials Physics , 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania
| | - Tomasz Michnowicz
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rémi Pétuya
- Donostia International Physics Centre , E-20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marcel Pristl
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Verena Schendel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ivan Pentegov
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kraft
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hagen Klauk
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Wahl
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews , North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrés Arnau
- Donostia International Physics Centre , E-20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales UPV/EHU and Material Physics Center (MPC), Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU , E-20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Uta Schlickum
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut de Physique , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Münninghoff JAW, Elemans JAAW. Chemistry at the square nanometer: reactivity at liquid/solid interfaces revealed with an STM. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1769-1788. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An overview is given of single molecule reactivity at a liquid/solid interface employing a scanning tunneling microscope.
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19
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Anggara K, Huang K, Leung L, Chatterjee A, Cheng F, Polanyi JC. Bond selectivity in electron-induced reaction due to directed recoil on an anisotropic substrate. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13690. [PMID: 27934861 PMCID: PMC5476794 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bond-selective reaction is central to heterogeneous catalysis. In heterogeneous catalysis, selectivity is found to depend on the chemical nature and morphology of the substrate. Here, however, we show a high degree of bond selectivity dependent only on adsorbate bond alignment. The system studied is the electron-induced reaction of meta-diiodobenzene physisorbed on Cu(110). Of the adsorbate's C-I bonds, C-I aligned 'Along' the copper row dissociates in 99.3% of the cases giving surface reaction, whereas C-I bond aligned 'Across' the rows dissociates in only 0.7% of the cases. A two-electronic-state molecular dynamics model attributes reaction to an initial transition to a repulsive state of an Along C-I, followed by directed recoil of C towards a Cu atom of the same row, forming C-Cu. A similar impulse on an Across C-I gives directed C that, moving across rows, does not encounter a Cu atom and hence exhibits markedly less reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Anggara
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kai Huang
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lydie Leung
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Avisek Chatterjee
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Fang Cheng
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John C Polanyi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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20
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21
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Grillo F, Garrido Torres JA, Treanor MJ, Larrea CR, Götze JP, Lacovig P, Früchtl HA, Schaub R, Richardson NV. Two-dimensional self-assembly of benzotriazole on an inert substrate. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:9167-77. [PMID: 27074372 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00821f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ultra-high vacuum (UHV) room temperature adsorption of benzotriazole (BTAH), a well-known corrosion inhibitor for copper, has been investigated on the pristine Au(111) surface using a combination of surface sensitive techniques. The dimensionality of the molecule is reduced from the 3D crystal structure to a 2-dimensional surface confinement, which induces the formation of hydrogen bonded 1-dimensional molecular chains consisting of alternating pro-S and pro-R enantiomers mainly. The 0-dimensional system is characteristic of gas-phase BTAH, which undergoes a tautomeric equilibrium, with consequences for the resulting adsorbed species. The balance between hydrogen bonding, inter-chain van der Waals interactions and surface-molecule interactions, and the correlation with the dimensionality of the system, are discussed in light of the experimental results and a computational description of the observed features.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Grillo
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - J A Garrido Torres
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - M-J Treanor
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - C R Larrea
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - J P Götze
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - P Lacovig
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 Km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - H A Früchtl
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - R Schaub
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - N V Richardson
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
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22
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Kong H, Wang L, Sun Q, Zhang C, Tan Q, Xu W. Controllable Scission and Seamless Stitching of Metal-Organic Clusters by STM Manipulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6526-30. [PMID: 25878026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) manipulation techniques have proven to be a powerful method for advanced nanofabrication of artificial molecular architectures on surfaces. With increasing complexity of the studied systems, STM manipulations are then extended to more complicated structural motifs. Previously, the dissociation and construction of various motifs have been achieved, but only in a single direction. In this report, the controllable scission and seamless stitching of metal-organic clusters have been successfully achieved through STM manipulations. The system presented here includes two sorts of hierarchical interactions where coordination bonds hold the metal-organic elementary motifs while hydrogen bonds among elementary motifs are directly involved in bond breakage and re-formation. The key to making this reversible switching successful is the hydrogen bonding, which is comparatively facile to be broken for controllable scission, and, on the other hand, the directional characteristic of hydrogen bonding makes precise stitching feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Kong
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804 (P. R. China)
| | - Likun Wang
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804 (P. R. China)
| | - Qiang Sun
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804 (P. R. China)
| | - Chi Zhang
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804 (P. R. China)
| | - Qinggang Tan
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804 (P. R. China)
| | - Wei Xu
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804 (P. R. China).
