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Morilla MJ, Ghosal K, Romero EL. More Than Pigments: The Potential of Astaxanthin and Bacterioruberin-Based Nanomedicines. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1828. [PMID: 37514016 PMCID: PMC10385456 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural products regulated by the food sector, currently used as feed dyes and as antioxidants in dietary supplements and composing functional foods for human consumption. Of the nearly one thousand carotenoids described to date, only retinoids, derived from beta carotene, have the status of a drug and are regulated by the pharmaceutical sector. In this review, we address a novel field: the transformation of xanthophylls, particularly the highly marketed astaxanthin and the practically unknown bacterioruberin, in therapeutic agents by altering their pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and pharmacodynamics through their formulation as nanomedicines. The antioxidant activity of xanthophylls is mediated by routes different from those of the classical oral anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): remarkably, xanthophylls lack therapeutic activity but also lack toxicity. Formulated as nanomedicines, xanthophylls gain therapeutic activity by mechanisms other than increased bioavailability. Loaded into ad hoc tailored nanoparticles to protect their structure throughout storage and during gastrointestinal transit or skin penetration, xanthophylls can be targeted and delivered to selected inflamed cell groups, achieving a massive intracellular concentration after endocytosis of small doses of formulation. Most first reports showing the activities of oral and topical anti-inflammatory xanthophyll-based nanomedicines against chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and dry eye disease emerged between 2020 and 2023. Here we discuss in detail their preclinical performance, mostly targeted vesicular and polymeric nanoparticles, on cellular models and in vivo. The results, although preliminary, are auspicious enough to speculate upon their potential use for oral or topical administration in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Morilla
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Argentina
| | - Kajal Ghosal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick Rd., Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research and Development Centre (NARD), Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal 1876, Argentina
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2
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Sarbadhikary P, George BP, Abrahamse H. Recent Advances in Photosensitizers as Multifunctional Theranostic Agents for Imaging-Guided Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Theranostics 2021; 11:9054-9088. [PMID: 34522227 PMCID: PMC8419035 DOI: 10.7150/thno.62479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years tremendous effort has been invested in the field of cancer diagnosis and treatment with an overall goal of improving cancer management, therapeutic outcome, patient survival, and quality of life. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), which works on the principle of light-induced activation of photosensitizers (PS) leading to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) mediated cancer cell killing has received increased attention as a promising alternative to overcome several limitations of conventional cancer therapies. Compared to conventional therapies, PDT offers the advantages of selectivity, minimal invasiveness, localized treatment, and spatio-temporal control which minimizes the overall therapeutic side effects and can be repeated as needed without interfering with other treatments and inducing treatment resistance. Overall PDT efficacy requires proper planning of various parameters like localization and concentration of PS at the tumor site, light dose, oxygen concentration and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment, which can be achieved with advanced imaging techniques. Consequently, there has been tremendous interest in the rationale design of PS formulations to exploit their theranostic potential to unleash the imperative contribution of medical imaging in the context of successful PDT outcomes. Further, recent advances in PS formulations as activatable phototheranostic agents have shown promising potential for finely controlled imaging-guided PDT due to their propensity to specifically turning on diagnostic signals simultaneously with photodynamic effects in response to the tumor-specific stimuli. In this review, we have summarized the recent progress in the development of PS-based multifunctional theranostic agents for biomedical applications in multimodal imaging combined with PDT. We also present the role of different imaging modalities; magnetic resonance, optical, nuclear, acoustic, and photoacoustic in improving the pre-and post-PDT effects. We anticipate that the information presented in this review will encourage future development and design of PSs for improved image-guided PDT for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blassan P. George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
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3
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Tamura H, Ishikita H. Quenching of Singlet Oxygen by Carotenoids via Ultrafast Superexchange Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5081-5088. [PMID: 32482065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We analyze the quenching mechanism of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) by carotenoids, namely lycopene, β-carotene, astaxanthin, and lutein, by means of quantum dynamics calculations and ab initio calculations. The singlet carotenoid (1Car) and 1O2 molecules can form a weakly bound complex via donation of electron density from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the carotenoid to the πg* orbitals of 1O2. The Dexter-type superexchange via charge transfer states (Car•+/O2•-) governs the 1O2 quenching. The Car•+/O2•- states are substantially higher in energy (2-4 eV) than the initial 1Car/1O2 states. The quantum dynamics calculations indicate an ultrafast 1O2 quenching on a timescale of subpicosecond owing to the strong electronic couplings in the carotenoid/O2 complexes. The superexchange mechanism via the Car•+/O2•- states dominates the 1O2 quenching, although the direct two-electron coupling can also play a certain role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tamura
