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Borges AV, Deirmendjian L, Bouillon S, Okello W, Lambert T, Roland FAE, Razanamahandry VF, Voarintsoa NRG, Darchambeau F, Kimirei IA, Descy JP, Allen GH, Morana C. Greenhouse gas emissions from African lakes are no longer a blind spot. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabi8716. [PMID: 35749499 PMCID: PMC9232103 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi8716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural lakes are thought to be globally important sources of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) to the atmosphere although nearly no data have been previously reported from Africa. We collected CO2, CH4, and N2O data in 24 African lakes that accounted for 49% of total lacustrine surface area of the African continent and covered a wide range of morphology and productivity. The surface water concentrations of dissolved CO2 were much lower than values attributed in current literature to tropical lakes and lower than in boreal systems because of a higher productivity. In contrast, surface water-dissolved CH4 concentrations were generally higher than in boreal systems. The lowest CO2 and the highest CH4 concentrations were observed in the more shallow and productive lakes. Emissions of CO2 may likely have been substantially overestimated by a factor between 9 and 18 in African lakes and between 6 and 26 in pan-tropical lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven Bouillon
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - William Okello
- Department of Limnology, National Fisheries Resource Research Institute, Jinja, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - George H. Allen
- Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Cédric Morana
- Chemical Oceanography Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Volcanic Gas Hazard Assessment in the Baia di Levante Area (Vulcano Island, Italy) Inferred by Geochemical Investigation of Passive Fluid Degassing. GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11110478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a volcanic area, the composition of air is influenced by the interaction between fluids generated from many different environments (magmatic, hydrothermal, meteoric, and marine). Any physical and chemical variation in one of these subsystems is able to modify the outgassing dynamic. The increase of natural gas hazard, related to the presence of unhealthy components in air, may depend on temporary changes both in the pressure and chemical gradients that generate transient fluxes of gases and can have many different causes. Sometimes, the content of unhealthy gases approaches unexpected limits, without clear warning. In this case, an altered composition of the air can be only revealed after accurate sampling procedures and laboratory analysis. The investigations presented here are a starting point to response to the demand for a new monitoring program in the touristic area of Baia di Levante at Vulcano Island (Aeolian archipelago, Italy). Three multiparametric geochemical surveys were carried in the touristic area of Baia di Levante at Vulcano Island (Aeolian archipelago, Italy) in 2011, 2014, and 2015. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are the main undesired components, usually present at the local scale. Anomalous CO2 and H2S outputs from soil and submarine bubbling vents were identified; the thermal anomaly of the ground was mapped; atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and H2S were measured in the air 30 cm above the ground surface. Atmospheric concentrations above the suggested limits for the wellbeing of human health were retrieved in open areas where tourists stay and where CO2 can accumulate under absence of wind.
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3
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Can East African rift basalts sequester CO2? Case study of the Kenya rift. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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4
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Risks and Safety of CO2 Transport via Pipeline: A Review of Risk Analysis and Modeling Approaches for Accidental Releases. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14154601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon capture and storage is considered an effective mitigation strategy to reduce the most challenging emissions from heavy industries and gas processing. The safe transport of carbon dioxide via pipelines is an important aspect for developing large-scale Carbon Capture and Storage projects. Dispersion modeling for heavy gas such as carbon dioxide is considerably different from natural gas. The set up for modeling simulations is more challenging than conventional natural gas pipeline for several reasons, such as the differences in thermodynamics that must be considered. Moreover, when the carbon dioxide is transported in dense or liquid phase, the rapid phase changing, and possible consequent formation of solids should be considered. Finally, the equation of state required for accurate prediction of parameters is generally different than the ones applicable for natural gas. The main scope of this comprehensive review is to identify the most important parameters, critical events, suitable models, and identification of dispersion modeling issues. An extensive literature review of experiments conducted in the last ten years has been developed, experimental data, integral and simplified model, as well as CFD modeling issues has been identified and reported in the work proposed to highlight the advances and the gaps that could need further research activities.
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5
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Abstract
Dissolved gases produce a gas pressure. This gas pressure is the appropriate physical quantity for judging the possibility of bubble formation and hence it is central for understanding exchange of climate-relevant gases between (limnic) water and the atmosphere. The contribution of ebullition has widely been neglected in numerical simulations. We present measurements from six lacustrine waterbodies in Central Germany: including a natural lake, a drinking water reservoir, a mine pit lake, a sand excavation lake, a flooded quarry, and a small flooded lignite opencast, which has been heavily polluted. Seasonal changes of oxygen and temperature are complemented by numerical simulations of nitrogen and calculations of vapor pressure to quantify the contributions and their dynamics in lacustrine waters. In addition, accumulation of gases in monimolimnetic waters is demonstrated. We sum the partial pressures of the gases to yield a quantitative value for total gas pressure to reason which processes can force ebullition at which locations. In conclusion, only a small number of gases contribute decisively to gas pressure and hence can be crucial for bubble formation.
