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Liu J, Feng S, Liu T, Mao Y, Shen S, Liu Y, Hao Z, Li Z. Molecular characterization revealed the role of thaumatin-like proteins of Rhizoctonia solani AG4-JY in inducing maize disease resistance. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1377726. [PMID: 38812677 PMCID: PMC11135045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1377726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The gene family of thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) plays a crucial role in the adaptation of organisms to environmental stresses. In recent years, fungal secreted proteins (SP) with inducing disease resistance activity in plants have emerged as important elicitors in the control of fungal diseases. Identifying SPs with inducing disease resistance activity and studying their mechanisms are crucial for controlling sheath blight. In the present study, 10 proteins containing the thaumatin-like domain were identified in strain AG4-JY of Rhizoctonia solani and eight of the 10 proteins had signal peptides. Analysis of the TLP genes of the 10 different anastomosis groups (AGs) showed that the evolutionary relationship of the TLP gene was consistent with that between different AGs of R. solani. Furthermore, it was found that RsTLP3, RsTLP9 and RsTLP10 were regarded as secreted proteins for their signaling peptides exhibited secretory activity. Prokaryotic expression and enzyme activity analysis revealed that the three secreted proteins possess glycoside hydrolase activity, suggesting they belong to the TLP family. Additionally, spraying the crude enzyme solution of the three TLP proteins could enhance maize resistance to sheath blight. Further analysis showed that genes associated with the salicylic acid and ethylene pathways were up-regulated following RsTLP3 application. The results indicated that RsTLP3 had a good application prospect in biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Liu
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Utilization for Featured Coarse Cereals (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The Key Research Laboratory of Minor Cereal Crops of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhimin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Utilization for Featured Coarse Cereals (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The Key Research Laboratory of Minor Cereal Crops of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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Zhang YQ, Wang X, Shi H, Siddique F, Xian J, Song A, Wang B, Wu Z, Cui ZN. Design and Synthesis of Mandelic Acid Derivatives for Suppression of Virulence via T3SS against Citrus Canker. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9611-9620. [PMID: 38646906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Citrus canker, a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), poses a substantial threat to citrus crops, leading to serious reductions in fruit yield and economic losses. Most commonly used bactericides against Xcc lead to the rapid development of resistant subpopulations. Therefore, it is imperative to create novel drugs, such as type III secretion system (T3SS) inhibitors, that specifically target bacterial virulence factors rather than bacterial viability. In our study, we designed and synthesized a series of mandelic acid derivatives including 2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiazole. Seven substances were found to reduce the level of transcription of hpa1 without affecting bacterial viability. In vivo bioassays indicated that compound F9 significantly inhibited hypersensitive response and pathogenicity. RT-qPCR assays showed that compound F9 visibly suppressed the expression of Xcc T3SS-related genes as well as citrus canker susceptibility gene CsLOB1. Furthermore, the combination with compound F9 and quorum-quenching bacteria HN-8 can also obviously alleviate canker symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huabin Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Faisal Siddique
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiaxin Xian
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Aiting Song
- Guangdong ZhenGe Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526040, China
| | - Boli Wang
- Guangdong ZhenGe Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526040, China
| | - Zhibing Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zi-Ning Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Held JB, Rowles T, Schulz W, McNellis TW. Arabidopsis Wall-Associated Kinase 3 is required for harpin-activated immune responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:853-857. [PMID: 38379500 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Held
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Taran Rowles
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - William Schulz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Timothy W McNellis
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Meng XJ, Wang LQ, Ma BG, Wei XH, Zhou Y, Sun ZX, Li YY. Screening, identification and evaluation of an acidophilic strain of Bacillus velezensis B4-7 for the biocontrol of tobacco bacterial wilt. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1360173. [PMID: 38751839 PMCID: PMC11094357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1360173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is indeed a highly destructive plant disease, leading to substantial damage in tobacco production. While biological control is considered an effective measure for managing bacterial wilt, related research in this area has been relatively limited compared to other control methods. In order to discover new potential antagonistic bacteria with high biocontrol efficacy against tobacco bacterial wilt, we conducted an analysis of the microbial composition differences between disease-suppressive and disease-conducive soils using Illumina sequencing. As a result, we successfully isolated six strains from the disease-suppressive soil that exhibited antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum. Among these strains, B4-7 showed the strongest antibacterial activity, even at acidic conditions with a pH of 4.0. Based on genome analysis using Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI), B4-7 was identified as Bacillus velezensis. In greenhouse and field trials, strain B4-7 significantly reduced the disease index of tobacco bacterial wilt, with control efficiencies reaching 74.03% and 46.88% respectively. Additionally, B4-7 exhibited plant-promoting abilities that led to a 35.27% increase in tobacco production in field conditions. Quantitative real-time (qPCR) analysis demonstrated that strain B4-7 effectively reduced the abundance of R. solanacearum in the rhizosphere. Genome sequencing and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed that strain B4-7 potentially produces various lipopeptide metabolites, such as microlactin, bacillaene, difficidin, bacilysin, and surfactin. Furthermore, B4-7 influenced the structure of the rhizosphere soil microbial community, increasing bacterial abundance and fungal diversity, while also promoting the growth of different beneficial microorganisms. In addition, B4-7 enhanced tobacco's resistance to R. solanacearum by increasing the activities of defense enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Collectively, these findings suggest that B. velezensis B4-7 holds significant biocontrol potential and can be considered a promising candidate strain for eco-friendly management of tobacco bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-jia Meng
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Lan-qin Wang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Bai-ge Ma
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xi-hong Wei
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- Early Detection and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng-xiang Sun
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- Early Detection and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-yan Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Jiang Y, Yue Y, Wang Z, Lu C, Yin Z, Li Y, Ding X. Plant Biostimulant as an Environmentally Friendly Alternative to Modern Agriculture. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5107-5121. [PMID: 38428019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Ensuring the safety of crop production presents a significant challenge to humanity. Pesticides and fertilizers are commonly used to eliminate external interference and provide nutrients, enabling crops to sustain growth and defense. However, the addition of chemical substances does not meet the environmental standards required for agricultural production. Recently, natural sources such as biostimulants have been found to help plants with growth and defense. The development of biostimulants provides new solutions for agricultural product safety and has become a widely utilized tool in agricultural. The review summarizes the classification of biostimulants, including humic-based biostimulant, protein-based biostimulant, oligosaccharide-based biostimulant, metabolites-based biostimulants, inorganic substance, and microbial inoculant. This review attempts to summarize suitable alternative technology that can address the problems and analyze the current state of biostimulants, summarizes the research mechanisms, and anticipates future technological developments and market trends, which provides comprehensive information for researchers to develop biostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yingzhe Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhaoxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chongchong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
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Zhu F, Cao MY, Zhang QP, Mohan R, Schar J, Mitchell M, Chen H, Liu F, Wang D, Fu ZQ. Join the green team: Inducers of plant immunity in the plant disease sustainable control toolbox. J Adv Res 2024; 57:15-42. [PMID: 37142184 PMCID: PMC10918366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crops are constantly attacked by various pathogens. These pathogenic microorganisms, such as fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, threaten global food security by causing detrimental crop diseases that generate tremendous quality and yield losses worldwide. Chemical pesticides have undoubtedly reduced crop damage; however, in addition to increasing the cost of agricultural production, the extensive use of chemical pesticides comes with environmental and social costs. Therefore, it is necessary to vigorously develop sustainable disease prevention and control strategies to promote the transition from traditional chemical control to modern green technologies. Plants possess sophisticated and efficient defense mechanisms against a wide range of pathogens naturally. Immune induction technology based on plant immunity inducers can prime plant defense mechanisms and greatly decrease the occurrence and severity of plant diseases. Reducing the use of agrochemicals is an effective way to minimize environmental pollution and promote agricultural safety. AIM OF REVIEW The purpose of this workis to offer valuable insights into the current understanding and future research perspectives of plant immunity inducers and their uses in plant disease control, ecological and environmental protection, and sustainable development of agriculture. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In this work, we have introduced the concepts of sustainable and environment-friendly concepts of green disease prevention and control technologies based on plant immunity inducers. This article comprehensively summarizes these recent advances, emphasizes the importance of sustainable disease prevention and control technologies for food security, and highlights the diverse functions of plant immunity inducers-mediated disease resistance. The challenges encountered in the potential applications of plant immunity inducers and future research orientation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Meng-Yao Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qi-Ping Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | | | - Jacob Schar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Erokhin D, Popletaeva S, Sinelnikov I, Rozhkova A, Shcherbakova L, Dzhavakhiya V. Some Structural Elements of Bacterial Protein MF3 That Influence Its Ability to Induce Plant Resistance to Fungi, Viruses, and Other Plant Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16374. [PMID: 38003563 PMCID: PMC10671687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the MF3 protein from Pseudomonas fluorescens to protect plants by inducing their resistance to pathogenic fungi, bacteria, and viruses is well confirmed both in greenhouses and in the field; however, the molecular basis of this phenomenon remains unexplored. To find a relationship between the primary (and spatial) structure of the protein and its target activity, we analyzed the inducing activity of a set of mutants generated by alanine scanning and an alpha-helix deletion (ahD) in the part of the MF3 molecule previously identified by our group as a 29-amino-acid peptide working as the inducer on its own. Testing the mutants' inducing activity using the "tobacco-tobacco mosaic virus" pathosystem revealed that some of them showed an almost threefold (V60A and V62A) or twofold (G51A, L58A, ahD) reduction in inducing activity compared to the wild-type MF3 type. Interestingly, these mutations demonstrated close proximity in the homology model, probably contributing to MF3 reception in a host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Erokhin
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia; (D.E.); (S.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Sophya Popletaeva
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia; (D.E.); (S.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Igor Sinelnikov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexandra Rozhkova
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Larisa Shcherbakova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia; (D.E.); (S.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Vitaly Dzhavakhiya
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia; (D.E.); (S.P.); (V.D.)
