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Sharifinia M. Improve aquaculture with insect meal. Science 2024; 383:838. [PMID: 38386761 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Moslem Sharifinia
- Shrimp Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Bushehr 75169-89177, Iran
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2
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Rector ME, Filgueira R, Grant J. From farm sustainability to ecosystem sustainability: Exploring the limitations of farm-applied aquaculture eco-certification schemes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 339:117869. [PMID: 37054590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture eco-certification schemes provide standards against which individual farms are assessed, and those farms that comply with eco-certification criteria receive certified status. These schemes aim to improve aquaculture sustainability, but the site-by-site approach of eco-certification can be a barrier to the inclusion of ecosystem perspectives in the evaluation of farm sustainability. However, the ecosystem approach to aquaculture demands a management approach that considers broader scale ecosystem impacts. This study explored how eco-certification schemes and processes account for potential ecosystem impacts of salmon farms. Interviews with eco-certification auditors, salmon producers, and eco-certification staff were conducted. The experience of participants and information from eco-certification scheme criteria and other eco-certification scheme documents were used to identify thematic challenges associated with the consideration of ecosystem impacts including: assessing far-field impacts, managing cumulative effects, and anticipating ecosystem risks. Results indicate that eco-certification schemes work within the limitations of farm-scale application of global eco-certification standards to address potential ecosystem impacts by: (1) including eco-certification scheme criteria that address ecosystem impacts, (2) relying on the experience, expertise, and judgement of eco-certification auditors, and (3) referencing and deferring to local regulations. Results indicate that eco-certification schemes can address ecosystem impacts to some degree, despite their site-by-site approach. The integration of additional tools while supporting the capacity of farms to apply those tools, as well as increasing transparency during compliance assessment could help eco-certification schemes shift from providing assurance of farm sustainability to providing assurance of ecosystem sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Rector
- Marine Affairs Program, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4J1, Canada.
| | - R Filgueira
- Marine Affairs Program, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4J1, Canada
| | - J Grant
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4J1, Canada
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Li SC, He JG. A generalizable and tunable engineered ecosystem provides a clear route to prosperity and well-being to harness the world's aquatic "blue" food systems to help end hunger: A perspective. FRONTIERS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 2:886808. [PMID: 36312446 PMCID: PMC9617584 DOI: 10.3389/frfst.2022.886808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Seafood security is essential in modern society. In 2013, Bush and colleagues stated, 'Aquaculture, farming aquatic organisms, provides close to 50% of the world's supply of seafood, with a value of United States $125 billion. It makes up 13% of the world's animal-source protein (excluding eggs and dairy) and employs an estimated 24 million people'. With the increase in the human population and reducing fishing resources, humans increasingly rely on aquacultural products as the primary protein sources for many countries. Aquacultural productivity has been improving in recent years, and in certain countries, the aquaculture output is more than the fishing output. For example, Chinese aquaculture production is more than fishing output, which provides one-third of animal protein. Thus, intensive aquaculture has become the main supply with global aquatic products (FAO). In recent years, it is estimated that each person consumption of aquaculture products is 130 kg in some countries (Iceland). Here, we illustrate the road blocker in farmed shrimp production and provide our resolution. The global pandemic of white spot syndrome (WSS), caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), bears a devastating economic loss in farmed shrimp production, thereby jeopardizing seafood security. Currently, there is no effective control for WSS. Conventional single-species intensive farming removes the spatiotemporal interaction between different species. We hypothesize that establishing the spatiotemporal interface of a predator-prey may control WSS outbreak. We search for the pathways for the mechanisms by which predator-prey species interact and compete across spatial scales to characterize WSSV dispersal at regional scales for the local spatiotemporal structure of viral transmission. Thus, we create a generalizable and tunable engineered ecosystem that provides a clear route to prosperity and well-being to harness the world's aquatic "blue" food systems to help end hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Calvin Li
- University of CA-Irvine School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Jian-Guo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Ishihara H, Blandon A, Watanabe J, Yagi N. Promoting Sustainable Seafood Market in Japan: Perspectives From MSC and ASC Applicants. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.843184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese seafood market has witnessed a slow but steadfast increase in the amount of certified seafood circulated on the market despite the fact that there are few incentives to apply for certification schemes such as the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC). This is because it is difficult for the producers to reap benefits from the price premium as the retailers are unwilling to charge the consumers with a higher price for the certified seafood; at the same time, there are no sourcing codes set by the retailers to ban the access of uncertified seafood. By conducting semi-structured interviews with the applicants of MSC and ASC, this study reveals the motivation of the applicants such as the desire of producers to differentiate their seafood products from similar products on the market and to establish stable distribution channels with large retailers. We argue that this type of motivation poses a unique challenge in promoting sustainable seafood in Japan, that is the certified product needs to remain a small proportion of circulated seafood products.