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6
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Honeycutt WT, Kim T, Ley MT, Materer NF. Sensor array for wireless remote monitoring of carbon dioxide and methane near carbon sequestration and oil recovery sites. RSC Adv 2021; 11:6972-6984. [PMID: 35423189 PMCID: PMC8694925 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08593f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon sequestration and enhanced oil recovery are two important geochemical applications currently deployed using carbon dioxide (CO2), a prevalent greenhouse gas. Despite the push to find ways to use and store excess CO2, the development of a large-area monitoring system is lacking. For these applications, there is little literature reporting the development and testing of sensor systems capable of operating in remote areas without maintenance and having significantly low cost to allow their deployment across a large land area. This paper presents the design and validation of a low-cost solar-power distributed sensing architecture using a wireless mesh network integrated, at selective nodes, into a cellular network. This combination allows an “internet of things” approach in remote locations and the integration of a large number of sensor units to monitor CO2 and methane (CH4). This system will allow efficient large area monitoring of both rare catastrophic leaks along with the common micro-seepage of greenhouse gas near carbon sequestration and oil recovery sites. The deployment and testing of the sensor system was performed in an open field at Oklahoma State University. The two-tear network functionality and robustness were determined from a multi-year field study. The reliability of the system was benchmarked by correlating the measured temperature, pressure, and humidity measurement by the network of devices to existing weather data. The CO2 and CH4 gas concentration tracked their expected daily and seasonal cycles. This multi-year field study established that this system can operate in remote areas with minimal human interactions. Demonstration of a solar-powered sensor array for remote carbon sequestration and enhanced oil recovery monitoring. An unattended sensor array can collect real-time gas concentrations, allow leak detection, and measure daily concentration cycles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley T Honeycutt
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma 111 Chesapeake St. Norman OK 73019 USA
| | - Taehwan Kim
- Centre for Infrastructure and Engineering and Safety, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - M Tyler Ley
- College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology, Oklahoma State University 201 ATRC Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Nicholas F Materer
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University 107 Physical Sciences Stillwater OK 74078 USA +1-405-744-5920
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7
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Bärenbold F, Boehrer B, Grilli R, Mugisha A, von Tümpling W, Umutoni A, Schmid M. No increasing risk of a limnic eruption at Lake Kivu: Intercomparison study reveals gas concentrations close to steady state. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237836. [PMID: 32841245 PMCID: PMC7446963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lake Kivu, East Africa, is well known for its huge reservoir of dissolved methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the stratified deep waters (below 250 m). The methane concentrations of up to ~ 20 mmol/l are sufficiently high for commercial gas extraction and power production. In view of the projected extraction capacity of up to several hundred MW in the next decades, reliable and accurate gas measurement techniques are required to closely monitor the evolution of gas concentrations. For this purpose, an intercomparison campaign for dissolved gas measurements was planned and conducted in March 2018. The applied measurement techniques included on-site mass spectrometry of continuously pumped sample water, gas chromatography of in-situ filled gas bags, an in-situ membrane inlet laser spectrometer sensor and a prototype sensor for total dissolved gas pressure (TDGP). We present the results of three datasets for CH4, two for CO2 and one for TDGP. The resulting methane profiles show a good agreement within a range of around 5-10% in the deep water. We also observe that TDGP measurements in the deep waters are systematically around 5 to 10% lower than TDGP computed from gas concentrations. Part of this difference may be attributed to the non-trivial conversion of concentration to partial pressure in gas-rich Lake Kivu. When comparing our data to past measurements, we cannot verify the previously suggested increase in methane concentrations since 1974. We therefore conclude that the methane and carbon dioxide concentrations in Lake Kivu are currently close to a steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bärenbold
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Surface Waters—Research and Management, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Bertram Boehrer
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Roberto Grilli
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, IRD, Grenoble INP, Institut des Géosciences de l’environnement, Grenoble, France
| | - Ange Mugisha
- Lake Kivu Monitoring Programme LKMP, Gisenyi, Rwanda
| | | | | | - Martin Schmid
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Surface Waters—Research and Management, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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8