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23
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Kong H, Wang L, Sun Q, Zhang C, Tan Q, Xu W. Controllable Scission and Seamless Stitching of Metal-Organic Clusters by STM Manipulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Huang K, Leung L, Lim T, Ning Z, Polanyi JC. Vibrational excitation induces double reaction. ACS NANO 2014; 8:12468-12475. [PMID: 25489788 DOI: 10.1021/nn5053074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electron-induced reaction at metal surfaces is currently the subject of extensive study. Here, we broaden the range of experimentation to a comparison of vibrational excitation with electronic excitation, for reaction of the same molecule at the same clean metal surface. In a previous study of electron-induced reaction by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we examined the dynamics of the concurrent breaking of the two C-I bonds of ortho-diiodobenzene physisorbed on Cu(110). The energy of the incident electron was near the electronic excitation threshold of E0=1.0 eV required to induce this single-electron process. STM has been employed in the present work to study the reaction dynamics at the substantially lower incident electron energies of 0.3 eV, well below the electronic excitation threshold. The observed increase in reaction rate with current was found to be fourth-order, indicative of multistep reagent vibrational excitation, in contrast to the first-order rate dependence found earlier for electronic excitation. The change in mode of excitation was accompanied by altered reaction dynamics, evidenced by a different pattern of binding of the chemisorbed products to the copper surface. We have modeled these altered reaction dynamics by exciting normal modes of vibration that distort the C-I bonds of the physisorbed reagent. Using the same ab initio ground potential-energy surface as in the prior work on electronic excitation, but with only vibrational excitation of the physisorbed reagent in the asymmetric stretch mode of C-I bonds, we obtained the observed alteration in reaction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S SH6, Canada
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25
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Li M, den Boer D, Iavicoli P, Adisoejoso J, Uji-i H, Van der Auweraer M, Amabilino DB, Elemans JAAW, De Feyter S. Tip-Induced Chemical Manipulation of Metal Porphyrins at a Liquid/Solid Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17418-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja510930z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200-F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- CAS
Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety,
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Duncan den Boer
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200-F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrizia Iavicoli
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jinne Adisoejoso
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200-F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-i
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200-F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Van der Auweraer
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200-F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - David B. Amabilino
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Johannes A. A. W. Elemans
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg
135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division
of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven−University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200-F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Pan TL, Sloan PA, Palmer RE. Concerted Thermal-Plus-Electronic Nonlocal Desorption of Chlorobenzene from Si(111)-7 × 7 in the STM. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3551-3554. [PMID: 26278608 DOI: 10.1021/jz501819n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The rate of desorption of chemisorbed chlorobenzene molecules from the Si(111)-7 × 7 surface, induced by nonlocal charge injection from an STM tip, depends on the surface temperature. Between 260 and 313 K, we find an Arrhenius thermal activation energy of 450 ± 170 meV, consistent with the binding energy of physisorbed chlorobenzene on the same surface. Injected electrons excite the chlorobenzene molecule from the chemisorption state to an intermediate physisorption state, followed by thermal desorption. We find a second thermal activation energy of 21 ± 4 meV in the lower temperature region between 77 and 260 K, assigned to surface phonon excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Luo Pan
- †Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Sloan
- †Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- ‡Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard E Palmer
- †Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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27
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Dinca LE, MacLeod JM, Lipton-Duffin J, Fu C, Ma D, Perepichka DF, Rosei F. Tip-induced C-H activation and oligomerization of thienoanthracenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8791-3. [PMID: 24967741 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03719g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) can be used to dehydrogenate freely-diffusing tetrathienoanthracene (TTA) molecules on Cu(111), trapping the molecules into metal-coordinated oligomeric structures. The process proceeds at bias voltages above ~3 V and produces organometallic structures identical to those resulting from the thermally-activated cross-coupling of a halogenated analogue. The process appears to be substrate dependent: no oligomerization was observed on Ag(111) or HOPG. This approach demonstrates the possibility of controlled synthesis and nanoscale patterning of 2D oligomer structures on selected surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Dinca
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada.