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Zelman AK, Berkowitz GA. Plant Elicitor Peptide (Pep) Signaling and Pathogen Defense in Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2856. [PMID: 37571010 PMCID: PMC10421127 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous signaling compounds are intermediaries in signaling pathways that plants use to respond to the perception of harmful and beneficial organisms. The plant elicitor peptides (Peps) of plants are important endogenous signaling molecules that induce elements of defense responses such as hormone production, increased expression of defensive genes, the activation of phosphorelays, and the induction of cell secondary messenger synthesis. The processes by which Peps confer resistance to pathogenic microorganisms have been extensively studied in Arabidopsis but are less known in crop plants. Tomato and many other solanaceous plants have an endogenous signaling polypeptide, systemin, that is involved in the defense against herbivorous insects and necrotrophic pathogens. This paper explores the similarity of the effects and chemical properties of Pep and systemin in tomato. Additionally, the relationship of the Pep receptor and systemin receptors is explored, and the identification of a second tomato Pep receptor in the literature is called into question. We suggest future directions for research on Pep signaling in solanaceous crops during interactions with microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerald Alan Berkowitz
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
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Tian S, Chen Y, Wang Q, Liu Z, Li Y, Zhao X. Effects of four disease-controlling agents (chlorothalonil, CuCl 2, harpin, and melatonin) on postharvest jujube fruit quality. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8209. [PMID: 37217535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Postharvest senescence and disease development can reduce the nutritional value of fresh jujube fruit. Herein, four different disease-controlling agents (chlorothalonil, CuCl2, harpin and melatonin) were separately applied to fresh jujube fruit, and all improved postharvest quality (evaluated by disease severity, antioxidant accumulation and senescence) relative to controls. Disease severity was drastically inhibited by these agents, in the order chlorothalonil > CuCl2 > harpin > melatonin. However, chlorothalonil residues were detected even after storage for 4 weeks. These agents increased the activities of defense enzymes including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, polyphenol oxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase, as well as accumulation of antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid, glutathione, flavonoids and phenolics, in postharvest jujube fruit. The enhanced antioxidant content and antioxidant capacity (evaluated by Fe3+ reducing power) was ordered melatonin > harpin > CuCl2 > chlorothalonil. All four agents significantly delayed senescence (evaluated by weight loss, respiration rate and firmness), with the effect ordered CuCl2 > melatonin > harpin > chlorothalonil. Moreover, treatment with CuCl2 also increased copper accumulation ~ threefold in postharvest jujube fruit. Among the four agents, postharvest treatment with CuCl2 could be considered most appropriate for improving postharvest jujube fruit quality under low temperature conditions without sterilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tian
- Life Science College, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, Henan, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Life Science College, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, Henan, China
| | - Qianjin Wang
- Life Science College, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, Henan, China
| | - Zhilan Liu
- Grain and Oil Crops Technology Extension Station, Yongchuan, 402160, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueyue Li
- Life Science College, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, Henan, China.
| | - Xusheng Zhao
- Life Science College, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, Henan, China.
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10
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Cong S, Li JZ, Xiong ZZ, Wei HL. Diverse interactions of five core type III effectors from Ralstonia solanacearum with plants. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:341-352. [PMID: 35597445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is a widespread plant bacterial pathogen that can launch a range of type III effectors (T3Es) to cause disease. In this study, we isolate a pathogenic R. solanacearum strain named P380 from tomato rhizosphere. Five out of 12 core T3Es of strain P380 are introduced into Pseudomonas syringae DC3000D36E separately to determine their functions in interacting with plants. DC3000D36E that harbors each effector suppresses FliC-triggered Pti5 and ACRE31 expression, ROS burst, and callose deposition. RipAE, RipU, and RipW elicit cell death as well as upregulate the MAPK cascades in Nicotiana benthamiana. The derivatives RipC1ΔDXDX(T/V) and RipWΔDKXXQ but not RipAEK310R fail to suppress ROS burst. Moreover, RipAEK310R and RipWΔDKXXQ retain the cell death elicitation ability. RipAE and RipW are associated with salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways, respectively. RipAE and RipAQ significantly promote the propagation of DC3000D36E in plants. The five core T3Es localize in diverse subcellular organelles of nucleus, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi network. The suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 is required for RipAE but not RipU-triggered cell death in N. benthamiana. These results indicate that the core T3Es in R. solanacearum play diverse roles in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Cong
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun-Zhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zheng-Zhong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hai-Lei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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11
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Narayanan Z, Glick BR. Biotechnologically Engineered Plants. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040601. [PMID: 37106801 PMCID: PMC10135915 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of recombinant DNA technology during the past thirty years has enabled scientists to isolate, characterize, and manipulate a myriad of different animal, bacterial, and plant genes. This has, in turn, led to the commercialization of hundreds of useful products that have significantly improved human health and well-being. Commercially, these products have been mostly produced in bacterial, fungal, or animal cells grown in culture. More recently, scientists have begun to develop a wide range of transgenic plants that produce numerous useful compounds. The perceived advantage of producing foreign compounds in plants is that compared to other methods of producing these compounds, plants seemingly provide a much less expensive means of production. A few plant-produced compounds are already commercially available; however, many more are in the production pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zareen Narayanan
- Division of Biological Sciences, School of STEM, University of Washington, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
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12
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Kvitko BH, Collmer A. Discovery of the Hrp Type III Secretion System in Phytopathogenic Bacteria: How Investigation of Hypersensitive Cell Death in Plants Led to a Novel Protein Injector System and a World of Inter-Organismal Molecular Interactions Within Plant Cells. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:626-636. [PMID: 37099273 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-22-0292-kd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the early 1960s, Pseudomonas syringae and other host-specific phytopathogenic proteobacteria were discovered to elicit a rapid, resistance-associated death when infiltrated at high inoculum levels into nonhost tobacco leaves. This hypersensitive reaction (or response; HR) was a useful indicator of basic pathogenic ability. Research over the next 20 years failed to identify an elicitor of the HR but revealed that its elicitation required contact between metabolically active bacterial and plant cells. Beginning in the early 1980s, molecular genetic tools were applied to the HR puzzle, revealing the presence in P. syringae of clusters of hrp genes, so named because they are required for the HR and pathogenicity, and of avr genes, so named because their presence confers HR-associated avirulence in resistant cultivars of a host plant species. A series of breakthroughs over the next two decades revealed that (i) hrp gene clusters encode a type III secretion system (T3SS), which injects Avr (now "effector") proteins into plant cells, where their recognition triggers the HR; (ii) T3SSs, which are typically present in pathogenicity islands acquired by horizontal gene transfers, are found in many bacterial pathogens of plants and animals and inject many effector proteins, which are collectively essential for pathogenicity; and (iii) a primary function of phytopathogen effectors is to subvert non-HR defenses resulting from recognition of conserved microbial features presented outside of plant cells. In the 2000s, Hrp system research shifted to extracellular components enabling effector delivery across plant cell walls and plasma membranes, regulation, and tools for studying effectors. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Kvitko
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton St., Athens, GA 30602
| | - Alan Collmer
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14853
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13