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Tiwari SK, Giri BS, Thivaharan V, Srivastava AK, Kumar S, Singh RP, Kumar R, Singh RS. Sequestration of simulated carbon dioxide (CO 2) using churning cementations waste and fly-ash in a thermo-stable batch reactor (TSBR). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27470-27479. [PMID: 31900774 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The degrees of mineral carbonation in (a) construction and demolition waste (C&DW) and (b) a mixture of cement and fly ash were studied through a dynamic experimental method to determine the variation in the rate and extent of CO2 sequestration achievable under simulated outdoor conditions. A number of experiments were performed in a self-designed rotating batch reactor by churning the two samples together with CO2, which was passed through the mixtures by using water vapor as the medium of transfer. At an injection flow rate of 1 L/min for CO2, the theoretical extent of carbonation was observed to be 39.1% for the mixture of cement and fly ash and 25% for C&DW. It was further observed that upon increasing the CO2 flow rate to 10 L/min, the carbonation in the mixture of cement and fly ash increased by 37.2% after 15 h of rotation at 60 rounds per hour (rph) for a temperature of 40 °C. Weighing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were performed for the samples before and after the batch reaction to study the quantitative, qualitative and morphological aspects of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniv Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
- Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284001, India
| | - Balendu Shekher Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
| | - Varadavenkatesan Thivaharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576 104, Manipal, India
| | | | - Sunil Kumar
- Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | | | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Ram Sharan Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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9
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Barberi F, Carapezza ML, Tarchini L, Ranaldi M, Ricci T, Gattuso A. Anomalous Discharge of Endogenous Gas at Lavinio (Rome, Italy) and the Lethal Accident of 5 September 2011. GEOHEALTH 2019; 3:407-422. [PMID: 32159027 PMCID: PMC7038904 DOI: 10.1029/2019gh000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Rome region contains several sites where endogenous gas is brought to the surface through deep reaching faults, creating locally hazardous conditions for people and animals. Lavinio is a touristic borough of Anzio (Rome Capital Metropolitan City) that hosts a country club with a swimming pool and an adjacent basement balance tank. In early September 2011, the pool and the tank had been emptied for cleaning. On 5 September, four men descended into the tank and immediately lost consciousness. On 12 August 2012, after a long coma the first person died, the second one reported permanent damage to his central nervous system, and the other two men recovered completely. Detailed geochemical investigations show that the site is affected by a huge release of endogenous gas (CO2 ≈ 96 vol.% and H2S ≈ 4 vol.%). High soil CO2 and H2S flux values were measured near the pool (up to 898 and 7.155 g·m-2·day-1, respectively), and a high CO2 concentration (23-25 vol.%) was found at 50-70 cm depth in the soil. We were able to demonstrate that gas had been transported into the balance tank from the swimming pool through two hubs connected to the lateral overflow channels of the pool. We show also that the time before the accident (60 hr), during which the balance tank had remained closed to external air, had been largely sufficient to reach indoor nearly lethal conditions (oxygen deficiency and high concentration of both CO2 and H2S).
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Barberi
- Sezione Roma1INGV–Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomeItaly
| | - M. L. Carapezza
- Sezione Roma1INGV–Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomeItaly
| | - L. Tarchini
- Sezione Roma1INGV–Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomeItaly
| | - M. Ranaldi
- Sezione Roma1INGV–Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomeItaly
| | - T. Ricci
- Sezione Roma1INGV–Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomeItaly
| | - A. Gattuso
- Sezione di Palermo, INGV–Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaItaly
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10
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Jolie E. Detecting gas-rich hydrothermal vents in Ngozi Crater Lake using integrated exploration tools. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12164. [PMID: 31434949 PMCID: PMC6704129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas-rich hydrothermal vents in crater lakes might pose an acute danger to people living nearby due to the risk of limnic eruptions as a result of gas accumulation in the water column. This phenomenon has been reported from several incidents, e.g., the catastrophic Lake Nyos limnic eruption. CO2 accumulation has been determined from a variety of lakes worldwide, which does not always evolve in the same way as in Lake Nyos and consequently requires a site-specific hazard assessment. This paper discusses the current state of Lake Ngozi in Tanzania and presents an efficient approach how major gas-rich hydrothermal feed zones can be identified based on a multi-disciplinary concept. The concept combines bathymetry, thermal mapping of the lake floor and gas emission studies on the water surface. The approach is fully transferable to other volcanic lakes, and results will help to identify high-risk areas and develop suitable monitoring and risk mitigation measures. Due to the absence of a chemical and thermal stratification of Lake Ngozi the risk of limnic eruptions is rather unlikely at present, but an adapted monitoring concept is strongly advised as sudden CO2 input into the lake could occur as a result of changes in the magmatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egbert Jolie
- GFZ German Research Centre For Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany. .,ÍSOR Iceland GeoSurvey, Grensásvegur 9, 108, Reykjavík, Iceland. .,Formerly with BGR Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2, 30655, Hanover, Germany.
