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Ge L, Sun Y, Li Y, Wang L, Guo G, Song L, Wang C, Wu G, Zang X, Cai X, Li S, Li P. Ecosystem sustainability of rice and aquatic animal co-culture systems and a synthesis of its underlying mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163314. [PMID: 37030380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Integrated planting and breeding of rice and aquatic animals, including traditional rice-fish co-culture (RF), has been conducted for over 1200 years. It is one of the primary modes of modern ecologically sustainable agriculture. Rice and aquatic animal (RA) co-culture systems reduce risks of environmental pollution, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, maintain soil fertility, stabilize grain incomes, and preserve paddy field biodiversity. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that underlie the ecological sustainability of these systems remain controversial and poorly understood, restricting their practice at a larger scale. Here, the latest advance in understanding the evolution and extension of RA systems is synthesized, in addition to a discussion of the underlying ecological mechanisms of taxonomic interactions, complementary nutrient use, and microbially-driven elemental cycling. Specifically, the aim of this review is to provide a theoretical framework for the design of sustainable agricultural systems by integrating traditional knowledge and modern technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Guanqing Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Lili Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Guogan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zang
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agricultural Sci-Tech (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Xiaomei Cai
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agricultural Sci-Tech (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Shuangxi Li
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; Shanghai Co-Elite Agricultural Sci-Tech (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201106, China.
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Has Urban Construction Land Achieved Low-Carbon Sustainable Development? A Case Study of North China Plain, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of urban construction land (UCL) provides a guarantee to support rapid economic development and meet the social needs of urban residents. However, urban construction land is also an important source of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, it is of great research value to investigate the relationship between UCL and carbon emissions in depth. Based on this, using panel data of 57 cities in the North China Plain from 2007 to 2018, the study found that there is a strong positive correlation between UCL and CO2 emissions. It can be seen that the expansion of UCL is an important source of CO2 emissions. On the basis of this research conclusion, first, this paper uses the Tapio decoupling model to analyze the decoupling relationship between UCL and carbon emissions in the North China Plain. Then, the spatial autocorrelation analysis was applied to explore the spatial correlation characteristics of the carbon emission intensity of UCL in cities in the North China Plain. Finally, using the GTWR model to analyze the influencing factors of the carbon emission intensity of UCL, the following conclusions were drawn. In 2007–2015, the decoupling relationship performed well, but it deteriorated significantly from 2015 to 2018; in addition, there was a significant positive spatial correlation of carbon emission intensity of UCL. Various influencing factors have a significant impact on the carbon emission intensity of UCL, for example, the urbanization rate, industrial structure, economic development level, and population density have a positive impact, and environmental regulations, foreign investment intensity, land use efficiency and greenery coverage have a negative impact. The research results of this paper provide a scientific basis for making decisions and optimizing pathways to achieve carbon emission reduction from UCL in the North China Plain, as well as certain reference values for other regions to achieve low-carbon development of UCL. This is significant for exploring the optimal solution of land and carbon emissions and building a harmonious human–land relationship.
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Wang Z, Zeng J, Chen W. Impact of urban expansion on carbon storage under multi-scenario simulations in Wuhan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45507-45526. [PMID: 35147879 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems, which is the basis of the global carbon cycle, reflects the changes in the environment due to anthropogenic impacts. Rapid and effective assessment of the impact of urban expansion on carbon reserves is vital for the sustainable development of urban ecosystems. Previous studies on future scenario simulations lacked research regarding the driving factors of changes in carbon storages within urban expansion, and the economic value accounting for changes in carbon storages. Therefore, this study examined Wuhan, China, and explored the latent effects of urban expansion on terrestrial carbon storage by combining the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) and Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model. Based on different socioeconomic strategies, we developed three future scenarios, including Baseline Scenario (BS), Cropland Protection Scenario (CP) and Ecological protection Scenario (EP), to predict the urban built-up land use change from 2015 to 2035 in Wuhan and discussed the carbon storage impacts of urban expansion. The result shows that (1) Wuhan's urban built-up land area expanded 2.67 times between 1980 and 2015, which is approximately 685.17 km2 and is expected to continuously expand to 1349-1945.01 km2 by 2035. (2) Urban expansion in Wuhan has caused carbon storage loss by 5.12 × 106 t during 1980-2015 and