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Badreddine A, Karym EM, Zarrouk A, Nury T, El Kharrassi Y, Nasser B, Cherkaoui Malki M, Lizard G, Samadi M. An expeditious synthesis of spinasterol and schottenol, two phytosterols present in argan oil and in cactus pear seed oil, and evaluation of their biological activities on cells of the central nervous system. Steroids 2015; 99:119-24. [PMID: 25595450 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinasterol and schottenol, two phytosterols present in argan oil and in cactus pear seed oil, were synthesized from commercially available stigmasterol by a four steps reactions. In addition, the effects of these phytosterols on cell growth and mitochondrial activity were evaluated on 158N murine oligodendrocytes, C6 rat glioma cells, and SK-N-BE human neuronal cells with the crystal violet test and the MTT test, respectively. The effects of spinasterol and schottenol were compared with 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) and ferulic acid, which is also present in argan and cactus pear seed oil. Whatever the cells considered, dose dependent cytotoxic effects of 7KC were observed whereas no or slight effects of ferulic acid were found. With spinasterol and schottenol, no or slight effects on cell growth were detected. With spinasterol, reduced mitochondrial activities (30-50%) were found on 158N and C6 cells; no effect was found on SK-N-BE. With schottenol, reduced mitochondrial activity were revealed on 158N (50%) and C6 (10-20%) cells; no effect was found on SK-N-BE. Altogether, these data suggest that spinasterol and schottenol can modulate mitochondrial activity and might therefore influence cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Badreddine
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France; Laboratory of 'Biochemistry of Neuroscience', University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - El Mostafa Karym
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France; Laboratory of 'Biochemistry of Neuroscience', University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France; University of Monastir, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Nury
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Youssef El Kharrassi
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France; Laboratory of 'Biochemistry of Neuroscience', University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Laboratory of 'Biochemistry of Neuroscience', University Hassan I, Settat, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Cherkaoui Malki
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe 'Biochimie du peroxysome, inflammation et métabolisme lipidique' EA 7270/INSERM, Dijon, France.
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Département de Chimie, Université de Lorraine, 1 Bd Arago, Metz Technopôle, Metz, France.
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Abstract
The third-generation designer amphiphile/surfactant, "Nok" (i.e., SPGS-550-M; β-sitosterol methoxypolyethyleneglycol succinate), soon to be commercially available from Aldrich, can be prepared in two steps using an abundant plant feedstock and β-sitosterol, together with succinic anhydride and PEG-550-M. Upon dissolution in water, it forms nanomicelles that serve as nanoreactors, which can be characterized by both cryo-TEM and dynamic light scattering analyses. Several transition-metal-catalyzed reactions have been run under micellar conditions to evaluate this surfactant relative to results obtained in nanoparticles composed of TPGS-750-M (i.e., a second-generation surfactant). It is shown that Nok usually affords yields that are, in general, as good or better than those typically obtained with TPGS-750-M, and yet is far less costly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyatida Klumphu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 USA
| | - Bruce H. Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 USA
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3
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Abstract
A convenient synthesis of sidechain-modified phytosterols is achieved via a temporary masking of the stigmasterol 5,6-alkene as an epoxide. Following performance of the desired modification, the alkene is regenerated through a mild deoxygenation. The approach is applied to the syntheses of beta-sitosterol and campesterol acetate, and suggests a facile route to the (Z)-isomers of Delta(22-23) phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Hang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 809 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
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Julien-David D, Geoffroy P, Marchioni E, Raul F, Aoudé-Werner D, Miesch M. Synthesis of highly pure oxyphytosterols and (oxy)phytosterol esters. Part II. (Oxy)-sitosterol esters derived from oleic acid and from 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid [1]. Steroids 2008; 73:1098-109. [PMID: 18533216 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several efficient synthetic routes giving readily access to (oxy)-sitosterol esters and (oxy)-cholesterol esters derived respectively from oleic acid and from 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid were developed for the first time. This approach allowed that sufficient amounts of the latter were available in order to carry out further biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Julien-David
- IPHC, UMR 7178, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Sciences de l'Aliment-Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Pharmacie 74, route du Rhin, 67401 Strasbourg-Cedex, France
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Flegentov GI, Tkachev IV, Piĭr EA, Pleshkova AP, Timofeev VP, Misharin AI. 22,23-Epoxides of Sitosterol and Related 7-Oxygenated Δ5-Sterols. Russ J Bioorg Chem 2005; 31:528-34. [PMID: 16245696 DOI: 10.1007/s11171-005-0065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
(22S,23S)-22,23-Epoxysitosterol, (22R,23R)-22,23-epoxysitosterol, (22S,23S)-22,23-epoxy-7-ketositosterol, (22R,23R)-22,23-epoxy-7-ketositosterol, (22S,23S)-22,23-epoxy-7alpha-hydroxysitosterol, (22R,23R)-22,23-epoxy-7alpha-hydroxysitosterol, (22S,23S)-22,23-epoxy-7beta-hydroxysitosterol, and (22R,23R)-22,23-epoxy-7beta-hydroxysitosterol were synthesized. Their 1H and 13C NMR and the mass spectra of their trimethylsilyl derivatives were studied.
