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Garcia CF, Ojanguren A, Seoane A, Iuri H, Gambaro R, Molina G, Laino A. First biochemical and behavioural analysis of the response of the scorpion Urophonius brachycentrus (Thorell: 1876) upon exposure to an organophosphate. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38554285 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Scorpionism is an increasing public health problem in the world. Although no specific methodology or product is currently available for the control of those arachnids, the use of insecticides could be an effective tool. Chlorpyrifos is one of the insecticides used, but to date, whether scorpions recognise surfaces with that insecticide and how it affects their physiology and/or biochemistry is unknown. In the present study, we observed that scorpions recognise surfaces with 0.51 and 8.59 μg/cm2 of chlorpyrifos and avoid those areas. The 0.51 μg/cm2 concentration produced a decrease in acetylcholinesterase and an increase in catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase, whereas the 8.59 μg/cm2 concentration evoked a decrease in acetylcholinesterase and an increase in catalase and glutathione S-transferase. Using the comet assay, we observed that the insecticide at 0.17, 0.51 and 8.59 μg/cm2 caused DNA damage. Finally, we found that the insecticide does not generate significant variations in glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, the amount of protein or lipid peroxidation. The present results offer a comprehensive understanding of how scorpions respond, both at the biochemical and behavioural levels, when exposed to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Ojanguren
- Division de Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Seoane
- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ingeniero Fernando Noel Dulout" (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNLP, La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernan Iuri
- Division de Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocio Gambaro
- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ingeniero Fernando Noel Dulout" (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNLP, La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Molina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Laino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner" (CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Albayrak T, Yorulmaz S, İnak E, Toprak U, Van Leeuwen T. Pirimicarb resistance and associated mechanisms in field-collected and selected populations of Neoseiulus californicus. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 180:104984. [PMID: 34955177 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus McGregor (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is an important natural enemy of phytophagous mites, and naturally established populations are often found in apple orchards. However, insecticide applications to control pests cause side effects to non-target organisms such as N. californicus. Pirimicarb, a widely used carbamate insecticide in apple orchards, is generally considered a selective aphidicide, however, toxicity to beneficial insects and predatory mites has been reported. Furthermore, the molecular basis for this selectivity, if present in N. californicus, is still largely unknown. In this study, 8 field-collected N. californicus populations were investigated and showed up to 27-fold resistance compared to a susceptible laboratory population. Selection in the laboratory for 5 consecutive generations resulted in a 69-fold pirimicarb resistance. Although there were no significant difference in terms of the acetlycholinesterase (AChE) activity between susceptible and field-collected populations, the selected population exhibited a significantly higher AChE activity. In addition, gene copy number variation of acetylcholinesterase (ace) gene among populations was detected and ranged from 1.6 to 2.1-fold relative to the susceptible population. All field-collected populations, but not the selected population, had a significantly higher ace copy number compared to the susceptible population (t-test, p < 0.05). Molecular analysis of the target-site (AChE) revealed, for the first time, a phenylalanine to tryptophan substition at position 331 in AChE (Torpedo californica numbering), both in field-collected and the selected population, but not in the susceptible population. Last, the selected F5 population consumed significantly more Tetranychusurticae adults than the parental population. Together, the results of this study shed light on the molecular determinants of acaricide selectivity in predatory mites, and will contribute to a better design of an integrated mite management program, including the use of pesticide resistant N. californicus in apple orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Albayrak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Sibel Yorulmaz
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Emre İnak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Diskapi, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Toprak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Diskapi, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Dermauw W, Pym A, Bass C, Van Leeuwen T, Feyereisen R. Does host plant adaptation lead to pesticide resistance in generalist herbivores? CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 26:25-33. [PMID: 29764657 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Most herbivorous arthropods feed on one or a few closely related plant species; however, certain insect and mite species have a greatly expanded host range. Several of these generalists also show a remarkable propensity to evolve resistance to chemical pesticides. In this review, we ask if the evolution of mechanisms to tolerate the diversity of plant secondary metabolites that generalist herbivores encounter, has pre-adapted them to resist synthetic pesticides. Critical examination of the evidence suggests that a generalist life-style per se is not a predictor of rapid resistance evolution to pesticides. Rather the prevalence of pesticide resistance in generalist herbivores probably reflects their economic importance as pests and thus the strong selection imposed by intensive pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Dermauw
- Department or Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Adam Pym
