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Maestro MA, Seoane S. The Centennial Collection of VDR Ligands: Metabolites, Analogs, Hybrids and Non-Secosteroidal Ligands. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224927. [PMID: 36432615 PMCID: PMC9692999 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of vitamin D a century ago, a great number of metabolites, analogs, hybrids and nonsteroidal VDR ligands have been developed. An enormous effort has been made to synthesize compounds which present beneficial properties while attaining lower calcium serum levels than calcitriol. This structural review covers VDR ligands published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Maestro
- Department of Chemistry-CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, s/n, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology-CIMUS, University of Santiago, Campus Vida, 15005 Santiago, Spain
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Abstract
Vitamin D has many physiological functions including upregulation of intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption, mobilization of bone resorption, renal reabsorption of calcium as well as actions on a variety of pleiotropic functions. It is believed that many of the hormonal effects of vitamin D involve a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-vitamin D receptor-mediated transcriptional mechanism involving binding to the cellular chromatin and regulating hundreds of genes in many tissues. This comprehensive historical review provides a unique perspective of the many steps of the discovery of vitamin D and its deficiency disease, rickets, stretching from 1650 until the present. The overview is divided into four distinct historical phases which cover the major developments in the field and in the process highlighting the: (a) first recognition of rickets or vitamin D deficiency; (b) discovery of the nutritional factor, vitamin D and its chemical structure; (c) elucidation of vitamin D metabolites including the hormonal form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; (d) delineation of the vitamin D cellular machinery, functions and vitamin D-related diseases which focused on understanding the mechanism of action of vitamin D in its many target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence should be addressed to G Jones:
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Jenkinson C. The vitamin D metabolome: An update on analysis and function. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:408-423. [PMID: 31328813 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current understanding of vitamin D tends to be focussed on the measurement of the major circulating form 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) and its conversion to the active hormonal form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2 D3) via the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). However, whilst these metabolites form the endocrine backbone of vitamin D physiology, it is important to recognise that there are other metabolic and catabolic pathways that are now recognised as being crucially important to vitamin D function. These pathways include C3-epimerization, CYP24A1 hydroxylase, CYP11A1 alternative metabolism of vitamin D3, and phase II metabolism. Endogenous metabolites beyond 25OHD3 are usually present at low endogenous levels and may only be functional in specific target tissues rather than in the general circulation. However, the technologies available to measure these metabolites have also improved, so that measurement of alternative vitamin D metabolic pathways may become more routine in the near future. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the various pathways of vitamin D metabolism, as well as describe the analytical techniques currently available to measure these vitamin D metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Jenkinson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Kubodera N, Takahashi M, Hosokawa S, Ono Y. Practical and Facile Route to a Functional Intermadiate from Stigmasterol for the Synthesis of 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D5 and Related Compounds. HETEROCYCLES 2016. [DOI: 10.3987/com-15-s(t)6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Köhler H, Hüttner B, Vielitz E, Kahlau DI, Gedek B. Rachitis bei Mastgeflügel durch Kontamination des Futters mit Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1978.tb00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kubodera N. Pharmaceutical Studies on Vitamin D Derivatives and Practical Syntheses of Six Commercially Available Vitamin D Derivatives That Contribute to Current Clinical Practice. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-09-sr(s)3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Urushino N, Yasuda K, Ikushiro S, Kamakura M, Ohta M, Sakaki T. Metabolism of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 by human CYP24A1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 384:144-8. [PMID: 19393625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (1alpha,25(OH)2D2) by human CYP24A1 was examined using the recombinant enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli cells. HPLC analysis revealed that human CYP24A1 produces at least 10 metabolites, while rat CYP24A1 produces only three metabolites, indicating a remarkable species-based difference in the CYP24A1-dependent metabolism of 1alpha,25(OH)2D2 between humans and rats. LC-MS analysis and periodate treatment of the metabolites strongly suggest that human CYP24A1 converts 1alpha,25(OH)2D2 to 1alpha,24,25,26(OH)4D2, 1alpha,24,25,28(OH)4D2, and 24-oxo-25,26,27-trinor-1alpha(OH)D2 via 1alpha,24,25(OH)3D2. These results indicate that human CYP24A1 catalyzes the C24-C25 bond cleavage of 1alpha,24,25(OH)2D2, which is quite effective in the inactivation of the active form of vitamin D2. The combination of hydroxylation at multiple sites and C-C bond cleavage could form a large number of metabolites. Our findings appear to be useful to predict the metabolism of vitamin D2 and its analogs in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Urushino