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11
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Influence of wettability on pressure-driven bubble nucleation: A potential method for dissolved gas separation. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Carfora A, Campobasso CP, Cassandro P, La Sala F, Maiellaro A, Perna A, Petrella R, Borriello R. Fatal inhalation of volcanic gases in three tourists of a geothermal area. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:e1-e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Handlos P, Gebauerová V, Tomková J, Zielinski P, Marecová K. A Fatal Case of Gas Intoxication in Silage Pit. J Forensic Sci 2018; 63:1904-1907. [PMID: 29637562 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fatalities due to gas intoxication are rare in routine forensic casework. The most common gas is carbon monoxide, with other gases (ammonia, methane, propane and butane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide) encountered only very rarely. In this report, we describe the accidental death of two maintenance workers who were found in the silage pit at a biogas plant. The autopsy revealed signs of asphyxia in both the deceased. Analysis of the gaseous mixtures in the tank using an infrared gas analyzer showed slightly elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide. Toxicological examination of the blood of both the deceased using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector, spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry did not detect any toxicologically significant substance that would explain the sudden collapse. Both the autopsy and the toxicology analyses suggest CO2 intoxication as the most likely cause for the collapse of the two men, which then led to sudden asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Handlos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, CZ-708 52, Czech Republic.,Department of Intensive Medicine and Forensic Studies, Ostrava University, Ostrava, CZ-703 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimíra Gebauerová
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, CZ-708 52, Czech Republic.,Department of Intensive Medicine and Forensic Studies, Ostrava University, Ostrava, CZ-703 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Tomková
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, CZ-779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zielinski
- OSZT and Laboratories OKD, HBZS a.s., Ostrava, CZ-716 03, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Marecová
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, CZ-779 00, Czech Republic
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Tassi F, Fazi S, Rossetti S, Pratesi P, Ceccotti M, Cabassi J, Capecchiacci F, Venturi S, Vaselli O. The biogeochemical vertical structure renders a meromictic volcanic lake a trap for geogenic CO2 (Lake Averno, Italy). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193914. [PMID: 29509779 PMCID: PMC5839588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Volcanic lakes are characterized by physicochemical favorable conditions for the development of reservoirs of C-bearing greenhouse gases that can be dispersed to air during occasional rollover events. By combining a microbiological and geochemical approach, we showed that the chemistry of the CO2- and CH4-rich gas reservoir hosted within the meromictic Lake Averno (Campi Flegrei, southern Italy) are related to the microbial niche differentiation along the vertical water column. The simultaneous occurrence of diverse functional groups of microbes operating under different conditions suggests that these habitats harbor complex microbial consortia that impact on the production and consumption of greenhouse gases. In the epilimnion, the activity of aerobic methanotrophic bacteria and photosynthetic biota, together with CO2 dissolution at relatively high pH, enhanced CO2- and CH4 consumption, which also occurred in the hypolimnion. Moreover, results from computations carried out to evaluate the dependence of the lake stability on the CO2/CH4 ratios, suggested that the water density vertical gradient was mainly controlled by salinity and temperature, whereas the effect of dissolved gases was minor, excepting if extremely high increases of CH4 are admitted. Therefore, biological processes, controlling the composition of CO2 and CH4, contributed to stabilize the lake stratification of the lake. Overall, Lake Averno, and supposedly the numerous worldwide distributed volcanic lakes having similar features (namely bio-activity lakes), acts as a sink for the CO2 supplied from the hydrothermal/magmatic system, displaying a significant influence on the local carbon budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Tassi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, Florence, Italy
- IGG-CNR Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council of Italy, Via La Pira 4, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefano Fazi
- IRSA-CNR Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Rossetti
- IRSA-CNR Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Pratesi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Ceccotti
- IRSA-CNR Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Cabassi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, Florence, Italy
- IGG-CNR Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council of Italy, Via La Pira 4, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Venturi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, Florence, Italy
- IGG-CNR Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council of Italy, Via La Pira 4, Florence, Italy
| | - Orlando Vaselli
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, Florence, Italy
- IGG-CNR Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council of Italy, Via La Pira 4, Florence, Italy
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Kling GW, Evans WC, Tuttle ML. A comparative view of Lakes Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon, West Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03680770.1989.11898921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Horn C, Metzler P, Ullrich K, Koschorreck M, Boehrer B. Methane storage and ebullition in monimolimnetic waters of polluted mine pit lake Vollert-Sued, Germany. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:1-10. [PMID: 28131935 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reliable gas measurements from supersaturated deep waters still remain a challenge. However, good information is mandatory to investigate the limnic carbon cycle, assess the endangerment through limnic eruptions and evaluate a potential source of exploitable energy. We addressed these three points in a heavily polluted mine pit lake in Germany. We quantified the ebullition of methane from deep waters and the sediment below. Exposed to continuous percolation of gas bubbles, the deep (monimolimnetic) water had accumulated high concentrations of gas: directly measured gas pressures indicated the proximity to spontaneous ebullition. Consequently, the possibility of a limnic eruption was assessed by initiating a self-sustained flow through a vertical pipe. Despite the high gas pressures, the flow was slow and the endangerment was considered low. A sampling strategy with bags was developed to achieve a reliable measurement of gas content and gas composition in the monimolimnion. As a result, directly measured gas pressures could be confirmed and were nearly exclusively attributed to methane and nitrogen. Contrary to lakes that had shown limnic eruptions, carbon dioxide played a much subordinate role, and hence the driving force for a violent outburst of gases was missing. Nevertheless the amount of dissolved methane was remarkably high. This investigation closes with some estimates of the commercial value of the deposit and limiting conditions for a possible exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Horn
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Brueckstrasse 3a, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Metzler
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Brueckstrasse 3a, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karen Ullrich
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Brueckstrasse 3a, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Koschorreck
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Brueckstrasse 3a, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Boehrer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Brueckstrasse 3a, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
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18
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Physical Features of Meromictic Lakes: Stratification and Circulation. ECOLOGY OF MEROMICTIC LAKES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49143-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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The Kallisti Limnes, carbon dioxide-accumulating subsea pools. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12152. [PMID: 26179858 PMCID: PMC4503996 DOI: 10.1038/srep12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural CO2 releases from shallow marine hydrothermal vents are assumed to mix into the water column, and not accumulate into stratified seafloor pools. We present newly discovered shallow subsea pools located within the Santorini volcanic caldera of the Southern Aegean Sea, Greece, that accumulate CO2 emissions from geologic reservoirs. This type of hydrothermal seafloor pool, containing highly concentrated CO2, provides direct evidence of shallow benthic CO2 accumulations originating from sub-seafloor releases. Samples taken from within these acidic pools are devoid of calcifying organisms, and channel structures among the pools indicate gravity driven flow, suggesting that seafloor release of CO2 at this site may preferentially impact benthic ecosystems. These naturally occurring seafloor pools may provide a diagnostic indicator of incipient volcanic activity and can serve as an analog for studying CO2 leakage and benthic accumulations from subsea carbon capture and storage sites.