will lead to carbon storage loss by 6.15 × 106 t, 4.7 × 106 t and 4.05 × 106 t under BS, CP, and EP scenarios from 2015 to 2035, accounting for 85.42%, 81.74%, and 78.79% of the total carbon loss, respectively. (3) The occupation of cropland by urban expansion is closely related to the road system expansion, which is the main driver of carbon storage reduction from 2015 to 2035. (4) We expect that by 2035, the districts facing carbon loss caused by the growth of urban built-up land will expand outward around secondary roads, and the scale of outward expansion under various scenarios will be ranked as BS > CP > EP. In combination, the InVEST and the PLUS model can assess the impact of urban expansion on carbon storage more efficiently and is conducive to carrying out urban planning and promoting a dynamic balance between urban economic development and human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Geography, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Research Center for Spatial Planning and Human-Environmental System Simulation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Geography, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Research Center for Spatial Planning and Human-Environmental System Simulation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Key Labs of Law Evaluation of Ministry of Natural Resources of China, 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Wanxu Chen
- Department of Geography, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Research Center for Spatial Planning and Human-Environmental System Simulation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Labs of Law Evaluation of Ministry of Natural Resources of China, 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Land Use Optimization and Simulation of Low-Carbon-Oriented—A Case Study of Jinhua, China. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Land-use change is an important contributor to atmospheric carbon emissions. Taking Jinhua city in eastern China as an example, this study analyzed the effects on carbon emissions by land-use changes from 2005 to 2018. Then, carbon emissions that will be produced in Jinhua in 2030 were predicted based on the land-use pattern predicted by the CA-Markov model. Finally, a low-carbon optimized land-use pattern more consistent with the law of urban development was proposed based on the prediction and planning model used in this study. The results show that (1) from 2005 to 2018, the area of land used for construction in Jinhua continued to increase, while woodland and cultivated land areas decreased. Carbon emissions from land use rose at a high rate. By 2018, carbon emissions had increased by 1.9 times compared to 2015. (2) During the 2010–2015 period, the total concentration of carbon emissions decreased due to decreases in both the rate of growth in construction land and the rate of decline in a woodland area, as well as an adjustment of the energy structure and the use of polluting fertilizer and pesticide treatments. (3) The carbon emissions produced with an optimal land-use pattern in 2030 are predicted to reduce by 19%. The acreage of woodland in Jinhua’s middle basin occupied by construction land and cultivated land is predicted to reduce. The additional construction land will be concentrated around the main axis of the Jinhua-Yiwu metropolitan area and will exhibit a characteristic ribbon-form with more distinct clusters. The optimized land-use pattern is more conducive to carbon reduction and more in line with the strategy of regional development in the study area. The results of this study can be used as technical support to optimize the land-use spatial pattern and reduce urban land’s contribution to carbon emissions.
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Tans PP. On calculating the transfer of carbon-13 in reservoir models of the carbon cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v32i5.10601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter P. Tans
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 2314 Ritter Hall, A-020, La Jolla, CA 92093 U.S.A
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Freyer HD. On the 13C record in tree rings. Part II. Registration of microenvironmental CO2 and anomalous pollution effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v31i4.10438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. D. Freyer
- Institute of Chemistry 3, Nuclear Research Center, Postfach 1913, D 5170 Julich, FRG
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinrich L. Bohn
- Department of Soils, Water and Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter P. Tans
- Isotope Physics Laboratory, Rÿksuniversiteit Groningen, Westersingel 34, 9718 CM Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim G. Mook
- Isotope Physics Laboratory, Rÿksuniversiteit Groningen, Westersingel 34, 9718 CM Groningen, The Netherlands
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Killough GG, Emanuel WR. A comparison of several models of carbon turnover in the ocean with respect to their distributions of transit time and age, and responses to atmospheric CO2 and 14C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v33i3.10715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - William R. Emanuel
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, U.S.A
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Freyer HD. On the13C record in tree rings. Part I.13C Variations in northern hemispheric trees during the last 150 years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/tellusa.v31i2.10417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. D. Freyer
- Institute of Chemistry 2, Nuclear Research Center, 51 70 Julich, Federal Republic of Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Bender
- Center for Climatic Research, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1225 W. Dayton Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, U.S.A
