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Pinchin NP, Guo H, Meteling H, Deng Z, Priimagi A, Shahsavan H. Liquid Crystal Networks Meet Water: It's Complicated! ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2303740. [PMID: 37392137 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots are composed of compliant materials that facilitate high degrees of freedom, shape-change adaptability, and safer interaction with humans. An attractive choice of material for soft robotics is crosslinked networks of liquid crystal polymers (LCNs), as they are responsive to a wide variety of external stimuli and capable of undergoing fast, programmable, complex shape morphing, which allows for their use in a wide range of soft robotic applications. However, unlike hydrogels, another popular material in soft robotics, LCNs have limited applicability in flooded or aquatic environments. This can be attributed not only to the poor efficiency of common LCN actuation methods underwater but also to the complicated relationship between LCNs and water. In this review, the relationship between water and LCNs is elaborated and the existing body of literature is surveyed where LCNs, both hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic, are utilized in aquatic soft robotic applications. Then the challenges LCNs face in widespread adaptation to aquatic soft robotic applications are discussed and, finally, possible paths forward for their successful use in aquatic environments are envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie P Pinchin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hongshuang Guo
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, FI-33101, Finland
| | - Henning Meteling
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, FI-33101, Finland
| | - Zixuan Deng
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, FI-33101, Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, FI-33101, Finland
| | - Hamed Shahsavan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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2
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Liu Y, Zhao Z, Guo C, Huang Z, Zhang W, Ma F, Wang Z, Kong Q, Wang Y. Application and development of hydrogel biomaterials for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration: a literature review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1286223. [PMID: 38130952 PMCID: PMC10733535 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1286223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain caused by disc herniation and spinal stenosis imposes an enormous medical burden on society due to its high prevalence and refractory nature. This is mainly due to the long-term inflammation and degradation of the extracellular matrix in the process of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), which manifests as loss of water in the nucleus pulposus (NP) and the formation of fibrous disc fissures. Biomaterial repair strategies involving hydrogels play an important role in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Excellent biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, easy modification, injectability, and the ability to encapsulate drugs, cells, genes, etc. make hydrogels good candidates as scaffolds and cell/drug carriers for treating NP degeneration and other aspects of IVDD. This review first briefly describes the anatomy, pathology, and current treatments of IVDD, and then introduces different types of hydrogels and addresses "smart hydrogels". Finally, we discuss the feasibility and prospects of using hydrogels to treat IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingquan Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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3
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Rafique M, Erbaş A. Mechanical deformation affects the counterion condensation in highly-swollen polyelectrolyte hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7550-7561. [PMID: 37750366 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00585b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte gels can generate electric potentials under mechanical deformation. While the underlying mechanism of such a response is often attributed to changes in counterion-condensation levels or alterations in the ionic conditions in the pervaded volume of the hydrogel, the exact molecular origins are largely unknown. By using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of a polyacrylic acid hydrogel in explicit water as a model system, we simulate the uniaxial compression and uniaxial stretching of weakly to highly swollen (i.e., between 60-90% solvent content) hydrogel networks and calculate the microscopic condensation levels of counterions around the hydrogel chains. The counterion condensation under deformation is highly non-monotonic. Ionic condensation around the constituting chains of the deformed hydrogel tends to increase as the chains are stretched. This increase reaches a maximum and decreases as the chains are strongly stretched. The condensation around the collapsed chains of the hydrogel is weakly affected by the deformation. As a result, both compressing and stretching the model hydrogel lead to an overall increase in the counterion condensation. The effect vanishes for weakly swollen hydrogels, for which most ions are already condensed. The simulations with single, stretched polyelectrolyte chains show a qualitatively similar response, suggesting the effect of chain elongation on the ionic distribution throughout the hydrogel. Notably, this deformation-induced counterion condensation phenomenon does not occur in a polyelectrolyte solution at its critical concentration, indicating the role of hydrogel topology constraining the chain ends. Our results indicate that counterion condensation in a deforming polyelectrolyte hydrogel can be highly heterogeneous and exhibit a rich behaviour of electrostatic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffar Rafique
- UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - Aykut Erbaş
- UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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4
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Mercer IG, Italiano AN, Gazaryan IG, Steiner AB, Kazakov SV. Degradation Kinetics of Disulfide Cross-Linked Microgels: Real-Time Monitoring by Confocal Microscopy. Gels 2023; 9:782. [PMID: 37888355 PMCID: PMC10606370 DOI: 10.3390/gels9100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although biodegradable microgels represent a useful drug delivery system, questions remain regarding the kinetics of gel degradation and subsequent drug release. Spherical microgels (~Ø10-300 µm) were synthesized using an inverse suspension polymerization method. Specifically, acrylamide and acrylonitrile monomers were thermally co-polymerized with N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine as a cross-linker with disulfide bridges. The kinetics and mechanism of degradation of these cross-linked, degradable, fluorescently labeled microgels (PAAm-AN-BAC-FA) were quantitatively studied under confocal microscopy at various concentrations of glutathione (reducing agent) ranging from 0.06 to 91.8 mM. It was found that polymer network degradation via the cleavage of disulfide bonds was accompanied by two overlapping processes: diffusion-driven swelling and dissolution-driven erosion. A slow increase in microgel size (swelling) resulted from partial de-cross-linking in the bulk of the microgel, whereas a faster decrease in fluorescence intensity (erosion) resulted from the complete cleavage of disulfide bonds and the release of uncleaved polymeric chains from the microgel immediate surface into the solution. Swelling and erosion exhibited distinct kinetics and characteristic times. Importantly, the dependence of kinetics on glutathione concentration for both swelling and erosion suggests that degradation would occur faster in cancer cells (higher concentration of reductants) than in normal cells (lower concentration of reductants), such that drug release profiles would be correspondingly different. A greater comprehension of microgel degradation kinetics would help in (i) predicting the drug release profiles for novel multifunctional drug delivery systems and (ii) using redox-sensitive degradable hydrogel particles to determine the concentrations of reducing agents either in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris G. Mercer
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA; (I.G.M.); (A.N.I.); (I.G.G.)
| | - Angelina N. Italiano
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA; (I.G.M.); (A.N.I.); (I.G.G.)
| | - Irina G. Gazaryan
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA; (I.G.M.); (A.N.I.); (I.G.G.)
| | - Aaron B. Steiner
- Department of Biology, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA;
| | - Sergey V. Kazakov
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA; (I.G.M.); (A.N.I.); (I.G.G.)
