Strontium-90 in Man V: The concentration in the bones of children had been dropping, but recent tests will reverse the trend

Investigating human responses to political and environmental change through paleodiet and paleomobility

Bioarchaeological approaches are well suited for examining past responses to political and environmental changes. In the Andes, we hypothesized that political and environmental changes around AD 1100 resulted in behavioral changes, visible as shifts in paleodiet and paleomobility, among individuals in the San Pedro de Atacama oases and Loa River Valley. To investigate this hypothesis, we generated carbon and oxygen isotope data from cemeteries dating to the early Middle Horizon (Larache, Quitor-5, Solor-3), late Middle Horizon (Casa Parroquial, Coyo Oriental, Coyo-3, Solcor-Plaza, Solcor-3, Tchecar), and Late Intermediate Period (Caspana, Quitor-6 Tardío, Toconce, Yaye-1, Yaye-2, Yaye-3, Yaye-4). Carbon isotope data demonstrate a greater range of carbon sources during the late Middle Horizon compared with the Late Intermediate Period; while most individuals consumed largely C3 sources, some late Middle Horizon individuals consumed more C4 sources. Oxygen isotope data demonstrate greater diversity in drinking water sources during the late Middle Horizon compared with the Late Intermediate Period. Water samples were analyzed to provide baseline data on oxygen isotope variability within the Atacama Desert, and demonstrated that oxygen isotope values are indistinguishable in the San Pedro and Loa Rivers. However, oxygen isotope values in water sources in the high-altitude altiplano and coast are distinct from those in the San Pedro and Loa Rivers. In conclusion, instead of utilizing a wider variety of resources after environmental and political changes, individuals exhibited a wider range of paleodietary and paleomobility strategies during the Middle Horizon, a period of environmental and political stability.

Temporal trends in childhood leukaemia incidence following exposure to radioactive fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing

Notably raised rates of childhood leukaemia incidence have been found near some nuclear installations, in particular Sellafield and Dounreay in the United Kingdom, but risk assessments have concluded that the radiation doses estimated to have been received by children or in utero as a result of operations at these installations are much too small to account for the reported increases in incidence. This has led to speculation that the risk of childhood leukaemia arising from internal exposure to radiation following the intake of radioactive material released from nuclear facilities has been substantially underestimated. The radionuclides discharged from many nuclear installations are similar to those released into the global environment by atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, which was at its height in the late-1950s and early-1960s. Measurements of anthropogenic radionuclides in members of the general public resident in the vicinity of Sellafield and Dounreay have found levels that do not differ greatly from those in persons living remote from nuclear installations that are due to ubiquitous exposure to the radioactive debris of nuclear weapons testing. Therefore, if the leukaemia risk to children resulting from deposition within the body of radioactive material discharged from nuclear facilities has been grossly underestimated, then a pronounced excess of childhood leukaemia would have been expected as a consequence of the short period of intense atmospheric weapons testing. We have examined childhood leukaemia incidence in 11 large-scale cancer registries in three continents for which data were available at least as early as 1962. We found no evidence of a wave of excess cases corresponding to the peak of radioactive fallout from atmospheric weapons testing. The absence of a discernible increase in the incidence of childhood leukaemia following the period of maximum exposure to the radioactive debris of this testing weighs heavily against the suggestion that conventional methods are seriously in error when assessing the risk of childhood leukaemia from exposure to man-made radionuclides released from nuclear installations.

Human biokinetics of strontium. Part I: intestinal absorption rate and its impact on the dose coefficient of 90Sr after ingestion

Intestinal absorption of strontium (Sr) in thirteen healthy adult German volunteers has been investigated by simultaneous oral and intravenous administration of two stable tracer isotopes, i.e. (84)Sr and (86)Sr. The measured Sr tracer concentration in plasma was analyzed using the convolution integral technique to obtain the intestinal absorption rate. The results showed that the Sr labeled in different foodstuffs was absorbed into the body fluids in a large range of difference. The maximum Sr absorption rates were observed within 60-120 min after administration. The rate of absorption is used to evaluate the intestinal absorption fraction, i.e. the f (1) value for various foodstuffs. The equivalent and effective dose coefficients for ingestion of (90)Sr were calculated using these f (1) values, and they were compared with those recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The geometric and arithmetic means of the f (1) values are 0.38 and 0.45 associated with a geometric standard deviation and a standard deviation of 1.88 and 0.22, respectively. The 90% confidence interval of the f (1) values obtained in the present study ranges from 0.13 to 0.98. Expressed as the ratio of the 95 and 50% percentiles of the estimated probability, the uncertainty for the f (1) value corresponds to a factor of 2.58. The effective dose coefficients of (90)Sr after ingestion are 6.1 x 10(-9) Sv Bq(-1) for an f(1) value of 0.05, 1.0 x 10(-8) Sv Bq(-1) for 0.1, 1.9 x 10(-8) Sv Bq(-1) for 0.2, 2.8 x 10(-8) Sv Bq(-1) for 0.3, 3.6 x 10(-8) Sv Bq(-1) for 0.4, 5.3 x 10(-8) Sv Bq(-1) for 0.6, 7.1 x 10(-8) Sv Bq(-1) for 0.8, and 7.9 x 10(-8) Sv Bq(-1) for 0.9, respectively. Taking the effective dose coefficient of 2.8 x 10(-8) Sv Bq(-1) for an f (1) value of 0.3, which is recommended by the ICRP, as a reference, the effective dose coefficient of (90)Sr after ingestion varies by a factor of 2.8 when the f (1) value changes by a factor of 3, i.e. it decreases from 0.3 to 0.1 or increases from 0.3 to 0.9, respectively.