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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van Ginkel PR, Yang W, Marcet MM, Chow CC, Kulkarni AD, Darjatmoko S, Lindstrom MJ, Lokken J, Bhattacharya S, Albert DM. 1 alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D2 inhibits growth of human neuroblastoma. J Neurooncol 2007; 85:255-62. [PMID: 17603751 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-007-9418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood. The poor outcomes of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma have encouraged the search for new therapies. In the current study, the effect of the vitamin D analog 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 (1alpha-OH-D2, doxercalciferol) was assessed in a mouse xenograft model of human neuroblastoma. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression levels in seven neuroblastoma cell lines were compared using real-time PCR. SK-N-AS cells, which express relatively high levels of VDR, were injected into the flanks of 60 mice. The mice were treated daily via oral gavage for 5 weeks with vehicle (control), 0.15 microg, or 0.3 microg of 1alpha-OH-D2. The animals were then euthanized, and tumors, sera, and kidneys were collected and analyzed. End tumor volumes were significantly smaller in both the 0.15 microg group (712.07 mm3, P = 0.0121) and 0.3 microg group (772.97 mm3, P = 0.0209) when compared to controls (1,681.75 mm3). In terms of toxicity, serum calcium levels were increased but mortality was minimal in both treatment groups. These results were similar to those previously described in the transgenic (LHbeta-Tag) and human xenograft (Y-79) models of retinoblastoma, a related tumor. In vitro cell viability studies of SK-N-AS and NGP cells, which represent two major human neuroblastoma subtypes that differ in their genetic abnormalities as well as their VDR expression levels, show that both are sensitive to calcitriol, the active metabolite of vitamin D3. In conclusion, the present study shows that 1alpha-OH-D2 can inhibit human neuroblastoma growth in vivo with relatively low toxicity. The safety of 1alpha-OH-D2 has been extensively studied; the drug is FDA-approved for the treatment of adult kidney patients, and Phase I/II trials have been conducted in adult oncology patients. There should not be major obstacles to starting Phase I and II clinical trials with this drug in pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R van Ginkel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, K6/412 CSC, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Byford V, Strugnell S, Coldwell R, Schroeder N, Makin HLJ, Knutson JC, Bishop CW, Jones G. Use of vitamin D(4) analogs to investigate differences in hepatic and target cell metabolism of vitamins D(2) and D(3). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1583:151-66. [PMID: 12117559 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(02)00195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used molecules with either of the structural differences in the side chains of vitamin D(2) and vitamin D(3) to investigate which feature is responsible for the significant differences in their respective metabolism, pharmacokinetics and toxicity. We used two cell model systems-HepG2 and HPK1A-ras-to study hepatic and target cell metabolism, respectively. Studies with HepG2 revealed that the pattern of 24- and 26-hydroxylation of the side chain reported for 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(2) (1alpha-OH-D(2)) but not for 1alpha-OH-D(3) is also observed in both 1alpha-OH-D(4) and Delta(22)-1alpha-OH-D(3) metabolism. This suggests that the structural feature responsible for targeting the enzyme to the C24 or C26 site could be either the C24 methyl group or the 22-23 double bond. In HPK1A-ras cells, the pattern of metabolism observed for the 24-methylated derivative, 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(4), was the same pattern of multiple hydroxylations at C24, C26 and C28 seen for vitamin D(2) compounds without evidence of side chain cleavage observed for vitamin D(3) derivatives, suggesting that the C24 methyl group plays a major role in this difference in target cell metabolism of D(2) and D(3) compounds. Novel vitamin D(4) compounds were tested and found to be active in a variety of in vitro biological assays. We conclude that vitamin D(4) analogs and their metabolites offer valuable insights into vitamin D analog design, metabolic enzymes and maybe useful clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarie Byford
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Coutts LD, Geiss WB, Gregg BT, Helle MA, King CHR, Itov Z, Mateo ME, Meckler H, Zettler MW, Knutson JC. A Stereospecific Synthesis of 24(S)-Hydroxyvitamin D2, a Prodrug for 1α,24(S)-Dihydroxyvitamin D2. Org Process Res Dev 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/op010229e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D. Coutts