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department or Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department or Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ramos RS, de Araújo VCR, Pereira RR, Martins JC, Queiroz OS, Silva RS, Picanço MC. Investigation of the lethal and behavioral effects of commercial insecticides on the parasitoid wasp Copidosoma truncatellum. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:770-778. [PMID: 29080538 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Copidosoma truncatellum (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important parasitoid wasp of the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens, but its effectiveness can be severely curtailed by the application of certain insecticides. Therefore, to identify insecticides that are potentially compatible with C. truncatellum, the lethal and behavioral effects of nine chemicals used to control the soybean looper were evaluated for their toxicity to the wasp. Chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, flubendiamide, and indoxacarb were the least toxic insecticides to the parasitoid, resulting in mortalities of less than 25%. In contrast, cartap, deltamethrin, and methomyl caused 100% mortality, and acephate and spinosad caused 76% and 78% mortality, respectively. At least one of the detoxifying enzymes (monooxygenase, glutathione S-transferase, and/or esterases) may be involved in the mechanisms underlying the selectivity of chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, flubendiamide, and indoxacarb for the parasitoid based on the results for the insecticide plus synergist treatment. Changes in the behavioral patterns (walking time and resting time) of the parasitoid were found with exposure to acephate, flubendiamide, indoxacarb and methomyl, but behavioral avoidance was not observed. Our results indicate that the insecticides chlorantraniliprole and chlorfenapyr are the most suitable for inclusion in integrated pest management strategies for the control of C. includens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Ramos
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Entomologia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Vitor C R de Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Entomologia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata R Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Entomologia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Júlio C Martins
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IF Baiano), 45995-970, Teixeira de Freitas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Obiratanea S Queiroz
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Entomologia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Silva
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Entomologia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo C Picanço
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Entomologia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Fitotecnia, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Van Leeuwen T, Dermauw W. The Molecular Evolution of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Resistance in Chelicerate Mites. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 61:475-98. [PMID: 26982444 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chelicerate mites diverged from other arthropod lineages more than 400 million years ago and subsequently developed specific and remarkable xenobiotic adaptations. The study of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, for which a high-quality Sanger-sequenced genome was first available, revealed expansions and radiations in all major detoxification gene families, including P450 monooxygenases, carboxyl/cholinesterases, glutathione-S-transferases, and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Novel gene families that are not well studied in other arthropods, such as major facilitator family transporters and lipocalins, also reflect the evolution of xenobiotic adaptation. The acquisition of genes by horizontal gene transfer provided new routes to handle toxins, for example, the β-cyanoalanine synthase enzyme that metabolizes cyanide. The availability of genomic resources for other mite species has allowed researchers to study the lineage specificity of these gene family expansions and the distinct evolution of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism in mites. Genome-based tools have been crucial in supporting the idiosyncrasies of mite detoxification and will further support the expanding field of mite-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ,
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ,
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Mullin CA. Adaptive relationships of epoxide hydrolase in herbivorous arthropods. J Chem Ecol 2013; 14:1867-88. [PMID: 24277100 DOI: 10.1007/bf01013483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/1987] [Accepted: 03/15/1988] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epoxide hydrolase catalyzes a simple hydrolysis of reactive cyclic ethers that may otherwise alkylate and impair critical proteins and nucleic acids required for life. Although much less studied than the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases that produce epoxides, differences in subcellular, tissue, pH, substrate, and inhibitor specificities argue for at least three forms of insect epoxide hydrolase. Increasing numbers of epoxides are being identified as plant allelochemicals, antifeedants, and essential hormones or precursors for herbivorous arthropods, and in many cases an associated alkene to diol pathway of metabolism is found. A role for epoxide hydrolase in arthropod-plant interactions is strongly supported by species comparisons and by age-activity and induction studies. Two major limitations for study in biochemical ecology of epoxide hydrolase are the lack of an effective in vivo inhibitor and a range of commercially available radiolabeled substrates for the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Mullin
- Department of Entomology Pesticide Research Laboratory and Graduate Study Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 16802, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Rezende DDM, Fadini MAM, Oliveira HG, Oliveira CM, Melo JWS, Guedes RNC, Pallini A. Fitness costs associated with low-level dimethoate resistance in Phytoseiulus macropilis. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2013; 60:367-379. [PMID: 23435931 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytoseiulus macropilis Banks (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is an effective predator of tetranychid mites, but there are no data on its response to pesticides. We investigated the resistance of the predatory mite P. macropilis to the acaricides abamectin and dimethoate, and we examined the fitness costs associated with resistance. Two populations were tested: one from conventional cultivation and another from an area not commercially exploited. After the application of acaricides to the predator, we determined the lethal effects of the acaricides, the instantaneous rate of population increase (r(i)), the predation on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its ability to locate prey in an olfactometer. P. macropilis exhibited resistance to dimethoate only. The low level of resistance (9.4x) of the predator did not affect their ability to locate prey. However, the dimethoate resistant population was not as effective in contatining prey population when in lower density and exhibited a more pronounced decrease of r(i) in the presence of this acaricide, due to the reduced oviposition of the predator, a likely consequence of the different genetic background of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D M Rezende
- Departamento de Agronomia; Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil.