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28
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Wang H, Lu Z, Kong D, Sun J, Hymel TM, Cui Y. Electrochemical tuning of MoS2 nanoparticles on three-dimensional substrate for efficient hydrogen evolution. ACS NANO 2014; 8:5-13. [PMID: 24716529 DOI: 10.1021/nn4064538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with the two-dimensional layered structure has been widely studied as an advanced catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Intercalating guest species into the van der Waals gaps of MoS2 has been demonstrated as an effective approach to tune the electronic structure and consequently improve the HER catalytic activity. In this work, by constructing nanostructured MoS2 particles with largely exposed edge sites on the three-dimensional substrate and subsequently conducting Li electrochemical intercalation and exfoliation processes, an ultrahigh HER performance with 200 mA/cm(2) cathodic current density at only 200 mV overpotential is achieved. We propose that both the high surface area nanostructure and the 2H semiconducting to 1T metallic phase transition of MoS2 are responsible for the outstanding catalytic activity. Electrochemical stability test further confirms the long-term operation of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Wang
- Department of Applied Physics and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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29
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Motobayashi K, Kim Y, Arafune R, Ohara M, Ueba H, Kawai M. Dissociation pathways of a single dimethyl disulfide on Cu(111): Reaction induced by simultaneous excitation of two vibrational modes. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:194705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4875537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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30
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Guo Q, Li F. Self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers on gold surfaces: resolving the complex structure at the interface by STM. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:19074-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00596a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Ditze S, Stark M, Buchner F, Aichert A, Jux N, Luckas N, Görling A, Hieringer W, Hornegger J, Steinrück HP, Marbach H. On the energetics of conformational switching of molecules at and close to room temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:1609-16. [PMID: 24410182 DOI: 10.1021/ja411884p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We observe and induce conformational switching of individual molecules via scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at and close to room temperature. 2H-5,10,15,20-Tetrakis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl)-phenylporphyrin adsorbed on Cu(111) forms a peculiar supramolecular ordered phase in which the molecules arrange in alternating rows, with two distinct appearances in STM which are assigned to concave and convex intramolecular conformations. Around room temperature, frequent bidirectional conformational switching of individual molecules from concave to convex and vice versa is observed. From the temperature dependence, detailed insights into the energy barriers and entropic contributions of the switching processes are deduced. At 200 K, controlled STM tip-induced unidirectional switching is possible, yielding an information storage density of 4.9 × 10(13) bit/inch(2). With this contribution we demonstrate that controlled switching of individual molecules at comparably high temperatures is possible and that entropic effects can be a decisive factor in potential molecular devices at these temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ditze
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and ‡Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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32
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Vaida ME, Bernhardt TM. Surface-Aligned Femtochemistry: Molecular Reaction Dynamics on Oxide Surfaces. SPRINGER SERIES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02051-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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33
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Marbach H, Steinrück HP. Studying the dynamic behaviour of porphyrins as prototype functional molecules by scanning tunnelling microscopy close to room temperature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:9034-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01744g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scanning tunnelling microscopy of the dynamics of functional molecules (porphyrins) close to room temperature enables a detailed determination of the thermodynamic potentials including entropic contributions of the underlying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Marbach
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II
- Egerlandstrasse 3 and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - H.-P. Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II
- Egerlandstrasse 3 and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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34
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Hahn JR, Jang SH, Kim KW, Son SB. Hot carrier-selective chemical reactions on Ag(110). J Chem Phys 2013; 139:074707. [PMID: 23968107 DOI: 10.1063/1.4817947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we show that the pathways, products, and efficiencies of reactions occurring on a metal surface can be spatially modulated by varying the type and energy of hot carriers produced by injecting tunneling electrons or holes from a scanning tunneling microscope tip into the metal surface. Control over the metal surface reactions was demonstrated for the large-scale dissociation reaction of O2 molecules on a Ag(110) surface. Hot electrons (or holes) transported through the metal surface to chemisorbed O2 selectively dissociated the molecule into two oxygen atoms separated along the [110] (or [001]) lattice direction. The reaction selectivity was enhanced compared to the selectivity of a direct reaction involving tunneling carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ryang Hahn
- Department of Chemistry and Bioactive Materials Science and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea.
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35
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Yim WL, Klüner T. Substrate mediated short- and long-range adsorption patterns of CO on Ag(110). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:196101. [PMID: 23705722 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.196101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of CO on Ag(110) was recently explained using substrate mediated intermolecular interactions, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study investigates both short- and long-range relaxation patterns for CO adsorption on Ag(110) surfaces and suggests that the relaxation mode can be explained by the interaction of heavy electrons on metal substrates in electron momentum space. The long-range relaxation mode for CO on Ag(110) involved a (6×6) commensurate phase, whereas the short-range relaxation involved an alleviation of Fermi surface nesting along the <11[over ¯]0> direction of the Ag(110) substrate. The symmetry broken ground state structure at high CO coverage from this work is consistent with the interpretation of available experimental data at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Leung Yim
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 1 Fusionopolis Way, No. 16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632.