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Global Seafood Trade: Insights in Sustainability Messaging and Claims of the Major Producing and Consuming Regions. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132111720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Seafood supply chains are complex, not least in the diverse origins of capture fisheries and through aquaculture production being increasingly shared across nations. The business-to-business (B2B) seafood trade is supported by seafood shows that facilitate networking and act as fora for signaling of perceptions and values. In the Global North, sustainability related certifications and messaging have emerged as an important driver to channel the demands of consumers, institutions, and lead firms. This study investigates which logos, certifications, and claims were presented at the exhibitor booths within five seafood trade shows in China, Europe, and USA. The results indicate a difference in the way seafood is advertised. Messaging at the Chinese shows had less of an emphasis on sustainability compared to that in Europe and the USA, but placed a greater emphasis on food safety and quality than on environmental concerns. These findings suggest cultural differences in the way seafood production and consumption is communicated through B2B messaging. Traders often act as choice editors for final consumers. Therefore, it is essential to convey production processes and sustainability issues between traders and the market. An understanding of culture, messaging strategies, and interpretation could support better communication of product characteristics such as sustainability between producers, traders, and consumers.
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6
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Analysis of banana and cocoa export commodities in food system transformation, with special reference to certification schemes as drivers of change. Food Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-021-01219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFood systems analysis is increasingly being applied to understand relations between production, distribution, and consumption of food products, the drivers that influence the system, and the outcomes that show how well the food system performs on health and nutrition, on environmental sustainability, and on income and inclusiveness. Little attention has gone to the position of global export commodities, where production and consumption are far apart. Banana in Costa Rica and cocoa in Cote d’Ivoire were the subject of this study to find out what major drivers determine the functioning of these systems. Next to identifying drivers such as population growth and increased plant disease pressure, it was found that the typical far-away setting and different living conditions between producer and consumer countries required a special eye on governance as a tripartite arena (government, private sector, civil society) with their power relations, and on certification schemes as a driver that follows from corporate social responsibility. The certification schemes addressed cover all food system outcomes, although health and nutrition in a less conspicuous way. The descriptions of the functioning of the schemes were also linked to living wages and incomes for banana plantation workers in Costa Rica and cocoa smallholder farmers in Côte d’Ivoire. Although very meaningful, certification schemes so far do not prove to be a silver bullet, but they do have the potential, in combination with other measures, to help positive food system transformations.
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Baumgartner U, Bürgi Bonanomi E. Drawing the line between sustainable and unsustainable fish: product differentiation that supports sustainable development through trade measures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2021; 33:113. [PMID: 34608426 PMCID: PMC8481322 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-021-00551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unsustainable production practices and increased demand for fish have aggravated negative social, ecological, and environmental impacts in fisheries and aquaculture. Measures to correct bad practices have mainly been introduced by private actors. However, there is increased demand for state intervention, particularly regarding trade regulations for fish and other agricultural products. Building on discussions about product differentiation through trade measures that favour sustainable products, this study looked at how sustainable and unsustainable fish has been distinguished in Switzerland. In interviewing experts in the fish trade and sales business in Switzerland, the research aimed at understanding the actors and forces that shape the concept of sustainable fish in the country. RESULTS Three ways of product differentiation for sustainable fish by private actors were identified in Switzerland: ecolabels, "Swiss produce", and recommendations in the form of a "consumer guide for fish". Currently, price is the main constraint on consumption of sustainable products in the country. Defining "sustainable fish" is challenging and subject to interpretation. All existing measures to differentiate sustainable from unsustainable fish products in Switzerland have shortcomings, particularly in terms of discrimination and inclusiveness. Fish ecolabels play a key role in product differentiation, but experts believe that they fail to accommodate all aspects of sustainability. CONCLUSION Our findings imply that the Swiss state should play a more important role if it aims to fulfil the promise of article 104a of the Swiss Constitution, which seeks to foster sustainable production and cross-border trade relations that contribute towards this goal. Preferred trade treatment for sustainable fish products is a potential option to increase the production and consumption of sustainable fish. When designing measures for product differentiation, a careful choice is paramount to address sustainability in a holistic, inclusive, and transparent way and in order not to violate existing trade obligations. Due to similarities between the Swiss and other fish markets, we assume that governments in general and members of the European Union in particular must play an active role in shaping the definition and trade of sustainable fish products if they seek to comply with their sustainability commitments. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-021-00551-6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Bürgi Bonanomi
- Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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8
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A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture. Nature 2021; 591:551-563. [PMID: 33762770 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The sustainability of aquaculture has been debated intensely since 2000, when a review on the net contribution of aquaculture to world fish supplies was published in Nature. This paper reviews the developments in global aquaculture from 1997 to 2017, incorporating all industry sub-sectors and highlighting the integration of aquaculture in the global food system. Inland aquaculture-especially in Asia-has contributed the most to global production volumes and food security. Major gains have also occurred in aquaculture feed efficiency and fish nutrition, lowering the fish-in-fish-out ratio for all fed species, although the dependence on marine ingredients persists and reliance on terrestrial ingredients has increased. The culture of both molluscs and seaweed is increasingly recognized for its ecosystem services; however, the quantification, valuation, and market development of these services remain rare. The potential for molluscs and seaweed to support global nutritional security is underexploited. Management of pathogens, parasites, and pests remains a sustainability challenge industry-wide, and the effects of climate change on aquaculture remain uncertain and difficult to validate. Pressure on the aquaculture industry to embrace comprehensive sustainability measures during this 20-year period have improved the governance, technology, siting, and management in many cases.