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Cabassi J, Tassi F, Mapelli F, Borin S, Calabrese S, Rouwet D, Chiodini G, Marasco R, Chouaia B, Avino R, Vaselli O, Pecoraino G, Capecchiacci F, Bicocchi G, Caliro S, Ramirez C, Mora-Amador R. Geosphere-biosphere interactions in bio-activity volcanic lakes: evidences from Hule and Rìo Cuarto (Costa Rica). PLoS One 2014; 9:e102456. [PMID: 25058537 PMCID: PMC4109938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hule and Río Cuarto are maar lakes located 11 and 18 km N of Poás volcano along a 27 km long fracture zone, in the Central Volcanic Range of Costa Rica. Both lakes are characterized by a stable thermic and chemical stratification and recently they were affected by fish killing events likely related to the uprising of deep anoxic waters to the surface caused by rollover phenomena. The vertical profiles of temperature, pH, redox potential, chemical and isotopic compositions of water and dissolved gases, as well as prokaryotic diversity estimated by DNA fingerprinting and massive 16S rRNA pyrosequencing along the water column of the two lakes, have highlighted that different bio-geochemical processes occur in these meromictic lakes. Although the two lakes host different bacterial and archaeal phylogenetic groups, water and gas chemistry in both lakes is controlled by the same prokaryotic functions, especially regarding the CO2-CH4 cycle. Addition of hydrothermal CO2 through the bottom of the lakes plays a fundamental priming role in developing a stable water stratification and fuelling anoxic bacterial and archaeal populations. Methanogens and methane oxidizers as well as autotrophic and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria responsible of organic carbon recycling resulted to be stratified with depth and strictly related to the chemical-physical conditions and availability of free oxygen, affecting both the CO2 and CH4 chemical concentrations and their isotopic compositions along the water column. Hule and Río Cuarto lakes were demonstrated to contain a CO2 (CH4, N2)-rich gas reservoir mainly controlled by the interactions occurring between geosphere and biosphere. Thus, we introduced the term of bio-activity volcanic lakes to distinguish these lakes, which have analogues worldwide (e.g. Kivu: D.R.C.-Rwanda; Albano, Monticchio and Averno: Italy; Pavin: France) from volcanic lakes only characterized by geogenic CO2 reservoir such as Nyos and Monoun (Cameroon).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Cabassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Franco Tassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- CNR – Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Mapelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Borin
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dmitri Rouwet
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chiodini
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy
| | - Ramona Marasco
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bessem Chouaia
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Avino
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy
| | - Orlando Vaselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- CNR – Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Capecchiacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- CNR – Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bicocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Caliro
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlos Ramirez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Geológicas, Escuela Centroamericana de Geología, Red Sismológica Nacional, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Raul Mora-Amador
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Geológicas, Escuela Centroamericana de Geología, Red Sismológica Nacional, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
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Abstract
Efficient and effective disaster management will prevent many hazardous events from becoming disasters. This paper constitutes the most comprehensive document on the natural disaster management framework of Cameroon. It reviews critically disaster management in Cameroon, examining the various legislative, institutional, and administrative frameworks that help to facilitate the process. Furthermore, it illuminates the vital role that disaster managers at the national, regional, and local level play to ease the process. Using empirical data, the study analyses the efficiency and effectiveness of the actions of disaster managers. Its findings reveal inadequate disaster management policies, poor coordination between disaster management institutions at the national level, the lack of trained disaster managers, a skewed disaster management system, and a top-down hierarchical structure within Cameroon's disaster management framework. By scrutinising the disaster management framework of the country, policy recommendations based on the research findings are made on the institutional and administrative frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Ngenyam Bang
- Environmental Compliance and Risk Management Consultant, ANOVO UK Ltd., United Kingdom
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Boyd AD, Paveglio TB. Front page or "buried" beneath the fold? Media coverage of carbon capture and storage. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:411-427. [PMID: 23825250 DOI: 10.1177/0963662512450990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Media can affect public views and opinions on science, policy and risk issues. This is especially true of a controversial emerging technology that is relatively unknown. The study presented here employs a media content analysis of carbon capture and storage (CCS), one potential strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The authors analyzed all mentions of CCS in two leading Canadian national newspapers and two major western regional newspapers from the first article that discussed CCS in 2004 to the end of 2009 (825 articles). An in-depth content analysis was conducted to examine factors relating to risk from CCS, how the technology was portrayed and if coverage was negatively or positively biased. We conclude by discussing the possible impact of media coverage on support or opposition to CCS adoption.