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Kongala SI, Mamidala P. Harpin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles induced defense responses in tobacco. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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14
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Vincent M, Boubakri H, Gasser M, Hay AE, Herrera-Belaroussi A. What contribution of plant immune responses in Alnus glutinosa-Frankia symbiotic interactions? Symbiosis 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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15
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Li Z, Liu J, Ma W, Li X. Characteristics, Roles and Applications of Proteinaceous Elicitors from Pathogens in Plant Immunity. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020268. [PMID: 36836624 PMCID: PMC9960299 DOI: 10.3390/life13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In interactions between pathogens and plants, pathogens secrete many molecules that facilitate plant infection, and some of these compounds are recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which induce immune responses. Molecules in both pathogens and plants that trigger immune responses in plants are termed elicitors. On the basis of their chemical content, elicitors can be classified into carbohydrates, lipopeptides, proteinaceous compounds and other types. Although many studies have focused on the involvement of elicitors in plants, especially on pathophysiological changes induced by elicitors in plants and the mechanisms mediating these changes, there is a lack of up-to-date reviews on the characteristics and functions of proteinaceous elicitors. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the up-to-date knowledge on several important families of pathogenic proteinaceous elicitors (i.e., harpins, necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) and elicitins), focusing mainly on their structures, characteristics and effects on plants, specifically on their roles in plant immune responses. A solid understanding of elicitors may be helpful to decrease the use of agrochemicals in agriculture and gardening, generate more resistant germplasms and increase crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Junnan Liu
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wenting Ma
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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16
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Jiang S, Zheng W, Li Z, Tan J, Wu M, Li X, Hong SB, Deng J, Zhu Z, Zang Y. Enhanced Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brassica rapa by Activating Host Immunity through Exogenous Verticillium dahliae Aspf2-like Protein (VDAL) Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213958. [PMID: 36430439 PMCID: PMC9694685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most destructive diseases in Brassica rapa. Verticillium dahliae Aspf2-like protein (VDAL) is a secretory protein of V. dahliae which has been shown to enhance the resistance against fungal infections in several plants. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms of VDAL-primed disease resistance are still poorly understood. In this study, we performed physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses of Brassica rapa in order to understand how VDAL confers resistance to S. sclerotiorumn infections in plants. The results showed that foliar application of VDAL significantly reduced the plaque area on leaves inoculated with S. sclerotiorum. It also enhanced antioxidant capacity by increasing activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), and defense-related enzymes β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase during the infection periods. This occurred in parallel with significantly reduced relative conductivity at different periods and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content as compared to sole S. sclerotiorum inoculation. Transcriptomic analysis showed a total of 146 (81 up-regulated and 65 down-regulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in VDAL-treated leaves compared to the control. The most enriched three Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction, all of which were associated with plant immunity. DEGs associated with MAPK and hormone signal transduction pathways were ethylene response sensor ERS2, EIN3 (Ethylene Insensitive3)-binding F-box protein 2 (EBF2), ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF94, MAPK 9 (MKK9), protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C37), auxin-responsive proteins (AUX/IAA1 and 19), serine/threonine-protein kinase CTR1, and abscisic acid receptors (PLY 4 and 5). Among the DEGs linked with the plant-pathogen interaction pathway were calmodulin-like proteins (CML5, 24, 27), PTI1-like tyrosine protein kinase 3 (Pti13) and transcription factor MYB30, all of which are known to play key roles in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) for hypersensitive response (HR), cell wall reinforcement, and stomatal closure in plants. Overall, VDLA treatment triggered repression of the auxin and ABA signaling pathways and de-repression of the ethylene signaling pathways in young B. rapa seedlings to increase plant innate immunity. Our results showed that VDAL holds great potential to enhance fungal disease resistance in B. rapa crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jingru Tan
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Meifang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Seung-Beom Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Houston Clear Lake, Houston, TX 77058-1098, USA
| | - Jianyu Deng
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yunxiang Zang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-63702335
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Klee SM, Sinn JP, Held J, Vosburg C, Holmes AC, Lehman BL, Peter KA, McNellis TW. Putative transcription antiterminator RfaH contributes to Erwinia amylovora virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1686-1694. [PMID: 35929143 PMCID: PMC9562583 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight disease of apple and pear trees. The exopolysaccharide amylovoran and lipopolysaccharides are essential E. amylovora virulence factors. Production of amylovoran and lipopolysaccharide is specified in part by genes that are members of long operons. Here, we show that full virulence of E. amylovora in apple fruitlets and tree shoots depends on the predicted transcription antiterminator RfaH. RfaH reduces pausing in the production of long transcripts having an operon polarity suppressor regulatory element within their promoter region. In E. amylovora, only the amylovoran operon and a lipopolysaccharide operon have such regulatory elements within their promoter regions and in the correct orientation. These operons showed dramatically increased polarity in the ΔrfaH mutant compared to the wild type as determined by RNA sequencing. Amylovoran and lipopolysaccharide production in vitro was reduced in rfaH mutants compared to the wild type, which probably contributes to the rfaH mutant virulence phenotype. Furthermore, type VI secretion cluster 1, which contributes to E. amylovora virulence, showed reduced expression in ΔrfaH compared to the wild type, although without an increase in polarity. The data suggest that E. amylovora RfaH directly, specifically, and exclusively suppresses operon polarity in the amylovoran operon and a lipopolysaccharide operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Klee
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MicrobiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Judith P. Sinn
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MicrobiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jeremy Held
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MicrobiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Chad Vosburg
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MicrobiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Aleah C. Holmes
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MicrobiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical SchoolThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Brian L. Lehman
- The Pennsylvania State University Fruit Research and Extension CenterBiglervillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kari A. Peter
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MicrobiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
- The Pennsylvania State University Fruit Research and Extension CenterBiglervillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Timothy W. McNellis
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental MicrobiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
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18
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Advances in Fungal Elicitor-Triggered Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912003. [PMID: 36233304 PMCID: PMC9569958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an array of pathogenic fungi in the natural environment of plants, which produce some molecules including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effectors during infection. These molecules, which can be recognized by plant specific receptors to activate plant immunity, including PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity) and ETI (effector-triggered immunity), are called elicitors. Undoubtedly, identification of novel fungal elicitors and their plant receptors and comprehensive understanding about fungal elicitor-triggered plant immunity will be of great significance to effectively control plant diseases. Great progress has occurred in fungal elicitor-triggered plant immunity, especially in the signaling pathways of PTI and ETI, in recent years. Here, recent advances in fungal elicitor-triggered plant immunity are summarized and their important contribution to the enlightenment of plant disease control is also discussed.