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Dvarskas A, Bricker SB, Wikfors GH, Bohorquez JJ, Dixon MS, Rose JM. Quantification and Valuation of Nitrogen Removal Services Provided by Commercial Shellfish Aquaculture at the Subwatershed Scale. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:16156-16165. [PMID: 33226232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication is a global environmental challenge, and diverse watershed nitrogen sources require multifaceted management approaches. Shellfish aquaculture removes nitrogen, but the extent and value of this ecosystem service have not been well-characterized at the local scale. A novel approach was employed to quantify and value nitrogen reduction services provided by the shellfish aquaculture industry to a municipality. Cultivated hard clam and eastern oyster nitrogen removal in Greenwich Bay, Connecticut, was valued using the replacement cost methodology and allocated by municipal nitrogen source. Using the preferred analysis allocating replacement costs by nitrogen source, aquaculture-based removal of 14 006 kg nitrogen was valued at $2.3-5.8 (2.3-6.4€) million year-1. This nitrogen removal represents 9% of the total annual Greenwich-specific nitrogen load, 16% of the combined nonpoint sources, 38% of the fertilizer sources, 51% of the septic sources, 98% of the atmospheric deposition to the watershed, or 184% of the atmospheric deposition to the embayments that discharge to Greenwich Bay. Our approach is transferable to other coastal watersheds pursuing nitrogen reduction goals, both with and without established shellfish aquaculture. It provides context for decisions related to watershed nitrogen management expenditures and suggests a strategy to comprehensively evaluate mechanisms to achieve nitrogen reduction targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Dvarskas
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Suzanne B Bricker
- NOAA NOS NCCOS Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, Oxford, Maryland 21654, United States
| | - Gary H Wikfors
- NOAA Fisheries NEFSC Milford Laboratory, 212 Rogers Avenue, Milford, Connecticut 06460, United States
| | - John J Bohorquez
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Mark S Dixon
- NOAA Fisheries NEFSC Milford Laboratory, 212 Rogers Avenue, Milford, Connecticut 06460, United States
| | - Julie M Rose
- NOAA Fisheries NEFSC Milford Laboratory, 212 Rogers Avenue, Milford, Connecticut 06460, United States
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10
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Life Cycle Assessment of Aquaculture Stewardship Council Certified Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12156079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Salmon aquaculture has grown rapidly and is expected to continue to grow to meet consumer demand. Due to concerns about the environmental impacts associated with salmon aquaculture, eco-labeling groups have developed standards intended to hold salmon producers accountable and provide a more sustainable option to consumers. This study utilized life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify the environmental impacts of salmon raised to Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) certification standards in order to determine if ASC certification achieves the intended reductions in impact. We find that environmental impacts, such as global warming potential, do not decrease with certification. We also find that salmon feed, in contrast to the on-site aquaculture practices, dominates the environmental impacts of salmon aquaculture and contributes to over 80% of impacts in ozone depletion, global warming potential, acidification, and ecotoxicity. Based on these findings, we recommend that eco-labeling groups prioritize reducing the environmental impacts of the feed supply chain.
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11
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Quality Management Practices of Intensive Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Farming: A Study of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12114520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Continuous warnings on quality and food safety of shrimp products from importers have led to increases in port rejections. This has increased awareness amongst Vietnamese farmers for conducting shrimp farming according to specific certification guidelines. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the situation of quality control and effectiveness of Good Aquaculture Practices (GAP) in Vietnam (VietGAP) for intensive shrimp systems by making a comparison between VietGAP and non-GAP applied farms. The farmers in the GAP system performed well on seven control points related to quality management, especially regarding reservoir construction, water monitoring, and chemical use. Of the farms, 49% reported disease, and the ratio of safety rejections was low. The farmers in non-GAP farms appeared to have weak practices in quality control with high usage of antibiotics, leading to 64% of farmers reporting disease and 20% of tested shipments being rejected. The VietGAP applied system has the potential to deal with disease and quality problems to increase export opportunity for Vannamei shrimp. However, VietGAP does not generate a high price premium in itself because it is not a recognized certificate in the global markets. The results reinforce previous findings regarding eco-certification and how it can be a useful tool to reduce small-scale producers’ risk, even though it does not necessarily generate a price premium.