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Environmental information from13C/12C Ratios of Wood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm078p0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Geological Perspectives on Carbon Dioxide and the Carbon Cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm032p0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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Atmospheric CO2
Variations Based on the Tree-Ring 13
C Record. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm032p0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Leavitt SW. Tree-ring C-H-O isotope variability and sampling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:5244-5253. [PMID: 20719360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In light of the proliferation of tree-ring isotope studies, the magnitude and cause of variability of tree-ring δ(13)C, δ(18)O and δ(2)H within individual trees (circumferential) and among trees at a site is examined in reference to field and laboratory sampling requirements and strategies. Within this framework, this paper provides a state-of-knowledge summary of the influence of "juvenile" isotope effects, ageing effects, and genetic effects, as well as the interchangeability of species, choice of ring segment to analyze (whole ring, earlywood or latewood), and the option of sample pooling. The range of isotopic composition of the same ring among trees at a site is ca. 1-3‰ for δ(13)C, 1-4‰ δ(18)O, and 5-30‰ for δ(2)H, whereas the circumferential variability within a tree is lower. A standard prescription for sampling and analysis does not exist because of differences in field environmental circumstances and mixed findings represented in relevant published literature. Decisions in this regard will usually be tightly constrained by goals of the study and project resources. Sampling 4-6 trees at a site while avoiding juvenile effects in rings near the pith seems to be the most commonly used methodology, and although there are some reasoned arguments for analyzing only latewood and developing separate isotope records from each tree, the existence of some contradictory findings together with efforts to reduce cost and effort have prompted alternate strategies (e.g., most years pooled with occasional analysis of rings in the sequence separately for each tree) that have produced useful results in many studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Leavitt
- Lab. of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Abstract
Marine macrophyte biomass production, burial, oxidation, calcium carbonate dissolution, and metabolically accelerated diffusion of carbon dioxide across the air-sea interface may combine to sequester at least 10(9) tons of carbon per year in the ocean. This carbon sink may partially account for discrepancies in extant global carbon budgets.
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Stabilitätsanalyse kinetischer Modelle des globalen C-Zyklus: Austausch von Kohlenstoff zwischen Landbiota und Atmosphäre unter dem Einfluß des Menschen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19780821128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Krug EC, Winstanley D. The need for comprehensive and consistent treatment of the nitrogen cycle in nitrogen cycling and mass balance studies: I. Terrestrial nitrogen cycle. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2002; 293:1-29. [PMID: 12109464 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(01)01133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A review of conceptual models that scientists use to characterize the nitrogen (N) cycle and to conduct N mass balance studies at global, regional and local scales is presented. Large uncertainties in processes and process rates make it difficult to conduct precise N mass balances and the dominant conceptual model has changed in recent decades. An earlier conceptual model recognized explicitly that human activities, especially agriculture, have both depleted terrestrial N and increased the fixation of atmospheric N in biologically available forms. The current conceptual model does not include adequate treatment of the depletion of the terrestrial N reservoir, the resulting transfer of N to the hydrosphere and atmosphere, or the cycling of terrestrial N below the plow layer. Thus, it delivers an unrealistically limited view of human influences on the N cycle. It is recommended that a comprehensive and consistent treatment of terrestrial N cycling be developed to better facilitate scientific explanation of historical N-related environmental changes and more closely balance N budgets on a range of geographical and temporal scales. Improved N-cycle models will provide an improved scientific basis for answering important resource management and policy questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Krug
- Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign 61820, USA.
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Fogel ML, Cifuentes LA. Isotope Fractionation during Primary Production. TOPICS IN GEOBIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2890-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Harmon ME, Ferrell WK, Franklin JF. Effects on Carbon Storage of Conversion of Old-Growth Forests to Young Forests. Science 1990; 247:699-702. [PMID: 17771887 DOI: 10.1126/science.247.4943.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Simulations of carbon storage suggest that conversion of old-growth forests to young fast-growing forests will not decrease atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) in general, as has been suggested recently. During simulated timber harvest, on-site carbon storage is reduced considerably and does not approach old-growth storage capacity for at least 200 years. Even when sequestration of carbon in wooden buildings is included in the models, timber harvest results in a net flux of CO(2) to the atmosphere. To offset this effect, the production of lumber and other long-term wood products, as well as the life-span of buildings, would have to increase markedly. Mass balance calculations indicate that the conversion of 5 x 10(9) to 1.8 x 10(9) megagrams of carbon to the atmosphere.