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19
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Klink VP, Alkharouf NW, Lawrence KS, Lawaju BR, Sharma K, Niraula PM, McNeece BT. The heterologous expression of conserved Glycine max (soybean) mitogen activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) paralogs suppresses Meloidogyne incognita parasitism in Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton). Transgenic Res 2022; 31:457-487. [PMID: 35763120 PMCID: PMC9489592 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two conserved Glycine max (soybean) mitogen activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) paralogs function in defense to the parasitic soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. Gene Ontology analyses of RNA seq data obtained from MAPK3-1-overexpressing (OE) and MAPK3-2-OE roots compared to their control, as well as MAPK3-1-RNA interference (RNAi) and MAPK3-2-RNAi compared to their control, hierarchically orders the induced and suppressed genes, strengthening the hypothesis that their heterologous expression in Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton) would impair parasitism by the root knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. MAPK3-1 expression (E) in G. hirsutum suppresses the production of M. incognita root galls, egg masses, and second stage juveniles (J2s) by 80.32%, 82.37%, and 88.21%, respectfully. Unexpectedly, egg number increases by 28.99% but J2s are inviable. MAPK3-2-E effects are identical, statistically. MAPK3-1-E and MAPK3-2-E decreases root mass 1.49-fold and 1.55-fold, respectively, as compared to the pRAP15-ccdB-E control. The reproductive factor (RF) of M. incognita for G. hirsutum roots expressing MAPK3-1-E or MAPK3-2-E decreases 60.39% and 50.46%, respectively, compared to controls. The results are consistent with upstream pathogen activated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) functioning in defense to H. glycines. The experiments showcase the feasibility of employing MAPK3, through heterologous expression, to combat M. incognita parasitism, possibly overcoming impediments otherwise making G. hirsutum's defense platform deficient. MAPK homologs are identified in other important crop species for future functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P. Klink
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Building 004 Room 122 BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
- Present Address: Center for Computational Sciences High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Nadim W. Alkharouf
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252 USA
| | - Kathy S. Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Science Building, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Science Building, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Bisho R. Lawaju
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Science Building, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
- Present Address: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 1402 Albrecht Blvd., Walster Hall 306, Fargo, ND 58102 USA
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
- Present Address: Cereal Disease Laboratory, 1551 Lindig Street, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Prakash M. Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
- Present Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, 1200 North Dupont Highway, Science Center 164, Dover, DE 19901 USA
| | - Brant T. McNeece
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
- Present Address: Nutrien Ag Solutions, 737 Blaylock Road, Winterville, MS 38703 USA
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20
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Sun L, Qin J, Wu X, Zhang J, Zhang J. TOUCH 3 and CALMODULIN 1/4/6 cooperate with calcium-dependent protein kinases to trigger calcium-dependent activation of CAM-BINDING PROTEIN 60-LIKE G and regulate fungal resistance in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4088-4104. [PMID: 35863056 PMCID: PMC9516039 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants utilize localized cell-surface and intracellular receptors to sense microbes and activate the influx of calcium, which serves as an important second messenger in eukaryotes to regulate cellular responses. However, the mechanisms through which plants decipher calcium influx to activate immune responses remain largely unknown. Here, we show that pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) trigger calcium-dependent phosphorylation of CAM-BINDING PROTEIN 60-LIKE G (CBP60g) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE5 (CPK5) phosphorylates CBP60g directly, thereby enhancing its transcription factor activity. TOUCH 3 (TCH3) and its homologs CALMODULIN (CAM) 1/4/6 and CPK4/5/6/11 are required for PAMP-induced CBP60g phosphorylation. TCH3 interferes with the auto-inhibitory region of CPK5 and promotes CPK5-mediated CBP60g phosphorylation. Furthermore, CPKs-mediated CBP60g phosphorylation positively regulates plant resistance to soil-borne fungal pathogens. These lines of evidence uncover a novel calcium signal decoding mechanism during plant immunity through which TCH3 relieves auto-inhibition of CPK5 to phosphorylate and activate CBP60g. The findings reveal cooperative interconnections between different types of calcium sensors in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinghan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 710023, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Cheng L, Yuan J, Yu B, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang F. Leaf proteome reveals the alterations in photosynthesis and defense-related proteins between potato tetraploid cultivars and diploid wild species. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 276:153779. [PMID: 35952453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as the important food crop worldwide has abundant morphological and genetic diversity. To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms determining phenotypic differences in wild species and cultivated potato, a comparative proteomics approach was applied to analyze leaf proteome alteration among three tetraploid cultivars and three diploid wild species using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Quantitative image analysis showed a total of 47 protein spots with significantly altered abundance (>3-fold, P < 0.05), and 45 differentially abundant proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. These proteins exhibited both the qualitative and quantitative changes. Most of them were involved in photosynthesis, cell defense and rescue, protein biosynthesis, which might exhibit the main differences between tetraploid cultivars and diploid wild species. The photosynthesis and protein biosynthesis-related proteins were up-regulated or only present in tetraploid cultivars, suggesting the higher photosynthetic efficiency and more newly synthesized peptides. It might contribute to some superior traits of tetraploid cultivars, such as larger leaf size, greater growth vigor, better tuber yield and quality. However, some cell defense and rescue-related proteins, especially the pathogenesis-related proteins and antioxidant enzymes, were up-regulated or only present in diploid wild species. It might be responsible for stronger resistance to diseases and pests or tolerance to environmental stresses in diploid wild species. This study would provide valuable information for the underlying molecular mechanisms of potato genetic diversity, and help in developing strategies for the utilization of wild species for potato improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianlong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
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22
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Ji W, Zhao M, Fei N, Yang L, Qiao P, Walcott R, Yang Y, Zhao T. Essential Acidovorax citrulli Virulence Gene hrpE Activates Host Immune Response against Pathogen. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169144. [PMID: 36012409 PMCID: PMC9409176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) caused by Acidovorax citrulli (Ac) is a devastating watermelon disease that severely impacts the global watermelon industry. Like other Gram-negative bacteria, the type three secretion system (T3SS) is the main pathogenicity factor of A. citrulli. The T3SS apparatus gene hrpE codes for the Hrp pilus and serves as a conduit to secret effector proteins into host cells. In this study, we found that the deletion of hrpE in A. citrulli results in the loss of pathogenicity on hosts and the hypersensitive response on non-hosts. In addition, the A. citrulli hrpE mutant showed a reduction in in vitro growth, in planta colonization, swimming and twitching motility, and displayed increases in biofilm formation ability compared to the wild type. However, when HrpE was transiently expressed in hosts, the defense responses, including reactive oxygen species bursts, callose deposition, and expression of defense-related genes, were activated. Thus, the A. Citrulli growth in HrpE-pretreated hosts was suppressed. These results indicated that HrpE is essential for A. citrulli virulence but can also be used by hosts to help resist A. citrulli. Our findings provide a better understanding of the T3SS pathogenesis in A. citrulli, thus providing a molecular basis for biopesticide development, and facilitating the effective control of BFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nuoya Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Linlin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pei Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ron Walcott
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yuwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tingchang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (T.Z.)
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Schachterle JK, Gdanetz K, Pandya I, Sundin GW. Identification of novel virulence factors in Erwinia amylovora through temporal transcriptomic analysis of infected apple flowers under field conditions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:855-869. [PMID: 35246928 PMCID: PMC9104256 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The enterobacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora uses multiple virulence-associated traits to cause fire blight, a devastating disease of apple and pear trees. Many virulence-associated phenotypes have been studied that are critical for virulence and pathogenicity. Despite the in vitro testing that has revealed how these systems are transcriptionally regulated, information on when and where in infected tissues these genes are being expressed is lacking. Here, we used a high-throughput sequencing approach to characterize the transcriptome of E. amylovora during disease progression on apple flowers under field infection conditions. We report that type III secretion system genes and flagellar genes are strongly co-expressed. Likewise, genes involved in biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide amylovoran and sorbitol utilization had similar expression patterns. We further identified a group of 16 genes whose expression is increased and maintained at high levels throughout disease progression across time and tissues. We chose five of these genes for mutational analysis and observed that deletion mutants lacking these genes all display reduced symptom development on apple shoots. Furthermore, these induced genes were over-represented for genes involved in sulphur metabolism and cycling, suggesting the possibility of an important role for maintenance of oxidative homeostasis during apple flower infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K. Schachterle
- Genetics and Genome Sciences ProgramMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Present address:
USDAARS, Cereal Crops Research UnitFargoNDUSA
| | - Kristi Gdanetz
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Ishani Pandya
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - George W. Sundin
- Genetics and Genome Sciences ProgramMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
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24