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12
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Béné C, Fanzo J, Prager SD, Achicanoy HA, Mapes BR, Alvarez Toro P, Bonilla Cedrez C. Global drivers of food system (un)sustainability: A multi-country correlation analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231071. [PMID: 32243471 PMCID: PMC7122815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, our ability to comprehend the dynamics of food systems and the consequences of their rapid 'transformations' is limited. In this paper, we propose to address this gap by exploring the interactions between the sustainability of food systems and a set of key drivers at the global scale. For this we compile a metric of 12 key drivers of food system from a globally-representative set of low, middle, and high-income countries and analyze the relationships between these drivers and a composite index that integrates the four key dimensions of food system sustainability, namely: food security & nutrition, environment, social, and economic dimensions. The two metrics highlight the important data gap that characterizes national systems' statistics-in particular in relation to transformation, transport, retail and distribution. Spearman correlations and Principal Component Analysis are then used to explore associations between levels of sustainability and drivers. With the exception of one economic driver (trade flows in merchandise and services), the majority of the statistically significant correlations found between food system sustainability and drivers appear to be negative. The fact that most of these negative drivers are closely related to the global demographic transition that is currently affecting the world population highlights the magnitude of the challenges ahead. This analysis is the first one that provides quantitative evidence at the global scale about correlations between the four dimensions of sustainability of our food systems and specific drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Béné
- Decision and Policy Analysis Program, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia
| | - Jessica Fanzo
- School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Prager
- Decision and Policy Analysis Program, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia
| | - Harold A. Achicanoy
- Decision and Policy Analysis Program, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia
| | - Brendan R. Mapes
- Frederick S. Pardee Center for International Futures, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Patricia Alvarez Toro
- Decision and Policy Analysis Program, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia
| | - Camila Bonilla Cedrez
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
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Bogezi C, van Eeden LM, Wirsing A, Marzluff J. Predator-Friendly Beef Certification as an Economic Strategy to Promote Coexistence Between Ranchers and Wolves. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Understanding food systems drivers: A critical review of the literature. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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15
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Determinants of Consumers’ Purchasing Behavior for Certified Aquaculture Products in South Korea. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11143840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate consumers’ decision-making process for purchasing certified aquaculture products using the theory of the planned behavior (TPB) model. Based on the TPB model, this study empirically examines the relationship among TPB constructs, namely; attitude, social norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention to purchase sustainably produced products (i.e., Aquaculture Stewardship Council-certified products). Data from a web-based survey conducted through an online survey company (960 usable response samples) are analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that all latent variables (i.e., attitude, social norm, and perceived behavioral control) positively affect consumers’ behavioral intention. More importantly, environmental awareness moderates the relationships between TPB constructs and behavioral intention. In the case of the high awareness group in this study, attitude influences behavioral intention more than social norm does. On the contrary, in the case of the low awareness group, social norm influences behavioral intention more than attitude does.
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16
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Virtually the Reality: Negotiating the Distance between Standards and Local Realities When Certifying Sustainable Aquaculture. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11092603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To account for the many challenges of increasingly global industries, remote regulation measures such as sustainability standards have become continuously more important as a means to ensure global accountability and transparency. As standard certification is assessed through audits, the legitimacy of these standards rests on uncritically evoked norms of auditing, such as independence and objectivity. In this paper, we seek to investigate the claim of these norms as a prerequisite for the audit process of sustainability standards. Based on interviews and fieldwork in the salmon aquaculture industry, we explore how it is possible to concurrently uphold the standard and account for the different conditions of the many local realities. Our findings point to the interactional character of audits, often downplayed for legitimacy purposes, and how this is vital to achieve both ‘distance for neutrality’ and ‘proximity for knowledge production’. We argue for increased transparency concerning the human element of sustainability auditing, thus acknowledging the significance of reciprocal knowledge production when using standards as a route towards sustainability.
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Abstract
Aquaculture has been responsible for an impressive growth in the global supply of seafood. As of 2016, more than half of all global seafood production comes from aquaculture. To meet future global seafood demands, there is need and opportunity to expand marine aquaculture production in ways that are both socially and ecologically sustainable. This requires integrating biophysical, social, and engineering sciences. Such interdisciplinary research is difficult due to the complexity and multi-scale aspects of marine aquaculture and inherent challenges researchers face working across disciplines. To this end, we developed a framework based on Elinor Ostrom’s social–ecological system framework (SESF) to guide interdisciplinary research on marine aquaculture. We first present the framework and the social–ecological system variables relevant to research on marine aquaculture and then illustrate one application of this framework to interdisciplinary research underway in Maine, the largest producer of marine aquaculture products in the United States. We use the framework to compare oyster aquaculture in two study regions, with a focus on factors influencing the social and biophysical carrying capacity. We conclude that the flexibility provided by the SESF is well suited to inform interdisciplinary research on marine aquaculture, especially comparative, cross-case analysis.