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Stamp CH, Solomon B, Lang F, Mitropoulos E, Pfohl T. Tuning the hydraulic resistance by swelling-induced buckling of membranes in high-aspect-ratio microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3662-3670. [PMID: 37458247 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01120d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Controlling fluid flow in microfluidic devices and adapting it to varying conditions by selectively regulating hydrodynamic properties is of critical importance, as the field of microfluidics faces increasingly complex challenges in its wide range of applications. One way to manipulate flows in microfluidic devices is to introduce elastic elements that can be actively or passively deformed. In this work, we developed a membrane-based microfluidic device that allows us to study the deformation of swollen thin membranes as a function of the volume fractions in binary mixtures - here isopropanol and water. Furthermore, the membrane deformation can be used to control pressure-driven flows within the device. The device consists of two microfluidic channels separated by a thin membrane that deforms by a buckling-based mechanism, when the isopropanol volume fraction of the solvent flowing through it exceeds a certain volume fraction. The buckling membrane causes a sinusoidal height variation in both adjacent channels, resulting in a large increase in hydraulic resistance. We show that buckling-based deflections of elastic membranes can be used to amplify small changes in the degree of swelling to produce large changes in the microchannel geometry of the device, sufficient to manipulate the flow rate of pressure-driven flows in the microdevice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas-Hendrik Stamp
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Binyam Solomon
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Friederike Lang
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Efstathios Mitropoulos
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfohl
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Sauter D, Schröter M, Frey C, Weber C, Mersdorf U, Janiesch JW, Platzman I, Spatz JP. Artificial Cytoskeleton Assembly for Synthetic Cell Motility. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200437. [PMID: 36459417 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Imitation of cellular processes in cell-like compartments is a current research focus in synthetic biology. Here, a method is introduced for assembling an artificial cytoskeleton in a synthetic cell model system based on a poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) composite material. Toward this end, a PNIPAM-based composite material inside water-in-oil droplets that are stabilized with PNIPAM-functionalized and commercial fluorosurfactants is introduced. The temperature-mediated contraction/release behavior of the PNIPAM-based cytoskeleton is investigated. The reversibility of the PNIPAM transition is further examined in bulk and in droplets and it could be shown that hydrogel induced deformation could be used to controllably manipulate droplet-based synthetic cell motility upon temperature changes. It is envisioned that a combination of the presented artificial cytoskeleton with naturally occurring components might expand the bandwidth of the bottom-up synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Sauter
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schröter
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Frey
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Weber
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mersdorf
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Willi Janiesch
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck-Bristol Center for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck-Bristol Center for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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Grytsenko O, Dulebova L, Spišák E, Pukach P. Metal-Filled Polyvinylpyrrolidone Copolymers: Promising Platforms for Creating Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102259. [PMID: 37242834 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents research results on the properties of composite materials based on cross-linked grafted copolymers of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and their hydrogels filled with finely dispersed metal powders (Zn, Co, Cu). Metal-filled pHEMA-gr-PVP copolymers in the dry state were studied for surface hardness and swelling ability, which was characterized by swelling kinetics curves and water content. Copolymers swollen in water to an equilibrium state were studied for hardness, elasticity, and plasticity. The heat resistance of dry composites was evaluated by the Vicat softening temperature. As a result, materials with a wide range of predetermined properties were obtained, including physico-mechanical properties (surface hardness 240 ÷ 330 MPa, hardness number 0.06 ÷ 2.8 MPa, elasticity number 75 ÷ 90%), electrical properties (specific volume resistance 102 ÷ 108 Ω⋅m), thermophysical properties (Vicat heat resistance 87 ÷ 122 °C), and sorption (swelling degree 0.7 ÷ 1.6 g (H2O)/g (polymer)) at room temperature. Resistance to the destruction of the polymer matrix was confirmed by the results concerning its behavior in aggressive media such as solutions of alkalis and acids (HCl, H2SO4, NaOH), as well as some solvents (ethanol, acetone, benzene, toluene). The obtained composites are characterized by electrical conductivity, which can be adjusted within wide limits depending on the nature and content of the metal filler. The specific electrical resistance of metal-filled pHEMA-gr-PVP copolymers is sensitive to changes in moisture (with a moisture increase from 0 to 50%, ρV decreases from 108 to 102 Ω⋅m), temperature (with a temperature change from 20 °C to 175 °C, ρV of dry samples decreases by 4.5 times), pH medium (within pH from 2 to 9, the range of ρV change is from 2 to 170 kΩ⋅m), load (with a change in compressive stress from 0 kPa to 140 kPa, ρV of swollen composites decreases by 2-4 times), and the presence of low molecular weight substances, which is proven by the example involving ethanol and ammonium hydroxide. The established dependencies of the electrical conductivity of metal-filled pHEMA-gr-PVP copolymers and their hydrogels on various factors, in combination with high strength, elastic properties, sorption capacity, and resistance to aggressive media, suggest the potential for further research as a platform for the manufacture of sensors for various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Grytsenko
- Department of Chemical Technology of Plastics Processing, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12, St. Bandera Str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Ludmila Dulebova
- Department of Technologies, Materials and Computer Aided Production, Technical University of Košice, 74 Mäsiarska, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Emil Spišák
- Department of Technologies, Materials and Computer Aided Production, Technical University of Košice, 74 Mäsiarska, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Petro Pukach
- Institute of Applied Mathematics and Fundamental Sciences, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12, St. Bandera Str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
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Shirzaei Sani E, Xu C, Wang C, Song Y, Min J, Tu J, Solomon SA, Li J, Banks JL, Armstrong DG, Gao W. A stretchable wireless wearable bioelectronic system for multiplexed monitoring and combination treatment of infected chronic wounds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf7388. [PMID: 36961905 PMCID: PMC10038347 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf7388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic nonhealing wounds are one of the major and rapidly growing clinical complications all over the world. Current therapies frequently require emergent surgical interventions, while abuse and misapplication of therapeutic drugs often lead to an increased morbidity and mortality rate. Here, we introduce a wearable bioelectronic system that wirelessly and continuously monitors the physiological conditions of the wound bed via a custom-developed multiplexed multimodal electrochemical biosensor array and performs noninvasive combination therapy through controlled anti-inflammatory antimicrobial treatment and electrically stimulated tissue regeneration. The wearable patch is fully biocompatible, mechanically flexible, stretchable, and can conformally adhere to the skin wound throughout the entire healing process. Real-time metabolic and inflammatory monitoring in a series of preclinical in vivo experiments showed high accuracy and electrochemical stability of the wearable patch for multiplexed spatial and temporal wound biomarker analysis. The combination therapy enabled substantially accelerated cutaneous chronic wound healing in a rodent model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shirzaei Sani
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Canran Wang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yu Song
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jiaobing Tu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Samuel A. Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jiahong Li
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jaminelli L. Banks
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - David G. Armstrong
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Pourmadadi M, Ghaemi A, Shaghaghi M, Rahdar A, Pandey S. Cabazitaxel-nano delivery systems as a cutting-edge for cancer therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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10
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Mah E, Ghosh R. Synthesis and characterization of positive volume phase transition hydrogel membrane prepared using a cellulose substrate. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2023.2179493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Mah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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11
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Zhou Y, Jin L. Mechanics Underpinning Phase Separation of Hydrogels. Macromolecules 2023; 56:426-439. [PMID: 36711110 PMCID: PMC9879212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reveals the underpinning role of mechanical constraints and dynamic loading in triggering volume phase transitions and phase separation of hydrogels. Using the Flory-Rehner free energy that does not predict phase separation of hydrogels under equilibrium free swelling, we show that mechanical constraints can lead to coexistence of multiple phases. We systematically obtain the states of equilibrium for hydrogels under various mechanical constraints and unravel how mechanical constraints change the convexity of the free energy and monotonicity of the stress-stretch curves, leading to phase coexistence. Using a phase-field model, we predict the pattern evolution of phase coexistence and show that many features cannot be captured by the homogeneous states of equilibrium due to large mismatch stretch between the coexisting phases. We further reveal that the system size, quenching rate, and loading rate can significantly influence the phase behavior, which provides insights for experimental studies related to morphological patterns of hydrogels.