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishikita
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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4
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Yukihira N, Sugai Y, Fujiwara M, Kosumi D, Iha M, Sakaguchi K, Katsumura S, Gardiner AT, Cogdell RJ, Hashimoto H. Strategies to enhance the excitation energy-transfer efficiency in a light-harvesting system using the intra-molecular charge transfer character of carotenoids. Faraday Discuss 2019; 198:59-71. [PMID: 28294216 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00211k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid that is mainly found in light-harvesting complexes from brown algae and diatoms. Due to the presence of a carbonyl group attached to polyene chains in polar environments, excitation produces an excited intra-molecular charge transfer. This intra-molecular charge transfer state plays a key role in the highly efficient (∼95%) energy-transfer from fucoxanthin to chlorophyll a in the light-harvesting complexes from brown algae. In purple bacterial light-harvesting systems the efficiency of excitation energy-transfer from carotenoids to bacteriochlorophylls depends on the extent of conjugation of the carotenoids. In this study we were successful, for the first time, in incorporating fucoxanthin into a light-harvesting complex 1 from the purple photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodospirillum rubrum G9+ (a carotenoidless strain). Femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy was applied to this reconstituted light-harvesting complex in order to determine the efficiency of excitation energy-transfer from fucoxanthin to bacteriochlorophyll a when they are bound to the light-harvesting 1 apo-proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Yukihira
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, 669-1337, Japan.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Geis
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Paul J. Szaniszlo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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6
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Llansola-Portoles MJ, Gust D, Moore TA, Moore AL. Artificial photosynthetic antennas and reaction centers. CR CHIM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Farci D, Slavov C, Tramontano E, Piano D. The S-layer Protein DR_2577 Binds Deinoxanthin and under Desiccation Conditions Protects against UV-Radiation in Deinococcus radiodurans. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:155. [PMID: 26909071 PMCID: PMC4754619 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deinococcus radiodurans has the puzzling ability to withstand over a broad range of extreme conditions including high doses of ultraviolet radiation and deep desiccation. This bacterium is surrounded by a surface layer (S-layer) built of a regular repetition of several proteins, assembled to form a paracrystalline structure. Here we report that the deletion of a main constituent of this S-layer, the gene DR_2577, causes a decrease in the UVC resistance, especially in desiccated cells. Moreover, we show that the DR_2577 protein binds the carotenoid deinoxanthin, a strong protective antioxidant specific of this bacterium. A further spectroscopical characterization of the deinoxanthin-DR_2577 complex revealed features which could suggest a protective role of DR_2577. We propose that, especially under desiccation, the S-layer shields the bacterium from incident ultraviolet light and could behave as a first lane of defense against UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Farci
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | - Chavdar Slavov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dario Piano
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of CagliariCagliari, Italy; International Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsaw, Poland
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8
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Natural and artificial light-harvesting systems utilizing the functions of carotenoids. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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9
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Movsisyan L, Peeks MD, Greetham GM, Towrie M, Thompson AL, Parker AW, Anderson HL. Photophysics of threaded sp-carbon chains: the polyyne is a sink for singlet and triplet excitation. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17996-8008. [PMID: 25474628 PMCID: PMC4353026 DOI: 10.1021/ja510663z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have used single-crystal X-ray diffraction and time-resolved UV-NIR-IR absorption spectroscopy to gain insights into the structures and excited-state dynamics of a rotaxane consisting of a hexayne chain threaded through a phenanthroline macrocycle and a family of related compounds, including the rhenium(I) chlorocarbonyl complex of this rotaxane. The hexayne unit in the rhenium-rotaxane is severely nonlinear; it is bent into an arc with an angle of 155.6(1)° between the terminal C1 and C12 atoms and the centroid of the central C-C bond, with the most acute distortion at the point where the polyyne chain pushes against the Re(CO)3Cl unit. There are strong through-space excited-state interactions between the components of the rotaxanes. In the metal-free rotaxane, there is rapid singlet excitation energy transfer (EET) from the macrocycle to the hexayne (τ = 3.0 ps), whereas in the rhenium-rotaxane there is triplet EET, from the macrocycle complex (3)MLCT state to the hexayne (τ = 1.5 ns). This study revealed detailed information on the short-lived higher excited state of the hexayne (lifetime ∼1 ps) and on structural reorganization and cooling of hot polyyne chains, following internal conversion (over ∼5 ps). Comparison of the observed IR bands of the excited states of the hexayne with results from time-dependent density functional calculations (TD DFT) shows that these excited states have high cumulenic character (low bond length alternation) around the central region of the chain. These findings shed light on the complex interactions between the components of this supramolecular rotaxane and are important for the development of materials for the emerging molecular and nanoscale electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon