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18
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Willingness-to-Pay for Sustainable Aquaculture Products: Evidence from Korean Red Seabream Aquaculture. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11061577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A New Ecological Paradigm scale was used as a measurement tool to determine consumer perception of the environment through the context of red seabream (Pagrus major) aquaculture and the use of copper-alloy nets. To identify the underlying dimension of consumer perception, exploratory factor analysis was conducted, which showed that consumer perception comprised two dimensions—nature and balance, and human dominance—yielding two indicators as independent variables for a contingent valuation method estimation. The estimation results indicate that demographic variables and one consumer perception variable (i.e., the human dominance indicator) are insignificant. However, the economic variable, one consumer perception variable (i.e., nature and balance), and seafood preference are significant. Finally, willingness-to-pay was estimated for sustainable aquaculture products by comparing the mean willingness-to-pay within New Ecological Paradigm-level groups.
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19
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Sumaila UR, Tai TC, Lam VWY, Cheung WWL, Bailey M, Cisneros-Montemayor AM, Chen OL, Gulati SS. Benefits of the Paris Agreement to ocean life, economies, and people. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau3855. [PMID: 30820450 PMCID: PMC6392762 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Paris Agreement aims to mitigate the potential impacts of climate change on ecological and social systems. Using an ensemble of climate-marine ecosystem and economic models, we explore the effects of implementing the Agreement on fish, fishers, and seafood consumers worldwide. We find that implementing the Agreement could protect millions of metric tons in annual worldwide catch of top revenue-generating fish species, as well as billions of dollars annually of fishers' revenues, seafood workers' income, and household seafood expenditure. Further, our analysis predicts that 75% of maritime countries would benefit from this protection, and that ~90% of this protected catch would occur within the territorial waters of developing countries. Thus, implementing the Paris Agreement could prove to be crucial for the future of the world's ocean ecosystems and economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Rashid Sumaila
- Fisheries Economics Research Unit, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- OceanCanada Partnership, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Travis C. Tai
- Fisheries Economics Research Unit, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- OceanCanada Partnership, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Changing Oceans Research Unit, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Vicky W. Y. Lam
- Changing Oceans Research Unit, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Nippon Foundation Nereus Program, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - William W. L. Cheung
- OceanCanada Partnership, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Changing Oceans Research Unit, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Nippon Foundation Nereus Program, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Megan Bailey
- OceanCanada Partnership, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000 Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Andrés M. Cisneros-Montemayor
- Fisheries Economics Research Unit, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Nippon Foundation Nereus Program, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Oai Li Chen
- Changing Oceans Research Unit, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Nippon Foundation Nereus Program, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sumeet S. Gulati
- Food and Resource Economics, University of British Columbia, 341-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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20
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Public and Private Governance in Interaction: Changing Interpretations of Sovereignty in the Field of Sustainable Palm Oil. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10124811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1990s, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and businesses have gained prominence as architects of new forms of transnational governance creating Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS). The legitimacy and effectiveness of VSS are dependent on interactions with public authorities and regulation. While studies suggest that the (perceived) gain or loss of sovereignty by a state shapes public–private interactions, we have little understanding on how states use or interpret sovereignty in their interactions with VSS. In this paper, we explore what interpretations of sovereignty are used by states at different ends of global value chains in interactions with VSS. Based on a comparative and longitudinal study of interactions of Indonesian and Dutch state actors with the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, we conclude that states strategically use different and changing notions of sovereignty to control the policy and debate regarding sustainable palm oil. When interactions between public and private governance are coordinative in nature, notions of interdependent sovereignty are used. However, when interactions are competitive, domestic and Westphalian notions of sovereignty are used. Our results show conflicting interpretations and usages of sovereignty by different states, which might negatively impact the regulatory capacity within an issue field to address sustainability issues.