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Khatri R, Pant SR, Sharma K, Niraula PM, Lawaju BR, Lawrence KS, Alkharouf NW, Klink VP. Glycine max Homologs of DOESN'T MAKE INFECTIONS 1, 2, and 3 Function to Impair Heterodera glycines Parasitism While Also Regulating Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:842597. [PMID: 35599880 PMCID: PMC9114929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.842597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycine max root cells developing into syncytia through the parasitic activities of the pathogenic nematode Heterodera glycines underwent isolation by laser microdissection (LM). Microarray analyses have identified the expression of a G. max DOESN'T MAKE INFECTIONS3 (DMI3) homolog in syncytia undergoing parasitism but during a defense response. DMI3 encodes part of the common symbiosis pathway (CSP) involving DMI1, DMI2, and other CSP genes. The identified DMI gene expression, and symbiosis role, suggests the possible existence of commonalities between symbiosis and defense. G. max has 3 DMI1, 12 DMI2, and 2 DMI3 paralogs. LM-assisted gene expression experiments of isolated syncytia under further examination here show G. max DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 expression occurring during the defense response in the H. glycines-resistant genotypes G.max [Peking/PI548402] and G.max [PI88788] indicating a broad and consistent level of expression of the genes. Transgenic overexpression (OE) of G. max DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 impairs H. glycines parasitism. RNA interference (RNAi) of G. max DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 increases H. glycines parasitism. The combined opposite outcomes reveal a defense function for these genes. Prior functional transgenic analyses of the 32-member G. max mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene family has determined that 9 of them act in the defense response to H. glycines parasitism, referred to as defense MAPKs. RNA-seq analyses of root RNA isolated from the 9 G. max defense MAPKs undergoing OE or RNAi reveal they alter the relative transcript abundances (RTAs) of specific DMI1, DMI2, and DMI3 paralogs. In contrast, transgenically-manipulated DMI1-3, DMI2-7, and DMI3-2 expression influences MAPK3-1 and MAPK3-2 RTAs under certain circumstances. The results show G. max homologs of the CSP, and defense pathway are linked, apparently involving co-regulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Khatri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Shankar R. Pant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Prakash M. Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Bisho R. Lawaju
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kathy S. Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Nadim W. Alkharouf
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, United States
| | - Vincent P. Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
- USDA ARS NEA BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
- Center for Computational Sciences High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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25
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Chavonet E, Gaucher M, Warneys R, Bodelot A, Heintz C, Juillard A, Cournol R, Widmalm G, Bowen JK, Hamiaux C, Brisset MN, Degrave A. Search for host defense markers uncovers an apple agglutination factor corresponding with fire blight resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1350-1368. [PMID: 34904175 PMCID: PMC8825249 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathenogenesis-related (PR) proteins are extensively used as molecular markers to dissect the signaling cascades leading to plant defense responses. However, studies focusing on the biochemical or biological properties of these proteins remain rare. Here, we identify and characterize a class of apple (Malus domestica) PR proteins, named M. domestica AGGLUTININS (MdAGGs), belonging to the amaranthin-like lectin family. By combining molecular and biochemical approaches, we show that abundant production of MdAGGs in leaf tissues corresponds with enhanced resistance to the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of the disease fire blight. We also show that E. amylovora represses the expression of MdAGG genes by injecting the type 3 effector DspA/E into host cells and by secreting bacterial exopolysaccharides. Using a purified recombinant MdAGG, we show that the protein agglutinates E. amylovora cells in vitro and binds bacterial lipopolysaccharides at low pH, conditions reminiscent of the intercellular pH occurring in planta upon E. amylovora infection. We finally provide evidence that negatively charged polysaccharides, such as the free exopolysaccharide amylovoran progressively released by the bacteria, act as decoys relying on charge-charge interaction with the MdAGG to inhibit agglutination. Overall, our results suggest that the production of this particular class of PR proteins may contribute to apple innate immunity mechanisms active against E. amylovora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Chavonet
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Matthieu Gaucher
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Romain Warneys
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Antoine Bodelot
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Christelle Heintz
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Anthony Juillard
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Raphaël Cournol
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Arrhenius Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanna K Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Cyril Hamiaux
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Marie-Noëlle Brisset
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Alexandre Degrave
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
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26
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Huntula S, Lalert L, Punsawad C. The Effects of Exercise on Aging-Induced Exaggerated Cytokine Responses: An Interdisciplinary Discussion. SCIENTIFICA 2022; 2022:3619362. [PMID: 35106183 PMCID: PMC8801319 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3619362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aging is generally known to be associated with dynamic biological changes, physiological dysfunction, and environmental and psychological decline. Several studies have suggested that aging is associated with increased inflammatory cytokines, causing several diseases. However, the effect of exercise on aging has been less delineated, and the relationships between cytokine activation, aging, and exercise also need further study. Here, we discuss some ideas about the effect of exercise on aging-induced exaggerated cytokine responses and discuss the possible roles of the aging-induced exaggerated cytokine response following exercise. Evidence from these findings suggests that exercise is a beneficially applicable model to use in studies on the mechanisms underlying the age-associated gradated cytokine response, and these results may provide guidelines for health professionals with diverse backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soontaraporn Huntula
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Laddawan Lalert
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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27
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Yang B, Yang S, Zheng W, Wang Y. Plant immunity inducers: from discovery to agricultural application. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:5. [PMID: 37676359 PMCID: PMC10442025 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
While conventional chemical fungicides directly eliminate pathogens, plant immunity inducers activate or prime plant immunity. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of immune regulation in plants. The development and application of plant immunity inducers based on the principles of plant immunity represent a new field in plant protection research. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of plant immunity inducers in terms of plant immune system activation, summarize the various classes of reported plant immunity inducers (proteins, oligosaccharides, chemicals, and lipids), and review methods for the identification or synthesis of plant immunity inducers. The current situation, new strategies, and future prospects in the development and application of plant immunity inducers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenyue Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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28
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Meena M, Yadav G, Sonigra P, Nagda A, Mehta T, Zehra A, Swapnil P. Role of Microbial Bioagents as Elicitors in Plant Defense Regulation. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS FOR BIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE IN PLANTS 2022:103-128. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12990-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
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29
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Song GC, Jeon J, Choi HK, Sim H, Kim S, Ryu C. Bacterial type III effector-induced plant C8 volatiles elicit antibacterial immunity in heterospecific neighbouring plants via airborne signalling. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:236-247. [PMID: 34708407 PMCID: PMC9298316 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Upon sensing attack by pathogens and insect herbivores, plants release complex mixtures of volatile compounds. Here, we show that the infection of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) plants with the non-host bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato led to the production of microbe-induced plant volatiles (MIPVs). Surprisingly, the bacterial type III secretion system, which injects effector proteins directly into the plant cytosol to subvert host functions, was found to prime both intra- and inter-specific defense responses in neighbouring wild tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants. Screening of each of 16 effectors using the Pseudomonas fluorescens effector-to-host analyser revealed that an effector, HopP1, was responsible for immune activation in receiver tobacco plants. Further study demonstrated that 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone and 3-octanol are novel MIPVs emitted by the lima bean plant in a HopP1-dependent manner. Exposure to synthetic 1-octen-3-ol activated immunity in tobacco plants against a virulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. Our results show for the first time that a bacterial type III effector can trigger the emission of C8 plant volatiles that mediate defense priming via plant-plant interactions. These results provide novel insights into the role of airborne chemicals in bacterial pathogen-induced inter-specific plant-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryInfectious Disease Research Center, KRIBBDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Je‐Seung Jeon
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryInfectious Disease Research Center, KRIBBDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Choi
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryInfectious Disease Research Center, KRIBBDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Hee‐Jung Sim
- Environmental Chemistry Research GroupKorea Institute of Toxicology (KIT)JinjuSouth Korea
| | - Sang‐Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Choong‐Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology LaboratoryInfectious Disease Research Center, KRIBBDaejeonSouth Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering ProgramUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonSouth Korea
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30
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Cai Z, Wang Z, Yue C, Sun A, Shen Y. Efficient expression and purification of soluble Harpin Ea protein by translation initiation region codon optimization. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 188:105970. [PMID: 34500070 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HarpinEa protein can stimulate plants to produce defense responses to resist the attack of pathogens, improve plant immune resistance, and promote plant growth. This has extremely high application value in agriculture. To efficiently express soluble HarpinEa protein, in this study, we expressed HarpinEa protein with a 6× His-tag in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Because of the low level of expression of HarpinEa protein in E. coli, three rounds of synonymous codon optimization were performed on the +53 bp of the translation initiation region (TIR) of HarpinEa. Soluble HarpinEa protein after optimization accounted for 50.3% of the total soluble cellular protein expressed. After purification using a Ni Bestarose Fast Flow column, the purity of HarpinEa protein exceeded 95%, and the yield reached 227.5 mg/L of culture medium. The purified HarpinEa protein was sensitive to proteases and exhibited thermal stability. It triggered visible hypersensitive responses after being injected into tobacco leaves for 48 h. Plants treated with HarpinEa showed obvious growth-promoting and resistance-improving performance. Thus, the use of TIR synonymous codon optimization successfully achieved the economical, efficient, and soluble production of HarpinEa protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- Shandong Shennong Ecological Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai Branch, Shanghai, 201114, China.