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Abstract
New data on the three major determinants of the carbon release from tropical forest clearing are used in a computer model that simulates land use change and its effects on the carbon content of vegetation and soil in order to calculate the net flux of carbon dioxide between tropical ecosystems and the atmosphere. The model also permits testing the sensitivity of the calculated flux to uncertainties in these data. The tropics were a net source of at least 0.4 x 10(15) grams but not more than 1.6 x 10(15) grams of carbon in 1980, considerably less than previous estimates. Decreases in soil organic matter were responsible for 0.1 x 10(15) to 0.3 x 10(15) grams of the release, while the burning and decay of cleared vegetation accounted for 0.3 x 10(15) to 1.3 x 10(15) grams. These estimates are lower than many previous ones because lower biomass estimates and slightly lower land clearing rates were used and because ecosystem recovery processes were included. These new estimates of the biotic release allow for the possibility of a balanced global budget given the large remaining uncertainties in the marine, terrestrial, and fossil fuel components of the carbon cycle.
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Poisson A, Chen CTA. Why is there little anthropogenic CO2 in the Antarttic bottom water? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(87)90075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Surendran S, Mulholland RJ. Modeling the variability in measured atmospheric CO2data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jd092id08p09733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Francey RJ, Gifford RM, Sharkey TD, Weir B. Physiological influences on carbon isotope discrimination in huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii). Oecologia 1985; 66:211-218. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00379857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/1984] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Leavitt SW, Long A. Sampling strategy for stable carbon isotope analysis of tree rings in pine. Nature 1984. [DOI: 10.1038/311145a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stuiver M, Burk RL, Quay PD. 13C/12C ratios in tree rings and the transfer of biospheric carbon to the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/jd089id07p11731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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van Rossum JM, Burgers JP. Quantitative relationships between dynamics and kinetics of drugs: a systems dynamics approach. Drug Metab Rev 1984; 15:365-82. [PMID: 6378560 DOI: 10.3109/03602538409015072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The body is considered as a system composed of a number of subsystems. The response(s) of a drug is a complicated function of the concentration in the blood plasma, which in turn is some function of the dosage input. The dose-response curve of a drug in a subsystem (e.g., isolated organ) is, over a limited concentration range, a linear function of the logarithm of the concentration. The logarithm of the concentration in the plasma is, again over a limited range, a linear function of time. Time-effect curves in the intact organism may therefore be a linear function of time. In reality, the situation is far more complex, because of nonlinear kinetics, nonlinear kinetics of effects in the subsystems, and adaptation phenomena based on feedback regulation, as is illustrated by examples. It is concluded that one should not only consider the body as a system but also study it as a system; that is, apply the dynamic system approach in pharmacology.
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Kempe S. Sinks of the anthropogenically enhanced carbon cycle in surface fresh waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/jd089id03p04657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Woodwell GM, Hobbie JE, Houghton RA, Melillo JM, Moore B, Peterson BJ, Shaver GR. Global Deforestation: Contribution to Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Science 1983; 222:1081-6. [PMID: 17747369 DOI: 10.1126/science.222.4628.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A study of effects of terrestrial biota on the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere suggests that the global net release of carbon due to forest clearing between 1860 and 1980 was between 135 x 10(15) and 228 x 10(15) grams. Between 1.8 x 10(15) and 4.7 x 10(15) grams of carbon were released in 1980, of which nearly 80 percent was due to deforestation, principally in the tropics. The annual release of carbon from the biota and soils exceeded the release from fossil fuels until about 1960. Because the biotic release has been and remains much larger than is commonly assumed, the airborne fraction, usually considered to be about 50 percent of the release from fossil fuels, was probably between 22 and 43 percent of the total carbon released in 1980. The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is thought by some to be increasing the storage of carbon in the earth's remaining forests sufficiently to offset the release from deforestation. The interpretation of the evidence presented here suggests no such effect; deforestation appears to be the dominant biotic effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide. If deforestation increases in proportion to population, the biotic release of carbon will reach 9 x 10(15) grams per year before forests are exhausted early in the next century. The possibilities for limiting the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through reduction in use of fossil fuels and through management of forests may be greater than is commonly assumed.
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Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide: possible effects on arctic tundra. Oecologia 1983; 58:286-289. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00385225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/1982] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Freyer HD, Belacy N. 13C/12C records in northern hemispheric trees during the past 500 years—Anthropogenic impact and climatic superpositions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/jc088ic11p06844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Peng TH, Broecker WS, Freyer HD, Trumbore S. A deconvolution of the tree ring based δ13C record. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/jc088ic06p03609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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MULHOLLAND PATRICKJ, ELWOOD JERRYW. The role of lake and reservoir sediments as sinks in the perturbed global carbon cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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