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Doherty-Bone TM, Ndifon RK, Nyingchia ON, Landrie FE, Yonghabi FT, Duffus ALJ, Price S, Perkins M, Bielby J, Kome NB, LeBreton M, Gonwouo LN, Cunningham AA. Morbidity and mortality of the Critically Endangered Lake Oku clawed frog Xenopus longipes. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Doocy S, Daniels A, Dooling S, Gorokhovich Y. The human impact of volcanoes: a historical review of events 1900-2009 and systematic literature review. PLOS CURRENTS 2013; 5:ecurrents.dis.841859091a706efebf8a30f4ed7a1901. [PMID: 23857374 PMCID: PMC3644290 DOI: 10.1371/currents.dis.841859091a706efebf8a30f4ed7a1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. More than 500 million people live within the potential exposure range of a volcano. The risk of catastrophic losses in future eruptions is significant given population growth, proximities of major cities to volcanoes, and the possibility of larger eruptions. The objectives of this review are to describe the impact of volcanoes on the human population, in terms of mortality, injury, and displacement and, to the extent possible, identify risk factors associated with these outcomes. This is one of five reviews on the human impact of natural disasters. Methods. Data on the impact of volcanoes were compiled using two methods, a historical review of volcano events from 1900 to 2009 from multiple databases and a systematic literature review of publications ending in October 2012. Analysis included descriptive statistics and bivariate tests for associations between volcano mortality and characteristics using STATA 11. Findings. There were a total of 91,789 deaths (range: 81,703-102,372), 14,068 injuries (range 11,541-17,922), and 4.72 million people affected by volcanic events between 1900 and 2008. Inconsistent reporting suggests this is an underestimate, particularly in terms of numbers injured and affected. The primary causes of mortality in recent volcanic eruptions were ash asphyxiation, thermal injuries from pyroclastic flow, and trauma. Mortality was concentrated with the ten deadliest eruptions accounting for more than 80% of deaths; 84% of fatalities occurred in four locations (the Island of Martinique (France), Colombia, Indonesia, and Guatemala). Conclusions. Changes in land use practices and population growth provide a background for increasing risk; in conjunction with increasing urbanization in at risk areas, this poses a challenge for future volcano preparedness and mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Doocy
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Paulley A, Metcalfe R, Egan M, Maul P, Limer L, Grimstad AA. Hypothetical Impact Scenarios for CO2 Leakage from Storage Sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
CO(2) capture and storage (CCS) has the potential to develop into an important tool to address climate change. Given society's present reliance on fossil fuels, widespread adoption of CCS appears indispensable for meeting stringent climate targets. We argue that for conventional CCS to become a successful climate mitigation technology--which by necessity has to operate on a large scale--it may need to be complemented with air capture, removing CO(2) directly from the atmosphere. Air capture of CO(2) could act as insurance against CO(2) leaking from storage and furthermore may provide an option for dealing with emissions from mobile dispersed sources such as automobiles and airplanes.
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Pasche N, Schmid M, Vazquez F, Schubert CJ, Wüest A, Kessler JD, Pack MA, Reeburgh WS, Bürgmann H. Methane sources and sinks in Lake Kivu. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Olah GA, Prakash GKS, Goeppert A. Anthropogenic chemical carbon cycle for a sustainable future. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12881-98. [PMID: 21612273 DOI: 10.1021/ja202642y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nature's photosynthesis uses the sun's energy with chlorophyll in plants as a catalyst to recycle carbon dioxide and water into new plant life. Only given sufficient geological time, millions of years, can new fossil fuels be formed naturally. The burning of our diminishing fossil fuel reserves is accompanied by large anthropogenic CO(2) release, which is outpacing nature's CO(2) recycling capability, causing significant environmental harm. To supplement the natural carbon cycle, we have proposed and developed a feasible anthropogenic chemical recycling of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is captured by absorption technologies from any natural or industrial source, from human activities, or even from the air itself. It can then be converted by feasible chemical transformations into fuels such as methanol, dimethyl ether, and varied products including synthetic hydrocarbons and even proteins for animal feed, thus supplementing our food chain. This concept of broad scope and framework is the basis of what we call the Methanol Economy. The needed renewable starting materials, water and CO(2), are available anywhere on Earth. The required energy for the synthetic carbon cycle can come from any alternative energy source such as solar, wind, geothermal, and even hopefully safe nuclear energy. The anthropogenic carbon dioxide cycle offers a way of assuring a sustainable future for humankind when fossil fuels become scarce. While biosources can play a limited role in supplementing future energy needs, they increasingly interfere with the essentials of the food chain. We have previously reviewed aspects of the chemical recycling of carbon dioxide to methanol and dimethyl ether. In the present Perspective, we extend the discussion of the innovative and feasible anthropogenic carbon cycle, which can be the basis of progressively liberating humankind from its dependence on diminishing fossil fuel reserves while also controlling harmful CO(2) emissions to the atmosphere. We also discuss in more detail the essential stages and the significant aspects of carbon capture and subsequent recycling. Our ability to develop a feasible anthropogenic chemical carbon cycle supplementing nature's photosynthesis also offers a new solution to one of the major challenges facing humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Olah
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, USA.