| | - Cheng Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Aiyou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yaling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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31
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Kharadi RR, Schachterle JK, Yuan X, Castiblanco LF, Peng J, Slack SM, Zeng Q, Sundin GW. Genetic Dissection of the Erwinia amylovora Disease Cycle. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:191-212. [PMID: 33945696 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-095540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fire blight, caused by the bacterial phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora, is an economically important and mechanistically complex disease that affects apple and pear production in most geographic production hubs worldwide. We compile, assess, and present a genetic outlook on the progression of an E. amylovora infection in the host. We discuss the key aspects of type III secretion-mediated infection and systemic movement, biofilm formation in xylem, and pathogen dispersal via ooze droplets, a concentrated suspension of bacteria and exopolysaccharide components. We present an overall outlook on the genetic elements contributing to E. amylovora pathogenesis, including an exploration of the impact of floral microbiomes on E. amylovora colonization, and summarize the current knowledge of host responses to an incursion and how this response stimulates further infection and systemic spread. We hope to facilitate the identification of new, unexplored areas of research in this pathosystem that can help identify evolutionarily susceptible genetic targets to ultimately aid in the design of sustainable strategies for fire blight disease mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni R Kharadi
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA;
| | - Jeffrey K Schachterle
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA;
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Xiaochen Yuan
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA;
| | - Luisa F Castiblanco
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA;
| | - Jingyu Peng
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA;
| | - Suzanne M Slack
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA;
| | - Quan Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - George W Sundin
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA;
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32
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Yuan X, Hulin MT, Sundin GW. Effectors, chaperones, and harpins of the Type III secretion system in the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora: a review. JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 103:25-39. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s42161-020-00623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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33
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Xu T, Wang X, Ma H, Su L, Wang W, Meng J, Xu Y. Functional Characterization of VDACs in Grape and Its Putative Role in Response to Pathogen Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:670505. [PMID: 34220892 PMCID: PMC8242593 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.670505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are the most abundant proteins in the mitochondrial outer membranes of all eukaryotic cells. They participate in mitochondrial energy metabolism, mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and cell growth and reproduction. Here, the chromosomal localizations, gene structure, conserved domains, and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed. The amino acid sequences of VDACs were found to be highly conserved. The tissue-specific transcript analysis from transcriptome data and qRT-PCR demonstrated that grapevine VDACs might play an important role in plant growth and development. It was also speculated that VDAC3 might be a regulator of modulated leaf and berry development as the expression patterns during these developmental stages are up-regulated. Further, we screened the role of all grape VDACs' response to pathogen stress and found that VDAC3 from downy mildew Plasmopara viticola-resistant Chinese wild grapevine species Vitis piasezkii "Liuba-8" had a higher expression than the downy mildew susceptible species Vitis vinifera cv. "Thompson Seedless" after inoculation with P. viticola. Overexpression of VpVDAC3 resulted in increased resistance to pathogens, which was found to prevent VpVDAC3 protein accumulation through protein post-transcriptional regulation. Taken together, these data indicate that VpVDAC3 plays a role in P. viticola defense and provides the evidence with which to understand the mechanism of grape response to pathogen stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Li Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiangfei Meng
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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34
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Yu WQ, Wang X, Tang YC, Yan FC, Liu WZ, Zheng GP, Yin DM. Cloning and expression of the EsxA gene and the growth-promoting effects of the encoded protein on rice seedlings. AMB Express 2021; 11:72. [PMID: 34032943 PMCID: PMC8149525 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An EsxA-encoding gene (esxA) was previously identified in the genome of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Paenibacillus terrae strain NK3-4. The esxA was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris, after which the effects of the EsxA protein on rice seedling growth were analyzed to determine whether EsxA contributes to the plant growth-promoting activity of strain NK3-4. The esxA was successfully cloned from the NK3-4 genome and ligated to the eukaryotic expression vector pPICZαA. The resulting pPICZαA-esxA recombinant plasmid was transinfected into yeast cells, and esxA expression in the yeast cells was confirmed. The treatment of seed- buds with the EsxA protein increased the root length by 1.35-times, but decreased the bud length. Additionally, in rice seedlings treated with EsxA, the root and shoot lengths increased by 2.6- and 1.7-times, respectively. These findings imply that EsxA is important for the promotion of rice plant growth by P. terrae strain NK3-4. Furthermore, the construction of the esxA expression vector and the engineered strain may be useful for future investigations of the mechanism underlying the plant growth-promoting effects of EsxA, with implications for the application of EsxA for regulating plant growth.
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35
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Song T, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Shen D, Yu J, Yu M, Pan X, Cao H, Yong M, Qi Z, Du Y, Zhang R, Yin X, Qiao J, Liu Y, Liu W, Sun W, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Dou D, Ma Z, Liu Y. The N-terminus of an Ustilaginoidea virens Ser-Thr-rich glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein elicits plant immunity as a MAMP. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2451. [PMID: 33907187 PMCID: PMC8079714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens infect hosts through specific organs, such as Ustilaginoidea virens, which infects rice panicles. Here, we show that a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP), Ser-Thr-rich Glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol-anchored protein (SGP1) from U. virens, induces immune responses in rice leaves but not panicles. SGP1 is widely distributed among fungi and acts as a proteinaceous, thermostable elicitor of BAK1-dependent defense responses in N. benthamiana. Plants specifically recognize a 22 amino acid peptide (SGP1 N terminus peptide 22, SNP22) in its N-terminus that induces cell death, oxidative burst, and defense-related gene expression. Exposure to SNP22 enhances rice immunity signaling and resistance to infection by multiple fungal and bacterial pathogens. Interestingly, while SGP1 can activate immune responses in leaves, SGP1 is required for U. virens infection of rice panicles in vivo, showing it contributes to the virulence of a panicle adapted pathogen. Ustilaginoidea virens is a fungal pathogen that infects rice via the panicles. Here, the authors show that U. virens SGP1, a conserved Ser-Thr-rich glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol-anchored protein, elicits immune responses in rice leaves while contributing to virulence in panicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - You Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingli Yong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaole Yin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Junqing Qiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Youzhou Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
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Song JY, Yun YH, Kim GD, Kim SH, Lee SJ, Kim JF. Genome Analysis of Erwinia amylovora Strains Responsible for a Fire Blight Outbreak in Korea. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1143-1152. [PMID: 32931384 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1329-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora is a plant-pathogenic bacterium that causes fire blight disease in Rosaceae plants. Since fire blight is highly contagious and results in serious losses once introduced, it is regulated as a quarantine disease. Recently, for the first time in East Asia, fire blight emerged in Korea with strains of E. amylovora being isolated from lesions of infected trees. Five of those strains were selected and subjected to whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Each strain had two circular replicons, a 3.8-Mb chromosome and a 28-kb plasmid. The genome sequences were compared with those of other E. amylovora strains isolated from different hosts or geographical regions. Genome synteny was analyzed and sequence variations including nucleotide substitutions, inversions, insertions, and deletions were detected. Analysis of the population genomic structure revealed that the five strains form a distinct structural group. Phylogenomic analysis was performed to infer the evolutionary relationships among E. amylovora strains, which indicated that the Korean isolates, all descended from a common ancestor, are closely related to a lineage of North American strains. These results provide useful information for understanding the genomic dynamics of E. amylovora strains including those in Korea, developing genetic markers for surveillance of the pathogen or diagnosis of the disease, and eventually developing measures to eradicate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Song
- Department of Systems Biology, Division of Life Sciences, and Institute for Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Hong Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Biodiversity, Dankook University, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Don Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Biodiversity, Dankook University, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun F Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, Division of Life Sciences, and Institute for Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Strategic Initiative for Microbiomes in Agriculture and Food, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Sun L, Zhang J. Regulatory role of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases in early immune signaling events in plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:845-856. [PMID: 32717059 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) play crucial roles in regulating plant development and immunity. Conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) derived from microbes are recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors to activate PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Microbial effectors, whose initial function is to promote virulence, are recognized by plant intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) to initiate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Both PTI and ETI trigger early immune signaling events including the production of reactive oxygen species, induction of calcium influx and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Research progress has revealed the important roles of RLCKs in the regulation of early PTI signaling. Accordingly, RLCKs are often targeted by microbial effectors that are evolved to evade PTI via diverse modulations. In some cases, modulation of RLCKs by microbial effectors triggers the activation of NLRs. This review covers the mechanisms by which RLCKs engage diverse substrates to regulate early PTI signaling and the regulatory roles of RLCKs in triggering NLR activation. Accumulating evidence suggests evolutionary links and close connections between PAMP- and effector-triggered early immune signaling that are mediated by RLCKs. As key immune regulators, RLCKs can be considered targets with broad prospects for the improvement of plant resistance via genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Liu Q, Shen Y, Yin K. Optimised production of protein elicitor AMEP412 by Bacillus subtilis BU412 through response surface methodology. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1953402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, PR China
| | - Yongrui Shen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, PR China
| | - Kuide Yin
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agronomy, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, PR China
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Mitsopoulou N, Lakiotis K, Golia EE, Khah EM, Pavli OI. Response of hrpZ Psph-transgenic N. benthamiana plants under cadmium stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3787-3796. [PMID: 32418109 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hrpZPsph gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, in its secretable form (SP/hrpZPsph), has previously proven capable of conferring resistance against rhizomania disease as well as abiotic stresses in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, while enhancing plant growth. This study aimed at investigating the response of SP/hrpZPsph-expressing plants under cadmium stress. Transgenic N. benthamiana lines, homozygous for the SP/hrpZPsph gene, and wild-type plants were exposed to Cd at different stress levels (0, 50, 100, 150 μΜ CdCl2). Plants' response to stress was assessed at germination and at the whole plant level on the basis of physiological and growth parameters, including seed germination percentage, shoot and root length, total chlorophyll content, fresh and dry root weight, as well as overall symptomatology, and Cd content in leaves and roots. At germination phase, significant differences were noted in germination rates and post-germination growth among stress levels, with Cd effects being in most cases analogous to the level applied but also among plant categories. Although seedling growth was adversely affected in all plant categories, especially at high stress level, lines #6 and #9 showed the lowest decrease in root and shoot length over control. The superiority of these lines was further manifested at the whole plant level by the absence of stress-attributed symptoms and the low or zero reduction in chlorophyll content. Interestingly, a differential tissue-specific Cd accumulation pattern was observed in wt- and hrpZPsph-plants, with the former showing an increased Cd content in leaves and the latter retaining Cd in the roots. These data are discussed in the context of possible mechanisms underlying the hrpZPsph-based Cd stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Mitsopoulou
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - Kosmas Lakiotis
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - Evangelia E Golia
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - Ebrahim M Khah
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - Ourania I Pavli
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446, Volos, Greece.