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12
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Water Desalination Using Polyelectrolyte Hydrogel: Gibbs Ensemble Modeling. Gels 2022; 8:gels8100656. [PMID: 36286157 PMCID: PMC9601819 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte hydrogels can absorb a large amount of water across an osmotic membrane as a result of their swelling pressure. On the other hand, the insoluble cross-linked hydrogel network enables dewatering under the influence of external (thermal and/or mechanical) stimuli. Moreover, from a thermodynamic perspective, a polyelectrolyte hydrogel is already an osmotic membrane. These properties designate hydrogels as excellent candidates for use in desalination, at the same time avoiding the use of expensive membranes. In this article, we present our recent theoretical study of polyelectrolyte hydrogel usage for water desalination. Employing a coarse-grained model and the Gibbs ensemble, we modeled the thermodynamic equilibrium between the coexisting gel phase and the supernate aqueous salt solution phase. We performed a sequence of step-by-step hydrogel swellings and compressions in open and closed systems, i.e., in equilibrium with a large and with a comparably small reservoir of aqueous solution. The swelling in an open system removes ions from the large reservoir, whereas the compression in a closed system decreases the salt concentration in the small reservoir. We modeled this stepwise process of continuous decrease of water salinity from seawater up to freshwater concentrations and estimated the energy cost of the process to be comparable to that of reverse osmosis.
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13
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Gao XD, Zhang XB, Zhang RH, Yu DC, Chen XY, Hu YC, Chen L, Zhou HY. Aggressive strategies for regenerating intervertebral discs: stimulus-responsive composite hydrogels from single to multiscale delivery systems. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5696-5722. [PMID: 35852563 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01066f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As our research on the physiopathology of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVD degeneration, IVDD) has advanced and tissue engineering has rapidly evolved, cell-, biomolecule- and nucleic acid-based hydrogel grafting strategies have been widely investigated for their ability to overcome the harsh microenvironment of IVDD. However, such single delivery systems suffer from excessive external dimensions, difficult performance control, the need for surgical implantation, and difficulty in eliminating degradation products. Stimulus-responsive composite hydrogels have good biocompatibility and controllable mechanical properties and can undergo solution-gel phase transition under certain conditions. Their combination with ready-to-use particles to form a multiscale delivery system may be a breakthrough for regenerative IVD strategies. In this paper, we focus on summarizing the progress of research on the stimulus response mechanisms of regenerative IVD-related biomaterials and their design as macro-, micro- and nanoparticles. Finally, we discuss multi-scale delivery systems as bioinks for bio-3D printing technology for customizing personalized artificial IVDs, which promises to take IVD regenerative strategies to new heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Dan Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiao tong University, Shaanxi 710000, P. R. China.
| | - Rui-Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China.
| | - De-Chen Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang-Yi Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Yi-Cun Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yu Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China.
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14
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Tanaka F. Thermoreversible Gelation Interfering with Phase Separation in Multicomponent Mixtures of Associating Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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15
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Moon D, Lee MG, Sun JY, Song KH, Doh J. Jammed Microgel-Based Inks for 3D Printing of Complex Structures Transformable via pH/Temperature Variations. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200271. [PMID: 35686322 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Structure changes mediated by anisotropic volume changes of stimuli-responsive hydrogels are useful for many research fields, yet relatively simple structured objects are mostly used due to limitation in fabrication methods. To fabricate complex 3 dimensional (3D) structures that undergo structure changes in response to external stimuli, jammed microgel-based inks containing precursors of stimuli-responsive hydrogels are developed for extrusion-based 3D printing. Specifically, the jammed microgel-based inks are prepared by absorbing precursors of poly(acrylic acid) or poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) microgels, and jamming them. The inks exhibit shear-thinning and self-healing properties that allow extrusion of the inks through a nozzle and rapid stabilization after printing. Stimuli-mediated volume changes are observed for the extruded structures when they are post-crosslinked by UV light to form interpenetrating networks of PAAm microgels and stimuli-responsive hydrogels. Using this method, a dumbbell-shaped object that can transform to a biconvex shape, and a gripper that can grasp and lift an object in response to stimuli are 3D-printed. The jammed microgel-based 3D printing strategy is a versatile method useful for variety of applications as diverse types of monomers absorbable in the microgels can be used to fabricate complex 3D objects transformable by external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dowon Moon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hoon Song
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,BioMAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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16
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Development of stimulus-sensitive electrospun membranes based on novel biodegradable segmented polyurethane as triggered delivery system for doxorubicin. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212769. [PMID: 35929309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, redox-sensitive polyurethane urea (PUU) based electrospun membranes have been exploited to chemically tether a pH-sensitive doxorubicin derivative achieved by linking a lipoyl hydrazide to the drug via a hydrazone linkage. First, the lipoyl-hydrazone-doxorubicin derivative labelled as LA-Hy-Doxo has been synthesized and characterized. Then, the molecule has been tethered, via a thiol-disulfide exchange reaction, to the redox-sensitive PUU (PolyCEGS) electrospun membrane. The redox-sensitive PolyCEGS PUU has been produced by using PCL-PEG-PCL polyol and glutathione-tetramethyl ester (GSSG-OMe)4 as a chain extender. The LA-Hy-Doxo tethered electrospun membrane has showed a dually controlled release triggered by acidic and reducing conditions, producing a significant cytotoxic effect in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) which has validated the system for the post-surgical treatment of solid tumors to contrast recurrence.