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McCarthy FO, Chopra J, Ford A, Hogan SA, Kerry JP, O'Brien NM, Ryan E, Maguire AR. Synthesis, isolation and characterisation of β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol oxide derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:3059-65. [PMID: 16186940 DOI: 10.1039/b505069c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beta-sitosterol is the most prevalent plant cholesterol derivative (phytosterol) and can undergo similar oxidation to cholesterol, leading to beta-sitosterol oxides. The biological impact of phytosterol oxides has only been evaluated in a phytosterol blend (usually of beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and dihydrobrassicasterol). The lack of pure phytosterols, including beta-sitosterol, hinders the collection of significant toxicity data on the individual beta-sitosterol oxides. An efficient synthetic route to multi-gram quantities of pure beta-sitosterol is described here, together with the first syntheses and characterisation of pure beta-sitosterol oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence O McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Christiansen LI, Rantanen JT, von Bonsdorff AK, Karjalainen MA, Yliruusi JK. A novel method of producing a microcrystalline beta-sitosterol suspension in oil. Eur J Pharm Sci 2002; 15:261-9. [PMID: 11923058 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(01)00223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel method of producing a microcrystalline oral suspension containing beta-sitosterol in oil for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. beta-Sitosterol pseudopolymorphs with different water contents were crystallized from acetone and acetone-water solutions. Structural analyses of the crystals were performed by Karl-Fisher titration, thermogravimetric analyses, X-ray diffraction and near infrared spectroscopy. The suspensions studied were composed of different concentrations of beta-sitosterol, oil and water. Suspensions were prepared by crystallization of hot concentrated solution of beta-sitosterol in oil by cooling with simultaneous agitation and water addition. The structural analyses of the suspensions were performed by X-ray diffraction, near infrared spectroscopy and optical microscopy. The viscosity of the suspensions was analysed as a function of shear stress. beta-Sitosterol was observed to exist in three different forms: anhydrous, hemihydrated and monohydrated crystals. By changing both the beta-sitosterol and the water concentration of the suspension, the crystal size and shape could be controlled. Addition of water resulted in the formation of monohydrated needle-shaped crystals instead of platy-like anhydrous crystals. Needle-shaped particles formed structured suspensions with shear thinning behaviour. By increasing the volume fraction of solid particles in suspension by increasing the water and/or sterol concentration, the viscosity increased. A high sterol concentration resulted in high supersaturation and thus formation of small crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena I Christiansen
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Department of Pharmacy, PO Box 56, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.
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Abstract
Phytosterols and phytostanols are known to lower low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in humans by up to 15%, and at least two products, Benecol and Take Control, are now on the market as naturally derived fatty acid esters of phytostanols (stanol esters) and phytosterols (sterol esters), respectively. A synthetic process was developed to synthesize gram quantities of trans-feruloyl-beta-sitostanol from ferulic acid and beta-sitostanol, with high purity and yields of approximately 60%. The process involves (a) condensation of trans-4-O-acetylferulic acid with the appropriate phytostanol or phytostanol mixture in the presence of N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, (b) separation of the trans-4-O-acetylferuloyl products by preparative liquid chromatography, (c) selective deacetylation of the feruloyl acetate, and (d) chromatographic purification of the feruloylated phytostanols. The process was successfully applied to synthesize stanol trans-feruloyl esters from "Vegetable Stanols", a mixture of approximately 70:30 beta-sitostanol and beta-campestanol, in comparable purity and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Condo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, USA
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Abstract
Four novel series of heterocyclic derivatives of beta-sitosterol were prepared by the reaction of 3-beta-sitosterol hemisuccinate with SOCl2 then with thiols, amines or phenols. These series are: 3 beta-[(3-substituted-4(3H)-quinazolinon-2- yl)thiocarbonylproprionyloxy]stigmast-5-ene; 3 beta- ([4-substituted-5-(4-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl] thiocarbonylpropionyloxy)stigmast-5-ene; 3 beta- [(5-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)carbamoylpropionyloxy] stigmast-5-ene and 3 beta-(substituted carbamoyl or oxycarbonylpropionyloxy)stigmast-5-ene. The antilipidemic activity of representative compounds was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Egypt
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Abstract
Direct oxidation of the parent sterol using CrO3 provided (24R)-24-ethyl-5-cholesten-3-one which on treatment with NaBT4 gave [3 alpha-3 H] (24R)-24-ethyl-5-cholesten-3 beta-ol. Purification at each stage afforded samples which were compared spectrally with the corresponding cholesterol series compounds.
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Napoli JL, Fivizzani MA, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. Synthesis of vitamin D5: its biological activity relative to vitamins D3 and D2. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 197:119-25. [PMID: 232394 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Komatsu H, Yamauchi S, Shimoirisa H, Ito T, Maeda M, Kojima M. Synthesis of iodine-131 labeled 6 beta-iodomethyl-19-norsitost-5(10)-en-3 beta-ol and 19-iodositost-5-en-3 beta-ol for adrenal imaging. Steroids 1979; 33:339-45. [PMID: 442128 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(79)90010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
6 BETA-Iodomethyl-19-norsitost-5(10)-en-3 beta-ol (V) was synthesized by homoallylic rearrangement of 19-iodositost-5-en-3 beta-ol (IV), which was obtained by the hydrolysis of 19-iodositost-5-en-3 beta-ol acetate (III) derived from the displacement of sitost-5-ene-3 beta, 19-diol 3-acetate 19-p-toluenesulfonate (I) with sodium iodide in isopropanol. The radioiodinated IV and V were prepared by isotope exchange with sodium iodide-I-131.
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