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40
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Ji ZL, Yu MH, Ding YY, Li J, Zhu F, He JX, Yang LN. Coiled-Coil N21 of Hpa1 in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Promotes Plant Growth, Disease Resistance and Drought Tolerance in Non-Hosts via Eliciting HR and Regulation of Multiple Defense Response Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E203. [PMID: 33379173 PMCID: PMC7795061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acting as a typical harpin protein, Hpa1 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is one of the pathogenic factors in hosts and can elicit hypersensitive responses (HR) in non-hosts. To further explain the underlying mechanisms of its induced resistance, we studied the function of the most stable and shortest three heptads in the N-terminal coiled-coil domain of Hpa1, named N21Hpa1. Proteins isolated from N21-transgenic tobacco elicited HR in Xanthi tobacco, which was consistent with the results using N21 and full-length Hpa1 proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. N21-expressing tobacco plants showed enhanced resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Pectobacterium carotovora subsp. carotovora (Pcc). Spraying of a synthesized N21 peptide solution delayed the disease symptoms caused by Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola and promoted the growth and drought tolerance of plants. Further analysis indicated that N21 upregulated the expression of multiple plant defense-related genes, such as genes mediated by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling, and genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) biosynthesis. Further, the bioavailability of N21 peptide was better than that of full-length Hpa1Xoo. Our studies support the broad application prospects of N21 peptide as a promising succedaneum to biopesticide Messenger or Illite or other biological pharmaceutical products, and provide a basis for further development of biopesticides using proteins with similar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Lin Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.-L.J.); (Y.-Y.D.); (J.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Mei-Hui Yu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Ya-Yan Ding
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.-L.J.); (Y.-Y.D.); (J.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Jian Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.-L.J.); (Y.-Y.D.); (J.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.-L.J.); (Y.-Y.D.); (J.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Jun-Xian He
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Li-Na Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.-L.J.); (Y.-Y.D.); (J.L.); (F.Z.)
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Wang Y, Wang C, Rajaofera MJN, Zhu L, Xu X, Liu W, Zheng F, Miao W. WY195, a New Inducible Promoter From the Rubber Powdery Mildew Pathogen, Can Be Used as an Excellent Tool for Genetic Engineering. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:610252. [PMID: 33424812 PMCID: PMC7793764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.610252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now, there are few studies and reports on the use of endogenous promoters of obligate biotrophic fungi. The WY195 promoter in the genome of Oidium heveae, the rubber powdery mildew pathogen, was predicted using PromoterScan and its promoter function was verified by the transient expression of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. WY195 drove high levels of GUS expression in dicotyledons and monocotyledons. qRT-PCR indicated that GUS expression regulated by the WY195 promoter was 17.54-fold greater than that obtained using the CaMV 35S promoter in dicotyledons (Nicotiana tabacum), and 5.09-fold greater than that obtained using the ACT1 promoter in monocotyledons (Oryza sativa). Furthermore, WY195-regulated GUS gene expression was induced under high-temperature and drought conditions. Soluble proteins extracted from WY195-hpaXm transgenic tobacco was bioactive. Defensive micro-HR induced by the transgene expression of hpaXm was observed on transgenic tobacco leaves. Disease resistance bioassays showed that WY195-hpaXm transgenic tobacco enhanced the resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). WY195 has great potential for development as a new tool for genetic engineering. Further in-depth studies will help to better understand the transcriptional regulation mechanisms and the pathogenic mechanisms of O. heveae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mamy Jayne Nelly Rajaofera
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xinze Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Fucong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Liu Y, Zhou X, Liu W, Miao W. The stability of the coiled-coil structure near to N-terminus influence the heat resistance of harpin proteins from Xanthomonas. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:344. [PMID: 33183263 PMCID: PMC7663895 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat resistance is a common characteristic of harpins, a class of proteins found in Gram-negative bacteria, which may be related to the stability of coiled-coil (CC) structure. The CC structure is a ubiquitous protein folding and assembly motif made of α-helices wrapping around each other forming a supercoil. Specifically, whether the stability of the CC structure near to N-terminus of four selected harpin proteins from Xanthomonas (hereafter referred to as Hpa1) would influence their characteristics of heat resistance was investigated. We used bioinformatics approach to predict the structure of Hpa1, used the performance of hypersensitive response (HR)-induction activity of Hpa1 and circular dichroism (CD) spectral analyses to detect the relationship between the stability of the CC structure of Hpa1 and heat resistance. RESULTS Each of four-selected Hpa1 has two α-helical regions with one in their N-terminus that could form CC structure, and the other in their C-terminus that could not. And the important amino acid residues involved in the CC motifs are located on helices present on the surface of these proteins, indicating they may engage in the formation of oligo mericaggregates, which may be responsible for HR elicitation by harpins and their high thermal stability. Increased or decreased the probability of forming a CC could either induce a stronger HR response or eliminate the ability to induce HR in tobacco after high temperature treatment. In addition, although the four Hpa1 mutants had little effect on the induction of HR by Hpa1, its thermal stability was significantly decreased. The α-helical content increased with increasing temperature, and the secondary structures of Hpa1 became almost entirely α-helices when the temperature reached 200 °C. Moreover, the stability of the CC structure near to N-terminus was found to be positively correlated with the heat resistance of Hpa1. CONCLUSIONS The stability of the CC structure might sever as an inner drive for mediating the heat resistance of harpin proteins. Our results offer a new insight into the interpretation of the mechanism involved in the heat resistance of harpin protein and provide a theoretical basis for further harpin function investigations and structure modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Weiguo Miao
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.
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Niraula PM, Sharma K, McNeece BT, Troell HA, Darwish O, Alkharouf NW, Lawrence KS, Klink VP. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-regulated genes with predicted signal peptides function in the Glycine max defense response to the root pathogenic nematode Heterodera glycines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241678. [PMID: 33147292 PMCID: PMC7641413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine max has 32 mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nine of them exhibiting defense functions (defense MAPKs) to the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. RNA seq analyses of transgenic G. max lines overexpressing (OE) each defense MAPK has led to the identification of 309 genes that are increased in their relative transcript abundance by all 9 defense MAPKs. Here, 71 of those genes are shown to also have measurable amounts of transcript in H. glycines-induced nurse cells (syncytia) produced in the root that are undergoing a defense response. The 71 genes have been grouped into 7 types, based on their expression profile. Among the 71 genes are 8 putatively-secreted proteins that include a galactose mutarotase-like protein, pollen Ole e 1 allergen and extensin protein, endomembrane protein 70 protein, O-glycosyl hydrolase 17 protein, glycosyl hydrolase 32 protein, FASCICLIN-like arabinogalactan protein 17 precursor, secreted peroxidase and a pathogenesis-related thaumatin protein. Functional transgenic analyses of all 8 of these candidate defense genes that employ their overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi) demonstrate they have a role in defense. Overexpression experiments that increase the relative transcript abundance of the candidate defense gene reduces the ability that the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines has in completing its life cycle while, in contrast, RNAi of these genes leads to an increase in parasitism. The results provide a genomic analysis of the importance of MAPK signaling in relation to the secretion apparatus during the defense process defense in the G. max-H. glycines pathosystem and identify additional targets for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash M. Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Brant T. McNeece
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Hallie A. Troell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Omar Darwish
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Texas Women’s University, Denton, TX, United States of America
| | - Nadim W. Alkharouf
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, United States of America
| | - Katherine S. Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Vincent P. Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
- Center for Computational Sciences High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States of America
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Valandro F, Menguer PK, Cabreira-Cagliari C, Margis-Pinheiro M, Cagliari A. Programmed cell death (PCD) control in plants: New insights from the Arabidopsis thaliana deathosome. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 299:110603. [PMID: 32900441 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically controlled process that leads to cell suicide in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. In plants PCD occurs during development, defence response and when exposed to adverse conditions. PCD acts controlling the number of cells by eliminating damaged, old, or unnecessary cells to maintain cellular homeostasis. Unlike in animals, the knowledge about PCD in plants is limited. The molecular network that controls plant PCD is poorly understood. Here we present a review of the current mechanisms involved with the genetic control of PCD in plants. We also present an updated version of the AtLSD1 deathosome, which was previously proposed as a network controlling HR-mediated cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana. Finally, we discuss the unclear points and open questions related to the AtLSD1 deathosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Valandro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
| | - Paloma Koprovski Menguer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Márcia Margis-Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
| | - Alexandro Cagliari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil; Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), RS, Brazil.