D. Movsisyan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin D. Peeks
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology
Facilities Council, Harwell
Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology
Facilities Council, Harwell
Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Amber L. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W. Parker
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology
Facilities Council, Harwell
Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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Zapata F, Marazzi M, Castaño O, Acuña AU, Frutos LM. Definition and determination of the triplet-triplet energy transfer reaction coordinate. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:034102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4861560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Gust D, Moore TA, Moore AL. Realizing artificial photosynthesis. Faraday Discuss 2012; 155:9-26; discussion 103-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c1fd00110h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Gribkova SE, Evstigneeva RP, Luzgina VN. Synthesis of molecular complexes based on porphyrins for the investigation of the energy transfer and primary charge separation in photosynthesis. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1993v062n10abeh000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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14
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Puglisi A, Purrello R, Rizzarelli E, Sortino S, Vecchio G. Spectroscopic and self-association behavior of a porphyrin-β-cyclodextrin conjugate. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b703680a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Chen J, Jarvi M, Lo PC, Stefflova K, Wilson BC, Zheng G. Using the singlet oxygen scavenging property of carotenoid in photodynamic molecular beacons to minimize photodamage to non-targeted cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:1311-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b706820d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Gruszecki WI, Zelent B, Tajmir-Riahi HA, Wang G, Taleb T, Veeranjaneyulu K, Leblanc RM. Chlorophyll a–violaxanthin interactions in monolayers at air–water interface and in Langmuir–Blodgett films. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7765(00)00132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Osuka A, Kume T, Haggquist G, Jávorfi T, Lima JC, Melo E, Razi Naqvi K. Photophysical characteristics of two model antenna systems: a fucoxanthin–pyropheoporbide dyad and its peridinin analogue. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)01098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Schnitzler N, Peltroche-Llacsahuanga H, Bestier N, Zündorf J, Lütticken R, Haase G. Effect of melanin and carotenoids of Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis on phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and killing by human neutrophils. Infect Immun 1999; 67:94-101. [PMID: 9864201 PMCID: PMC96282 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.1.94-101.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The black yeast Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis is an increasingly recognized pathogen and a leading cause of severe pheohyphomycosis. Melanin is thought to contribute to the virulence of E. dermatitidis. Whereas the synthesis and the redox properties of melanin have been studied intensively, the influence of melanin and carotenoids on the phagocytosis, the oxidative burst, and the killing of E. dermatitidis by human neutrophils has not been studied. To study their effects on these phenomena, we applied a combination of flow cytometry and a colony-count-dependent method. Using E. dermatitidis wild-type strain 8565 and several melanin-deficient mutants that have been described previously, we demonstrate that melanin prevents this pathogen from being killed in the phagolysosome of the neutrophils. Melanin did not influence the phagocytosis or the oxidative burst of the neutrophils involved. The carotenoids torulene and torularhodine were not found to contribute to the prevention of killing. The ability of E. dermatitidis to block the effects of the neutrophil oxidative burst may critically impair the potential of the host to sufficiently eliminate this fungal pathogen and thus may play an important role in the pathogenesis of phaeohyphomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schnitzler
- Institute of Medical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
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19
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Tatman D, Liddell PA, Moore TA, Gust D, Moore AL. Carotenohematoporphyrins as Tumor-Imaging Dyes. Synthesis and In Vitro Photophysical Characterization. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb02500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Mimicry of carotenoid photoprotection in artificial photosynthetic reaction centers: triplet-triplet energy transfer by a relay mechanism. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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French RR, Wirz J, Woggon WD. A Synthetic Receptor for ?,?-Carotene: Towards an enzyme mimic for central cleavage. Helv Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19980810555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Kawabata S, Yamazaki I, Nishimura Y. Synthesis and Photochemical Properties of Anthracene-Polyyne-Porphyrin Assemblies. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1997. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.70.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Carbonera D, di Valentin M, Corvaja C, Giacometti G, Agostini G, Liddell PA, Moore AL, Moore TA, Gust D. Carotenoid triplet detection by time-resolved EPR spectroscopy in carotenopyropheophorbide dyads. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(96)04571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Nilsson H, Johansson J, Svanberg K, Svanberg S, Jori G, Reddi E, Segalla A, Gust D, Moore AL, Moore TA. Laser-induced fluorescence studies of the biodistribution of carotenoporphyrins in mice. Br J Cancer 1997; 76:355-64. [PMID: 9252203 PMCID: PMC2224059 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1997.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The biodistribution of two recently developed tumour markers, trimethylated (CP(Me)3) and trimethoxylated (CP(OMe)3) carotenoporphyrin, was investigated by means of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) after i.v. injection into 38 tumour-bearing (MS-2 fibrosarcoma) female Balb/c mice. At 3, 24, 48 or 96 h after administration, the carotenoporphyrin fluorescence was measured in tumoral and peritumoral tissue, as well as in the abdominal, thoracic and cranial cavities. The fluorescence was induced by a nitrogen laser-pumped dye laser, emitting light at 425 nm, and analysed by a polychromator equipped with an image-intensified CCD camera. The fluorescence was evaluated at 490, 655 and 720 nm: the second and third wavelengths represent the carotenoporphyrin (CP)-related peaks, whereas the first one is close to the peak of the tissue autofluorescence. The tumour and the liver were the two tissue types showing the strongest carotenoporphyrin-related fluorescence, whereas the cerebral cortex and muscle consistently exhibited weak substance-related fluorescence. In most tissue types, the fluorescence intensities decreased over time. A few exceptions were observed, notably the liver, in which the intensity remained remarkably constant over the time period investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nilsson
- Lund University Medical Laser Centre, Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden
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25
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Jeevarajan J, Kispert L. Electrochemical oxidation of carotenoids containing donor/acceptor substituents. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(96)04572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Reddi E, Segalla A, Jori G, Kerrigan PK, Liddell PA, Moore AL, Moore TA, Gust D. Carotenoporphyrins as selective photodiagnostic agents for tumours. Br J Cancer 1994; 69:40-5. [PMID: 8286208 PMCID: PMC1968788 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The covalent binding of a carotene moiety to one phenyl ring and meso-tetraphenyl-substituted porphyrins (see Figure 1) efficiently quenches the photosensitising activity of the porphyrin while a relatively large yield of fluorescence emission around 650 nm is retained. Pharmacokinetic studies performed with two carotenoporphyrins (CPs) and the corresponding porphyrins (Ps) in Balb/c mice bearing an MS-2 fibrosarcoma show that the two Ps give a high selectivity of tumour localisation (tumour/peritumoral tissue ratios of dye concentration ranging between c. 30 and 90 at 24 h after injection of 4.2-8.4 mumol kg-1 in a Cremophor emulsion) and photosensitive tumour necrosis upon red light irradiation. For the same injected doses, the two CPs show no tumour-photosensitising activity even though they localise in the tumour in concentrations of the order of 10-40 micrograms g-1 at 24 h with tumour/peritumoral ratios larger than 10. Thus, the fluorescence emitted by these CPs in the tumour can be used for photodiagnostic purposes with no risk of skin photosensitisation. However, this approach is presently limited by the large accumulation and prolonged retention of the CPs in the liver and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reddi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
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27
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Vincent WF, Quesada A. Ultraviolet radiation effects on cyanobacteria: Implications for Antarctic microbial ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/ar062p0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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28
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Gust D, Moore TA, Moore AL, Jori G, Reddi E. The photochemistry of carotenoids. Some photosynthetic and photomedical aspects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 691:32-47. [PMID: 8129317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Gust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1604
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Abstract
Ascomycetous black yeasts show adaptations to a wide array of environmental conditions. Dothideaceous black yeasts are mostly found on plant leaves, while among herpotrichiellaceous species there are numerous opportunists on humans. Factors which are of ecological significance include the presence of melanin and carotene, formation of thick cell walls and meristematic growth, presence of yeast-like phases, presence of additional forms of conidiogenesis, thermo- and osmotolerance, adhesion, hydrophobicity, production of extracellular polysaccharides, siderophores and acidic or alkaline secondary metabolites. The potential pathogenicity of a species is partly determined by its natural ecological niche. Dothideaceous black yeasts are osmotolerant rather than pathogenic. Herpotrichiellaceous black yeasts probably have low competitive ability and are found in rather special niches as secondary saprophytes, e.g., on bacterial mats, on other fungi or in poor environments. Some species possibly utilize animal vectors for dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S de Hoog
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, The Netherlands
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Otero L, Silber JJ, Sereno L. Electrooxidation of β -carotene in chlorinated solvents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(91)87100-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Budil DE, Thurnauer MC. The chlorophyll triplet state as a probe of structure and function in photosynthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1057:1-41. [PMID: 1849002 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D E Budil
- Baker Laboratory of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