- Chemical Development Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., P.O. Box 15098, 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A., and Bone Care International, Inc. Suite 300, 1600 Aspen Commons, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, U.S.A
| | - William B. Geiss
- Chemical Development Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., P.O. Box 15098, 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A., and Bone Care International, Inc. Suite 300, 1600 Aspen Commons, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, U.S.A
| | - Brian T. Gregg
- Chemical Development Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., P.O. Box 15098, 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A., and Bone Care International, Inc. Suite 300, 1600 Aspen Commons, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, U.S.A
| | - Mark A. Helle
- Chemical Development Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., P.O. Box 15098, 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A., and Bone Care International, Inc. Suite 300, 1600 Aspen Commons, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, U.S.A
| | - Chi-Hsin R. King
- Chemical Development Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., P.O. Box 15098, 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A., and Bone Care International, Inc. Suite 300, 1600 Aspen Commons, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, U.S.A
| | - Zinovy Itov
- Chemical Development Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., P.O. Box 15098, 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A., and Bone Care International, Inc. Suite 300, 1600 Aspen Commons, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, U.S.A
| | - Mary E. Mateo
- Chemical Development Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., P.O. Box 15098, 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A., and Bone Care International, Inc. Suite 300, 1600 Aspen Commons, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, U.S.A
| | - Harold Meckler
- Chemical Development Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., P.O. Box 15098, 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A., and Bone Care International, Inc. Suite 300, 1600 Aspen Commons, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, U.S.A
| | - Mark W. Zettler
- Chemical Development Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., P.O. Box 15098, 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A., and Bone Care International, Inc. Suite 300, 1600 Aspen Commons, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, U.S.A
| | - Joyce C. Knutson
- Chemical Development Department, Albany Molecular Research, Inc., P.O. Box 15098, 21 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212-5098, U.S.A., and Bone Care International, Inc. Suite 300, 1600 Aspen Commons, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, U.S.A
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Abstract
The important reactions that occur to the vitamin D molecule and the important reactions involved in the expression of the final active form of vitamin D are reviewed in a critical manner. After an overview of the metabolism of vitamin D to its active form and to its metabolic degradation products, the molecular understanding of the 1alpha-hydroxylation reaction and the 24-hydroxylation reaction of the vitamin D hormone is presented. Furthermore, the role of vitamin D in maintenance of serum calcium is reviewed at the physiological level and at the molecular level whenever possible. Of particular importance is the regulation of the parathyroid gland by the vitamin D hormone. A third section describes the known molecular events involved in the action of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on its target cells. This includes reviewing what is now known concerning the overall mechanism of transcriptional regulation by vitamin D. It describes the vitamin D receptors that have been cloned and identified and describes the coactivators and retinoid X receptors required for the function of vitamin D in its genomic actions. The presence of receptor in previously uncharted target organs of vitamin D action has led to a study of the possible function of vitamin D in these organs. A good example of a new function described for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is that found in the parathyroid gland. This is also true for the role of vitamin D hormone in skin, the immune system, a possible role in the pancreas, i.e., in the islet cells, and a possible role in female reproduction. This review also raises the intriguing question of whether vitamin D plays an important role in embryonic development, since vitamin D deficiency does not prohibit development, nor does vitamin D receptor knockout. The final section reviews some interesting analogs of the vitamin D hormone and their possible uses. The review ends with possible ideas with regard to future directions of vitamin D drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Strugnell S, Byford V, Makin HL, Moriarty RM, Gilardi R, LeVan LW, Knutson JC, Bishop CW, Jones G. 1 alpha,24(S)-dihydroxyvitamin D2: a biologically active product of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 made in the human hepatoma, Hep3B. Biochem J 1995; 310 ( Pt 1):233-41. [PMID: 7646451 PMCID: PMC1135878 DOI: 10.1042/bj3100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A major metabolite of the vitamin D analogue 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 in human liver cells in culture has been identified as 1 alpha,24(S)-dihydroxyvitamin D2 [1 alpha,24(S)-(OH)2D2]. 