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17
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Mehr JA, Hatami-Marbini H. Experimental and numerical analysis of electroactive characteristics of scleral tissue. Acta Biomater 2022; 143:127-137. [PMID: 35038585 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The sclera provides mechanical support to retina and protects internal contents of the eye against external injuries. The scleral extracellular matrix is mainly composed of collagen fibers and proteoglycans (PGs). At physiological pH, collagen molecules are neutral but PGs contain negatively charged glycosaminoglycan chains. Thus, the sclera can be considered as a polyelectrolyte hydrogel and is expected to exhibit mechanical response when subjected to electrical stimulations. In this study, we mounted scleral strips, dissected from the posterior part of porcine eyes, at the center of a custom-designed container between two electrodes. The container was filled with NaCl solution and the bending deformation of scleral strips as a function of the applied electric voltage was measured experimentally. It was found that scleral strips reached to an average bending angle of 3°, 10° and 23° when subjected to 5V, 10V, and 15V, respectively. We also created a chemo-electro-mechanical finite element model for simulating the experimental measurements by solving coupled Poisson-Nernst-Plank and equilibrium mechanical field equations. The scleral fixed charge density and modulus of elasticity were found by fitting the experimental data. The ion concentration distribution inside the domain was found numerically and was used to explain the underlying mechanisms for the scleral electroactive response. The numerical simulations were also used to investigate the effects of various parameters such as the electric voltage and fixed charge density on the scleral deformation under an electric field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This manuscript investigates the electroactive response of scleral tissue. It demonstrates that the sclera deforms mechanically when subjected to electrical stimulations. A chemo-electro-mechanical model is also presented in order to numerically capture the electromechanical response of the sclera. This numerical model is used to explain the experimental observations by finding the ion distribution inside the tissue under an electric field. This work is significant because it shows that the sclera is an electroactive polyanionic hydrogel and it provides new information about the underlying mechanisms governing its mechanical and electrical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Arash Mehr
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Hamed Hatami-Marbini
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA.
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18
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Ren J, Liang H, Li J, Li YC, Mi W, Zhou L, Sun Z, Xue S, Cai G, Zhao JS. Polyelectrolyte Bilayer-Based Transparent and Flexible Memristor for Emulating Synapses. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14541-14549. [PMID: 35262345 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Memristors will be critical components in the next generation of digital technology and artificial synapses. Researchers are investigating innovative mechanistic understanding of the memristor devices based on low-cost, solution-processable, and organic materials as promising candidates. Here, we demonstrate a novel polyelectrolyte-based memristor device, which is simply prepared by spin-coating poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyethylenimine (PEI) on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate followed by a magnetron sputtering of the ITO as the top electrode. The device has a potential to achieve excellent resistive switching (RS) performance and synapse functionality as well as greater flexibility and transmittance when compared to the oxide-based memories. An on/off resistance ratio of 50 can be maintained without degradation for up to 20 000 cycles (flat state) and over 4000 cycles (bending to a 2 mm radius 10 000 times) in the DC sweep mode. Moreover, the device performs various synaptic functions, including spike-timing-dependent plasticity, pulse pair plasticity, and short-term and long-term plasticity in the potentiation and depression processes. The counterions and two oppositely charged polyelectrolyte chains can move in and out of each other depending on the applied electrical potential (pulse), resulting in a change in the potential drop at the interface of the polyelectrolyte bilayer and its electrodes, which can be attributed to the RS mechanism and various synaptic functions. This insight may accelerate the technological deployment of the organic resistive memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuzhou Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Wei Mi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Song Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Gangri Cai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Jin Shi Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
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19
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Electroresponsive Hydrogel-Based Switching Components for Soft, Bioelectrical, and Fluidic Circuits. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3206755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of various soft components for fluid circuits is conducive to the further development of soft robots. The electroresponsive hydrogel is applied to build a functional oscillator in the study conducted. Based on the multiphasic mixture model, the deformation of the hydrogel under external electric fields is analyzed through COMSOL Multiphysics simulator. Owing to the characteristics of the hydrogel that it will deform in response to electric field, the hydrogel is employed to control fluidic circuits, resulting in a novel controllable functional soft oscillator.
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20
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Kiyohara K, Tamura M. Transport coefficients of gel electrolytes: A molecular dynamics simulation study. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:084905. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0081118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The responses of gel electrolytes to stimuli make them useful in applications such as sensors and actuators. However, few studies have explored their transport properties from a molecular viewpoint. We studied the transport coefficients of gel electrolytes based on perfluorinated sulfonic acid using molecular dynamics simulations. The transport coefficients for electric and pressure fields, namely, the ionic conductivity, Darcy permeability, and cross coupling constant, were calculated based on Kubo’s linear response theory from the corresponding velocity correlation functions and mean square displacements. The effects of the water content of the gel electrolyte and those of the monovalent cationic species were also analyzed. The calculated transport coefficients qualitatively agree with the reported experimental results. The role of the cross coupling constants in determining the functional efficiency of gel electrolytes as pressure sensors or electroactive actuators is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kiyohara
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Minagi Tamura
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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21
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Recent Progress in Biopolymer-Based Hydrogel Materials for Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031415. [PMID: 35163339 PMCID: PMC8836285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels from biopolymers are readily synthesized, can possess various characteristics for different applications, and have been widely used in biomedicine to help with patient treatments and outcomes. Polysaccharides, polypeptides, and nucleic acids can be produced into hydrogels, each for unique purposes depending on their qualities. Examples of polypeptide hydrogels include collagen, gelatin, and elastin, and polysaccharide hydrogels include alginate, cellulose, and glycosaminoglycan. Many different theories have been formulated to research hydrogels, which include Flory-Rehner theory, Rubber Elasticity Theory, and the calculation of porosity and pore size. All these theories take into consideration enthalpy, entropy, and other thermodynamic variables so that the structure and pore sizes of hydrogels can be formulated. Hydrogels can be fabricated in a straightforward process using a homogeneous mixture of different chemicals, depending on the intended purpose of the gel. Different types of hydrogels exist which include pH-sensitive gels, thermogels, electro-sensitive gels, and light-sensitive gels and each has its unique biomedical applications including structural capabilities, regenerative repair, or drug delivery. Major biopolymer-based hydrogels used for cell delivery include encapsulated skeletal muscle cells, osteochondral muscle cells, and stem cells being delivered to desired locations for tissue regeneration. Some examples of hydrogels used for drug and biomolecule delivery include insulin encapsulated hydrogels and hydrogels that encompass cancer drugs for desired controlled release. This review summarizes these newly developed biopolymer-based hydrogel materials that have been mainly made since 2015 and have shown to work and present more avenues for advanced medical applications.