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Havaux M, Gruszecki WI, Dupont I, Leblanc RM. Increased heat emission and its relationship to the xanthophyll cycle in pea leaves exposed to strong light stress. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(91)80112-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Frank HA, Violette CA. Monomeric bacteriochlorophyll is required for the triplet energy transfer between the primary donor and the carotenoid in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 976:222-32. [PMID: 2551387 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(89)80234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reaction centers from the carotenoidless mutant Rb. sphaeroides R26 were treated with sodium borohydride which is known to remove one of the accessory monomeric bacteriochlorophylls (BB). Subsequently, the carotenoid, spheroidene, was incorporated into the modified reaction centers. It is demonstrated by optical absorption and circular dichroism experiments that spheroidene, reconstituted into the sodium borohydride-treated Rb. sphaeroides R26 reaction centers, is bound in a single site, in the same environment and with the same structure as spheroidene reconstituted into untreated (native) Rb. sphaeroides R26 reaction centers. Transient optical and electron spin resonance spectroscopic data indicate that unless the accessory BB is present, the primary donor-to-carotenoid triplet energy transfer reaction is inhibited. These observations provide direct evidence for the involvement of the accessory BB in the triplet energy transfer pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269
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Abstract
Although the concept of an artificial photosynthetic reaction center that mimics natural electron-and energy-transfer processes is an old one, in recent years major advances have occurred. In this review, some relatively simple molecular dyads that mimic certain aspects of photosynthetic electron transfer and singlet or triplet energy transfer are described. Dyads of this type have proven to be extremely useful for elucidating basic photochemical principles. In addition, their limitations, particularly in the area of temporal stabilization of electronic charge separation, have inspired the development of much more complex multicomponent molecular devices. The use of the basic principles of photoinitiated electron transfer to engineer desirable properties into the more complex species is exemplified. The multiple electrontransfer pathways available with these molecules make it possible to fine-tune the systems in ways that are impossible with simpler molecules. The study of these devices not only contributes to our understanding of natural photosynthesis, but also aids in the design of artificial solar energy harvesting systems and provides an entry into the nascent field of molecular electronics.
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Frank HA, Chadwick BW, Jin Oh J, Gust D, Moore TA, Liddell PA, Moore AL, Makings LR, Cogdell RJ. Triplet-triplet energy transfer in B800–850 light-harvesting complexes of photosynthetic bacteria and synthetic carotenoporphyrin molecules investigated by electron spin resonance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(87)90229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cogdell RJ, Frank HA. How carotenoids function in photosynthetic bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 895:63-79. [PMID: 3332774 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4173(87)80008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential for the survival of photosynthetic organisms. They function as light-harvesting molecules and provide photoprotection. In this review, the molecular features which determine the efficiencies of the various photophysical and photochemical processes of carotenoids are discussed. The behavior of carotenoids in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers and light-harvesting complexes is correlated with data from experiments carried out on carotenoids and model systems in vitro. The status of the carotenoid structural determinations in vivo is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Cogdell
- Department of Botany, University of Glasgow, U.K
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Siefermann-Harms D. Carotenoids in photosynthesis. I. Location in photosynthetic membranes and light-harvesting function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(85)90006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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A synthetic system mimicking the energy transfer and charge separation of natural photosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0047-2670(85)87069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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SCHENCK CC, MATHIS P, LUTZ M. TRIPLET FORMATION AND TRIPLET DECAY IN REACTION CENTERS FROM THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIUM Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Photochem Photobiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1984.tb08198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Moore TA, Gust D, Mathis P, Mialocq JC, Chachaty C, Bensasson RV, Land EJ, Doizi D, Liddell PA, Lehman WR, Nemeth GA, Moore AL. Photodriven charge separation in a carotenoporphyrin–quinone triad. Nature 1984. [DOI: 10.1038/307630a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chachaty C, Gust D, Moore TA, Nemeth GA, Liddell PA, Moore AL. NMR spectra of carotenoporphyrins. Computer-assisted conformational analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1270220109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Collins MLP, Hughes CAN. Identity of succinate dehydrogenase in chemotrophically and phototrophically grown Rhodospirillum rubrum. Arch Microbiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00415601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liddeli PA, Nemeth GA, Lehman WR, Joy AM, Moore AL, Bensasson RV, Moore TA, Gust D. MIMICRY OF CAROTENOID FUNCTION IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS: SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A CAROTENOPYROPHEOPHORBIDE. Photochem Photobiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb09484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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