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45
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Niraula PM, Lawrence KS, Klink VP. The heterologous expression of a soybean (Glycine max) xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) suppresses parasitism by the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235344. [PMID: 32628728 PMCID: PMC7337317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Glycine max (soybean) hemicellulose modifying gene, xyloglucan endotransglycoslase/hydrolase (XTH43), has been identified as being expressed within a nurse cell known as a syncytium developing within the soybean root undergoing the process of defense to infection by the parasitic nematode, Heterodera glycines. The highly effective nature of XTH43 overexpression in suppressing H. glycines parasitism in soybean has led to experiments examining whether the heterologous expression of XTH43 in Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton) could impair the parasitism of Meloidogyne incognita, that form a different type of nurse cell called a giant cell that is enclosed within a swollen root structure called a gall. The heterologous transgenic expression of XTH43 in cotton resulted in an 18% decrease in the number of galls, 70% decrease in egg masses, 64% decrease in egg production and a 97% decrease in second stage juvenile (J2) production as compared to transgenic controls. The heterologous XTH43 expression does not significantly affect root mass. The results demonstrate XTH43 expression functions effectively in impairing the development of M. incognita at numerous life cycle stages occurring within the cotton root. The experiments reveal that there are highly conserved aspects of the defense response of G. max that can function effectively in G. hirsutum to impair M. incognita having a different method of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash M. Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Katherine S. Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Vincent P. Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
- Center for Computational Sciences High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
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Wang D, Wang B, Wang J, Wang S, Wang W, Niu Y. Exogenous Application of Harpin Protein Hpa1 onto Pinellia ternata Induces Systemic Resistance Against Tobacco Mosaic Virus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1189-1198. [PMID: 32141384 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-19-0463-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The harpin protein Hpa1 has various beneficial effects in plants, such as promoting plant growth and inducing pathogen resistance. Our previous study found that Hpa1 could significantly alleviate the mosaic symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in Pinellia ternata, indicating that Hpa1 can effectively stimulate resistance. Here, the potential mechanism of disease resistance and field applicability of Hpa1 against TMV in P. ternata were further investigated. The results showed that 15 µg ml-1 Hpa1 had stronger antiviral activity than the control, and its protective effect was better than its curative effect. Furthermore, Hpa1 could significantly induce an increase in defense-related enzyme activity, including polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, as well as increase the expression of disease resistance-related genes (PR1, PR3, PR5, and PDF1.2). Concurrently, Hpa1 significantly increased the content of some disease resistance-related substances, including hydrogen peroxide, phenolics, and callose, whereas the content of malondialdehyde was reduced. In addition, field application analysis demonstrated that Hpa1 could effectively elicit a defense response against TMV in P. ternata. Our findings propose a mechanism by which Hpa1 can prevent TMV infection in Pinellia by inducing systemic resistance, thereby providing an environmentally friendly approach for the use of Hpa1 in large-scale applications to improve TMV resistance in Pinellia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Baoxia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiangran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Weiyu Wang
- Rongcheng Plant Protection Station, Rongcheng 264300, Shandong, China
| | - Yanbing Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
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Singh J, Yadav AN. Natural Products as Fungicide and Their Role in Crop Protection. NATURAL BIOACTIVE PRODUCTS IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7212785 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3024-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Seeking solutions from nature for solving one and all problems is the age-old practice for mankind, and natural products are proved to be the most effective one for keeping up the balance of development as well as the “healthy, wealthy, and well” condition of mother nature. Fungal pathogens are proved to be a common and popular contaminant of agroecosystem that approximately causes 70–80% of total microbial crop loss. To meet the proper global increasing need of food products as a result of population explosion, managing agricultural system in an eco-friendly and profitable manner is the prime target; thus the word “sustainable agriculture” plays it part, and this package is highly effective when coupled with nature-derived fungicidal products that can minimize the event of fungal infections in agrarian ecosystem. Present study enlists the most common and effective natural products that might be of plant or microbial origin, their mode of action, day-by-day development of phytopathogenic resistance against the prevailing fungicides, and also their role in maintenance of sustainability of agricultural practices with special emphasis on their acceptance over the synthetic or chemical one. A large number of bioactive compounds ranging from direct plant (both cryptogams algae and moss and phanerogams)-derived natural extracts, essential oil of aromatic plants, and low-molecular-weight antimicrobial compounds known as phytoalexins to secondary metabolites that are both volatile and nonvolatile organic compounds of microbes (fungal and actinobacterial members) residing inside the host tissue, called endophyte, are widely used as agricultural bioweapons. The rhizospheric partners of plant, mycorrhizae, are also a prime agent of this chemical warfare and protect their green partners from fungal invaders and emphasize the concept of “sustainable agriculture.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Joginder Singh
- grid.449005.cDepartment of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab India
| | - Ajar Nath Yadav
- grid.448698.f0000 0004 0462 8006Department of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh India
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Sun T, Wu W, Wu H, Rou W, Zhou Y, Zhuo T, Fan X, Hu X, Zou H. Ralstonia solanacearum elicitor RipX Induces Defense Reaction by Suppressing the Mitochondrial atpA Gene in Host Plant. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2000. [PMID: 32183439 PMCID: PMC7139787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RipX of Ralstonia solanacearum is translocated into host cells by a type III secretion system and acts as a harpin-like protein to induce a hypersensitive response in tobacco plants. The molecular events in association with RipX-induced signaling transduction have not been fully elucidated. This work reports that transient expression of RipX induced a yellowing phenotype in Nicotiana benthamiana, coupled with activation of the defense reaction. Using yeast two-hybrid and split-luciferase complementation assays, mitochondrial ATP synthase F1 subunit α (ATPA) was identified as an interaction partner of RipX from N. benthamiana. Although a certain proportion was found in mitochondria, the YFP-ATPA fusion was able to localize to the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. RFP-RipX fusion was found from the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Moreover, ATPA interacted with RipX at both the cell membrane and cytoplasm in vivo. Silencing of the atpA gene had no effect on the appearance of yellowing phenotype induced by RipX. However, the silenced plants improved the resistance to R. solanacearum. Moreover, qRT-PCR and promoter GUS fusion experiments revealed that the transcript levels of atpA were evidently reduced in response to expression of RipX. These data demonstrated that RipX exerts a suppressive effect on the transcription of atpA gene, to induce defense reaction in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.S.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.Z.); (X.F.); (X.H.)
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.S.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.Z.); (X.F.); (X.H.)
| | - Haoxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.S.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.Z.); (X.F.); (X.H.)
| | - Wei Rou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.S.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.Z.); (X.F.); (X.H.)
| | - Yinghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.S.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.Z.); (X.F.); (X.H.)
| | - Tao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.S.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.Z.); (X.F.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaojing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.S.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.Z.); (X.F.); (X.H.)
| | - Xun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.S.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.Z.); (X.F.); (X.H.)
| | - Huasong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (T.S.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (W.R.); (Y.Z.); (T.Z.); (X.F.); (X.H.)
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Collmer A. James Robert Alfano, A Giant in Phytopathogenic Bacteria Effector Biology. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:377-381. [PMID: 31990622 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-19-0354-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide molecular plant-microbe interactions research community was significantly diminished in November 2019 by the death of James "Jim" Robert Alfano at age 56. Jim was a giant in our field, who gained key insights into plant pathogenesis using the model bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. As a mentor, collaborator, and, above all, a friend, I know Jim's many dimensions and accomplishments and, sadly, the depth of loss being felt by the many people around the world who were touched by him. In tracing the path of Jim's career, I will emphasize the historical context and impact of his advances and, finally, the essence of the person we will so miss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Collmer
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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Elicitor and Receptor Molecules: Orchestrators of Plant Defense and Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030963. [PMID: 32024003 PMCID: PMC7037962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules produced by microorganisms and insects in the event of infection, microbial priming, and insect predation. These molecules are then recognized by receptor molecules on or within the plant, which activates the defense signaling pathways, resulting in plant’s ability to overcome pathogenic invasion, induce systemic resistance, and protect against insect predation and damage. These small molecular motifs are conserved in all organisms. Fungi, bacteria, and insects have their own specific molecular patterns that induce defenses in plants. Most of the molecular patterns are either present as part of the pathogen’s structure or exudates (in bacteria and fungi), or insect saliva and honeydew. Since biotic stresses such as pathogens and insects can impair crop yield and production, understanding the interaction between these organisms and the host via the elicitor–receptor interaction is essential to equip us with the knowledge necessary to design durable resistance in plants. In addition, it is also important to look into the role played by beneficial microbes and synthetic elicitors in activating plants’ defense and protection against disease and predation. This review addresses receptors, elicitors, and the receptor–elicitor interactions where these components in fungi, bacteria, and insects will be elaborated, giving special emphasis to the molecules, responses, and mechanisms at play, variations between organisms where applicable, and applications and prospects.
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