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21
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Consumer attitudes and preferences towards pangasius and tilapia: The role of sustainability certification and the country of origin. Appetite 2018; 127:171-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Amundsen VS, Osmundsen TC. Sustainability indicators for salmon aquaculture. Data Brief 2018; 20:20-29. [PMID: 30101161 PMCID: PMC6083007 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present and describe data comprising indicators of sustainability, collected from eight of the major certification schemes for salmon aquaculture and categorized according to the topics covered by each. These indicators cover most aspects of aquaculture production, including biotic and abiotic effects, feed, emission and waste, fish health and welfare, social assurance, and respect for native culture. In addition to being published in its entirety as supplementary material alongside this article, the data is available through a searchable database on the SustainFish project site: https://sustainfish.wixsite.com/sustainfishproject/search-indicator-database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilde Steiro Amundsen
- Department of Sociology and Political Science, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology/Studio Apertura, NTNU Social Research, Dragvoll allé 38 B, 7049 Trondheim, Norway.,Studio Apertura, NTNU Social Research, Dragvoll allé 38 B, 7049 Trondheim, Norway
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23
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Yogev U, Atari A, Gross A. Nitrous oxide emissions from near-zero water exchange brackish recirculating aquaculture systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:603-610. [PMID: 29454201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of intensive recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) with low water exchange has accelerated in recent years as a result of environmental, economic and other concerns. In these systems, fish are commonly grown at high density, 50 to 150kg/m3, using high-protein (30%-60%) feeds. Typically, the RAS consists of a solid treatment and a nitrification unit; in more advanced RAS, there is an additional denitrification step. Nitrous oxide (N2O), a byproduct during nitrification and denitrification processes, is a potent greenhouse gas that destroys the ozone layer. The aim of this study was to measure and assess N2O emissions from a near-zero discharge land-based saline RAS. N2O flux was monitored from the RAS's fish tank, and moving-bed nitrification and activated-sludge (with intrinsic C source) denitrification reactors. N2O emission potential was also analyzed in the laboratory. N2O flux from the denitrification reactors ranged between 6.5 and 48mg/day, equivalent to 1.27±1.01% of the removed nitrate-N. Direct analysis from the fish tank and nitrification reactors could not be performed due to high aeration, which diluted the N2O concentration to below detection limits. Thus, its potential emission was estimated in the laboratory: from the fishponds, it was negligible; from the nitrification reactor, it ranged between 0.4 and 2.8% of the total ammonia-N oxidized. The potential N2O emission from the denitrification reactor was 3.72±2.75% of the reduced nitrate-N, within the range found in the direct measurement. Overall, N2O emission during N transformation in a RAS was evaluated to be 885mg/kg feed or 1.36g/kg fish production, accounting for 1.23% of total N application. Consequently, it is estimated that N2O emission from aquaculture currently accounts for 2.4% of the total agricultural N2O emission, but will decrease to 1.7% by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Yogev
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Adiel Atari
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Amit Gross
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel.
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24
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Lima Junior DP, Magalhães ALB, Pelicice FM, Vitule JRS, Azevedo-Santos VM, Orsi ML, Simberloff D, Agostinho AA. Aquaculture expansion in Brazilian freshwaters against the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. AMBIO 2018; 47:427-440. [PMID: 29306998 PMCID: PMC5884758 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-017-1001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Convention on Biological Diversity proposed the Aichi Biodiversity Targets to improve conservation policies and to balance economic development, social welfare, and the maintenance of biodiversity/ecosystem services. Brazil is a signatory of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and is the most diverse country in terms of freshwater fish, but its national policies have supported the development of unsustainable commercial and ornamental aquaculture, which has led to serious disturbances to inland ecosystems and natural resources. We analyzed the development of Brazilian aquaculture to show how current aquaculture expansion conflicts with all 20 Aichi Targets. This case suggests that Brazil and many other megadiverse developing countries will not meet international conservation targets, stressing the need for new strategies, such as the environmental management system, to improve biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilermando Pereira Lima Junior
- Aquatic Ecosystems Ecology and Conservation Laboratory– Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Rodovia MT 100, Km 3.5, Setor Universitário, Pontal do Araguaia, MT CEP 78.698-000 Brazil
| | - André Lincoln Barroso Magalhães
- Graduate Program in Technologies for the Sustainable Development – Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Rodovia MG 443, KM 7, Fazenda do Cadete, Ouro Branco, MG CEP 36.420-000 Brazil
| | | | - Jean Ricardo Simões Vitule
- Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Environmental Engineering Department, Technology Sector – Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR CEP 81.531-970 Brazil
| | - Valter M. Azevedo-Santos
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Mário Luís Orsi
- Fish Ecology and Biological Invasions Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR CEP 86.057-970 Brazil
| | - Daniel Simberloff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Angelo Antônio Agostinho
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUPELIA), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900 Brazil
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25
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Belton B, Bush SR, Little DC. Not just for the wealthy: Rethinking farmed fish consumption in the Global South. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Landon-Lane M. Corporate social responsibility in marine plastic debris governance. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:310-319. [PMID: 29475667 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the governance characteristics of marine plastic debris, some of the factors underpinning its severity, and examines the possibility of harnessing corporate social responsibility (CSR) to manage plastic use within the contextual attitudes of a contemporary global society. It argues that international and domestic law alone are insufficient to resolve the "wicked problem" of marine plastic debris, and investigates the potential of the private sector, through the philosophy of CSR, to assist in reducing the amount and impacts of marine plastic debris. To illustrate how CSR could minimise marine plastic pollution, an industry-targeted code of conduct was developed. Applying CSR would be most effective if implemented in conjunction with facilitating governance frameworks, such as supportive governmental regulation and non-governmental partnerships. This study maintains that management policies must be inclusive of all stakeholders if they are to match the scale and severity of the marine plastic debris issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Landon-Lane
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Tasmania, Australia.