The entry of strontium-90 into human bone

For 6 years human bones, mostly femora, have been analyzed for strontium-90 by radio-chemical methods and for natural strontium spectrographically. The mean concentrations relative to calcium (pc/g Ca and μ g/g Ca) are charted according to age. In each year the peak value for 90 Sr was in juveniles aged 1 to 2 years; it increased progressively in 1956–59 and fell in 1960–61. Values for the newborn which are dependent on maternal plasma and on domicile of mother moved similarly with time. By contrast values for bones of adolescents and adults increased progressively. The concentration was substantially uniform between bones in infants and children. In adults cancellous bones especially vertebrae gave higher concentration than ivory bones. The mean values for stable strontium for the six-year period were ~ 200 μ g/g Ca from birth till 6 months of age; they then rose sharply in the next year and later more slowly to 330 μ g/g Ca in adults. It is deduced (1) that the discrimination between Ca and Sr across the human placenta is nearly twofold, (2) that in the first year of the infant’s life the discriminatory processes especially in absorption observed in the human adult are not fully developed, (3) that by considering the specific activity ( 90 Sr/mg Sr) of bone in children according to cohort, bone turnover must be nearly complete in each of the first few years of life whereas in adolescents accretion of new salt is the preponderant factor, (4) and that in the adult where growth has ceased the relative annual ‘rates of replacement’ of existing mineral by new mineral from diet vary about 2% for ivory bone to 8% for vertebrae.

The uptake and turnover of 90Sr in the human skeleton

In the United Kingdom, measurements have been made of the concentration of 90Sr in human bone from 1955 to 1970, and in human diet since 1958. A correlation of these two series of observations has enabled estimates to be made of (i) the fraction of the dietary intake of 90Sr that reaches the skeleton, (ii) the rate of turnover of 90Sr in the skeleton, and (iii) the way in which both these parameters vary with age. The results may be used to predict future levels of 90Sr in human bone from measurements of the radionuclide in diet, and also to calculate the radiation doses received by tissues in bone from intakes of 90Sr and 89Sr.

The actions of parathyroid hormone on bone: relation to bone remodeling and turnover, calcium homeostasis, and metabolic bone disease. Part I of IV parts: mechanisms of calcium transfer between blood and bone and their cellular basis: morphological and kinetic approaches to bone turnover

The supracellular organization of living bone enables the study of isolated cellular and subcellular systems to be related to the study of the whole organism. Bone is formed by osteoblasts in successive stages, separated in both time and space, of matrix formation and primary mineralization. Osteoblasts are joined by tight junctions and largely cover the osteoid seam which separates them from mineralized bone. Secondary mineralization is not completed for several months and is not regulated by the osteoblast. Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts which simultaneously accomplish mineral dissolution and matrix digestion. Active osteoblasts occupy about 5% of the free bone surface, osteoid seams with less active osteoblasts about 10%, active osteoclasts about 0.5%, and Howship's lacunae at which bone remodeling is either quiescent or arrested about 5%. The remaining 80% of the free bone surface is covered by a leaky envelope of thin flattened cells, termed surface osteocytes. Some osteoblasts become permanently buried in the bone as deep osteocytes, around which a specialized and metabolically active perilacunar bone is formed. This bone is less highly mineralized and can temporarily lose or gain calcium in accordance with homeostatic needs. Deep osteocytes maintain contact with each other and with the surface osteocytes, their cell processes within canaliculi being joined by gap junctions. Remodeling of cortical bone proceeds with the excavation by osteoclasts of a longitudinal tunnel which is refilled by osteoblasts to form a new osteon. The anatomically discrete longitudinally oriented structure consisting of a cutting cone of osteoclasts in front and a closing cone of osteoblasts behind is termed a cortical remodeling unit. The events of centrifugal resorption and centripetal formation which occur in a single cross section is termed a cortical remodeling cycle. Normally each new cycle is slightly out of phase with its predecessor. The quantities which characterize cortical remodeling are the birth rate of new remodeling cycles or activation frequency (mu), and the durations of the resorptive period (sigma r), the quiescent interval (sigma q) and the formation period (sigma f). The average distances traveled by the osteoclast and osteoblast are indicated respectively by the mean cement line diameter and mean wall thickness of completed osteons. These quantities show little interindividual variation. Because of this constancy the magnitude of bone turnover (the bone formation rate) is almost entirely a function of mu, the activation frequency of new remodeling cycles. Variations in the velocity of advance of osteoclasts (the linear resorption rate) or of osteoblasts (the appositional rate) alter inversely both the extent of surface engaged in resorption or formation and the time taken to replace a particular moiety of bone, but in a steady state do not influence the rate of turnover of the skeleton as a whole...

Strontium-90 in Hair

The hair of rats injected with strontium-90 retains a significant amount of the radionuclide. Although the strontium-90 content of hair is variable in these rats and appears to be subject to a variety of influences, determination of the radionuclide content of hair may offer a nondestructive method of estimating strontium-90 in bone.