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Seto CJ, McRae GJ. Reducing risk in basin scale CO2 sequestration: a framework for integrated monitoring design. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:845-859. [PMID: 21218768 DOI: 10.1021/es102240w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Injection of CO(2) into geological structures is a key technology for sequestering CO(2) emissions captured from the combustion of fossil fuels. Current projects inject volumes on the order of megatonnes per year. However, injection volumes must be increased by several orders of magnitude for material reductions in ambient concentrations. A number of questions surrounding safety and security of injection have been raised about the large scale deployment of geological CO(2) sequestration. They are site specific and require an effective monitoring strategy to mitigate risks of concern to stakeholders. This paper presents a model-based framework for monitoring design that can provide a quantitative understanding of the trade-offs between operational decisions of cost, footprint size, and uncertainty in monitoring strategies. Potential risks and challenges of monitoring large scale CO(2) injection are discussed, and research areas needed to address uncertainties are identified. Lack of clear guidance surrounding monitoring has contributed to hampering the development of policies to promote the deployment of large scale sequestration projects. Modeling provides an understanding of site specific processes and allows insights into the complexity of these systems, facilitating the calibration of an appropriate plan to manage risk. An integrated policy for risk-based monitoring design, prior to large scale deployment of sequestration will ensure safe and secure storage through an understanding of the real risks associated with large scale injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Seto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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31
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Reiner DM, Nuttall WJ. Public Acceptance of Geological Disposal of Carbon Dioxide and Radioactive Waste: Similarities and Differences. ADVANCES IN GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8712-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Allen DJ, Brent GF. Sequestering CO(2) by mineral carbonation: stability against acid rain exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2735-2739. [PMID: 20199068 DOI: 10.1021/es903212j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mineral carbonation is a potentially attractive alternative to storage of compressed CO(2) in underground repositories, known as geosequestration. Processes for the conversion of basic ores, such as magnesium silicates, to carbonates have been proposed by various researchers, with storage of the carbonate as backfill in the original mine representing a solid carbon sink. The stability of such carbon sinks against acid rain and other sources of strong acids is examined here. It is acknowledged that in the presence of strong acid, carbonates will dissolve and release carbon dioxide. A sensitivity analysis covering annual average rainfall and pH that may be encountered in industrialized areas of the United States, China, Europe, and Australia was conducted to determine maximum CO(2) rerelease rates from mineral carbonation carbon sinks. This analysis is based on a worst-case premise that is equivalent to assuming infinitely rapid kinetics of dissolution of the carbonate. The analysis shows that under any likely conditions of pH and rainfall, leakage rates of stored CO(2) are negligible. This is illustrated in a hypothetical case study under Australian conditions. It is thus proposed that sequestration by mineral carbonation can be considered to be permanent on practical human time scales. Other possible sources of acid have also been considered.
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Chiodini G, Valenza M, Cardellini C, Frigeri A. A New Web-Based Catalog of Earth Degassing Sites in Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008eo370001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hansell A, Oppenheimer C. Health hazards from volcanic gases: a systematic literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 59:628-39. [PMID: 16789471 DOI: 10.1080/00039890409602947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people are potentially exposed to volcanic gases worldwide, and exposures may differ from those in anthropogenic air pollution. A systematic literature review found few primary studies relating to health hazards of volcanic gases. SO2 and acid aerosols from eruptions and degassing events were associated with respiratory morbidity and mortality but not childhood asthma prevalence or lung function decrements. Accumulations of H2S and CO2 from volcanic and geothermal sources have caused fatalities from asphyxiation. Chronic exposure to H2S in geothermal areas was associated with increases in nervous system and respiratory diseases. Some impacts were on a large scale, affecting several countries (e.g., Laki fissure eruption in Iceland in 1783-4). No studies on health effects of volcanic releases of halogen gases or metal vapors were located. More high quality collaborative studies involving volcanologists and epidemiologists are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hansell
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Vogel
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA.
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Abstract
The sequestration of fossil fuel CO2 in the deep ocean has been discussed by a number of workers, and direct ocean experiments have been carried out to investigate the fate of rising CO2 droplets in seawater. However, no applicable theoretical models have been developed to calculate the dissolution rate of rising CO2 droplets with or without hydrate shells. Such models are important for the evaluation of the fate of CO2 injected into oceans. Here, I adapt a convective dissolution model to investigate the dynamics and kinetics of a single rising CO2 droplet (or noninteracting CO2 droplets) in seawater. The model has no free parameters; all of the required parameters are independently available from literature. The input parameters include: the initial depth, the initial size of the droplet, the temperature as a function of depth, density of CO2 liquid, the solubility of CO2 liquid or hydrate, the diffusivity of CO2, and viscosity of seawater. The effect of convection in enhancing mass transfer is treated using relations among dimensionless numbers. The calculated dissolution rate for CO2 droplets with a hydrate shell agrees with data in the literature. The theory can be used to explore the fate of CO2 injected into oceans under various temperature and pressure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxue Zhang
- Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1005, USA.