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27
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The Sustainable Seafood Movement Is a Governance Concert, with the Audience Playing a Key Role. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Private standards, including ecolabels, have been posed as a governance solution for the global fisheries crisis. The conventional logic is that ecolabels meet consumer demand for certified “sustainable” seafood, with “good” players rewarded with price premiums or market share and “bad” players punished by reduced sales. Empirically, however, in the markets where ecolabeling has taken hold, retailers and brands—rather than consumers—are demanding sustainable sourcing, to build and protect their reputation. The aim of this paper is to devise a more accurate logic for understanding the sustainable seafood movement, using a qualitative literature review and reflection on our previous research. We find that replacing the consumer-driven logic with a retailer/brand-driven logic does not go far enough in making research into the sustainable seafood movement more useful. Governance is a “concert” and cannot be adequately explained through individual actor groups. We propose a new logic going beyond consumer- or retailer/brand-driven models, and call on researchers to build on the partial pictures given by studies on prices and willingness-to-pay, investigating more fully the motivations of actors in the sustainable seafood movement, and considering audience beyond the direct consumption of the product in question.
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28
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Vince J, Haward M. Hybrid governance of aquaculture: Opportunities and challenges. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 201:138-144. [PMID: 28654801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of third party assessment and certification of fisheries and aquaculture has provided new forms of governance in sectors that were traditionally dominated by state based regulation. Emerging market based approaches are driven by shareholder expectations as well as commitment to corporate social responsibility, whereas community engagement is increasingly centered on the questions of social license to operate. Third party assessment and certification links state, market and community into an interesting and challenging hybrid form of governance. While civil society organizations have long been active in pursuing sustainable and safe seafood production, the development of formal non-state based certification provides both opportunities and challenges, and opens up interesting debates over hybrid forms of governance. This paper explores these developments in coastal marine resources management, focusing on aquaculture and the development and operation of the Aquaculture Stewardship Council. It examines the case of salmonid aquaculture in Tasmania, Australia, now Australia's most valuable seafood industry, which remains the focus of considerable community debate over its siting, operation and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Vince
- Politics and International Relations Program, School of Social Sciences, Centre for Marine Socioecology, Institute for the Study of Social Change, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1340, Newnham, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
| | - Marcus Haward
- Ocean and Cryosphere Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Marine Socioecology, Institute for the Study of Social Change, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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29
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Stranieri S, Cavaliere A, Banterle A. Do motivations affect different voluntary traceability schemes? An empirical analysis among food manufacturers. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Mithöfer D, van Noordwijk M, Leimona B, Cerutti PO. Certify and shift blame, or resolve issues? Environmentally and socially responsible global trade and production of timber and tree crops. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIODIVERSITY SCIENCE, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES & MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21513732.2016.1238848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Mithöfer
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Kleve, Germany
| | | | - Beria Leimona
- World Agroforestry Centre, JL, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Paolo Omar Cerutti
- Centre for International Forestry Research, C/O World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
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31
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Aquaculture: a rapidly growing and significant source of sustainable food? Status, transitions and potential. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75:274-86. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665116000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The status and potential of aquaculture is considered as part of a broader food landscape of wild aquatic and terrestrial food sources. The rationale and resource base required for the development of aquaculture are considered in the context of broader societal development, cultural preferences and human needs. Attention is drawn to the uneven development and current importance of aquaculture globally as well as its considerable heterogeneity of form and function compared with established terrestrial livestock production. The recent drivers of growth in demand and production are examined and the persistent linkages between exploitation of wild stocks, full life cycle culture and the various intermediate forms explored. An emergent trend for sourcing aquaculture feeds from alternatives to marine ingredients is described and the implications for the sector with rapidly growing feed needs discussed. The rise of non-conventional and innovative feed ingredients, often shared with terrestrial livestock, are considered, including aquaculture itself becoming a major source of marine ingredients. The implications for the continued expected growth of aquaculture are set in the context of sustainable intensification, with the challenges that conventional intensification and emergent integration within, and between, value chains explored. The review concludes with a consideration of the implications for dependent livelihoods and projections for various futures based on limited resources but growing demand.