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Sato ME, Tanaka T, Miyata T. Monooxygenase activity in methidathion resistant and susceptible populations of Amblyseius womersleyi (Acari: Phytoseiidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2006; 39:13-24. [PMID: 16680563 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-006-0021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activities in methidathion resistant and susceptible strains of Amblyseius womersleyi Schicha. Artificial laboratory selections for resistance and susceptibility to methidathion were performed in an organophosphate resistant strain of A. womersleyi (Kanaya strain). Selections for susceptibility were also performed in a susceptible strain of this predaceous mite (Ishigaki Strain). After the selection process, the LC(50) of methidathion for the selected strains of A. womersleyi were 816 mg/l (Kanaya R), 4.61 mg/l (Kanaya S) and 1.59 mg/l (Ishigaki S). The monooxygenase activities were determined biochemically by the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-EC). The monooxygenase activity in adult females of Kanaya R strain (51.1 pmol/30 min/mg protein) was 3.60- and 5.42-fold higher than the activity observed for Kanaya S and Ishigaki S strains, respectively. Significant correlation between monooxygenase activity and LC(50) (mg/l) of methidathion was observed analyzing 16 populations of A. womersleyi with different susceptibilities to methidathion. Monooxygenase activity was also evaluated in different life stages (egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult) of A. womersleyi. The lowest activity was observed for the larval stage, which presented the highest susceptibility to methidathion. Protonymph, deutonymph and adult presented the highest monooxygenase activities. These stages were the most tolerant to methidathion. Monooxygenase activities of the Kanaya R strain were higher than of the Kanaya S strain in all developmental stages. The present study can be helpful for the implementation of a program involving release of insecticide-resistant populations of A. womersleyi in the field. The monooxygenase activity determination is easier and quicker than the estimation of LC(50), requiring fewer mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Eidi Sato
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Carlini EJ, McPheron BA, Felland CM, Hull LA. Elevated esterase activity in resistant tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1991; 99:375-7. [PMID: 1685410 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90259-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Esterase activity in the tufted apple bud moth was measured spectrophotometrically by the hydrolysis of alpha-naphthyl acetate. 2. Resistant populations from both laboratory and field exhibited significantly greater esterase activity than did the respective susceptible populations. 3. The resistant laboratory population had significantly higher esterase activity than the resistant field population, suggesting that this field population contained a mixture of resistant and susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Carlini
- Intercollege Program in Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Rose R, Gould F, Levi P, Hodgson E. Differences in cytochrome P450 activities in tobacco budworm larvae as influenced by resistance to host plant allelochemicals and induction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90334-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Balabaskaran S, Chuen SS, Muniandy S. Glutathione S-transferase from the diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella linnaeus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(89)90050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Clark AG. The comparative enzymology of the glutathione S-transferases from non-vertebrate organisms. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 92:419-46. [PMID: 2650986 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(89)90114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A G Clark
- Biochemistry Department, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
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Stenersen J, Kobro S, Bjerke M, Arend U. Glutathione transferases in aquatic and terrestrial animals from nine phyla. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1987; 86:73-82. [PMID: 2881731 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(87)90147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferase (GST) was present in 71 of 72 animal species/stages representing nine phyla when measured with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). Our hypothesis that all animals have GST was not falsified. Transferase activity towards ethacrynic acid (ETHA) was present in species from all phyla investigated, but some animals seem to be without this activity. Activity towards 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB) was less developed in aquatic animals than in terrestrial ones. The amount of protein binding to GSH-affinity gel matrix was rather uniform, ranging between 0.3 and 0.7% of soluble protein in homogenates of widely diverse animal species, thus being less variable than the enzyme activity. Transferases active towards DCNB did not bind at all or were less firmly bound to the GSH-affinity gel than the activity towards CDNB or ETHA. Fractionation was obtained by using a gradient of GSH. With SDS-electrophoresis it was demonstrated that the proteins with affinity to GSH had monomers in the MW-range 21.500-29.000. Hydra attenuata had one band (MW = 25,000); all other sources gave a complex pattern with up to six bands. It is concluded that GSTs are characteristic major constituents of animal cells, probably with some common basic function. Mutant forms able to aid detoxication are retained in the phylogenesis when they increase the fitness of the animal.