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Kling GW, Evans WC, Tanyileke G, Kusakabe M, Ohba T, Yoshida Y, Hell JV. Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun: defusing certain disaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:14185-90. [PMID: 16186504 PMCID: PMC1242283 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502274102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the catastrophic releases of CO(2) in the 1980s, Lakes Nyos and Monoun in Cameroon experienced CO(2) recharge at alarming rates of up to 80 mol/m(2) per yr. Total gas pressures reached 8.3 and 15.6 bar in Monoun (2003) and Nyos (2001), respectively, resulting in gas saturation levels up to 97%. These natural hazards are distinguished by the potential for mitigation to prevent future disasters. Controlled degassing was initiated at Nyos (2001) and Monoun (2003) amid speculation it could inadvertently destabilize the lakes and trigger another gas burst. Our measurements indicate that water column structure has not been compromised by the degassing and local stability is increasing in the zones of degassing. Furthermore, gas content has been reduced in the lakes approximately 12-14%. However, as gas is removed, the pressure at pipe inlets is reduced, and the removal rate will decrease over time. Based on 12 years of limnological measurements we developed a model of future removal rates and gas inventory, which predicts that in Monoun the current pipe will remove approximately 30% of the gas remaining before the natural gas recharge balances the removal rate. In Nyos the single pipe will remove approximately 25% of the gas remaining by 2015; this slow removal extends the present risk to local populations. More pipes and continued vigilance are required to reduce the risk of repeat disasters. Our model indicates that 75-99% of the gas remaining would be removed by 2010 with two pipes in Monoun and five pipes in Nyos, substantially reducing the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Kling
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Abstract
▪ Abstract Fossil fuels play a crucial role in satisfying growing world energy demands, but their continued use could cause irreparable harm to the environment. Unless virtually all anthropogenic carbon dioxide is captured, either at the source or subsequently from the air, and disposed of safely and permanently, fossil fuels may have to be phased out over the next few decades. Sequestration of waste carbon dioxide will require methods that can safely store several trillion tons of carbon dioxide. Long-term storage of a gaseous substance is fraught with uncertainty and hazards, but carbonate chemistry offers permanent solutions to the disposal problem. Carbonates can be formed from carbon dioxide and metal oxides in reactions that are thermodynamically favored and exothermic, which result in materials that can be safely and permanently kept out of the active carbon stocks in the environment. Carbonate sequestration methods require the development of an extractive minerals industry that provides the base ions for neutralizing carbonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus S. Lackner
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, 2960 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
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Hill PM. Possible asphyxiation from carbon dioxide of a cross-country skier in eastern California: a deadly volcanic hazard. Wilderness Environ Med 2001; 11:192-5. [PMID: 11055566 DOI: 10.1580/1080-6032(2000)011[0192:pafcdo]2.3.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This report describes an incident in which exceedingly high levels of carbon dioxide may have contributed to the death of a skier in eastern California. A cross-country skier was found dead inside a large, mostly covered snow cave, 1 day after he was reported missing. The autopsy report suggests that the skier died of acute pulmonary edema consistent with asphyxiation; carbon dioxide measurements inside the hole in which he was found reached 70%. This area is known for having a high carbon dioxide flux attributed to degassing of a large body of magma (molten rock) 10 to 20 km beneath the ski area. The literature describes many incidents of fatal carbon dioxide exposures associated with volcanic systems in other parts of the world. We believe this case represents the first reported death associated with volcanically produced carbon dioxide in the United States. Disaster and wilderness medicine specialists should be aware of and plan for this potential health hazard associated with active volcanoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Hill
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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McCord SA, Schladow SG. Numerical simulations of degassing scenarios for CO2-rich Lake Nyos, Cameroon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang Y, Sturtevant B, Stolper EM. Dynamics of gas-driven eruptions: Experimental simulations using CO2-H2O-polymer system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kordikowski A, Robertson DG, Poliakoff M. Acoustic Determination of the Helium Content of Carbon Dioxide from He Head Pressure Cylinders and FT-IR Studies of the Density of the Resulting Supercritical CO2: Implications for Reproducibility in Supercritical Experiments. Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ac960573n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kordikowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England NG7 2RD
| | - Duncan G. Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England NG7 2RD
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England NG7 2RD
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Kantha LH, Freeth SJ. A numerical simulation of the evolution of temperature and CO2stratification in Lake Nyos since the 1986 disaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chan TC, Chau HF, Cheng KS. Cellular automaton model for diffusive and dissipative systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 51:3045-3051. [PMID: 9962983 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.51.3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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