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22
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Danek C. Recent Advances and Future Challenges in the Additive Manufacturing of Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030494. [PMID: 35160482 PMCID: PMC8838229 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Danek
- Bessel LLC, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA;
- Mechanical Engineering Department, W.M. Keck Center for 3D Innovation, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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23
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Jiao C, Obst F, Geisler M, Che Y, Richter A, Appelhans D, Gaitzsch J, Voit B. Reversible Protein Capture and Release by Redox-Responsive Hydrogel in Microfluidics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:267. [PMID: 35054674 PMCID: PMC8780672 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels have a wide range of potential applications in microfluidics, which has drawn great attention. Double cross-linked hydrogels are very well suited for this application as they offer both stability and the required responsive behavior. Here, we report the integration of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAAm) hydrogel with a permanent cross-linker (N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, BIS) and a redox responsive reversible cross-linker (N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine, BAC) into a microfluidic device through photopolymerization. Cleavage and re-formation of disulfide bonds introduced by BAC changed the cross-linking densities of the hydrogel dots, making them swell or shrink. Rheological measurements allowed for selecting hydrogels that withstand long-term shear forces present in microfluidic devices under continuous flow. Once implemented, the thiol-disulfide exchange allowed the hydrogel dots to successfully capture and release the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA). BSA was labeled with rhodamine B and functionalized with 2-(2-pyridyldithio)-ethylamine (PDA) to introduce disulfide bonds. The reversible capture and release of the protein reached an efficiency of 83.6% in release rate and could be repeated over 3 cycles within the microfluidic device. These results demonstrate that our redox-responsive hydrogel dots enable the dynamic capture and release of various different functionalized (macro)molecules (e.g., proteins and drugs) and have a great potential to be integrated into a lab-on-a-chip device for detection and/or delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (C.J.); (M.G.); (Y.C.); (D.A.)
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Obst
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (F.O.); (A.R.)
| | - Martin Geisler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (C.J.); (M.G.); (Y.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Yunjiao Che
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (C.J.); (M.G.); (Y.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Andreas Richter
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany; (F.O.); (A.R.)
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (C.J.); (M.G.); (Y.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (C.J.); (M.G.); (Y.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (C.J.); (M.G.); (Y.C.); (D.A.)
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
In contrast to conventional hard actuators, soft actuators offer many vivid advantages, such as improved flexibility, adaptability, and reconfigurability, which are intrinsic to living systems. These properties make them particularly promising for different applications, including soft electronics, surgery, drug delivery, artificial organs, or prosthesis. The additional degree of freedom for soft actuatoric devices can be provided through the use of intelligent materials, which are able to change their structure, macroscopic properties, and shape under the influence of external signals. The use of such intelligent materials allows a substantial reduction of a device's size, which enables a number of applications that cannot be realized by externally powered systems. This review aims to provide an overview of the properties of intelligent synthetic and living/natural materials used for the fabrication of soft robotic devices. We discuss basic physical/chemical properties of the main kinds of materials (elastomers, gels, shape memory polymers and gels, liquid crystalline elastomers, semicrystalline ferroelectric polymers, gels and hydrogels, other swelling polymers, materials with volume change during melting/crystallization, materials with tunable mechanical properties, and living and naturally derived materials), how they are related to actuation and soft robotic application, and effects of micro/macro structures on shape transformation, fabrication methods, and we highlight selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Apsite
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department of Biomaterials, Center of Energy Technology und Materials Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Straße 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Ionov
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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25
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Wang L, Liu F, Qian J, Wu Z, Xiao R. Multi-responsive PNIPAM-PEGDA hydrogel composite. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10421-10427. [PMID: 34605528 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01178b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are widely used in applications such as soft robots and flexible sensors due to their sensitivity to environmental stimuli. It is highly demanded to develop multiple-responsive hydrogel structures. In this work, we employ the 3D printing technique to fabricate a PNIPAM-PEGDA hydrogel bilayer that can change shape through controlling the temperature, solvent mixture and magnetic field. The PNIPAM gel is a typical thermo-responsive gel, showing a decrease in swelling ratio with increasing temperature. Meanwhile, the PNIPAM gels also exhibit the cononsolvency effect in ethanol-water mixtures with a smaller swelling ratio in the mixture compared with that in each pure solvent. In comparison, the swelling ratio of PEGDA gels is insensitive to changes in both the temperature and solvent composition. Thus, the bilayer structure of PNIPAM-PEGDA can bend in different directions and with different angles with changing the temperature and solvent composition. Finally, Fe3O4 nanoparticles are incorporated into the matrix of PEGDA gels, endowing the whole structure with deformation and motion in response to an external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic System, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Fengrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic System, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic System, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Ziliang Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic System, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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26
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Kaniewska K, Karbarz M. Electrochemical devices based on conducting surfaces modified with smart hydrogels: Outlook and perspective. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kaniewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Center University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Marcin Karbarz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Center University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
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27
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Mansard V. A macroporous smart gel based on a pH-sensitive polyacrylic polymer for the development of large size artificial muscles with linear contraction. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9644-9652. [PMID: 34622903 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01078f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The physics of soft matter can contribute to the revolution in robotics and medical prostheses. These two fields require the development of artificial muscles with behavior close to biological muscles. Today, artificial muscles rely mostly on active materials, which can deform reversibly. Nevertheless transport kinetics is the major limit for all of these materials. These actuators are only made of a thin layer of active material and using a large thickness dramatically reduces the actuation time. In this article, we demonstrate that a porous material reduces the limit of transport and enables the use of a large volume of active material. We synthesize a new active material: a macroporous gel, which is based on polyacrylic acid. This gel shows very large swelling when we increase the pH and the macroporosity dramatically reduces the swelling time of centimetric samples from one day to 100 s. We characterize the mechanical properties and swelling kinetics of this new material. This material is well adapted for soft robotics because of its large swelling ratio (300%) and its capacity to apply a pressure of 150 mbar during swelling. We demonstrate finally that this material can be used in a McKibben muscle producing linear contraction, which is particularly adapted for robotics. The muscle contracts by 9% of its initial length within 100 s, which corresponds to the gel swelling time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mansard
- CNRS, LAAS-CNRS, 7, avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 54200 31031, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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28
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Liu T, Wang F, Wu Q, Chen T, Sun P. Fluorescent, electrically responsive and ultratough self-healing hydrogels via bioinspired all-in-one hierarchical micelles. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3096-3104. [PMID: 34515280 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01172c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent hydrogels that simultaneously exhibit excellent toughness, self-healing ability and photoelectronic responsiveness are in high demand but are greatly challenging to prepare. Inspired by the hierarchical structure of fluorescent proteins in jellyfish and biomembranes in nature, herein, a facile and universal all-in-one strategy is demonstrated to construct fluorescent, electrically responsive and ultratough self-healing hydrogels via aqueous self-assembly of polyelectrolyte-surfactant micelles with hierarchical structures and functionality. The self-assembled 2-ureido-4-[1H]-pyrimidone (UPy) hydrophobic core containing reversible physical crosslinks embedded in micelles leads to a durable network structure with excellent toughness and self-healing ability. Moreover, dramatically enhanced fluorescence emission is obtained due to the formation of nanoclusters with electron-rich moieties that show restricted intramolecular motion induced by hydrogen bonding networks from UPy dimer aggregation. The micelle-incorporated sulfonic acid groups mimic the function of biological membrane proteins that deftly control the micelle size, leading to electro-responsiveness, enhanced toughness and fluorescence emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Fenfen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Tiehong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Pingchuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Hyaluronic Acid and Graphene Oxide-incorporated Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels for Electrically Stimulated Release of Anticancer Tamoxifen Citrate. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1633-1641. [PMID: 34756869 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is the transport of drug across the skin and into the systemic circulation. Patch is a one of transdermal device that is used to attach on skin and contains drug. The drug matrices from hyaluronic acid (HA) and graphene oxide (GO) incorporated HA hydrogel were fabricated for the release of tamoxifen citrate (TMX) as the anticancer drug under applied electrical field. The pristine HA hydrogels as the matrix and GO as the drug encapsulation host were fabricated for transdermal patch by the solution casting using citric acid as the chemical crosslinker. In vitro drug release experiment was investigated by utilizing the modified Franz-diffusion cell under the effects of crosslinking ratio, electric potential, and GO. The TMX release behaviors from the hydrogels were found to be from the three mechanisms: the pure Fickian diffusion; the anomalous or non-Fickian diffusion; and Super case II transport depending on the crosslinking conditions. The TMX diffusion and release amount from the pristine HA hydrogels were increased with smaller crosslinking ratios. With applied electrical potential, the enhanced TMX diffusion and release amount were observed when compared to that without due to the electro-repulsive force. Furthermore, the TMX diffusion from the HA hydrogel with GO as the drug encapsulation host was higher by two orders of magnitude than without GO.