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36
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Huang K, Leung L, Lim T, Ning Z, Polanyi JC. Single-electron induces double-reaction by charge delocalization. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6220-5. [PMID: 23582020 DOI: 10.1021/ja400612c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Injecting an electron by scanning tunneling microscope into a molecule physisorbed at a surface can induce dissociative reaction of one adsorbate bond. Here we show experimentally that a single low-energy electron incident on ortho-diiodobenzene physisorbed on Cu(110) preferentially induces reaction of both of the C-I bonds in the adsorbate, with an order-of-magnitude greater efficiency than for comparable cases of single bond breaking. A two-electronic-state model was used to follow the dynamics, first on an anionic potential-energy surface (pes*) and subsequently on the ground state pes. The model led to the conclusion that the two-bond reaction was due to the delocalization of added charge between adjacent halogen-atoms of ortho-diiodobenzene through overlapping antibonding orbitals, in contrast to the cases of para-dihalobenzenes, studied earlier, for which electron-induced reaction severed exclusively a single carbon-halogen bond. The finding that charge delocalization within a single molecule can readily cause concerted two-bond breaking suggests the more general possibility of intra- and also intermolecular charge delocalization resulting in multisite reaction. Intermolecular charge delocalization has recently been proposed by this laboratory to account for reaction in physisorbed molecular chains (Ning, Z.; Polanyi, J. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 320-324).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 Canada
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37
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Houmam A, Muhammad H, Koczkur KM. Rapid formation of a dense sulfur layer on gold through use of triphenylmethane sulfenyl chloride as a precursor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:16881-16889. [PMID: 23131048 DOI: 10.1021/la3032607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of triphenylmethane sulfenyl chloride as a new precursor leads to the efficient deposition of sulfur on polycrystalline gold and Au(111) substrates. The modified surfaces are characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemistry and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The XPS data shows the rapid deposition of polymeric sulfur within very short times. Electrochemical stripping cyclic voltammetry (CV) confirms the rapid deposition and shows that high coverage values are achieved. STM imaging shows the formation of a wide range sulfur layer and production of the well-known etch pits. High-resolution STM images confirm the high density of the sulfur layers and show formation of a long-range phase consisting of rhombus structures close to the previously described rectangular structures along with other parallelograms and partial parallelograms. The present results do not show the initial formation of any organic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) indicating that the formation of polymeric sulfur does not result from the decomposition of an initial SAM as previously observed with alkyl and aryl thiolate-based SAMs. The suggested mechanism involves an initial reductive process similar to the one reported for thiocyanates and sulfenyl chlorides. This is followed by the dissociation of the Ph(3)C-S bond, leaving only sulfur on the surface, through a process leading to the recombination of the remaining fragments to yield triphenylmethyl chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Houmam
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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38
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Ning Z, Polanyi JC. Charge Delocalization Induces Reaction in Molecular Chains at a Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Ning Z, Polanyi JC. Charge Delocalization Induces Reaction in Molecular Chains at a Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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40
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41
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Li F, Tang L, Gao J, Zhou W, Guo Q. Adsorption and electron-induced dissociation of ethanethiol on Au(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:11115-11120. [PMID: 22780552 DOI: 10.1021/la301779m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dissociation of ethanethiol and the formation of Au-adatom-diethylthiolate rows on the Au(111) surface were investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at low temperature. Ethanethiol molecules physisorb on Au(111) at 120 K by sequentially occupation of the elbow site, the fcc domain before covering the whole surface with a semiliquid layer without long-range order. Scanning the physisorbed layer with a sample bias higher than +1.2 V leads to dissociation via cleaving the H-S bond. One of the dissociation products, ethylthiolate, forms a double-row structure with the rows aligned in one of the [112(-)] directions. These double rows arise from the Au-adatom-dithiolate species: CH(3)CH(2)S-Au-SCH(2)CH(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Keller A, Bald I, Rotaru A, Cauët E, Gothelf KV, Besenbacher F. Probing electron-induced bond cleavage at the single-molecule level using DNA origami templates. ACS NANO 2012; 6:4392-9. [PMID: 22510060 DOI: 10.1021/nn3010747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Low-energy electrons (LEEs) play an important role in nanolithography, atmospheric chemistry, and DNA radiation damage. Previously, the cleavage of specific chemical bonds triggered by LEEs has been demonstrated in a variety of small organic molecules such as halogenated benzenes and DNA nucleobases. Here we present a strategy that allows for the first time to visualize the electron-induced dissociation of single chemical bonds within complex, but well-defined self-assembled DNA nanostructures. We employ atomic force microscopy to image and quantify LEE-induced bond dissociations within specifically designed oligonucleotide targets that are attached to DNA origami templates. In this way, we use a highly selective approach to compare the efficiency of the electron-induced dissociation of a single disulfide bond with the more complex cleavage of the DNA backbone within a TT dinucleotide sequence. This novel technique enables the fast and parallel determination of DNA strand break yields with unprecedented control over the DNA's primary and secondary structure. Thus the detailed investigation of DNA radiation damage in its most natural environment, e.g., DNA nucleosomes constituting the chromatin, now becomes feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Keller