1 alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D3 incubated with the same cells gives rise to predominantly 25- and 27-hydroxylated products. Our identification of 1 alpha,24(S)-dihydroxyvitamin D2 is based on comparisons of the liver cell metabolite with chemically synthesized 1 alpha,24(S)-(OH)2D2 and 1 alpha,24(R)-(OH)2D2 by using HPLC, GC and GC-MS techniques. The stereochemical orientation of the 24-hydroxyl group was inferred after X-ray-crystallographic analysis of the 24(R)-OH epimer. 1 alpha,24(S)-Dihydroxyvitamin D2 binds strongly to the vitamin D receptor and is biologically active in growth hormone and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene expression systems in vitro, but binds poorly to rat vitamin D-binding globulin, DBP. We suggest that this metabolite, 1 alpha,24(S)-(OH)2D2, possesses the spectrum of biological properties to be useful as a drug in the treatment of psoriasis, metabolic bone disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Strugnell
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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26,27-Dihomo-1 alpha-hydroxy- and 26,27-dihomo-24-epi-1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 analogs that differ markedly in biological activity in vivo. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)51040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Tsuji M, Yokoyama S, Tachibana Y. A New and Convenient Synthesis of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D2and Its 24R-Epimer. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1989. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.62.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Tachibana Y. A Convenient Synthesis of 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D2. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1988. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.61.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF, Ikekawa N. High-pressure liquid chromatography of vitamin D metabolites and analogs. Methods Enzymol 1980; 67:370-85. [PMID: 7366440 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)67046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Napoli JL, Fivizzani MA, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. Synthesis of vitamin D5: its biological activity relative to vitamins D3 and D2. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 197:119-25. [PMID: 232394 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Paaren HE, Hamer DE, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. Direct C-1 hydroxylation of vitamin D compounds: convenient preparation of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:2080-1. [PMID: 209448 PMCID: PMC392492 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.5.2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient procedure for the direct C-1 hydroxylation of vitamin D compounds has been developed. The method involves conversion of vitamin D3 tosylates to 3,5-cyclovitamin D derivatives, allylic oxidation with selenium dioxide, and acid-catalyzed solvolysis to the 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D analogs. When applied to vitamin D3,25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and vitamin D2, this sequence give the corresponding 1alpha-hydroxylated derivatives in 10-15% yield.
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Reeve LE, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. Biological activity of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 in the rat. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 186:164-7. [PMID: 305229 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jones G, DeLuca HF. High-pressure liquid chromatography: separation of the metabolites of vitamins D2 and D3 on small-particle silica columns. J Lipid Res 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Lam HY, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF, Reeve L, Stern PH. Structural analogs of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: preparation and biological assay of 1alpha-hydroxypregnacalciferol. Steroids 1975; 26:422-36. [PMID: 1202661 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(75)90063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1alpha-hydroxypregnacalciferol, a side chain analog of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), is described. Pregnenolone acetate was converted in five steps to 5-pregnen-1alpha,3beta-diol. Conversion of the diol to pregna-5,7-diene-1alpha,3beta diol diacetate followed by ultraviolet irradiation gave the corresponding previtamin derivative. Thermal isomerization, hydrolysis and chromatography then furnished the desired analog, 1alpha-hydroxypregnacalciferol. The compound was tested in vivo for its effect on intestinal calcium transport, serum calcium and phosphate levels and bone calcification, and in vitro for its effect on bone resorption. When given to intact rats, either as a single dose or in repeated daily doses, the analog even at high dose levels, exhibited no biological activity. The compound stimulated bone resorption in vitro, but only at high concentrations.
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Chapter 30. Vitamin D and its Metabolites. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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