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30
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Ma M, Fu Y. Electromechanical response of lamellar forming ionic diblock copolymer thin films. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Kim T, Lee J, Lee B, Park J, Song S, Kim BK, Kim SY. Determination of the hydrogenation state of benzene by the thermally induced phase separation of Poly(ethersulfone). POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Kanaan AF, Pinho AC, Piedade AP. Electroactive Polymers Obtained by Conventional and Non-Conventional Technologies. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2713. [PMID: 34451256 PMCID: PMC8399042 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroactive polymers (EAPs), materials that present size/shape alteration in response to an electrical stimulus, are currently being explored regarding advanced smart devices, namely robotics, valves, soft actuators, artificial muscles, and electromechanical sensors. They are generally prepared through conventional techniques (e.g., solvent casting and free-radical polymerization). However, non-conventional processes such as those included in additive manufacturing (AM) are emerging as a novel approach to tune and enhance the electromechanical properties of EAPs to expand the scope of areas for this class of electro-responsive material. This review aims to summarize the published work (from the last five years) in developing EAPs either by conventional or non-conventional polymer processing approaches. The technology behind each processing technique is discussed as well as the main mechanism behind the electromechanical response. The most common polymer-based materials used in the design of current EAPs are reviewed. Therefore, the main conclusions and future trends regarding EAPs obtained by conventional and non-conventional technologies are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana P. Piedade
- CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.F.K.); (A.C.P.)
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Schubotz S, Honnigfort C, Nazari S, Fery A, Sommer JU, Uhlmann P, Braunschweig B, Auernhammer GK. Memory effects in polymer brushes showing co-nonsolvency effects. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 294:102442. [PMID: 34118473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Densely packed polymer chains grafted to a substrate, especially polymer brushes, have been studied intensively. Of special interest are systems that react to changes in external conditions or"remember" previous conditions. With this focus, we explore the properties of PNiPAAm brushes and relate published work to own results. The co-nonsolvency effect leads to a collapse of a PNiPAAm brush for a certain mixing ratio of ethanol in water. This also influences the wetting behavior of PNiPAAm brushes. We show that through prewetting of a brush with different liquids (water and ethanol), the contact angle of subsequent water drops changes significantly. To explain this change, the swelling of the brush was investigated with spectroscopic ellipsometry and the orientation of the molecules at the surface with sum-frequency generation (SFG). Only little change in swelling was found. The SFG measurements reveal in the ethanol prewetted case a well ordered hydrophobic methyl layer at the interface, which is consistent with the contact angle measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schubotz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtztraße 10, Dresden 01062, Germany.
| | - Christian Honnigfort
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Saghar Nazari
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtztraße 10, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtztraße 10, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Institute for Theoretical Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Uhlmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Björn Braunschweig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Corrensstraße 28-30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Günter K Auernhammer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V, Hohe Straße 6, Dresden 01069, Germany; Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany.
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35
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Sharker K, Shigeta Y, Ozoe S, Damsongsang P, Hoven VP, Yusa SI. Upper Critical Solution Temperature Behavior of pH-Responsive Amphoteric Statistical Copolymers in Aqueous Solutions. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9153-9163. [PMID: 33842784 PMCID: PMC8028163 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amphoteric statistical equivalent copolymers (P(2VP/NaSS) n ) composed of 2-vinylpyridine (2VP) and anionic sodium p-styrenesulfonate (NaSS) were prepared via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The degrees of polymerization (n) were 19 and 95. The monomer reactivity ratio, time conversion profile, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance diffusion-ordered spectra suggested that the copolymerization of 2VP and NaSS provided statistical or near to random copolymers. P(2VP/NaSS) n exhibited an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) in acidic aqueous solutions on the basis of the charge interactions between the protonated cationic 2VP and anionic NaSS units. With an increase in pH value, the interaction was weakened because of the deprotonation of the 2VP units, thus reducing the UCST. At high [NaCl], the electrostatic interactions among the polymers were weakened because of the screening effect, and again, the UCST was reduced. With an increase in polymer concentration, the intra- and interpolymer interactions increased because of some entanglement, and the UCST consequently increased. Electrostatic interactions among the polymer chains with high molecular weight occurred easier than those among the low-molecular-weight polymer chains, which increased the UCST. The UCST also increased when deuterium oxide was used instead of hydrogen oxide, which was due to the isotopic effect. Hence, the UCST of P(2VP/NaSS) n can be adjusted according to the desired application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komol
Kanta Sharker
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shigeta
- Tosoh
Finechem Co., 4988 Kaisei-cho, Shunan, Yamaguchi 746-0006, Japan
| | - Shinji Ozoe
- Tosoh
Finechem Co., 4988 Kaisei-cho, Shunan, Yamaguchi 746-0006, Japan
| | - Panittha Damsongsang
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Phayathai
Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Voravee P. Hoven
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Phayathai
Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Shin-ichi Yusa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
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36
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Rostami R, Klemm AJ, Almeida FCR. The Effect of SCMs in Blended Cements on Sorption Characteristics of Superabsorbent Polymers. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071609. [PMID: 33806131 PMCID: PMC8036596 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), are often used as a partial replacement of cements to improve the sustainability of Portland cement-based materials and reduce their environmental impact. Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) can be successfully used as internal curing agents in ultra-high performance cementitious materials by facilitating the hydration process and controlling the water supply in both fresh and hardened states. This paper intends to characterise the physical and chemical properties of SAPs and their sorption properties in different blended cement environments. The swelling capacity and kinetics of absorption of three superabsorbent polymers with different chemical compositions and grading were tested in different cement environments. Experimental results of their sorption performance in distinct solutions, including deionised water (DI), Portland cement (PC), and blended cements (PC-FA and PC-GGBS) and changes in pH of different solutions over time were investigated. The results showed that PC-FA solution had the lowest pH followed by PC-GGBS solution. Moreover, SAPs samples displayed the highest absorption capacities in PC-FA solutions, and the lowest swelling capacities were found in PC-GGBS solutions. Furthermore, SAP with smaller particle sizes had the greatest absorption capacity values in all solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohollah Rostami
- School of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnieszka J. Klemm
- School of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK;
| | - Fernando C. R. Almeida
- Department of Materials Engineering and Construction, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
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37