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32
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Baumgartner U, Kell S, Nguyen TH. Arbitrary mangrove-to-water ratios imposed on shrimp farmers in Vietnam contradict with the aims of sustainable forest management. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:438. [PMID: 27104126 PMCID: PMC4828363 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, an estimated 35 % of mangrove forests have been lost between 1980 and 2005—among other reasons due to expansion of aquaculture production systems. In Vietnam, where the total mangrove area decreased from 269,150 ha in 1980 to 157,500 ha in 2000, regulation of such systems in the form of ‘mangrove-to-water surface ratio’ has had limited success to halt these losses. In this study, a survey of 40 Vietnamese households was conducted in mangrove production forests in Rach Goc commune, Ngoc Hien district, Ca Mau province to understand whether fixed limits on minimal mangrove coverage influence farmers’ decisions on mangrove protection. Results of the survey suggest that rural households greatly depend on the incomes generated from shrimp (and crab) farming but that they do not have a share in economic incentives from timber harvests due to lack of full ownership. A strong relationship between mangrove coverage and per pond area income was also revealed. Because farmers are not aware of applicable laws in terms of mangrove-to-water ratios, mangrove coverage tends to shift in favour of higher pond areas. Overall, the findings indicate that regulations in the form of universal mangrove-to-water ratios do not consider the realities of local households, nor are they economically or environmentally useful—rather, they appear to be arbitrary limitations that are not respected by affected communities. The findings question the efficiency of efforts put into stricter enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelagh Kell
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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33
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Certification of Markets, Markets of Certificates: Tracing Sustainability in Global Agro-Food Value Chains. SUSTAINABILITY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/su70912258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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34
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Blythe J, Flaherty M, Murray G. Vulnerability of coastal livelihoods to shrimp farming: Insights from Mozambique. AMBIO 2015; 44:275-284. [PMID: 25391555 PMCID: PMC4392021 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people around the world depend on shrimp aquaculture for their livelihoods. Yet, the phenomenal growth of shrimp farming has often given rise to considerable environmental and social damage. This article examines the impacts of commercial, export-oriented shrimp aquaculture on local livelihood vulnerability by comparing the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of shrimp farm employees with non-farm employees in rural Mozambique. Exposure to stressors was similar between the two groups. Shrimp farm employees had higher assets and higher adaptive capacity than non-farm employees. However, because their income is heavily dependent on a single commodity, shrimp farm employees were highly susceptible to the boom crop nature of intensive shrimp farming. The implications for aquaculture policy and vulnerability research are discussed. The article argues that coastal vulnerability is dynamic, variable, and influenced by multiple processes operating at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Blythe
- />Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- />ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- />WorldFish, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Mark Flaherty
- />Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Grant Murray
- />Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC Canada
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35
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Aerts J, Metz JR, Ampe B, Decostere A, Flik G, De Saeger S. Scales tell a story on the stress history of fish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123411. [PMID: 25922947 PMCID: PMC4414496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish faced with stressful stimuli launch an endocrine stress response through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI-) axis to release cortisol into the blood. Scientifically validated biomarkers to capture systemic cortisol exposure over longer periods of time are of utmost importance to assess chronic stress in governmental, wildlife, aquaculture and scientific settings. Here we demonstrate that cortisol in scales of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is the long-sought biomarker for chronic stress. Undisturbed (CTR) and daily stressed (STRESS) carp were compared. Dexamethasone (DEX) or cortisol (CORT) fed fish served as negative and positive controls, respectively. Scale cortisol was quantified with a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. An increase in scale cortisol content was found in STRESS and CORT but not in CTR and DEX fish. Scale cortisol content reflects its accumulation in a stressor and time dependent manner and validates the scale cortisol content as biomarker for chronic stress. Plasma analyses confirmed that (i) CTR, DEX and CORT treatments were effective, (ii) plasma cortisol of STRESS fish showed no signs of chronic HPI-axis activation, and (iii) plasma cortisol is a poor predictor for chronic stress. The expression of HPI key genes crf, pomc, and star were up-regulated in STRESS fish in the absence of a plasma cortisol response, as was the target gene of cortisol encoding subunit α1 of the Na+/K+-ATPase in gills. When lost, scales of fish regenerate fast. Regenerated scales corroborate our findings, offering (i) unsurpassed time resolution for cortisol incorporation and as such for stressful events, and (ii) the possibility to investigate stress in a well defined and controlled environment and time frame creating novel opportunities for bone physiological research. We conclude that the cortisol content in ontogenetic and regenerated scales is an innovative biomarker for chronic stress offering ample applications in science and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Aerts
- Bio-analysis Research Group, Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Research, Melle, Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Juriaan Rogier Metz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Ampe
- Biostatistics and Data modeling, Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Research, Melle, Belgium
| | - Annemie Decostere
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gert Flik
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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36
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McSustainability and McJustice: Certification, Alternative Food and Agriculture, and Social Change. SUSTAINABILITY 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/su6118092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Global sustainability standards and food security: Exploring unintended effects of voluntary certification in palm oil. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Newton P, Alves-Pinto HN, Pinto LFG. Certification, Forest Conservation, and Cattle: Theories and Evidence of Change in Brazil. Conserv Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Newton
- International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) research network, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan; 440 Church Street Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Helena Nery Alves-Pinto
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina; 124, 22460-320 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Guedes Pinto
- Instituto de Manejo e Certificação Florestal e Agrícola-Imaflora, Estrada Chico Mendes; 185, 13426-420 Piracicaba SP Brazil
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