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Danish National Research Foundation: Centre for DNA Nanotechnology (CDNA), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Houmam A, Koczkur KM, Moula G, Hamed EM. New Insights into Sulfur Deposition on Gold Using Dithiobisphthalimide as a New Precursor. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:1240-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Matharu Z, Bandodkar AJ, Gupta V, Malhotra BD. Fundamentals and application of ordered molecular assemblies to affinity biosensing. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:1363-402. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15145b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kumagai T, Shiotari A, Okuyama H, Hatta S, Aruga T, Hamada I, Frederiksen T, Ueba H. H-atom relay reactions in real space. NATURE MATERIALS 2011; 11:167-172. [PMID: 22120414 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonds are the path through which protons and hydrogen atoms can be transferred between molecules. The relay mechanism, in which H-atom transfer occurs in a sequential fashion along hydrogen bonds, plays an essential role in many functional compounds. Here we use the scanning tunnelling microscope to construct and operate a test-bed for real-space observation of H-atom relay reactions at a single-molecule level. We demonstrate that the transfer of H-atoms along hydrogen-bonded chains assembled on a Cu(110) surface is controllable and reversible, and is triggered by excitation of molecular vibrations induced by inelastic tunnelling electrons. The experimental findings are rationalized by ab initio calculations for adsorption geometry, active vibrational modes and reaction pathway, to reach a detailed microscopic picture of the elementary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kumagai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Houmam A, Muhammad H, Koczkur KM. Physical structure of standing-up aromatic SAMs revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:13544-13553. [PMID: 21970561 DOI: 10.1021/la202928z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Long-range-ordered aromatic SAMs are formed on Au(111) using 4-nitrophenyl sulfenyl chloride as a precursor. Although the main structure is a √3 × √3 with a molecular density similar to that usually found for aliphatic SAMs, particular spots presenting specific shapes are also observed by STM. These include hexagons, partial hexagons, parallelograms, and zigzags resulting from specific arrangements of adsorbed molecules. These molecular arrangements are reversible as they form and dissociate or "vanish" in various areas on the surface. STM shows that these particular structures provide some order to their surrounding because areas void of these structures look less ordered. More interestingly, STM shows submolecular details of the molecules involved in forming these structures, hence providing direct experimental evidence for the ability of the STM to provide physical structure information of standing up SAMs. This is indeed a heavily debated question, and this work reports the first experimental example where submolecular physical structure is revealed by STM for standing-up SAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Houmam
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Okawa Y, Mandal SK, Hu C, Tateyama Y, Goedecker S, Tsukamoto S, Hasegawa T, Gimzewski JK, Aono M. Chemical Wiring and Soldering toward All-Molecule Electronic Circuitry. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8227-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ja111673x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Okawa
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Swapan K. Mandal
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Chunping Hu
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateyama
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- PRESTO and CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Stefan Goedecker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shigeru Tsukamoto
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Peter Grünberg Institut, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Hasegawa
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - James K. Gimzewski
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Masakazu Aono
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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den Boer D, Habets T, Coenen MJJ, van der Maas M, Peters TPJ, Crossley MJ, Khoury T, Rowan AE, Nolte RJM, Speller S, Elemans JAAW. Controlled templating of porphyrins by a molecular command layer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:2644-2651. [PMID: 21329373 DOI: 10.1021/la104724v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The copper porphyrin (5,10,15,20-tetraundecylporphyrinato)copper(II) can be templated in a well-defined arrangement using p-(hexadecyloxycarbonyl)phenylacetylene as a command layer on graphite. The bicomponent system was characterized at the submolecular level at a solid/liquid interface by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It is proposed that the layer of copper porphyrins is templated on top of the command layer in a hierarchical fashion, via a combination of intermolecular π-π stacking and van der Waals interactions. A very subtle effect, i.e., a superstructure in the alkyl chain region of the phenylacetylene monolayers, was identified as a decisive factor for the templating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan den Boer
- Radboud University Nijmegen , Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Imprinting Atomic and Molecular Patterns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-096355-6.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Lim T, Polanyi JC, Guo H, Ji W. Surface-mediated chain reaction through dissociative attachment. Nat Chem 2010; 3:85-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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