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Matsumoto M, Asoh TA, Shoji T, Tsuboi Y. Formation of Single Double-Layered Coacervate of Poly( N,N-diethylacrylamide) in Water by a Laser Tweezer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2874-2883. [PMID: 33616404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate liquid-liquid phase separation involving both coacervation and coil-to-globule phase transition of a thermoresponsive polymer. By focusing a near-infrared laser beam into an aqueous solution of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), a single phase-separated polymer microdroplet can be formed and stably trapped at the focal point. Such droplet formation is induced by a local elevation in temperature (induced by a photothermal effect) and an optical force. The technique allows us to selectively analyze a single polymer droplet trapped at the focal point. In this study, we applied this technique to poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEA) in water and generated a double-layered PDEA droplet. Such an inhomogeneous and complex microstructure has not been previously observed both in steady-state heating of a PDEA solution and in the PNIPAM system. Moreover, we used micro-Raman spectroscopy to clarify that PDEA underwent dehydration due to a coil-to-globule phase transition. Despite this, the polymer concentration (Cpoly) of the trapped PDEA droplet was very low and was around 30 wt %. Cpoly depended on the molecular weight of PDEA and the laser power that regulates the temperature elevation. These results strongly indicate that PDEA undergoes coacervation in addition to a coil-to-globule phase transition. This study will help provide us with a fundamental understanding of the phase separation mechanisms of thermoresponsive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Asoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shoji
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- The Osaka City University Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Tsuboi
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- The Osaka City University Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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38
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Yu Y, Brió Pérez M, Cao C, de Beer S. Switching (bio-) adhesion and friction in liquid by stimulus responsive polymer coatings. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Vora LK, Moffatt K, Tekko IA, Paredes AJ, Volpe-Zanutto F, Mishra D, Peng K, Raj Singh Thakur R, Donnelly RF. Microneedle array systems for long-acting drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 159:44-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Sangsuriyonk K, Paradee N, Sirivat A. Electrically controlled release of anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil from carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:865-873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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Shklyar TF, Orkhey EA, Safronov AP, Blyakhman FA. Biocompatible contactless electrically responsive hydrogel‐based force maker. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana F Shklyar
- Institute of Natural Science and Mathematics Ural Federal University Yekaterinburg Russian Federation
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Engineering Ural State Medical University Yekaterinburg Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Orkhey
- Institute of Natural Science and Mathematics Ural Federal University Yekaterinburg Russian Federation
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Engineering Ural State Medical University Yekaterinburg Russian Federation
| | - Alexander P Safronov
- Institute of Natural Science and Mathematics Ural Federal University Yekaterinburg Russian Federation
- Institute of Electrophysics UB RAS Yekaterinburg Russian Federation
| | - Felix A Blyakhman
- Institute of Natural Science and Mathematics Ural Federal University Yekaterinburg Russian Federation
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Engineering Ural State Medical University Yekaterinburg Russian Federation
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42
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Jiao C, Zhang J, Liu T, Peng X, Wang H. Mechanically Strong, Tough, and Shape Deformable Poly(acrylamide- co-vinylimidazole) Hydrogels Based on Cu 2+ Complexation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:44205-44214. [PMID: 32871067 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shape deformable hydrogels have drawn great attention due to their wide applications as soft actuators. Here we report a novel kind of mechanically strong, tough, and shape deformable poly(acrylamide-co-vinylimidazole) [poly(AAm-co-VI)] hydrogel prepared by photoinitiated copolymerization and the followed immersing in a Cu2+ aqueous solution. Strong Cu2+ complexation with imidazole groups dramatically enhances the mechanical properties of the hydrogels, whose tensile strength, elastic modulus, toughness, and fracture energy reach up to 7.7 ± 0.76 MPa, 15.4 ± 1.2 MPa, 23.2 ± 2.5 MJ m-3, and 22.1 ± 2.3 kJ m-2, respectively. More impressively, shape deformation (bending) can be easily achieved by coating Cu2+ solution on one side of hydrogel strips. Furthermore, precise control of the shape deformation from 1D to 2D and 2D to 3D can be achieved by adjusting Cu2+ concentration, coating time, region, and one or two side(s) of hydrogel samples. The Cu2+ complexation provides a simple way to simultaneously improve the mechanical properties of hydrogels and enable them with shape deformability. The mechanically strong, tough, and shape deformable hydrogels might be a promising candidate for soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Leibniz-Institute für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xin Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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43
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Khalilzadeh MA, Hosseini S, Rad AS, Venditti RA. Synthesis of Grafted Nanofibrillated Cellulose-Based Hydrogel and Study of Its Thermodynamic, Kinetic, and Electronic Properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8710-8719. [PMID: 32633505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels were synthesized by a copolymerization reaction of nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) with acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) and N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linker and their absorption performance as a function of composition was determined. Hydrogels with 4% by weight CNF had swelling of about 250 g/g and with 7% CNF about 200 g/g for water. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of the reaction pathways and the electronic properties of the cellulose and monomers were investigated through density functional theory calculations. Thermodynamic investigations revealed that the radical formation of cellulose that initiates the hydrogel process can occur through the breaking of the homolytic covalent bonds C6-OH and C3-OH. The results show that the reaction of CNF with monomers is thermodynamically favorable in the decreasing order of AM, AA, and MBA. The kinetic study also indicates that the reaction kinetics of CNF with AM is faster than with AA which is much faster than with MBA. Overall, this study has elucidated some of the key chemical characteristics that impact the derivatization of nanocellulose structures to produce advanced renewable bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Khalilzadeh
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-8005, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr 47651-61964, Iran
| | - Shahrbano Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr 47651-61964, Iran
| | - Ali Shokuhi Rad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr 47651-61964, Iran
| | - Richard A Venditti
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-8005, North Carolina, United States