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Bowman CE. Digestion in the soil predatory mite Pergamasus longicornis (Berlese) (Acari: Mesostigmata: Parasitidae)--detectable hydrolases. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 86:385-91. [PMID: 3568625 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(87)90310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen hydrolytic enzymes were detected in individual adult Pergamasus longicornis (Berlese) mites--amylase, hide protease, alkali phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, phosphoamidase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, alpha-mannosidase, and alpha-fucosidase. All but the phosphatases were detected for the first time. Tryptic and chymotryptic activity were consistently not demonstrable. Comparisons are made with saprophagous mites. No clear enzymic specialization for predation was found.
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Ahmad S. Enzymatic adaptations of herbivorous insects and mites to phytochemicals. J Chem Ecol 1986; 12:533-60. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01020571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/1985] [Accepted: 08/01/1985] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cohen E, Gerson U. Isolation and purification of glutathione-S-transferase from the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(86)90020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Frederick KA, Babish JG. In vitro activation of the promutagens 2-acetamidofluorene, cyclophosphamide and 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene by constitutive ferret and rat hepatic S-9 fractions. Toxicology 1984; 31:73-86. [PMID: 6427977 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(84)90157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the ferret to metabolically activate promutagenic compounds was compared with that of the rat, using the Salmonella/microsome assay. Three compounds which require biotransformation to mutagenic metabolites, 2-acetamidofluorene (2-AAF), cyclophosphamide (CPA), and 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), were studied. Metabolic activation was provided by ferret or rat hepatic S-9 fractions at 5 levels for each chemical, and optimal S-9 levels as well as dose-response curves were obtained. Interspecies mutagenic activity was quantitated on the basis of mg liver, mg S-9 protein, and nmoles P-450. The slopes of the dose-response curves and the lowest chemical dose required for a significant response were also compared. Although constitutive levels of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 were shown to be higher than those of the ferret, in vitro mutagenic activation by ferret S-9, at S-9 levels which caused activation in both species, was greater than or equivalent to activation by rat S-9 for these chemicals, based on all parameters studied. The results showed that the equilibrium between activation and detoxification reactions is dependent upon the chemical dose and S-9 level present.
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Mullin CA, Croft BA. Trans-epoxide hydrolase: A key indicator enzyme for herbivory in arthropods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01963586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mullin CA, Matsumura F, Croft BA. Epoxide forming and degrading enzymes in the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1984; 79:85-92. [PMID: 6149883 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(84)90167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes associated with the epoxidation and epoxide hydration or glutathione conjugation pathway occurred in the herbivorous mite, Tetranychus urticae. Epoxidation of aldrin was primarily microsomal, required NADPH, was associated with a NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and was inhibited by CO, 1-phenylimidazole and piperonyl butoxide. Trans- and cis-epoxide hydrolases resided mostly in the microsomal fraction but were localized also in the cytosol. These activities were differentially inhibited by 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane, and chalcone and 4-phenylchalcone oxides. In vitro and in vivo rates of aldrin epoxidation were very similar indicating that in vitro artifacts were not impairing full enzyme measurement. This was further confirmed in experiments with enzyme stabilizers.
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