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Ashuri T, Armani A, Jalilzadeh Hamidi R, Reasnor T, Ahmadi S, Iqbal K. Biomedical soft robots: current status and perspective. Biomed Eng Lett 2020; 10:369-385. [PMID: 32864173 PMCID: PMC7438463 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-020-00157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the current status of soft robots in biomedical field. Soft robots are made of materials that have comparable modulus of elasticity to that of biological systems. Several advantages of soft robots over rigid robots are safe human interaction, ease of adaptation with wearable electronics and simpler gripping. We review design factors of soft robots including modeling, controls, actuation, fabrication and application, as well as their limitations and future work. For modeling, we survey kinematic, multibody and numerical finite element methods. Finite element methods are better suited for the analysis of soft robots, since they can accurately model nonlinearities in geometry and materials. However, their real-time integration with controls is challenging. We categorize the controls of soft robots as model-based and model-free. Model-free controllers do not rely on an explicit analytical or numerical model of the soft robot to perform actuation. Actuation is the ability to exert a force using actuators such as shape memory alloys, fluid gels, elastomers and piezoelectrics. Nonlinear geometry and materials of soft robots restrict using conventional rigid body controls. The fabrication techniques used for soft robots differ significantly from that of rigid robots. We survey a wide range of techniques used for fabrication of soft robots from simple molding to more advanced additive manufacturing methods such as 3D printing. We discuss the applications and limitations of biomedical soft robots covering aspects such as functionality, ease of use and cost. The paper concludes with the future discoveries in the emerging field of soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Ashuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arkansas Tech University, 1811 N Boulder Ave, Russellville, AR 72801 USA
| | - A. Armani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Jose State University, 1 Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95112 USA
| | - R. Jalilzadeh Hamidi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Arkansas Tech University, 1811 N Boulder Ave, Russellville, AR 72801 USA
| | - T. Reasnor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arkansas Tech University, 1811 N Boulder Ave, Russellville, AR 72801 USA
| | - S. Ahmadi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 10815 Colonel Glenn Rd, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA
| | - K. Iqbal
- Department of Systems Engineering, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S University Ave, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA
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45
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Hydrogel Nanoparticle as a Functional Coating Layer in Biosensing, Tissue Engineering, and Drug Delivery. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of functional coating materials has resulted in many breakthroughs in the discovery of energy, environmental, and biomedical applications. Responsive polymeric hydrogels are an example of smart coating materials due to their stimuli-responsive characteristics upon changes in their local environment. This review focuses on the introduction of hydrogel nanoparticles and their applications in functional layers as responsive coating materials. Hydrogels are explained by the composition of cross-links and monomers used for preparation. In particular, an important class of responsive hydrogels, that is, nanosized hydrogel particles (nanogels), are described for thee synthesis, modification, and application in assembly of functional coating layers. Finally, nanogel functional layers for biological applications will be discussed with recent advances in biosensing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery.
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46
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SHITANDA I, ASANO R, HOSHI Y, ITAGAKI M, TAKADA K. An Electrochemical Actuator Fabricated by Transfer-printing of a Carbon Electrode onto a Cupric-ion-containing Poly(acrylic acid) Gel Surface. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.19-00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isao SHITANDA
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Ryoma ASANO
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yoshinao HOSHI
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Masayuki ITAGAKI
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kazutake TAKADA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
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47
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Yang K, Yin X, Yan Y, Luo G, Xu M, Pi P, Xu S, Wen X. Fast near infrared light response hydrogel as medical dressing for wound healing. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product TechnologySouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Xinyu Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product TechnologySouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Yuanyang Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product TechnologySouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Guanzhou Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product TechnologySouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Mengyi Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyGuangdong Industry Polytechnic Guangzhou China
| | - Pihui Pi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product TechnologySouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Shouping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product TechnologySouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Xiufang Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product TechnologySouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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McCune JA, Mommer S, Parkins CC, Scherman OA. Design Principles for Aqueous Interactive Materials: Lessons from Small Molecules and Stimuli-Responsive Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906890. [PMID: 32227391 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interactive materials are at the forefront of current materials research with few examples in the literature. Researchers are inspired by nature to develop materials that can modulate and adapt their behavior in accordance with their surroundings. Stimuli-responsive systems have been developed over the past decades which, although often described as "smart," lack the ability to act autonomously. Nevertheless, these systems attract attention on account of the resultant materials' ability to change their properties in a predicable manner. These materials find application in a plethora of areas including drug delivery, artificial muscles, etc. Stimuli-responsive materials are serving as the precursors for next-generation interactive materials. Interest in these systems has resulted in a library of well-developed chemical motifs; however, there is a fundamental gap between stimuli-responsive and interactive materials. In this perspective, current state-of-the-art stimuli-responsive materials are outlined with a specific emphasis on aqueous macroscopic interactive materials. Compartmentalization, critical for achieving interactivity, relies on hydrophobic, hydrophilic, supramolecular, and ionic interactions, which are commonly present in aqueous systems and enable complex self-assembly processes. Relevant examples of aqueous interactive materials that do exist are given, and design principles to realize the next generation of materials with embedded autonomous function are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade A McCune
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Stefan Mommer
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Christopher C Parkins
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Oren A Scherman
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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49
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Yin H, Tian L, Yang G. Design of fibre array muscle for soft finger with variable stiffness based on nylon and shape memory alloy. Adv Robot 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01691864.2020.1738272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Digital Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Digital Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guilin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Robot and Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment Technology, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
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50
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Navarro‐Barreda D, Angulo‐Pachón CA, Bedrina B, Galindo F, Miravet JF. A Dual Stimuli Responsive Supramolecular Gel Provides Insulin Hydrolysis Protection and Redox‐Controlled Release of Actives. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Navarro‐Barreda
- Department of Inorganic and Organic ChemistryUniversity Jaume I 12071 Castelló de la Plana Spain
| | - César A. Angulo‐Pachón
- Department of Inorganic and Organic ChemistryUniversity Jaume I 12071 Castelló de la Plana Spain
| | - Begoña Bedrina
- Department of Inorganic and Organic ChemistryUniversity Jaume I 12071 Castelló de la Plana Spain
| | - Francisco Galindo
- Department of Inorganic and Organic ChemistryUniversity Jaume I 12071 Castelló de la Plana Spain
| | - Juan F. Miravet
- Department of Inorganic and Organic ChemistryUniversity Jaume I 12071 Castelló de la Plana Spain
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